2011年职称英语理工A、B级新增文章含个人翻译46奇妙的超级材料
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增短文
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章阅读理解新增文章（共6篇）目录：第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇(C级)：Weaving with Light第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil，scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS’Energy&Fuels1.Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil". "Peak oil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point，and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peak Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak，afterwards to start on irreversible decline.The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.However，recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes，politics，and other factors，the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model，the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries，which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6.They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014，years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world’s oil reserves7are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate，they suggest.词汇：conserve v.保护，保存 irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞 insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。
2011年职称英语理工类A新增文章(含译文)
第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like OthersLow-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences1 food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.Those conclusions are important because recent，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food2 have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others3，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science，who was lead investigator4 on the study.Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions，spread out over weeks5.Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women，reportedly healthy，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.“Most of US like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt，both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes." Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely，consume more salt than nontasters do. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor，and at least for these foods，more is better，so the supertasters seem to like them more.”However，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese，Hayes noted. "For example，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronouncedo6."Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result，Hayes explained，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.“Some people，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter，while others. called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter，"he said." Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological difterences in food preference because supertasting7 is not limited to bitterness. (476)词汇：publicize v.引起公众对…的注意;(用广告)宣传 ferment v.(使)发酵geneticist n.遗传学家dietary adj.饮食的;规定食物的 acuity n.敏锐;尖锐注释：1.Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences：即Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州立大学农学院。
职称英语新增文章
2011职称英语理工类（A、B）阅读理解和完型填空新增文章（原文、练习、译文及答案）阅读第三十四篇：病毒电池Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds。
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3. In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries。
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology', technology and production techniques。
2011年职称英语(理工类)阅读理解-问题及答案中文翻译
3．公民科学家（理C） ．公民科学家（ ） ①生态学家求助于非科学家因为他们需要他们 ②公民科学家被要求做什么？ 。 。
③在第2段“All that's needed to become one ...”句中，单词 。 “one”代表 ④那一项有关BudBurst计划不是正确的是____________。 ⑤BudBurst计划最终目的是什么____________。 问题 Technology（ 4. Motoring Technology（理C） 1) What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate? 2) According to the second paragraph, most road accidents happen 3) Which of the safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage? 4) What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote communications? 5) What is true of robotic drivers?
汽车技术（ 4. 汽车技术（理C） ①当世界道路交通事故发生率惊人之时，研究者旨在 ___________。 ②大多数道路交通事故发生是因为_____________。 ③文中提到的安全设施不包括_____________。 ④运用卫星跟踪和远程通讯技术进行创新的目标不包括 ____________________。 ⑤被编程的机器人______________。
2011职称英语新增文章答案+翻译
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章阅读理解新增文章（共6篇）目录：第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict 世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值第六篇(C级)：Weaving with Light编织灯光第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants野生大象寿命更长第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others咸度味感因人而异第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials不可思议的超材料第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil，scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS’Energy&Fuels1.Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil". "Peak oil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point，and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peak Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak，afterwards to start on irreversible decline.The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.However，recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes，politics，and other factors，the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model，the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries，which supply most of the world’s con ventional crude oil6.They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014，years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world’s oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate，they suggest.词汇：conserve v.保护，保存irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。
2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---理工类
2011年职称英语完型填空新增文章译文---理工类运动的年轻人智商更高理A瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院和该校校医院的一项最新研究表明，身体健康的年轻人智商更高，进入大学学习的可能性也更高。
研究结果发表在美国国家科学院学报上。
这项研究的取样样本是1950-1976年入伍的120万新兵。
这些新兵报到时接受了体能测试和智能测试，研究人员对这两类测试数据进行了分析。
研究表明，健康的体能和优秀的只能测试结果之间的联系很明显。
最突出的就是科学思维和语言理解能力与身体健康有关。
但是智商测试结果中只是健康在起作用，而与力量无关。
“身体健康是指，一个人心肺功能好，能将充分的氧气源源不断地输入给大脑，”瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院教授和瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院校医院首席内科医师Michael Nilsson如是说，“也许这就是为什么智商测试结果与健康之间存在明显联系，而与肌肉力量无关的原因之一。
我们还发现生长因子也很重要。
”通过研究双胞胎的数据，研究人员可以得出结论，智商差异来自后天的环境因素而不是先天的基因，身体健康，智商越高。
“我们还发现，在15-18岁之间加强身体锻炼的青少年往往认知能力也较强，”瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院研究员，Aby健康中心医师Maria Aberg说，“倘若情况果然如此，那么体育应成为学校中重要的一门学科，而且如果我们想要学好数学和其他理论学科，体育课是非常有必要的。
”研究人员还将新兵服兵役入伍报到时的体格测试和智商测试的结果与他们后来生活中的社会经济地位进行了比较。
那些18岁时身体健康的人学历更高，很多都能胜任高要求的工作。
吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪理B有些青少年可能会一口接一口地吸烟来消除抑郁，进行所谓的“自我治疗”。
然而加拿大Toronto和Montreal大学的科学家却发现，事实上，吸烟会加重某些青少年的抑郁情绪。
“这项研究是检验吸烟是否可以给青少年带来精神欢愉的几项研究之一，”首席研究员Michael Chaiton如是说，他是Toronto大学Ontario烟草研究组织的助理研究员，“尽管吸烟能在短时间能起到自我治疗的作用，能振奋精神，但根据青少年自我报告的情况，我们发现，从长远看，吸烟的青少年往往有更多的抑郁症状。
2011职称英语新增文章
第六篇Weaving with LightIn the Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico1，the native Huichol people2 live much the way their ancestors did-without electricity. That's because it's too expensive to string power lines3 to the remote mountain areas where they live. To help support themselves，the Huichol create beautiful artwork. They sell their art in cities hundreds of miles away from their villages. And without electricity-at home or on the road，they can only work during daylight hours. When it gets dark，they must stop whatever they’re doing.Now，a team of scientists，designers，and architects is using4 new technologies to provide the Huichol with light after the sun sets The scientists' technique involves weaving tiny electronic crystals into fabrics that can be made into clothes，bags，or other items.By collecting the sun’s energy during the day，these lightweight fabrics provide bright white light at night. Their inventors have named the fabrics "Portable Lights." Portable Lights have the potential totransform the lives of people without electricity around the world，says project leader Sheila Kennedy.“Our invention，〞Kennedy says，“came from seeing how we could transform technology we saw every day in the United States and move it into new mar kets for people who didn’t have a lot of money.〞At the core of5 Portable Light technology are devices called high-brightness light-emitting diodes，or HB LEDs6.These tiny lights appear in digital clocks，televisions，and streetlights.LEDs are completely different from the light bulbs. Most of those glass bulbs belong to a type called incandescent lights. Inside，electricity heats a metal coil to about 2,200 degrees Celsius. At that temperature，bulbs give off light we can see.Ninety percent of energy produced by incandescent lights，however，is heat - and invisible. With all that wasted energy，bulbs bum out quickly. They are also easily broken.LEDs，on the other hand，are like tiny pieces of rock made up of molecules that are arranged in a crystal structure. When an electric current passes through an LED，the crystal structure produces light.Unlike incandescent bulbs，they can produce light of various colors. Within an LED，the type of molecules and their particular arrangement determines what color is produced.词汇：Portable adj.轻便的，手提式的incandescent adj.白灼的Light-emitting diode(LED) 发光二极管coil n.线圈，卷，圈Bulb n.灯泡;球状物molecule n.分子注释：1.Sierra Madre mountain range of west central Mexico：墨西哥中西部的马德雷山脉。
2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解及完形填空新增文章答案打印版
2011年职称英语理工类阅读理解新增文章答案（共6篇）第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict 词汇：conserve v.保护，保存 irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞 insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。
该学会成立于1876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。
多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。
ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，Energy&Fuels即是其中一本。
2.the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家M.King Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。
3.a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线4.that of peak oil：that指代concept。
5.account for：说明，解释6.conventional crude oil：常规原油7.oil reserves：石油储量。
通常使用复数形式reserves。
答案与题解：1.B spark一词做及物动词使用时有“发动”、“激发"的意思，在此意为stimulated，即“引发”，这个句子的意思是：全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣。
2.D 此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念，也就是说，接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释，即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。
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Marvelous metamaterials
Invisibility cloaks would have remained impossible, forever locked in science fiction, had it not been for the development of metamaterials. In Greek, “meta” means beyond, and metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural world — like shuffle light waves around an object, and then bring them back together. If scientists ever manage to build a full-fledged invisibility cloak, it will probably be made of metamaterials.
“We are creating materials that don’t exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesn’t exist in nature,” says engineer Dentcho Genov. “That is the most exciting thing.”Genov designs and builds metamaterials — such as those used in cloaking — at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana.
An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials. Other applications are just as exciting. In many labs, for example, scientists are working on building a hyperlens.
A lens is a device — usually made of glass — that can change the direction of light waves. Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light, thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far away.
A hyperlens, however, would be made of metamaterials. And since metamaterials can do things with light that ordinary materials can’t, the hyperlens would be a powerful tool. A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable — as
small as the wavelength of visible light.
Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination: If someone
can think of an idea for a new behavior for light, then the engineers can find a way to design a
device using metamaterials. “We need people who can imagine,” he says.
奇妙的超级材料
Invisibility cloaks would have remained impossible, forever locked in science fiction, had it not been for the development of metamaterials.如果不是被超材料的发展，隐形斗篷将仍然是不可能的，永远只会存在科幻小说里，。
In Greek, “meta” means beyond, and metamaterials can do things beyond what we see in the natural world — like shuffle light waves around an object, and then bring them back together.在希腊，“元”是指超越，超级材料可以做的事情超出了自然世界，我们看到的-就如同环绕在shuffle的光波，然后将他们重新聚集到一起。
If scientists ever manage to build a full-fledged invisibility cloak, it will probably be made of metamaterials.如果科学家们曾设法制作一个真正的隐形斗篷，那可能是由超材料制成。
“We are creating materials that don't exist in nature, and that have a physical phenomenon that doesn't exist in nature,” says engineer Dentcho Genov. “我们正在发明的材料，在自然界不存在的，而且还有一个不会存在在自然界的物理现象说工程师Dentcho Genov说道。
“That is the most exciting thing.” Genov designs and builds metamaterials — such as those used in cloaking — at Louisiana Tech University in Ruston, Louisiana. “这是多么令人兴奋的事
情。
”Genov正在路易斯安那州的拉斯顿-路易斯安那理工大学设计和制造超那些用于斗篷的材料- -，An invisibility cloak will probably not be the first major accomplishment to come from the field of metamaterials.隐形斗篷的成功可能来自于超材料领域的重大的成就。
Other applications are just as exciting.其他应用程序也同样令人振奋。
In many labs, for example, scientists are working on building a hyperlens.在许多实验室，例如，科学家们正致力于建设一个hyperlens。
A lens is a device — usually made of glass — that can change the direction of light waves.一个镜头是一种装置-通常是玻璃制成的-可以改变光的波方向。
Lenses are used in microscopes and cameras to focus light, thus allowing a researcher to see small things or a photographer to capture image of things that are far away.镜头中使用显微镜和数码相机集中光线，从而使研究人员或摄影师看到小东西，拍下了远离图像的东西。
A hyperlens, however, would be made of metamaterials.一个双曲透镜，同事也是由超材料制成。
And since metamaterials can do things with light that ordinary materials can't, the hyperlens would be a powerful tool.而且，由于超材料可以做hyperlens光而普通材料却不不能，因此hyperlens将会异常强大。
A hyperlens would allow researchers to see things at the smallest scale imaginable — as small as the wavelength of visible light.一个hyperlens将使研究人员能够看到可以无法想象的最极度小的可见波长，。
Genov points out that the science of metamaterials is driven by the imagination: If someone can think of an idea for a new behavior for light, then the engineers can find a way to design a
device using metamaterials.Genov指出，超材料是科学的想象：如果有人能想到一个具有新的思维的光，那么工程师可以找到一个使用超材料的方法来设计一个设备。
“We need people who can imagine,” he says.“我们需要的是人的想象力，”他说。