The collection of spoken language resources in car environments
专八语言学试题【答案版本】
1. F. de. Saussure is a (n) __________linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. RussianSwiss linguist. The founder of structural linguistics, he declared that there is only an arbitrary relationship between a linguistic sign and that which it signifies. The posthumously published collection of his lectures,Course in General Linguistics (1916), is a seminal work of modern linguistics.索绪尔，费迪南德·德：(1857-1913) 瑞士语言学家，结构主义语言的创始人，他声称在语言符号和其所指含义之间仅有一种模糊的关系。
他死后，他的讲演集出版为《普通语言学教程》（1916年），是现代语言学的开山之作2.N. Chomsky is a(n) ______linguist.Canadian B. American C. French D. SwissAmerican linguist who revolutionized the study of language with his theory of generative grammar, set forth inSyntactic Structures (1957).乔姆斯基，诺阿姆：(生于1928) 美国语言学家，他在《句法结构》（1957年）一书中所阐述的关于生成语法的理论曾使语言学研究发生突破性进展3.___________is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference totheir distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.A.PhonologyB. Lexicography 词典编纂C. lexicology词典学D.Morphology词态词态学音位学研究的是一种语言的整个语音系统及其分布，包括某一特定语言里的语音和音位分部和结合的规律。
瞧不起的英文短语
瞧不起的英文短语Condescending English PhrasesIt is a common experience for many individuals, particularly those from marginalized or minority backgrounds, to encounter condescending language in their daily lives. These condescending English phrases, often used unintentionally or subconsciously, can have a significant impact on the recipient's self-esteem, sense of belonging, and overall well-being. In this essay, we will explore the prevalence of such phrases, their underlying societal biases, and the importance of being mindful of our language choices.One of the most prevalent condescending English phrases is "You're so articulate." This phrase, often directed towards individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds, carries the implication that the speaker is surprised by the person's ability to communicate effectively in English. The subtext suggests that the speaker had low expectations or preconceived notions about the individual's linguistic capabilities, which can be deeply offensive and perpetuate harmful stereotypes.Another commonly used condescending phrase is "You're so brave." This statement is frequently directed towards individuals with disabilities, LGBTQ+ individuals, or those who have overcome significant challenges. While the intention may be to express admiration or support, the phrase can be perceived as patronizing, implying that the individual's existence or accomplishments are somehow extraordinary or remarkable, simply because they defy societal norms or expectations.The phrase "You're so exotic" is another example of a condescending English expression. This term is often used to describe individuals from non-Western or non-mainstream cultural backgrounds, reducing their identity to a mere novelty or curiosity. Such language objectifies the individual and fails to recognize their unique cultural heritage, experiences, and personhood.One particularly insidious condescending phrase is "You're so inspirational." This statement is commonly directed towards individuals with disabilities or those who have overcome adversity, with the implication that their mere existence or accomplishments are inherently inspiring, simply because they differ from the societal norm. This phrase can be problematic as it places the burden of inspiration on the individual, rather than acknowledging the systemic barriers and challenges they have faced.Another condescending English phrase that is often used is "You're so well-spoken." Similar to the "You're so articulate" example, this phrase suggests that the speaker is surprised by the individual's ability to communicate effectively, particularly when the individual is from a marginalized or minority background. This phrase perpetuates the harmful stereotype that individuals from certain backgrounds are inherently less capable of articulate speech.The phrase "You're so passionate" can also be considered condescending, particularly when directed towards individuals who are advocating for social justice or speaking out against oppression. This phrase can be perceived as dismissive, implying that the individual's emotions or convictions are excessive or unreasonable, rather than acknowledging the legitimate concerns they are raising.Finally, the phrase "You're so strong" can be condescending when used in certain contexts. While this statement may be intended as a compliment, it can be perceived as minimizing the individual's struggles and the emotional toll they have endured. It can also imply that the individual is expected to be perpetually resilient, without acknowledging the need for support or vulnerability.These condescending English phrases, while often used unintentionally, can have a profound impact on the individuals who encounter them. They can reinforce societal biases, undermine therecipient's sense of self-worth, and perpetuate harmful stereotypes. It is crucial for individuals to be mindful of their language choices and to strive to use more inclusive, respectful, and empowering language.By recognizing the prevalence of condescending phrases and the underlying biases they reflect, we can work towards creating a more equitable and inclusive society. This involves challenging our own assumptions, actively listening to the experiences of marginalized individuals, and making a conscious effort to use language that affirms and empowers, rather than diminishes or patronizes.In conclusion, the use of condescending English phrases is a pervasive issue that requires our attention and collective effort to address. By being mindful of our language choices and striving to create a more inclusive and respectful communication environment, we can contribute to the dismantling of systemic biases and the promotion of genuine understanding and respect for all individuals, regardless of their background or identity.。
语言学+chapter+4
AP (Deg程度) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to
PP (Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near thier
X Head
Complement
Note: The phrase structure rules can be summed up as XP rule shown in the diagram, in which X stands for N, V, A or P.
X’ Theory
heads
More…
Phrase elements
Specifier Head complement
Specifiers
Semantically, specifiers make more precise the meaning of the head;
syntactically, they typically mark a phrase boundary.
Phrase structure: a representation of the set of constituents that an expression contains.
Spoken language and written language
Spoken Language and Written Language外国语学院英语11-2201101080218潘玉婷[Abstract]:Spoken language and written language are different in essence. In general, in my opinion, spoken language is informal, written language is formal. They are used in different occasions.[Key words]:Spoken language written language[The introduction of language]:Language is a tool of communication. In some degree, we can divide it into two types: spoken language and written language. It is generally believed that spoken language is a communicative tool of listening and speaking, written language is written or printed to convey information.“Language is a tool of communication.In some degree, we can divide it into two types: spoken language and written language. It is generally believed that spoken language is a communicative tool of listening and speaking, written language is written or printed to convey information.”From Russell Hunt:The Language of Print and the Language of talk [The introduction of spoken language]:T.S.Eliot said, an identical spoken and written language would be practically intolerable. If we spoke as we write we should find no one to listen; and if we wrote as we speak we should find no one to read. The spoken and written language must not be too near together, as they must not be too far apart. In my opinion, spoken language is informal. It sometimes called oral language, which is produced in its spontaneous form, as opposed to written language. In spoken language, it is an efficient way for social or phatic communication. All words are made up from a limited set of vowels and consonants. The spoken words they make are stringed into syntactically organized sentences and phrases. And the vocabulary and grammar together with the speech sounds it used define its identity as a particular natural language.[The introduction of written language]:Written language refers to communication in its written form-specifically skills contributing to and including reading and writing. The sentence is more obvious as a grammatical unit in writing, although certainly not in all kinds of writing: signs and notices, small ads, notes, forms, tickets, cheques, all contain frequent examples of “non-sentences.”The written language can be significantly more precise. Written words can be chosen with greater deliberation and thought, and a written argument can be extraordinarily sophisticated, intricate, and lengthy. These attributes of writing are possible because the pace of involvement is controlled by both the writer and the reader. The writer can write and rewrite at great length, a span of time which in some cases can be measured in years. Similarly, the reader can read quickly or slowly or even stop to think about what he or she has just read. More importantly, the reader always has the option of re-reading; even if that option is not exercised, its mere possibility has an effect upon a reader's understanding of a text. The written word appeals more to a contemplative, deliberative style.[The relationship between spoken language and written language]: The relationship between spoken language and written language is complex. Within the field of linguistics the current consensus is that speech is an innate human capability while written language is a cultural invention. However some linguistics, argue that written and spoken language possess distinct qualities which would argue against written language being dependent on spoken language for its existence.As English leaners, we should have an idea of what the differences between spoken and written language. Spoken language and written language are now seen as alternative, “equal” systems of linguistic expression, and research has begun to investigate the nature and extent of the differences between them. Referring to the research, first, spoken language and written language differ in the way of how they are produced; second, they fit for different occasions, which indicate their occurrences are different; third, the differences of structure and use between spoken language and written language are inevitable. These three points will be talkedabout specifically in the following essay.From the point of view of production, it is clear that spoken language and written language make somewhat different demands on language-producers. Generally speaking, spoken language is time—bound, dynamic, and transient while written language is space—bound, static and permanent.The communicative systems the speaker controls the production differs from that the writer does. The speaker must monitor what it is that he has just said, and determine whether it matches his intentions. While he is saying his current words, he must plan his next phrases simultaneously . He has no permanent record of what he had said earlier. Therefore, the speaker would he under great pressure to keep on talking during the period of time given to him. In contrast, the writer may take a long time choosing a particular word, with no fear of his interlocutor interrupting him, for he is distant from his interlocutor. The writer may take a longtime finishing his work, during which he can consult the dictionary, refer to his notes and even change his mind freely. There is no pressure from his interlocutor.The speaker can notice his interlocutors’ reaction immediately, which is an advantage for him. He can observe his interlocutor get the direct feedback from them. If he finds something wrong in his interlocutor’s reaction, he modify what what he is saying to make it more accessible or acceptable to his hearer. On the contrary, the writer has no access to immediate feedback and he has to imagine the readers’ reaction, which, of course may guess wrong at times. [Conclusion]:From above we can see there are many obvious differences between spoken language and written language. Spoken language is transmitted by means of voice and sounds, while written language is transmitted by letters and grammar, thus spoken language can use “voice quality” while written language does not have this advantage. Speaker is under great pressure but can get immediate response from his interlocutor whereas the writer has no pressure from his interlocutor but can not have the immediate feedback from them.。
高中选修一英语第四单元重点单词
高中选修一英语第四单元重点单词1. Bilingual: Adjective - being able to speak two languages fluently. Example: Growing up in a multicultural family, Maria became bilingual in English and Spanish.2. Dialect: Noun - a particular form of a language that is specific to aregion or social group.Example: The dialect spoken in the southern part of the country is quite different from the one in the north.3. Fluency: Noun - the ability to speak or write a language smoothly, quickly, and accurately.Example: Through regular practice, Sarah gained fluency in French within a year.4. Idiom: Noun - a group of words established by usage as having a meaningthat can't be derived from the individual words.Example: "It's raining cats and dogs" is an idiom that means it is raining heavily.5. Linguistics: Noun - the scientific study of language and its structure. Example: As a linguistics major, Alex enjoyed analyzing the syntax and semantics of various languages.6. Native: Adjective - being born and raised in a particular country or place. Example: She is a native speaker of Mandarin because she was born and raisedin China.7. Polyglot: Noun - a person who speaks or understands multiple languages. Example: Being a polyglot, Tom can communicate with people from various countries during his travels.8. Proficient: Adjective - having a high level of skill or expertise in a particular subject or activity.Example: After years of practice, James became proficient in playing the piano.9. Pronunciation: Noun - the way in which a word or language is spoken, using the correct sounds and stress patterns.Example: Language learners often struggle with the correct pronunciation ofcertain words.10. Vocabulary: Noun - a collection of words within a language that an individual knows and uses.Example: Reading books regularly can significantly improve your vocabulary.11. Colloquialism: Noun - a word or phrase used in everyday, informal language. Example: The colloquialism "chill out" is often used to tell someone to relax.12. Conjugation: Noun - the change in the form of a verb to express different tenses, aspects, moods, or voices.Example: Spanish verb conjugation can be challenging for English speakers due to the many irregular verbs.13. Grammar: Noun - the rules that govern the structure and use of a language. Example: Understanding grammar is crucial for writing clear and coherent sentences.14. Homophone: Noun - a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in spelling or meaning.Example: "Sea" and "see" are homophones that can sometimes cause confusion. 15. Morphology: Noun - the study of the structure and formation of words. Example: Morphology helps us understand how prefixes and suffixes can change the meaning of a word.16. Phonetics: Noun - the study of speech sounds and their physical properties. Example: Phonetics is important for language learners to understand thecorrect production of sounds.17. Syntax: Noun - the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.Example: Understanding syntax is essential for constructing sentences that make sense.18. Tone: Noun - the quality of a person's voice that conveys their feelings and attitudes.Example: The tone of his voice indicated that he was serious about the matter.19. Verb: Noun - a word used to describe an action, occurrence, or state. Example: "Run," "jump," and "eat" are all examples of verbs.20. Accent: Noun - a particular way of pronouncing words that is typical of a particular country, region, or social class.Example: The actor worked hard to perfect his British accent for the role.21. Alliteration: Noun - the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.Example: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers" is a sentence thatuses alliteration.22. Cliché: Noun - a phrase or opinion that is overused and lacks original thought.Example: The phrase "break a leg" is a cliché used to wish someone good luck before a performance.23. Diction: Noun - the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.Example: A poet carefully considers diction to convey the desired meaning and emotion.24. Elision: Noun - the omission of a sound or syllable when speaking, often to make speech flow more smoothly.Example: In everyday speech, elision often occurs, such as saying "gonna" instead of "going to."25. Jargon: Noun - specialized or technical language that is used by people ina particular profession or group.Example: Legal jargon can be difficult for laypeople to understand.26. Metaphor: Noun - a figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using the words "like" or "as."Example: Describing someone as a "shining star" is a metaphor for their exceptional talent.27. Onomatopoeia: Noun - the formation of a word from a sound that is associated with what the word refers to.Example: "Buzz" and "crash" are examples of onomatopoeia that imitate the sounds they describe.28. Punctuation: Noun - the marks used in writing to separate sentences and parts of sentences, and to indicate their structure and meaning.Example: Proper punctuation is essential for clarity and understanding in written communication.29. Register: Noun - the level of formality or informality in language, often determined by the context or audience.Example: Knowing when to use formal register is important in professional settings.30. Slang: Noun - very informal language that is typically used by aparticular group of people.Example: Slang terms often evolve over time, with new words and phrases being created.31. Semantics: Noun - the study of meaning in language.Example: Semantics helps us understand how words and phrases convey meaning in different contexts.32. Simile: Noun - a figure of speech that compares two unlike things using the words "like" or "as."Example: "She runs like the wind" is a simile that compares someone's speed to that of the wind.33. Stative Verb: Noun - a verb that describes a state rather than an action. Example: "Be," "have," and "belong" are examples of stative verbs.34. Stress: Noun - the emphasis given to a particular syllable or word in speech.Example: Word stress can change the meaning of a sentence, such as in the word "record" (noun) versus "record" (verb).。
语言学名词解释
语言学名词解释1.(7-8)Language: language is a system of arbitrary任意的vocal symbols used for human communication. ( Language is a system; language is arbitrary; language is vocal; language is human –specific.)2.(15)phonetics语音学: a branch of linguistics语言学which is studies the characteristic of speech sounds语音and provides methods for their description ，classification and transcription.3.(62)semantics语义学: it can be defined as the study of meaning which is central to the study of communication.4.(77)pragmatics语用学: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect产生，引起successful communication.（It’s also the study of language in use or language communication, the study of the use of context to make inference about meaning.）5.(42)syntax: is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation结构，组成of sentences.6.(31)morphology形态学: it refers to the study of the internal 内部的structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.7.(66)synonymy同义词: refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.8.(66)reference指称: means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,真实physical world物质; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world（非语言世界，即real，physical world）of experience.9.(66)sense词义: is concerned with the inherent固有的，内在的meaning of a linguistic form, the collection集合of all its features（语言形式所有特征的集合）; it’s abstract and de-contextualized去情景化. I t’s the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers编辑者are interested in.10.(9)duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. A large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words are found at the higher level of the system. The duality of structure of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.11.(112-113)dialect: dialects vary. A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region. Social dialect has to do with separation brought about by different social conditions.12.(114)accent: it’s an important marker of sociolect. Regional accents and RP took on social implications, becoming in effect social accents.13.(87)conversational maxim会话准则: It has 4 maxims: the maxim of quantity(make your contribution as informative as required;don’t make your contribution more informative than is required),the maxim of quality(don’t sa y what you believe to be false;don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidence),the maxim of relation(be relevant) and the maxim of manner(avoid obscurity of expression;abvoid ambiguity;be brief;be orderly).14.(78-79)context: it is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. (Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him.)15.(5)competence: it’s the ideal(best) user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.16.(5)performance: it’s the actual realization of thisknowledge in linguistic communication.17.(117)register 语域:refers to a variety of language defined according to its use in social situations, such a register of medical English, legal English.18.(81)locutionary act 言外行为:is the act of uttering words,phrases,and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal字面meaning by means of syntax, 句法lexicon词汇and phonology.音韵学19.(69)hyponymy: 下义关系，上下义refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive宽泛word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate上义词,and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.下义词20.(22)phonology: 音位学it relates to the study of sound and aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form pattern and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.21.(照片)speech community :the social group that is singled out for any special sociolinguistic study is called the speech community.22.(17-18)transcription:it includes the transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. The former is called broad transcripton which is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. The latter is called narrow transcription which is needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.23.(33)bound morpheme黏着词素: a morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme, whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one isa bound morpheme.24.(24-25)minimal pair:when two different forms are identical完全一致in every way except for one sound segment一个音段which occurs in the same position in the strings,the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.25.(27)stress: the syllable consists of three parts: onset起音, peak, coda收尾.26.(38)compounding: it’s a new way to form new words,or compou nd words, and is by string words together.27.(百度)affixation词缀: it’s the process whereby new words are formed from existing words or bases.28.(23-24)allophone音位变体:the phones can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments。
英语语言学概论知识点总结
英语语言学概论知识点总结English linguistics is a fascinating field that delves into the structure, variation, and evolution of the English language. It encompasses phonetics, which studies the sounds of speech, and phonology, the system of sounds in a language.Morphology, the study of word formation, and syntax, which examines sentence structure, are crucial components of linguistics. They reveal how words are constructed and how they combine to form meaningful sentences.Semantics, the study of meaning in language, and pragmatics, which looks at language in use and the context in which it is spoken, help us understand how language conveys information and intention.Sociolinguistics explores the relationship between language and society, including how dialects and accents vary across different social groups and regions.Psycholinguistics, on the other hand, investigates the cognitive processes involved in language acquisition and use, shedding light on how we learn and understand language.Historical linguistics traces the development of the English language over time, from its roots in Old English through to the modern language we speak today.Finally, applied linguistics takes the theoretical knowledge from these areas and applies it to real-world problems, such as language teaching, translation, and language policy development.In summary, English linguistics offers a comprehensive view of the language, from its smallest units to its role in society, and from its past to its present and future forms.。
简明语言学整理笔记
简明语言学整理笔记精品文档第一章1.linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language2．The scope of linguisticsPhonetics-语音学phonology-音系学morphology-形态学syntax-句法学semantics-语义学pragmatics-语用学从语言形式划分：Sociolinguistics社会语言学，psycholinguistics心理语言学，applied linguistics应用语言学3. Important distinctions in linguisticsDescriptive &> prescriptive 规定性&描写性Synchronic & >diachronic 共时性&历时性Speech&> writing 口语&书写Langue & <="">Competence &< performance 语言能力&语言运用(Saussure and Chomsky think rule>language fact )Traditional grammer & modern linguistics4.What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication5.Design features of language 语言的识别特征Charles Hockett①Arbitrariness(任意性)refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to theirmeaning. (sounds and meanings)②Productivity/creativity(能产性）:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of newsignals by its users③Duality（双重性）:The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of theprimary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has itsown principles of organization..④Displacement(移位性):Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication.⑤ Cultural transmission（文化传承性）人独有。
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The Collection of Spoken Language Resources in Car EnvironmentsHartmut R.PfitzingerDepartment of Phonetics,University of MunichSchellingstr.3,D-80799M¨u nchen,GERMANY[hpt@phonetik.uni-muenchen.de]AbstractOver the last two years,we have recorded400speakers infive different mid-range and top-range cars using single-channel,four-channel,or seven-channel recording equipment(see Table1). This paper documents the acquired knowledge of microphone se-lection,positioning andfixation,of preamplifying and recording devices,of shielding,grounding and power supply,and of data processing.On the basis of our experience,we would like to make recommendations for the collection of speech data in the car en-vironment,in order to help others avoid the mistakes we made. Furthermore,we would like to define a standard for this specific recording situation so that car speech data recorded by different institutions in various places can nevertheless be uniform.As a result,the exchange of such databases will be considerably more interesting for such institutions in the future.1The need for car speech databases For speech recognition and speech synthesis,the automo-tive market is one of the greatest futurefields of applica-tion.While acceptance of speech recognition and speech synthesis in the office turns out to be relatively low,in the car this man-machine-interface is not only helpful but even essential in the case of navigation systems because eyes, hands and feet are required for driving(Van Compernolle, 1997[10]).However,with the attempts to employ previous speech recognition technology in the car it turned out that the error rates increased enormously.First successes were only ob-tained after training the systems with authentic speech ma-terial,recorded in the car(the driver speaks),specific noise removal techniques(Schless&Class,1997[8],Wang et al.,1993[11]),and channel adaption techniques(Shozakai et al.,1997[9]).It is presumed that the error rates have not achieved telephone speech error rates up to now for the following two reasons(Langmann et al.,1997[5]): First,the available car speech databases are small.Sec-ond,the signal-to-noise ratio is lower and moreover is time-variant.Consequently,when designing a car speech database the collection costs should be as small as possi-ble so that large databases can be collected,and recording Tab.1:Brief overview of the car speech databases(CSDC) we collected(for details see Langmann et al,1998[4]).quality should not be reduced by inappropriate procedures (Chi&Oh,1996[1]).2Speech recordings in the car2.1Microphone selectionThree different types of microphones were used for speech recording in the car:1.The condenser cardioid microphone beyerdynamicMCE-10with phantom power was choosen as a ref-erence microphone because of its small size and its studio quality.2.The AKG Q-400-II mouse microphone had alreadyproved effective for the car environment in the past because of its highpassfilter characteristic.3.With regard to investigations concerning the differ-ence of effect between expensive and cheap micro-phones we used One-Dollar microphone modules. These three microphone types had cardioid directional characteristics.Since the expenditure for microphone ar-rays is considered excessive by the car manufacturers,we did not take them into account(Grenier,1993[3]).2.2Microphone positioningThe car industry favours the following three positions for microphones in the car shown infigure1.ABCFig.1:Three possibilities to place microphones in the car.0Hz2000Hz 4000Hz-70dB-60dB -50dB -40dB -30dB -20dB -10dB 0dB Fig.3:Energy distribution in a BMW540at 100km/h on a highway measured with a microphone close to the rearview mirror.2.4Preamplifying,highpass filtering,andrecordingThe signal of the microphones can be recorded with vary-ing degrees of effort and consequently costs but the sketch in figure 5of the recording chain is always basically valid.In the case of single-or dual-channel recordings a laptop is advisable with noiseless A/D-converters (e.g.with Crys-tal CS4232),in order to keep the expenditure as small as possible.Even in the case of single-channel recordings the microphone input of the laptop should not be used di-rectly.Instead,a simple external analog highpass filter with a cutoff frequency of about 630Hz and 6dB/oct should be employed first,as described in Pfitzinger (1997[6]).Due to its emphasis function a considerably higher recording level and therefore a higher signal-to-noise ratio is possi-ble.A specifically customized FIR-filter ([6];Rabiner &Gold,1975[7];IEEE,1979[2])inverts the emphasis func-tion and at the same time filters the signal at 70Hz with 48dB/oct and without phase distortion.This filter com-bination should be preferred over the analog higher-order highpass filter employed often up to now.The spectrum of background noise and of speech in a car at 30km/h is shown in figure 6.Already at this low speed it is clearly recognizable that the background noise dominates the voice below 200Hz while above 300Hz the voiceisFig.4:The attachment of the microphones.12V Fuse12V220V leakagecurrentbreakerUPSFig.5:Recording equipment for speech recording in car environments.considerably more intensive.In the case of3-to7-channel recordings we recommend to use a rack of studio microphone preamplifiers and the multi-channel DAT-recorder Sony PC-208-Ax.The mi-crophone positions A,B,and C(seefigure1)should be equipped with microphones.The eighth channel of the recorder is connected to the serial interface of the laptop which then no longer records signals but sends begin-and end-positions of the utterances and administration data to the recorder.As a result,all signal files can be created fully automatic with correct length and file names by utilizing only the DAT-tape.2.5Power supplyWhile laptop and microphone preamplifier can be operated in the car with accumulators in case of good logistics,a re-liable power supply is necessary(seefigure5)in order to minimize technical failure rates.In particular,the use of 220V olt AC voltage is practical for achieving galvanic de-coupling and for using devices with only220V olt power supply.In addition,the board power supply is only in this wayfiltered sufficiently.Otherwise,humming and car elec-tronics emission would impair the signal-to-noise ratio.Fig.8:The user interface of the transliteration software.3.3Transliteration softwareThe transliteration software,with its main user interface given infigure8,manages the following tasks:1.The transliteration software displays the speech signalfiles as both oscillogram and sonagram immediately.The starting and the end point of the signal are ad-justable.2.The transliteration software permits alterations of therecording situation data.For example it is quite sim-ple to recognize afterwards whether a car had stopped as specified by the accompanying person or drove at 30or60km/h.3.The transliteration software carries out a parsing ofthe specified transliteration and immediately refuses mistakes.3.4Signal post-processingThe speech data recorded with the Sony PC-208-Ax were copied to harddisc,downsampled from24kHz to16kHz, and segmented into the recorded utterances according to the information on the eighth channel.The speech sig-nalfiles recorded on the laptop already exist in this for-mat.They are processed with the digital FIR compensation filter mentioned above,spliced according to the segmenta-tions of the transliterating persons,automatically provided with NIST headers,and burned on CD.4ConclusionsTo keep the interindividual variance of accompanying per-sons and of transliterating persons across different speech databases as small as possible,there have to exist stan-dardized and clear instructions on how to proceed in both normal and special situations.The technical variance is minimized by using well-tested equipment and by follow-ing clear instructions about e.g.the positioning of micro-phones.The stress which the accompanying person is ex-posed to during a recording session must be reduced us-ing optimal recording software and car 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