Wang.Y.L英语作业

Unit 10 Design Process of Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土的设计过程10.1Objectives of Design设计任务The structure engineer is a member of a team whose members work together to design a building, bridge, or other structure that will fulfill the specific needs of a client. In the case of a building, an architect generally provides the overall layout, and mechanical, electrical, and structural engineers design individual systems within the buildings. A geotechnical or foundation engineer provides information necessary for the design of foundations, basement walls, and so on..结构工程师是以设计满足客户特定需求的建筑，大桥或其他结构为工作的一群人的称呼。

在建筑案例中，设计师通常要提供总体布局，机械系统，电力系统，而结构工程师们则设计建筑的个人系统。

岩土和地基工程师提供建筑地基设计的必要信息，如地下室墙，等等。

The structure should satisfy four major criteria:结构需要满足的四个主要标准：1.Appropriateness. The arrangement of spaces, spans, ceiling heights, access, and trafficflow must complement the intended use. The structure should fit its environment and be aesthetically pleasing wherever possible. Although such decisions are frequently in the architect’s domain, the structural engineer should bear them in mind in choosing framing systems for a building or in laying out structures such as bridges舒适：空间，跨度，天花板高度，入口，交通流必须满足使用目的的要求。

结构应该与周围的环境相协调并且尽量满足审美的要求。

尽管这些决定经常在建筑师的工作范围之内，但是为了选择建筑框架结构或桥梁铺设结构，结构工程师应该把这些决定牢记在心。

2Economy. The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client's budget.Frequently, teamwork in design will lead to overall economies.经济：总花费不应该超过顾客的预算。

通过团队设计通常可以算出总预算。

3 Structural adequacy. Structural adequacy involves two major aspects:a. A structure must be sufficiently strong to support safely, without collapse, all anticipatedloadings.b. A structure must not deflect, tilt, vibrate, or crack in a manner that impairs its usefulness.结构强度：结构强度主要包括两个方面：a．结构必须有足够的强度来保证安全，在所有预先考虑的荷载下不会倒塌。

b．结构不能产生损害其使用的倾斜，震动或破裂。

4 Maintainability. A structure should be designed to require a minimum of maintenance and/or to be able to be maintained in a simple fashion. It is estimated that one-fifth of the highway bridges in North America are dangerous to varying degrees because of inadequate attention during design to drainage, weathering, or corrosion, coupled with inadequate maintenance during their lifetimes.可维护性：结构设计应该满足需要最小限度的保养和最简单的方式保养。

据估计，北美有五分之一的高速公路大桥处于不用程度的危险中，这是因为设计时对排水，天气影响和腐蚀没有足够的重视以及在使用期间对维修的不重视。

10.2Design Process设计过程Limit states极限状态The design process is a sequential and iterative decision-making process. The three major phases are:设计过程是一个有次序和重复决策的过程。

主要包括三个阶段：1.Definition of the client's needs and priorities. All buildings or other structures are built tofulfill some need. It is important that the future owner or user of the project be involved in determining the attributes of the proposed building. These may include such things as functional requirements, aesthetic requirements, and budgetary requirements. The latter includes minimum first cost, rapid construction to allow early occupancy, minimum upkeep, and other factors. Since, for example, it may not be possible to have large column-free areas and high-quality finishes in a building having a minimum first cost, theclient must set priorities on his or her requirements. The client is frequently assisted in this stage by the design team and accountings.客户需求和优先权的定义：所有建筑或其他结构都是因为需要才建造的。

未来的业主或用户参与设计并提出相应的建议对设计非常重要。

这些建议一般包括功能需求方面的，审美方面的和预算需求方面的。

预算需求方面包括最少的最初花费，比较快速的建设速度以满足早期的空间占用以及最少的保养和其他一些因素。

因此，用最少的初始花费来快速建造高质量的大面积的无柱区是不可能的，业主会优先考虑自己的需要。

业主通常会参与设计团队和花费的预算。

2.Development of concept of project. Based on the client’s needs and priorities, a number ofpossible layouts of the architectural, structural, mechanical, and other systems are developed. Preliminary cost estimates are made and the final choice of the system to be used is based on how well the overall design satisfies the prioritized needs within the budget available. This stage is an interactive process where a structural or mechanical design decision may require, for example, modification of a prior architectural decision.Information gained in this phase may require the client to reconsider his or her stated needs and priorities.工程概念的发展：为满足业主的需求和优先权，建筑设计，结构设计和其他系统的设计都在多元化发展。

通过考虑何种设计在允许的花费范围内能更好的满足优先使用的因素，设计师们可以确定最初的预算和设计方案。

这是一个结构设计和机械设计相互影响的过程，例如，对设计好的方案的修改。

这一阶段的设计需要知道业主重新考虑其需要和优先权后作的决定。

During this stage the overall structural concept is selected. Several potential systems may be considered. Based on approximate analyses of the moments, shears, and axial forces, preliminary member sizes are selected for each potential scheme. Once this is done, it is possible to estimate costs and select the most desirable structural system. The overall thrust in this stage of the structural design is to satisfy the design criteria dealing with appropriateness, economy, and to some extent, maintainability.这一阶段期间所有的结构观念都要经过挑选。