D 2012 Object-Based Attention Overrides Perceptual Load to Modulate

OBSERVATIONObject-Based Attention Overrides Perceptual Load to ModulateVisual DistractionJoshua D.Cosman and Shaun P.VeceraUniversity of IowaThe ability to ignore task-irrelevant information and overcome distraction is central to our ability to efficiently carry out a number of tasks.One factor shown to strongly influence distraction is the perceptual load of the task being performed;as the perceptual load of task-relevant information processing increases,the likelihood that task-irrelevant information will be processed and interfere with task performance decreases.However,it has also been demonstrated that other attentional factors play an important role in whether or not distracting information affects performance.Specifically,object-based attention can modulate the extent of distractor processing,leaving open the possibility that object-based attention mechanisms may directly modulate the way in which perceptual load affects distractor processing.Here,we show that object-based attention dominates perceptual load to determine the extent of task-irrelevant information processing,with distractors affecting performance only when they are contained within the same object as the task-relevant search display.These results suggest that object-based attention effects play a central role in selective attention regardless of the perceptual load of the task being performed.Keywords:selective attention,perceptual load,object-based attention,visual attention,perceptual groupingSelective attention allows us to process task-relevant informa-tion while effectively ignoring task-irrelevant information and minimizing distraction.For example,our ability to read a news-paper in a crowded coffeehouse depends on our ability focus on the words on the page while simultaneously ignoring the conver-sations around us.It has been proposed that the perceptual load of a task determines the likelihood that task-irrelevant information will be processed and cause distraction,a proposal formalized in Lavie’s “Load Theory”of selective attention (Lavie,1995;Lavie,Hirst,De Fockert,&Viding,2004).Specifically,Load Theory proposes that perceptual-level attention is a finite resource—when perceptual load is high and processing capacity is exhausted,the processing of task-irrelevant distractors is attenuated early and distracting information does not influence task performance.Fur-thermore,load theory proposes that processing capacity is filled in a mandatory manner,such that when perceptual load is low,attentional resources obligatorily “spill over”to task-irrelevant distractors,causing them to interfere with task performance.Given its parsimonious resolution to debates regarding the locus of se-lection (e.g.,Deutsch &Deutsch,1963;Treisman,1969),load theory has been an influential theory of attentional selection inboth cognitive psychology and neuroscience,and has received support from numerous behavioral and neuroscientific studies (e.g.,Bahrami,Lavie,&Rees,2007Cosman &Vecera,2009,2010;Lavie &Cox,1997;Rees,Frith,&Lavie,1997).At the same time,factors other than perceptual load have been shown to affect the extent of task-irrelevant information process-ing.For example,using a modified flanker task,Kramer and Jacobson (1991)demonstrated that the amount of interference caused by a task-irrelevant flanker varied as a function of whether or not it was part of the same perceptual group as the task-irrelevant target,using good continuation and connectedness as cues (see also Baylis &Driver,1992;Chen,2003;Richard,Lee,&Vecera,2008).When a central target was physically connected to two task-irrelevant flanking distractors and created one object,flankers influenced RTs to the target;however,the flankers had little or no effect when they were physically separated from the target (Kramer &Jacobson,1991;Richard et al.,2008).Taken together,the studies outlined above suggest that in addi-tion to perceptual load,other factors such as perceptual grouping or object-based attention may play a crucial role in determining the level of distractor processing.Given that object-based attention mechanisms control the allocation and spread of attentional re-sources (e.g.,Hollingworth,Maxcey-Richard,&Vecera,2012Vecera,1994;Vecera &Farah,1994;Richard et al.,2008),it is plausible that these mechanisms may directly influence the oper-ation of selective attention regardless of perceptual load.For example,all features of task-relevant objects may be obligatorily processed under high-load conditions even when some of these features are task-irrelevant,and features of objects that are irrele-This article was published Online First March 5,2012.Joshua D.Cosman and Shaun P.Vecera,Departments of Neuroscience and Psychology,University of Iowa.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Joshua D.Cosman,Departments of Neuroscience and Psychology,University of Iowa,Iowa City,IA 52242.E-mail:joshua-cosman@Journal of Experimental Psychology:©2012American Psychological Association Human Perception and Performance 2012,Vol.38,No.3,576–5790096-1523/12/$12.00DOI:10.1037/a0027406576vant to task performance may be effectively ignored even under low-load conditions(O’Craven,Downing,&Kanwisher,1999; Richard et al.,2008;Wu¨hr&Frings,2008).In other words,it is possible that object-based attention mechanisms can trump per-ceptual load to determine whether task-irrelevant information re-ceives processing resources.In the standard perceptual load task,a task-relevant search array and task-irrelevant distractor appear as parts of different perceptual groups(e.g.,Lavie&Cox,1997;see also Beck& Lavie,2005).Under these conditions,larger flanker congruency effects are observed when the search task is low,as opposed to high,in perceptual load.In the current study,we were interested in examining whether this effect of load on distractor process-ing could be modulated by simple object cues placed strategi-cally in these displays.Specifically,we included a superordi-nate object structure that encompassed both the search array and one of two possible distractor locations(see Figure1).As a result,on each trial the task-irrelevant flanker was either a part of the same or different object as the task-relevant search array, giving us the ability to measure object-based effects on distrac-tor processing under varying conditions of perceptual load.If perceptual load predominates to determine the extent of task-irrelevant information processing,we would expect to see flanker congruency effects emerge when the search task is low in perceptual load,but not when it is high in perceptual load, regardless of which object contains the flanker(i.e.,a typical perceptual load effect).In contrast,if object-based attention mechanisms arising from our object manipulation act as a primary determinant of whether task-irrelevant information is processed and allowed to affect behavior,we would expect to see flanker congruency effects emerge when the flanker is contained within the same object as the search array,but not when it appears in a different object than the search array, regardless of perceptual load.This would indicate that the superordinate object structure and corresponding object-based attention effects were sufficient to override the effect of load on distractor processing,and would point to a central role for object-based attention mechanisms in determining the extent to which task-irrelevant information is processed.MethodParticipantsEighteen University of Iowa undergraduates participated for course credit.All participants had normal or corrected-to-normal vision.Stimuli and ProcedureA Macintosh mini computer displayed stimuli on a17-inch CRT and recorded responses and response latencies.The experiment was controlled using MATLAB and the Psychophysics toolbox (Brainard,1997).Participants sat65cm from the screen in a dimly lit room and performed a basic search task like that depicted in Figure1.Following the presentation of a fixation point for1,000ms,the search displays were presented for150ms.The search arrays themselves always appeared as part of the same object and con-sisted of letters presented around fixation following the arc of an imaginary circle(radius2.0°),and were either high load displays containing a target letter(E or H)among five heterogeneous distractor letters(D,J,K,B,T each measuring0.9°ϫ1.4°),or low load displays consisting of the target letter and five small place-holder circles(each0.25°radius),with load being blocked(see Lavie&Cox,1997).The objects on which the search array and flanker appeared consisted of two gray3D rendered objects pre-sented on a white background,one large(12°ϫ10°)and one small (3°ϫ10°).The large object always contained the task-relevant search array,and on half of the trials also contained a single, task-irrelevant flanker letter(same-object flanker condition).On the other half of trials,the flanker letter appeared in the smaller object(different-object flanker condition).The flanker appeared equidistant from the search array in both object conditions with a distance of approximately2.2°from the edge of the search array to the edge of the flanker,with the relative location of each object (left vs.right side of display)and the congruency of the flanker letter being equiprobable and pseudorandomly determined on each trial.Participants were instructed to maintain central fixation and to search the circular arrays for the target while ignoring the task-irrelevant flankers and objects.Participants performed three high-load and three low-load blocks of96trials each for total of576 trials,with load blocks alternated and starting order counterbal-anced across subjects.1ResultsReaction times faster than200ms or longer than3,000ms were excluded from the analyses.Removal of these outliers excluded less than2%of the reaction time(RT)data.Additionally,the data from two participants were excluded because overall accuracy was greater than3SDs below the mean,leaving data from16partic-ipants in the analyses below.We performed an omnibus three-way ANOVA with flanker object(same vs.different)display load(high vs.low),and flanker congruency(congruent vs.incongruent)on both correct mean RTs(see Figure2)and percent errors.For RTs, we observed a main effect of congruency,F(1,15)ϭ33.5,pϽ.0001,with faster RTs to congruent trials(587ms)than to incon-gruent trials(609ms),as well as a main effect of load,F(1,15)ϭ83.6,pϽ.0001,with faster RTs on low load trials(526ms)than high load trials(671ms).We also found a significant interaction between flanker object and congruency F(1,15)ϭ11.0,pϽ.01. No other main effects or interactions were significant,F sϽ3.5, psϾ.08.Secondary two-way ANOVAs were conducted on RTs from high and low load conditions to examine the root of the flanker 1Ten observers performed a basic version of our load task to ensure that our stimuli generate a typical load effect.This task consisted of192trials of high and low load search arrays(blocked)presented on a gray back-ground,identical to the search arrays used in the primary experiment.An ANOVA performed on RTs in this task revealed a significant main effect of load F(1,9)ϭ29.0,pϽ.001.,with response times in high-load trials (638ms)being overall slower than responses in low-load trials(497ms), and a significant load by congruency interaction,F(1,9)ϭ4.96,pϭ.05. Thus,the current displays generate what would be considered typical load effects in the absence of the object structure imposed in the experiment of interest.577OBJECTS MODULATE DISTRACTIONobject by congruency interaction.A significant main effect of congruency was observed in both the low load,F (1,15)ϭ18.5,p Ͻ.001,and high load,F (1,15)ϭ15.4,p Ͻ.001,conditions.Importantly,significant two-way interactions between flanker ob-ject and congruency were observed in both the low load,F (1,15)ϭ4.5,p ϭ.05,and high load,F (1,15)ϭ7.6,p ϭ.01,conditions,with flanker effects being significantly larger when the flanker appeared in the same object as the target,regardless of load.Moreover,we observed no three-way interaction,F (1,15)Ͻ1,ns ,indicating that our object manipulation eliminated the inter-action between perceptual load and flanker congruency typically observed in this task (e.g.,Lavie et al.,2004;Lavie &Cox,1997),and providing evidence that object-based attention effects can override the effect of perceptual load to determine whether task-irrelevant information affects performance during search.The error rates generally paralleled the RTs.Most important,error rates showed larger flanker effects in the same object con-dition than in the different object condition for both low and high load displays,although these differences were not significant:We observed a main effect of congruency,F (1,15)ϭ4.5,p ϭ.05,but no other main effects or interactions were significant,F s Ͻ2.1,p s Ͼ.17.DiscussionOur results show that object-based attention strongly determines the extent of task-irrelevant information processing,modulating selective attention based on whether the task-relevant and irrele-vant information are part of the same or a different object.Fur-thermore,this effect was observed regardless of theperceptualFigure 1.Task diagram showing examples of low-load same object (left)and high-load different object trials(right).Figure 2.Reaction Times and error rates (at base of the bar)for each condition in the experiment.Error bars represent 95%confidence intervals (Cousineau,2005;Loftus &Masson,1994).578COSMAN AND VECERAload of the search task.During high-load search,where attentional capacity should have been exhausted and attentional filtering very effective(Lavie,1995;Lavie et al.,2004),task-irrelevant flanker letters still exerted an interference effect if targets and flankers appear in the same object.Conversely,during low-load search, filtering of the flanker was enhanced when the to-be-ignored letter did not group with the search array.Thus,adding a superordinate object structure that encompassed the search display led to in-creased processing of distracting information located within the object boundary and an attenuation of processing for distracting information located outside of the object boundary.Such a finding is at odds with load theory,which posits that resource demands on perceptual-level attention are the sole factor driving selective at-tention mechanisms.The fact that the relationship between the object containing the search array and that containing the distractor directly determined the extent of distractor processing in the face of our perceptual load manipulation suggests that perceptual load is not the sole determinant of attentional selection.Instead,these results are in line with studies that propose a key role for objects in modulating the extent of task-irrelevant infor-mation processing.Specifically,our results are predicted by spreading enhancement accounts of object-based attention,in which attentional resources spread within an object,enhancing the representations of features contained in those objects(Han, Dosher,&Lu,2003;Hollingworth et al.,2012;Mozer,2002; Richard et al.,2008;Valdes-Sosa,Bobes,Rodriguez,&Pinilla, 1998).The increased magnitude of flanker effects when the task-irrelevant flanker appeared in the same object as the search array is presumably due to such a spreading mechanism—when the flanker appeared in the same object as the search array,it is likely that attention spread throughout the object and led to an enhanced representation of both task-relevant and task-irrelevant items,gen-erating increased interference when task-irrelevant distractors ap-peared in the object containing the search array.Given this direct modulation of perceptual load effects and distractor interference by object-based attention mechanisms,it appears that object boundaries and the attentional effects they produce can act as a primary determinant of what information is processed and allowed to affect behavior.ReferencesBahrami,vie,N.,&Rees,G.(2007).Attentional load modulates responses of human primary visual cortex to invisible stimuli.Current Biology,17,509–513.doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.070Baylis,G.C.,&Driver,J.(1992).Visual parsing and response competi-tion:The effect of grouping factors.Perception&Psychophysics,51, 145–162.doi:10.3758/BF03212239Beck,D.M.&Lavie,N.(2005).Look here but ignore what you see: Effects of distractors at fixation.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance,31,592–607.doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.3.592Brainard,D.H.(1997).The psychophysics toolbox.Spatial Vision,10, 433–436.doi:10.1163/156856897X00357Chen,Z.(2003)Attentional focus,processing load,and Stroop interfer-ence.Perception&Psychophysics,65,888–900.doi:10.3758/ BF03194822Cosman,J.D.,&Vecera,S.P.(2009).Perceptual load modulates atten-tional capture by abrupt onsets.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,16, 404–410.doi:10.3758/PBR.16.2.404Cosman,J.D.,&P.(2010).Attentional capture by motion onsets is modulated by perceptual load.Attention,Perception,&Psychophysics, 72,2096–2105.Cousineau,D.(2005).Confidence intervals in within-subject designs:A simpler solution to Loftus and Masson’s method.Tutorials in Quanti-tative Methods for Psychology,1,42–45.Deutsch,J.A.,&Deutsch,D.(1963).Attention:Some theoretical consid-erations.Psychological Review,70,80–90.doi:10.1037/h0039515 Han,S.,Dosher,B.A.,&Lu,Z.-L.(2003).Object attention revisited: Identifying mechanisms and boundary conditions.Psychological Sci-ence,14,598–604.doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1471.x Hollingworth,A.,Maxcey-Richard,A.M.,&Vecera,S.P.(2012).The spatial distribution of attention within and across objects.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,38, 135–151.doi:10.1037/a0024463Kramer,A.F.,&Jacobson,A.(1991).Perceptual organization and focused attention:The role of objects and proximity in visual processing.Per-ception&Psychophysics,50,267–284.doi:10.3758/BF03206750 Lavie,N.,&Cox,S.(1997).On the efficiency of attentional selection: Efficient visual search results in inefficient rejection of distraction. Psychological Science,8,395–396.doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997 .tb00432.xLavie,N.,Hirst,A.,De Fockert,J.W.,&Viding,E.(2004).Load theory of selective attention and cognitive control.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,133,339–354.doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.3.339 Lavie,N.(1995).Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,21,451–468.doi:10.1037/0096-1523.21.3.451 Loftus,G.R.,&Masson,M.E.J.(1994).Using confidence intervals in within-subject designs.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,1,476–490. doi:10.3758/BF03210951Mozer,M.C.(2002).Frames of reference in unilateral neglect and visual perception:A computational perspective.Psychological Review,109, 156–185.doi:10.1037/0033-295X.109.1.156O’Craven,K.,Downing,P.,&Kanwisher,N.(1999).fMRI Evidence for Objects as the Units of Attentional Selection.Nature,401,584–587. doi:10.1038/44134Rees,G.,Frith,C.,&Lavie,N.(1997).Modulating irrelevant motion perception by varying attentional load in an unrelated task.Science, 278(5343),1616–1619.doi:10.1126/science.278.5343.1616 Richard,A.M.,Lee,H.,&Vecera,S.P.(2008).Attentional spreading in object-based attention.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,34,842–853.doi:10.1037/0096-1523.34.4.842Treisman,A.M.(1969).Strategies and models of selective attention. Psychological Review,76,282–299.doi:10.1037/h0027242Valdes-Sosa,M.,Bobes,M.A.,Rodriguez,V.,&Pinilla,T.(1998). Switching attention without shifting the spotlight:Object-based atten-tional modulation of brain potentials.Journal of Cognitive Neurosci-ence,10,137–151.doi:10.1162/089892998563743Vecera,S.P.,&Farah,M.J.(1994).Does visual attention select objects or locations?Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,123,146–160. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.123.2.146Vecera,S.P.(1994).Grouped locations and object-based attention:Com-ment on Egly,Driver,&Rafal(1994).Journal of Experimental Psy-chology:General,123,316–320.doi:10.1037/0096-3445.123.3.316 Wu¨hr,P.,&Frings,C.(2008).A case for inhibition:Visual attention suppresses the processing of irrelevant objects.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,137,116–130.doi:10.1037/0096-3445.137.1.116Received June30,2011Revision received July20,2011Accepted July21,2011Ⅲ579OBJECTS MODULATE DISTRACTION。

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Java使用@Idempotent注解处理幂等问题,防止二次点击

Java使⽤@Idempotent注解处理幂等问题,防⽌⼆次点击Java使⽤⾃定义注解@Idempotent处理幂等问题,防⽌⼆次点击幂等实现原理就是利⽤AOP⾯向切⾯编程,在执⾏业务逻辑之前插⼊⼀个⽅法,⽣成⼀个token,存⼊redis并插⼊到response中返回给前台,然后前台再拿着这个token发起请求,经过判断,只执⾏第⼀次请求,多余点击的请求都拦截下来.创建⾃定义注解@Idempotentpackage mon.annotation;import ng.annotation.*;//注解信息会被添加到Java⽂档中@Documented//注解的⽣命周期，表⽰注解会被保留到什么阶段，可以选择编译阶段、类加载阶段，或运⾏阶段@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)//注解作⽤的位置，ElementType.METHOD表⽰该注解仅能作⽤于⽅法上@Target(ElementType.METHOD)public @interface Idempotent {}创建⾃定义注解@IdempotentTokenpackage mon.annotation;import ng.annotation.*;//注解信息会被添加到Java⽂档中@Documented//注解的⽣命周期，表⽰注解会被保留到什么阶段，可以选择编译阶段、类加载阶段，或运⾏阶段@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)//注解作⽤的位置，ElementType.METHOD表⽰该注解仅能作⽤于⽅法上@Target(ElementType.METHOD)public @interface IdempotentToken {}@Idempotent注解的配置类IdempotentInterceptorpackage org.jeecg.config.idempotent;import cn.hutool.core.util.ObjectUtil;import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;import ng3.StringUtils;import mon.annotation.Idempotent;import mon.annotation.IdempotentToken;import mon.util.RedisUtil;import ponent;import org.springframework.web.method.HandlerMethod;import org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerInterceptor;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;import ng.reflect.Method;import java.util.UUID;/*** @author zbw*/@Slf4j@Componentpublic class IdempotentInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {private static final String VERSION_NAME = "version";private static final String TOKEN_NAME = "idempotent_token";private static final String IDEMPOTENT_TOKEN_PREFIX = "idempotent:token:";/*private RedisTemplate<String, Object> redisTemplate;*/private RedisUtil redisUtil;public IdempotentInterceptor(RedisUtil redisUtil){this.redisUtil = redisUtil;}@Overridepublic boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception {if (!(handler instanceof HandlerMethod)) {return true;}HandlerMethod handlerMethod = (HandlerMethod) handler;Method method = handlerMethod.getMethod();IdempotentToken idempotentTokenAnnotation = method.getAnnotation(IdempotentToken.class);if(idempotentTokenAnnotation!=null){//重新更新tokenString token = UUID.randomUUID().toString().replaceAll("-","");response.addHeader(TOKEN_NAME,token);//解决后端传递token前端⽆法获取问题response.addHeader("Access-Control-Expose-Headers",TOKEN_NAME);redisUtil.set(IDEMPOTENT_TOKEN_PREFIX+token,token);}Idempotent idempotentAnnotation = method.getAnnotation(Idempotent.class);if(idempotentAnnotation!=null){checkIdempotent(request);}return true;}@Overridepublic void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception {}private void checkIdempotent(HttpServletRequest request) {//⾸先到request中去拿TOKEN_NAMEString token = request.getHeader(TOKEN_NAME);if(ObjectUtil.isEmpty(token)){token = "";}if (StringUtils.isBlank(token)) {// header中不存在tokentoken = request.getParameter(TOKEN_NAME);if (StringUtils.isBlank(token)) {// parameter中也不存在tokenthrow new IllegalArgumentException("幂等token丢失，请勿重复提交");}}if (!redisUtil.hasKey(IDEMPOTENT_TOKEN_PREFIX+token)) {throw new IllegalArgumentException("请勿重复提交");}boolean bool = redisUtil.delete(IDEMPOTENT_TOKEN_PREFIX+token);if(!bool){throw new IllegalArgumentException("没有删除对应的token");}}}这个注解配置是基于redis的,在这⾥redis的配置略过,本章只是讲解如何简单的使⽤后端的话,需要在该页⾯的list查询上加上@IdempotentToken注解,原理是涉及到查询成功后会刷新⼀下页⾯,重新获取token @Idempotent注解配置完成就可以直接加在controller的对应⽅法上,如图:前端的⼀些配置(这⾥我⽤的是ant design vue):user.js⾥⾯加⼊idempotentToken:''SET_IDEMPOTENT_TOKEN:(state,token)=>{state.idempotentToken = token},getter.js⾥⾯加⼊idempotentToken: state => er.idempotentToken,request.js⾥⾯修改// request interceptore(config => {const token = Vue.ls.get(ACCESS_TOKEN)if (token) {config.headers[ 'X-Access-Token' ] = token // 让每个请求携带⾃定义 token 请根据实际情况⾃⾏修改 }const idempotent_token = Vue.ls.get(IDEMPOTENT_TOKEN)if(idempotent_token){config.headers['idempotent_token'] = idempotent_token}//update-begin-author:taoyan date:2020707 for:多租户let tenantid = Vue.ls.get(TENANT_ID)if (!tenantid) {tenantid = 0;}config.headers[ 'tenant_id' ] = tenantid//update-end-author:taoyan date:2020707 for:多租户if(config.method=='get'){if(config.url.indexOf("sys/dict/getDictItems")<0){config.params = {_t: Date.parse(new Date())/1000,...config.params}}}return config},(error) => {return Promise.reject(error)})// response interceptore((response) => {let idempotent_token = response.headers[IDEMPOTENT_TOKEN]if(idempotent_token){Vue.ls.set(IDEMPOTENT_TOKEN,idempotent_token,7 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000)mit('SET_IDEMPOTENT_TOKEN', idempotent_token)}return response.data}, err)const installer = {vm: {},install (Vue, router = {}) {e(VueAxios, router, service)}mutation-type.js加⼊定义的常量export const IDEMPOTENT_TOKEN='idempotent_token'这样算是完成了,再次出现⼆次请求时直接会被拦截。

Autodesk Nastran 2023 参考手册说明书

DATINFILE1 ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
FILESPEC ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
DISPFILE ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
File Management Directives – Output File Specifications: .............................................................................. 5
BULKDATAFILE .................................................................................................................................................... 7

TmCalculator 1.0.3 核苷酸序列融解温度计算器说明书

Package‘TmCalculator’October12,2022Type PackageTitle Melting Temperature of Nucleic Acid SequencesVersion1.0.3Date2022-02-20Author Junhui LiMaintainer Junhui Li<****************.cn>Description This tool is extended from methods in Bio.SeqUtils.MeltingTemp of python.The melt-ing temperature of nucleic acid sequences can be calculated in three method,the Wal-lace rule(Thein&Wallace(1986)<doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90739-7>),empirical formu-las based on G and C content(Marmur J.(1962)<doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(62)80066-7>,Schildkraut C.(2010)<doi:10.1002/bip.360030207>,Wet-mur J G(1991)<doi:10.3109/10409239109114069>,Unter-gasser,A.(2012)<doi:10.1093/nar/gks596>,von Ah-sen N(2001)<doi:10.1093/clinchem/47.11.1956>)and nearest neighbor thermodynamics(Bres-lauer K J(1986)<doi:10.1073/pnas.83.11.3746>,Sugi-moto N(1996)<doi:10.1093/nar/24.22.4501>,Allawi H(1998)<doi:10.1093/nar/26.11.2694>,San-taLu-cia J(2004)<doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.141800>,Freier S(1986)<doi:10.1073/pnas.83.24.9373>,Xia T(19 mar-ito S(2000)<doi:10.1093/nar/28.9.1929>,Turner D H(2010)<doi:10.1093/nar/gkp892>,Sugi-moto N(1995)<doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00088-6>,Allawi H T(1997)<doi:10.1021/bi962590c>,Santalu-cia N(2005)<doi:10.1093/nar/gki918>),and it can also be corrected with salt ions and chemi-cal compound(SantaLucia J(1996)<doi:10.1021/bi951907q>,SantaLu-cia J(1998)<doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1460>,Owczarzy R(2004)<doi:10.1021/bi034621r>,Owczarzy R(2008)<doi:10.102 BugReports https:///JunhuiLi1017/TmCalculator/issuesLicense GPL(>=2)Depends R(>=2.10)NeedsCompilation noRepository CRANRoxygenNote7.1.2Date/Publication2022-02-2104:10:03UTC12c2s R topics documented:c2s (2)check_ﬁlter (3)chem_correction (4)complement (5)GC (6)print.TmCalculator (6)s2c (7)salt_correction (8)Tm_GC (9)Tm_NN (12)Tm_Wallace (15)Index17 c2s convert a vector of characters into a stringDescriptionSimply convert a vector of characters such as c("H","e","l","l","o","W","o","r","l","d")into a single string"HelloWorld".Usagec2s(characters)Argumentscharacters A vector of charactersValueRetrun a stringsAuthor(s)Junhui LiReferencescitation("TmCalculator")Examplesc2s(c("H","e","l","l","o","W","o","r","l","d"))check_ﬁlter3check_filter Check andﬁlter invalid base of nucleotide sequencesDescriptionIn general,whitespaces and non-base characters are removed and characters are converted to up-percase in given method.Usagecheck_filter(ntseq,method)Argumentsntseq Sequence(5’to3’)of one strand of the DNA nucleic acid duplex as string orvector of charactersmethod TM_Wallace:check and return"A","B","C","D","G","H","I","K","M","N","R","S","T","V","W"and"Y"TM_GC:check and return"A","B","C","D","G","H","I","K","M","N","R","S","T","V","W","X"and"Y"TM_NN:check and return"A","C","G","I"and"T"ValueReturn a sequence which fullﬁls the requirements of the given method.Author(s)Junhui LiReferencescitation("TmCalculator")Examplesntseq<-c("ATCGBDHKMNRVYWSqq")check_filter(ntseq,method= Tm_Wallace )check_filter(ntseq,method= Tm_NN )4chem_correction chem_correction Corrections of melting temperature with chemical substancesDescriptionCorrections coefﬁcient of melting temperature with DMSO and formamide and these corrections are rough approximations.Usagechem_correction(DMSO=0,fmd=0,DMSOfactor=0.75,fmdmethod=c("concentration","molar"),fmdfactor=0.65,ptGC)ArgumentsDMSO Percent DMSOfmd Formamide concentration in percentage(fmdmethod="concentration")or molar (fmdmethod="molar").DMSOfactor Coefﬁcient of Tm decreases per percent DMSO.Default=0.75von Ahsen N (2001)<PMID:11673362>.Other published values are0.5,0.6and0.675.fmdmethod"concentration"method for formamide concentration in percentage and"molar"for formamide concentration in molarfmdfactor Coefﬁcient of Tm decrease per percent formamide.Default=0.65.Several pa-pers report factors between0.6and0.72.ptGC Percentage of GC(%).Detailsfmdmethod="concentration"Correction=-factor*percentage_of_formamidefmdmethod="molar"Correction=(0.453*GC/100-2.88)x formamideAuthor(s)Junhui Licomplement5 Referencesvon Ahsen N,Wittwer CT,Schutz E,et al.Oligonucleotide melting temperatures under PCR conditions:deoxynucleotide Triphosphate and Dimethyl sulfoxide concentrations with comparison to alternative empirical formulas.Clin Chem2001,47:1956-C1961.Exampleschem_correction(DMSO=3)chem_correction(fmd=1.25,fmdmethod="molar",ptGC=50)complement complement and reverse complement base of nucleotide sequencesDescriptionget reverse complement and complement base of nucleotide sequencesUsagecomplement(ntseq,reverse=FALSE)Argumentsntseq Sequence(5’to3’)of one strand of the nucleic acid duplex as string or vector of charactersreverse Logical value,TRUE is reverse complement sequence,FALSE is not.Author(s)Junhui LiReferencescitation("TmCalculator")Examplescomplement("ATCGYCGYsWwsaVv")complement("ATCGYCGYsWwsaVv",reverse=TRUE)6print.TmCalculator GC Calculate G and C content of nucleotide sequencesDescriptionCalculate G and C content of nucleotide sequences.The number of G and C in sequence is divided by length of sequence(when totalnt is TRUE)or the number of all A,T,C,G and ambiguous base.UsageGC(ntseq,ambiguous=FALSE,totalnt=TRUE)Argumentsntseq Sequence(5’to3’)of one strand of the nucleic acid duplex as string or vector of characters.ambiguous Ambiguous bases are taken into account to compute the G and C content when ambiguous is TRUE.totalnt Sum of’G’and’C’bases divided by the length of the sequence when totalnt is TRUE.ValueContent of G and C(range from0to100Author(s)Junhui LiExamplesGC(c("a","t","c","t","g","g","g","c","c","a","g","t","a"))#53.84615GC("GCATSWSYK",ambiguous=TRUE)#55.55556print.TmCalculator Prints melting temperature from a TmCalculator objectDescriptionprint.TmCalculator prints to console the melting temperature value from an object of class TmCalculator.s2c7Usage##S3method for class TmCalculatorprint(x,...)Argumentsx An object of class TmCalculator....UnusedValueThe melting temperature value.s2c convert a string into a vector of charactersDescriptionSimply convert a single string such as"HelloWorld"into a vector of characters such as c("H","e","l","l","o","W","o","r","l","d Usages2c(strings)Argumentsstrings A single string such as"HelloWorld"ValueRetrun a vector of charactersAuthor(s)Junhui LiReferencescitation("TmCalculator")Exampless2c(c("HelloWorld"))8salt_correctionsalt_correction Corrections of melting temperature with salt ionsDescriptionCorrections coefﬁcient of melting temperature or entropy with different operationsUsagesalt_correction(Na=0,K=0,Tris=0,Mg=0,dNTPs=0,method=c("Schildkraut2010","Wetmur1991","SantaLucia1996","SantaLucia1998-1", "SantaLucia1998-2","Owczarzy2004","Owczarzy2008"),ntseq,ambiguous=FALSE)ArgumentsNa Millimolar concentration of NaK Millimolar concentration of KTris Millimolar concentration of TrisMg Millimolar concentration of MgdNTPs Millimolar concentration of dNTPsmethod Method to be applied including"Schildkraut2010","Wetmur1991","SantaLucia1996", "SantaLucia1998-1","SantaLucia1998-2","Owczarzy2004","Owczarzy2008".Firstfourth methods correct Tm,ﬁfth method corrects deltaS,sixth and seventh meth-ods correct1/Tm.See details for the method description.ntseq Sequence(5’to3’)of one strand of the nucleic acid duplex as string or vectorof characters.ambiguous Ambiguous bases are taken into account to compute the G and C content whenambiguous is TRUE.DetailsThe methods are:1Schildkraut C(2010)<doi:10.1002/bip.360030207>2Wetmur J G(1991)<doi:10.3109/10409239109114069>3SantaLucia J(1996)<doi:10.1021/bi951907q>4SantaLucia J(1998)<doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1460>5SantaLucia J(1998)<doi:10.1073/pnas.95.4.1460>6Owczarzy R(2004)<doi:10.1021/bi034621r>7Owczarzy R(2008)<doi:10.1021/bi702363u>methods1-4:Tm(new)=Tm(old)+correctionmethod5:deltaS(new)=deltaS(old)+correctionmethods6+7:Tm(new)=1/(1/Tm(old)+correction)Author(s)Junhui LiReferencesSchildkraut C.Dependence of the melting temperature of DNA on salt concentration[J].Biopoly-mers,2010,3(2):195-208.Wetmur J G.DNA Probes:Applications of the Principles of Nucleic Acid Hybridization[J].CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry,1991,26(3-4):3Santalucia,J,Allawi H T,Seneviratne P A.Improved Nearest-Neighbor Parameters for Predicting DNA Duplex Stability,[J].Biochemistry,1996,35(11):3555-3562.SantaLucia,J.A uniﬁed view of polymer,dumbbell,and oligonucleotide DNA nearest-neighbor thermodynamics[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1998,95(4):1460-1465.Owczarzy R,You Y,Moreira B G,et al.Effects of Sodium Ions on DNA Duplex Oligomers: Improved Predictions ofMelting Temperatures[J].Biochemistry,2004,43(12):3537-3554.Owczarzy R,Moreira B G,You Y,et al.Predicting Stability of DNA Duplexes in Solutions Containing Magnesium and Monovalent Cations[J].Biochemistry,2008,47(19):5336-5353. Examplesntseq<-c("acgtTGCAATGCCGTAWSDBSYXX")salt_correction(Na=390,K=20,Tris=0,Mg=10,dNTPs=25,method="Owczarzy2008",ntseq)Tm_GC Calculate the melting temperature using empirical formulas based onGC contentDescriptionCalculate the melting temperature using empirical formulas based on GC content with different optionsUsageTm_GC(ntseq,ambiguous=FALSE,userset=NULL,variant=c("Primer3Plus","Chester1993","QuikChange","Schildkraut1965","Wetmur1991_MELTING","Wetmur1991_RNA","Wetmur1991_RNA/DNA","vonAhsen2001"),Na=0,K=0,Tris=0,Mg=0,dNTPs=0,saltcorr=c("Schildkraut2010","Wetmur1991","SantaLucia1996","SantaLucia1998-1", "Owczarzy2004","Owczarzy2008"),mismatch=TRUE,DMSO=0,fmd=0,DMSOfactor=0.75,fmdfactor=0.65,fmdmethod=c("concentration","molar"),outlist=TRUE)Argumentsntseq Sequence(5’to3’)of one strand of the nucleic acid duplex as string or vectorof characters.ambiguous Ambiguous bases are taken into account to compute the G and C content whenambiguous is TRUE.userset A vector of four coefﬁcient ersets override value sets.variant Empirical constants coefﬁcient with8variant:Chester1993,QuikChange,Schild-kraut1965,Wetmur1991_MELTING,Wetmur1991_RNA,Wetmur1991_RNA/DNA,Primer3Plus and vonAhsen2001Na Millimolar concentration of Na,default is0K Millimolar concentration of K,default is0Tris Millimolar concentration of Tris,default is0Mg Millimolar concentration of Mg,default is0dNTPs Millimolar concentration of dNTPs,default is0saltcorr Salt correction method should be chosen when provide’userset’.Options are"Schildkraut2010","Wetmur1991","SantaLucia1996","SantaLucia1998-1","Owczarzy2004","Owczarzy2Note that"SantaLucia1998-2"is not available for this function.mismatch If’True’(default)every’X’in the sequence is counted as mismatchDMSO Percent DMSOfmd Formamide concentration in percentage(fmdmethod="concentration")or molar(fmdmethod="molar").Tm_GC11 DMSOfactor Coeffecient of Tm decreases per percent DMSO.Default=0.75von Ahsen N (2001)<PMID:11673362>.Other published values are0.5,0.6and0.675.fmdfactor Coeffecient of Tm decrease per percent formamide.Default=0.65.Several pa-pers report factors between0.6and0.72.fmdmethod"concentration"method for formamide concentration in percentage and"molar"for formamide concentration in molaroutlist output a list of Tm and options or only Tm value,default is TRUE.DetailsEmpirical constants coefﬁcient with8variant:Chester1993:Tm=69.3+0.41(Percentage_GC)-650/NQuikChange:Tm=81.5+0.41(Percentage_GC)-675/N-Percentage_mismatchSchildkraut1965:Tm=81.5+0.41(Percentage_GC)-675/N+16.6x log[Na+]Wetmur1991_MELTING:Tm=81.5+0.41(Percentage_GC)-500/N+16.6x log([Na+]/(1.0+0.7 x[Na+]))-Percentage_mismatchWetmur1991_RNA:Tm=78+0.7(Percentage_GC)-500/N+16.6x log([Na+]/(1.0+0.7x[Na+])) -Percentage_mismatchWetmur1991_RNA/DNA:Tm=67+0.8(Percentage_GC)-500/N+16.6x log([Na+]/(1.0+0.7x [Na+]))-Percentage_mismatchPrimer3Plus:Tm=81.5+0.41(Percentage_GC)-600/N+16.6x log[Na+]vonAhsen2001:Tm=77.1+0.41(Percentage_GC)-528/N+11.7x log[Na+]Author(s)Junhui LiReferencesMarmur J,Doty P.Determination of the base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid from its thermal denaturation temperature.[J].Journal of Molecular Biology,1962,5(1):109-118.Schildkraut C.Dependence of the melting temperature of DNA on salt concentration[J].Biopoly-mers,2010,3(2):195-208.Wetmur J G.DNA Probes:Applications of the Principles of Nucleic Acid Hybridization[J].CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry,1991,26(3-4):33.Untergasser A,Cutcutache I,Koressaar T,et al.Primer3–new capabilities and interfaces[J].Nucleic Acids Research,2012,40(15):e115-e115.von Ahsen N,Wittwer CT,Schutz E,et al.Oligonucleotide melting temperatures under PCR conditions:deoxynucleotide Triphosphate and Dimethyl sulfoxide concentrations with comparison to alternative empirical formulas.Clin Chem2001,47:1956-1961.Examplesntseq<-c("ATCGTGCGTAGCAGTACGATCAGTAG")out<-Tm_GC(ntseq,ambiguous=TRUE,variant="Primer3Plus",Na=50,mismatch=TRUE)outout$Tmout$OptionsTm_NN Calculate melting temperature using nearest neighbor thermodynam-icsDescriptionCalculate melting temperature using nearest neighbor thermodynamicsUsageTm_NN(ntseq,ambiguous=FALSE,comSeq=NULL,shift=0,nn_table=c("DNA_NN4","DNA_NN1","DNA_NN2","DNA_NN3","RNA_NN1","RNA_NN2","RNA_NN3","R_DNA_NN1"),tmm_table="DNA_TMM1",imm_table="DNA_IMM1",de_table=c("DNA_DE1","RNA_DE1"),dnac1=25,dnac2=25,selfcomp=FALSE,Na=0,K=0,Tris=0,Mg=0,dNTPs=0,saltcorr=c("Schildkraut2010","Wetmur1991","SantaLucia1996","SantaLucia1998-1", "SantaLucia1998-2","Owczarzy2004","Owczarzy2008"),DMSO=0,fmd=0,DMSOfactor=0.75,fmdfactor=0.65,fmdmethod=c("concentration","molar"),outlist=TRUE)Argumentsntseq Sequence(5’to3’)of one strand of the nucleic acid duplex as string or vectorof characters.ambiguous Ambiguous bases are taken into account to compute the G and C content whenambiguous is TRUE.Default is FALSE.comSeq Complementary sequence.The sequence of the template/target in3’->5’direc-tionshift Shift of the primer/probe sequence on the template/target sequence,default=0.for example:when shift=0,theﬁrst nucleotide base at5‘end of primer align toﬁrst one at3‘end of template.When shift=-1,the second nucleotide base at5‘end of primer align toﬁrst one at3‘end of template.When shift=1,theﬁrst nucleotide base at5‘end of primer align to second oneat3‘end of template.The shift parameter is necessary to align primer/probeand template/target if they have different lengths or if they should have danglingends.nn_table Thermodynamic NN values,eight tables are implemented.For DNA/DNA hybridizations:DNA_NN1,DNA_NN2,DNA_NN3,DNA_NN4For RNA/RNA hybridizations:RNA_NN1,RNA_NN2,RNA_NN3For RNA/DNA hybridizations:R_DNA_NN1tmm_table Thermodynamic values for terminal mismatches.Default:DNA_TMM1imm_table Thermodynamic values for internal mismatches,may include insosine mismatches.Default:DNA_IMM1de_table Thermodynamic values for dangling ends.DNA_DE1(default)and RNA_DE1dnac1Concentration of the higher concentrated strand[nM].Typically this will be theprimer(for PCR)or the probe.Default=25.dnac2Concentration of the lower concentrated strand[nM].selfcomp Sequence self-complementary,default=False.If’True’the primer is thoughtbinding to itself,thus dnac2is not considered.Na Millimolar concentration of Na,default is0K Millimolar concentration of K,default is0Tris Millimolar concentration of Tris,default is0Mg Millimolar concentration of Mg,default is0dNTPs Millimolar concentration of dNTPs,default is0saltcorr Salt correction method should be chosen when provide’userset’Options are"Schildkraut2010","Wetmur1991","SantaLucia1996","SantaLucia1998-1","SantaLucia1998-2","Owczarzy2004","Owczarzy2008".Note that NA means no salt correction.DMSO Percent DMSOfmd Formamide concentration in percentage(fmdmethod="concentration")or molar(fmdmethod="molar").DMSOfactor Coeffecient of Tm decreases per percent DMSO.Default=0.75von Ahsen N(2001)<PMID:11673362>.Other published values are0.5,0.6and0.675.fmdfactor Coeffecient of Tm decrease per percent formamide.Default=0.65.Several pa-pers report factors between0.6and0.72.fmdmethod"concentration"method for formamide concentration in percentage and"molar"for formamide concentration in molar.outlist output a list of Tm and options or only Tm value,default is TRUE.DetailsDNA_NN1:Breslauer K J(1986)<doi:10.1073/pnas.83.11.3746>DNA_NN2:Sugimoto N(1996)<doi:10.1093/nar/24.22.4501>DNA_NN3:Allawi H(1998)<doi:10.1093/nar/26.11.2694>DNA_NN4:SantaLucia J(2004)<doi:10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.141800>RNA_NN1:Freier S(1986)<doi:10.1073/pnas.83.24.9373>RNA_NN2:Xia T(1998)<doi:10.1021/bi9809425>RNA_NN3:Chen JL(2012)<doi:10.1021/bi3002709>R_DNA_NN1:Sugimoto N(1995)<doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00088-6>DNA_TMM1:Bommarito S(2000)<doi:10.1093/nar/28.9.1929>DNA_IMM1:Peyret N(1999)<doi:10.1021/bi9825091>&Allawi H T(1997)<doi:10.1021/bi962590c> &Santalucia N(2005)<doi:10.1093/nar/gki918>DNA_DE1:Bommarito S(2000)<doi:10.1093/nar/28.9.1929>RNA_DE1:Turner D H(2010)<doi:10.1093/nar/gkp892>Author(s)Junhui LiReferencesBreslauer K J,Frank R,Blocker H,et al.Predicting DNA duplex stability from the base se-quence.[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1986,83(11):3746-3750.Sugimoto N,Nakano S,Yoneyama M,et al.Improved Thermodynamic Parameters and Helix Ini-tiation Factor to Predict Stability of DNA Duplexes[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1996,24(22):4501-5.Allawi,H.Thermodynamics of internal C.T mismatches in DNA[J].Nucleic Acids Research,1998, 26(11):2694-2701.Hicks L D,Santalucia J.The thermodynamics of DNA structural motifs.[J].Annual Review of Biophysics&Biomolecular Structure,2004,33(1):415-440.Freier S M,Kierzek R,Jaeger J A,et al.Improved free-energy parameters for predictions of RNA duplex stability.[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1986,83(24):9373-9377.Xia T,Santalucia,J,Burkard M E,et al.Thermodynamic Parameters for an Expanded Nearest-Neighbor Model for Formation of RNA Duplexes with Watson-Crick Base Pairs,[J].Biochemistry, 1998,37(42):14719-14735.Chen J L,Dishler A L,Kennedy S D,et al.Testing the Nearest Neighbor Model for Canonical RNA Base Pairs:Revision of GU Parameters[J].Biochemistry,2012,51(16):3508-3522.Bommarito S,Peyret N,Jr S L.Thermodynamic parameters for DNA sequences with dangling ends[J].Nucleic Acids Research,2000,28(9):1929-1934.Turner D H,Mathews D H.NNDB:the nearest neighbor parameter database for predicting stability of nucleic acid secondary structure[J].Nucleic Acids Research,2010,38(Database issue):D280-D282.Sugimoto N,Nakano S I,Katoh M,et al.Thermodynamic Parameters To Predict Stability of RNA/DNA Hybrid Duplexes[J].Biochemistry,1995,34(35):11211-11216.Allawi H,SantaLucia J:Thermodynamics and NMR of internal G-T mismatches in DNA.Bio-chemistry1997,36:10581-10594.Santalucia N E W J.Nearest-neighbor thermodynamics of deoxyinosine pairs in DNA duplexes[J].Nucleic Acids Research,2005,33(19):6258-67.Peyret N,Seneviratne P A,Allawi H T,et al.Nearest-Neighbor Thermodynamics and NMR of DNA Sequences with Internal A-A,C-C,G-G,and T-T Mismatches,[J].Biochemistry,1999, 38(12):3468-3477.Examplesntseq<-c("AAAATTTTTTTCCCCCCCCCCCCCCGGGGGGGGGGGGTGTGCGCTGC")out<-Tm_NN(ntseq,Na=50)outout$OptionsTm_Wallace Calculate the melting temperature using the’Wallace rule’DescriptionThe Wallace rule is often used as rule of thumb for approximate melting temperature calculations for primers with14to20nt length.UsageTm_Wallace(ntseq,ambiguous=FALSE,outlist=TRUE)Argumentsntseq Sequence(5’to3’)of one strand of the DNA nucleic acid duplex as string or vector of characters(Note:Non-DNA characters are ignored by this method).ambiguous Ambiguous bases are taken into account to compute the G and C content when ambiguous is TRUE.outlist output a list of Tm and options or only Tm value,default is TRUE.Author(s)Junhui LiReferencesThein S L,Lynch J R,Weatherall D J,et al.DIRECT DETECTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN E WITH SYNTHETIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDES[J].The Lancet,1986,327(8472):93.Examplesntseq=c( acgtTGCAATGCCGTAWSDBSY )#for wallace ruleout<-Tm_Wallace(ntseq,ambiguous=TRUE)outout$OptionsIndexc2s,2check_filter,3chem_correction,4complement,5GC,6print.TmCalculator,6s2c,7salt_correction,8Tm_GC,9Tm_NN,12Tm_Wallace,1517。

计算机日语词汇学习

【计算机日语】词汇学习アーカイブ＝打包＝archiverアーカイバルメモリー＝数据库存储器＝archival memoryアーカイビング＝打包＝archivingアーカイバファイル＝打包文件＝archive fileアーキテクチャー＝系统结构，架构＝architectureアーキテクチャーフリープロセッサー＝无结构式（信息）处理机＝architecture free processor アーキテクチャーフリーマシン＝无结构式计算机＝architecture free machineアーギュメント＝变元，参数，自变量＝argumentアース＝接地＝earthアーティスティック＝艺术的，技术的，美化的＝artisticアーティフィシャル·リアリティ＝虚拟现实＝artificical reality/ARアーリーライトサイクル＝初始写入周期＝early write cycleアイコン＝图标＝iconアイコンの整列＝排列图标アイテム＝项目＝itemアイテムコード＝项目编号＝item codeアイドルタイム＝停机时间、空载时间＝idle timeあいまい検索＝模糊匹配检索アウトソーシング＝外包＝outsourcingアウトプット＝输出＝outputアウトプットインフォメーション＝输出信息＝output informationアウトプットエリア＝输出区＝output areaアウトプットオーダー＝输出指令＝output orderアウトプットキュー＝输出队列＝output queueアウトプットデバイス＝输出设备＝output deviceアウトラインフォント＝空心字＝outline fontアカウント＝账户＝accontアカデミックパッケージ＝教学软件报＝academic package空き番＝空号空き容量＝备用容量アキュムレーターレジスター＝累加寄存器＝accumulator register アクション＝动作、效应＝actionアクションコマンド＝动作指令、运行命令＝action commandアクセサリ＝附件＝accessoryアクセサリターミナル＝辅助终端＝accessory terminalアクセル（する）＝访问、存取＝accessアクセスギャップ＝存取间隙＝access gapアクセス権限＝访问权アクセスコード＝存取码＝access codeアクセス識別子＝访问修饰符アクセスタイム＝存取时间アクセスビット＝存取位＝access bitアクセス頻度＝访问频度アクセスプロトコル＝访问协议＝access protocolアクセスワイズ＝存取位数＝access widthアクセッサ＝存取器(MSS中使用) ＝accessorアクセプト＝接受、同意＝acceptアクセラレータ＝加速器＝acceleratorアクチュアルアドレス＝有效地址アクティビティーファイル＝活动文件アクティブ＝有效、当前、使用中＝activeアクティブウインドウ＝活动窗口アセンブリエラーメッセージ＝汇编错误信息アセンブリ言語＝汇编语言アセンブリルーチン＝汇编程序＝assembly routine遊びバイト＝虚设字节値＝数值値渡す＝传值アダプタ＝适配器、接合器＝adapterアダプタシミュレータ＝适配模拟器アダプタビリティ＝适应性＝adaptability圧縮（する）＝压缩アットマーク＝“@”标志アップグレード＝升级＝upgradeアステリスク＝星号，通配符＝asteriskアセンブリ＝程序集，汇编＝assemblyアドイン＝插入＝add_inアドレス演算子＝地址运算符アドレス選択＝寻址アドレスバー＝地质栏アナリスト＝分析者＝analystアナログ＝模拟＝analogアナログ信号＝模拟信号アブソリュートアドレス＝绝对地址＝absolute addressアプリケーション＝应用软件＝applicationアプリケーションテクノロジ＝应用技术アベレージ＝伦理函数＝averageアクティビティ＝当前，活动（性）＝activityアラームメッセージ＝警告消息＝alarm message洗い出す＝找出、挑出アルゴリズム＝算法＝algorithmアレイ＝阵、列、数组＝arrayアレイインディックス＝数组下标アンインストール＝卸载＝uninstall暗号化＝加密暗号化手法＝加密技术イタラティブ＝反复型インスペクション＝（比レビュー更高一级的）检查＝inspection インスタンス＝实例＝instanceインターフェース＝接口＝Interfaceインタプリタ＝解释程序；翻译机＝interpreterインデント/字下げ＝indentインデックス＝索引，引得＝indexインフラ＝基础，基础设施＝infrastructureインヘリタンス＝继承請け負う（側）＝承办，承包エミュレータ＝模拟器エンジニアリング＝工学イーサネット＝以太网＝Ethernetイーサネットアドレス＝以太网地址＝Ethernet addressイーサネットカード＝以太网卡＝Ethernet carde-mail＝伊妹儿＝e-maile-mailアドレス＝电子邮件地址＝e-mail address異常終了＝异常结束＝abend (abnormal end)一時ファイル＝暂存文件＝temporary fileイベントドリブン＝事件驱动＝event drivenイベントドリブンプログラミング＝事件驱动的程序设计＝event-driven programming 違法コピー＝非法拷贝＝illegal copyイメージスキャナー＝图像扫描器＝image scannerインクジェットプリンタ＝喷墨式打印机＝ink jet printer印刷する＝打印＝printインストール＝安装＝installインストール済み＝已安装インストールプログラム＝安装程序＝installation programインターネット＝互联网络＝Internetインターネットプロバイダー＝交互网供应商＝Internet providerインターフェース＝接口＝interfaceインターフェイスカード＝接口卡片＝interface cardインタープリタ＝解释程序＝interpreterインターレース＝交错＝interlaceウィザード＝向导＝wizardウイルス＝病毒＝virusウインドウ＝窗口＝windowウエッブサイト＝网站＝websiteウエッブノード＝网络节点＝web nodeウエッブブラウザー＝网上浏览器＝web browserウエッブページ＝网页＝web page液晶ディスプレイ＝液晶显示＝liquid crystal displayエディター＝编辑程序＝editorエラー＝出错＝errorエラー処理＝错误处理＝error handlingエラーメッセージ＝出错信息＝error messageエンコーディング＝编码＝encoding演算時間＝运算时间＝operation timeオーバーフロー＝溢出＝overflowオープン＝打开＝openオスコネクター＝凸型接口＝male connectorオスメス変換器＝凹凸转换器＝gender changerオフィスオートメーション＝办公自动化＝office automation オフィスコンピュータ＝办公计算机＝office computerオブジェクトモジュール＝目标模块＝object moduleオペレーションリサーチ＝运筹学＝operations reserchオペレーティングシステム＝操作系统＝operating system 親プロセス＝父进程＝parent processオンライン＝联机＝on-lineオーバーラップ＝重叠，覆盖オーバーライド＝重写、重写某个方法＝overrideオブジェクト指向＝面向对象オペレーティングシステム＝ＯＳ＝操作系统オリジナリティ＝独创性。

structural-based score

structural-based score【structural-based score】：a step-by-step answerIntroduction:The concept of a structural-based score has gained significant attention in recent years due to its applicability in various fields, including medicine, finance, and machine learning. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of a structural-based score, discussing its definition, applications, and the step-by-step process involved in its calculation.Definition of a structural-based score:A structural-based score is a numerical value assigned to an object or system based on its structural characteristics. It aims to capture the inherent properties or qualities of the object, which can then be quantified and compared with other objects in the same category or domain. The score offers a concise representation of the object's structural complexity, efficiency, or overall performance.Applications of a structural-based score:1. Medical applications: In healthcare, a structural-based score can be used to assess the severity of diseases, predict treatmentoutcomes, or measure the impact of healthcare interventions. For example, in cancer research, the structural-based score can quantify the density and distribution of tumor cells within a tissue sample, aiding in prognosis and treatment planning.2. Financial applications: In finance, a structural-based score can be utilized to evaluate the creditworthiness of individuals or businesses. By assessing various structural indicators, such asdebt-to-equity ratio, cash flow patterns, and asset allocation, financial institutions can assign a score to determine the likelihood of default or bankruptcy.3. Machine learning applications: Structural-based scores are widely employed in machine learning and data analysis. They assist in feature selection, model evaluation, and anomaly detection. For instance, in image recognition tasks, a structural-based score can quantify the complexity and arrangement of pixels, aiding in classifying and categorizing images.Step-by-step process of calculating a structural-based score:1. Identify the relevant attributes: Determine the key structural characteristics that define the object or system under consideration.These attributes can be both qualitative and quantitative and should reflect the desired aspects of the structural-based score.2. Assign weights to attributes: Assign weights to each attribute based on its relative importance in defining the overall structure. These weights can be determined by expert judgment, statistical analysis, or optimization algorithms.3. Normalize the attribute values: Normalize the attribute values ona common scale to eliminate biases arising from different measurement units. This step ensures that each attribute contributes proportionally to the overall structural-based score.4. Calculate sub-scores: Calculate sub-scores for each attribute by multiplying the normalized attribute values with their corresponding weights. These sub-scores represent the contribution of each attribute to the overall structural-based score.5. Combine sub-scores: Sum up the sub-scores to obtain the final structural-based score. This value represents the overall structure or performance of the object or system being evaluated.6. Interpret and utilize the score: Interpret the structural-based score in context, considering the range and distribution of scores within the domain of interest. Based on the score, make informed decisions or comparisons regarding the object's quality, efficiency, or other relevant factors.Conclusion:A structural-based score provides a comprehensive quantification of an object or system's structural characteristics, making it a valuable tool in various fields. By following a step-by-step process of attribute identification, weighting, normalization, and score calculation, one can derive meaningful insights and make informed decisions based on the resulting score. As technologies and domains evolve, the utilization of structural-based scores is expected to grow, further enhancing our understanding and evaluation of complex systems.。

Autodesk Vault配置（第一部分）说明书

MFG219615 –Autodesk Vault Configuration Part 1 Chris BennerCAD Supervisor –Powell Fabrication & Manufacturing, LLC Mark LancasterProduct Support Specialist–Synergis Engineering Design SolutionsClass DescriptionNow that you have purchased one of the Vault products, you need to get the environment set up for you and your users. This class will look at what to do once the Vault Server has been installed. We will discuss topics such as creating users and groups, setting up permissions and security, establishing projects and working folders, and getting your CAD content into the Vault itself.Key Learning Objectives•Learn how to create users and groups within Vault•Learn how to establish user and folder permissions to protect your data •Learn how to set up projects and establish working folders•Learn how to move locally stored CAD data to the VaultAbout Me: Chris Benner▪CAD Supervisor @ Powell Fabrication & Manufacturing, LLC. St. Louis, MI USA▪20 Plus years CAD experience, 10 years with Inventor▪Autodesk Expert Elite▪Dad, husband. Fan of American football, music, craft beer, good scotch and an occasional cigar, semi professional photographer.Home:About Powell Fabrication & Manufacturing, LLC▪Board drafting –Yes I’m old▪20+ yr MFG/CAD world▪15+ yr 3D CAD▪CAD/Doc Mgmt Admin About Me: Mark Lancaster▪Autodesk Partner/Synergis EDS ▪Quakertown PA ▪MFG/Vault Products▪Installation▪Licensing/Subscription Support▪Autodesk▪Expert Elite▪Certified Inventor Professional▪I&L and Inventor Forum▪Lean MFGCongratulations!Now That I Have Vault,… WhatDo I Do With It?•We Are Assuming It Has Been Installed•Our Presentation Centers on Vault Professional•We Will Start with Roles & Permissions, Users & Groups •Time is Short for this material so, if time permits we will then: o Run Through the Config Options –Sooo Many Optionso Talk About Adding Data to the VaultVault Settings & ConfigurationLaying the foundation for your Vault AKA: Roles, Users, Groups, and PermissionsA poor (Vault) foundation may perhaps lead to this over time.RolesWhat are Roles?•Assigned –Vault user or group of users •Pre-defined•Function ability•Lowest form of security•Useful →Vault Basic•Mandatory/Entry pointPre-defined RolesVault AdministratorPre-defined RoleDocument Editor (level 2)Pre-defined RolePermitted Functionswithin VaultOverlapping AbilitiesDocument Editor (Level 1)Defined functionsDocument Editor (Level 2)Level 1 + highlighted functionsUser assigned both roles?Lowest role is winnerHighlighted functions no longer permittedAdditional Info•Global vault setting•Vault level•Vault Pro 2018 –New vault admin roles •Vault Pro 2019 –Custom role •SpreadsheetRoles & PermissionsVault Workgroup/Pro only•Role Based Permissionso1st level permissions•ACL and State Permissionso2nd/3rd level permissions•Balancing point•Why it’s importantRoles & PermissionsVault Workgroup/Pro only•User/Administrator roleo Access to all vault functions•ACL Permissions appliedo Per vaulted fileo Deny modify/delete access I’m the VaultAdmin I can do anything I like within VaultWell I’m the Engineering Manager and I don’t want you to modify or delete our Area 51 CAD filesVault User Accounts/User ManagementVault Users Accounts•Entry point•Static Vault Accounto Vault Admin & Guest provided •Active Directory Domain Accounto Vault Pro Only•Global Setting•Special Accounts As a group we’re so happy & excited about our Vault andhow it’sconfiguredVault Administrator -Static•Administrator →Account name•Blank password →Change it •Disable?•Designate 2 Vault Admins•Separate user/admin account•IT Group/Train•DON’T LOCK OUT ADMINGuest -Static•Guest →Account name •Blank password•Disabled•Not a fanWARNINGBefore jumping in and creating any Vault Accounts and Groups make sure you have a plan in how this will be accomplished. Once a Vault Account or Group is created it is unableto be removed.Modifying, disabling or promoting/demoting isonly permittedStatic Account -Creation•ADMS Console/Vault Client•Vault Administrator•Mandatory Field•Need Role/Vault Access•Enable/Disable•Vault Admin/User managedStatic Account -Creation•Active Directory Account•Credentials/Windows Log in•Account Update•Managed →Active DirectoryActive Directory Domain Account Vault Professional Only•Vault Admin/Importso ADMS/Vault Cliento Involve IT support•Exist? Link?•Define →Vault AdministratorActive Directory Domain Account Vault Professional OnlyStatic vs Active Directory Domain Account Vault Professional Only Active Directory Domain Account (imported)Domain Server Name Domain Account Name Static Vault AccountVault Groups/Group ManagementVault Groups•An Extension for Users •Optional•Useful/Same Configuration •Static Group•Active Directory Domaino Vault Pro Only•Global Setting (YES/NO)Vault Group -Creation •ADMS Console/Vault Client•Vault Administrator•Group to Group assignment•Vault Admin managedVault Group -CreationActive DirectoryDomain Group•Active Directory Group –IT/Network/Permissions •Import →Vault Admin•Defined (in Vault) →Vault Admin•Managed →IT/Network•Exist? Link?•Auto-Create Account•Manual update•Not a fanMixing Roles, User’s, Groups & AccessVDB1VDB2Vault ServerRolesGroup AVault User Group B Group CVault Permissions (Vault Workgroup/Pro)Permissions –Why its ImportantVault User Doc EditorLVL 2Access to delete files across Vault ConditionalVAULT BASIC ONLY Conditional delete means there’s no relationship exist atthis timePermissions –Why its ImportantVault User Doc EditorLVL 2Access to delete files across Vault ConditionalVAULT WORKGROUP/PROPermissions –3 LevelsLifecycle State PermissionHighest Level of PermissionAccess Control List (ACL) PermissionObject Based SecuritySecondary Level of PermissionRole or Role Based PermissionLowest Form of PermissionPermissions –Role BasedProvide access (light switch) to perform certainfunctions within VaultPermissions –ACLVAULT WORKGROUP/PROControl access that’s granted by the assigned vault rolePermissions –Lifecycle StatePer Lifecycle State, Restrict access that’s granted by the Role/ACLPermissionWIP In ReviewVAULT WORKGROUP/PROPermissions –Access Control List (Vault Workgroup/Pro)ACL PermissionsVAULT WORKGROUP/PRO •Per Vault•Vault Administratoro Security Administrator (2018)•RMC Folder/File/Details/Security •READ/MODIFY/DELETE •Allow: Grant access•Deny: Deny access•Blank/None: Nether Grant/DenyACL PermissionsVAULT WORKGROUP/PRO •Start @ Vault Root •Propagate permissions•Don’t forget Admino Cloaking to resolve •Override if neededo Lower structureo@ file level•Don’t swing for the fences •Remove later onLowest Permission WinsUser is assigned Doc Editor LVL 1Role doesn’tallow files tobe deletedACL Permissiongranted todelete filesRolelimitationstill winsACL PermissionVault PermissionsPermissions –Effective AccessVAULT WORKGROUP/PRO•Vault 2016/2017 Release •Folder or File Level•What’s really happening •Obj Based, State, Effective •One time checkACL Permission –Effective Access。

认知心理学课件(中科院心理所)_第3讲注意

每个人都知道注意是什么。它是心理接收信息的过程。如果我们以一种清晰和生动的形式来看，它是从同时呈现的几个物体或思维序列中选择一个对象的过程。意识集中与专注是注意的核心。
William James (1890, pp. 403-404)

定义：注意是心理活动或意识对一定对象的指向与集中。
注意的两个特点

内源性注意

外源性注意

这两种注意在产生机制上和对认知加工的影响大小上都有着显著的差别
内源性线索时不同注意条件下的数字大小比较
外源性线索时不同注意条件下的数字大小比较
6、负启动现象

负启动（negative priming）现象揭示了注意在认知活动中的复杂作用。负启动实验范式

对负启动效应的解释

一般认为：

在对启动刺激进行加工时，注意在对目标字母进行选择和识别的同时，抑制了忽略字母的激活。当探测刺激中的目标字母在启动刺激中未被注意时，二者在呈现时间上的区别性降低，因此使被试产生混淆，从而影响对该字母的识别。

也有人认为：

7、朝向反射

（orientation reflex）

首先，呈现两个不同颜色的字母（启动刺激）。要求被试识别其中一个字母（目标字母），而忽略另外一个字母（忽略字母）。然后，呈现探测刺激，也是两个不同颜色的字母。在目标重复启动条件中：启动刺激中的目标字母与探测刺激中的目标字母是一致的；在忽略重复条件中，启动刺激中的忽略字母与探测刺激中的目标字母是一致的；在控制条件中，启动刺激与探测刺激没有任何关系。
随意注意

2023-2024学年浙江省杭州市新东方高二上月考考英语试题04

2023-2024学年浙江省杭州市新东方高二上月考考英语试题04The Jane Austen Society of North America (JASNA) is dedicated to the enjoyment and appreciation of Jane Austen and her writing. JASNA is a nonprofit organization, staffed by volunteers, whose mission is to foster among the widest number of readers the study, appreciation, and understanding of Jane Austen’s works, her life, and her genius. We have over 5,000 members of all ages and from diverse walks of life. Although most live in the United States or Canada, we also have members in more than a dozen other countries.JASNA conducts an annual student Essay Contest to promote the study and appreciation of Jane Austen’s writing in new generations of readers. Students worldwide are invited to compete for scholarship awards.2023 Contest Topic: Marriages and Proposals(求婚)The 2023 Essay Contest topic is inspired by the theme of our upcoming Annual General Meeting: Pride and Prejudice.SubmissionsThe deadline for submissions is Thursday, June 1, 2023. We will begin accepting submissions in February 2023.Essay Contest AwardsFirst Place: $1, 000 scholarship, plus free registration and two nights’ lodging (住宿) for JASNA’s 2023 Annual General Meeting in Denver.Second Place: $500 scholarship.Third Place: $250 scholarship.Winners will also receive one year of membership in JASNA, publication of their essays on this website, and a set of Norton Critical Editions of Jane Austen’s novels.Essay FormatEntries that do not follow the following requirements or arrive after the deadline will be disqualified.·The essay must be written in English.·The title of the essay should appear at the top of page one; further pages should be numbered on the top right; the student’s name must not appear on the essay.·The essay must be 6-8 pages in length.1. Which of the following is NOT correct about JASNA?A．It is intended to encourage readers’ appreciation and understanding of Jane Austen’sworks.B．Its members of staff work on a voluntary basis with a shared mission.C．It appeals to readers of different ages and from all walks of life.D．Readers with JASNA membership all hold American or Canadian nationality.2. What will each of the winners be awarded?A．$500 scholarship plus free meals.B．A set of Jane Austen’s novels.C．Free accommodation for two nights in Denver.D．Opportunities to take part in a meeting.3. Which of the following will result in disqualification?A．Essays without the student’s name.B．Essays written in two languages.C．Essays submitted on May 31st, 2023.D．Essays covering 7 pages.Weifang, Shandong province, will exempt(免除)senior middle school tuition fees for the third child in every family born after May 31, 2021, local officials announced on Tuesday at a news conference on optimizing policies encouraging families to have more children.The tuition fee exemption is one of a series of measures released by the city to encourage the birthrate. Others include subsidies(补贴)for universal childcare services, house purchases and medical expenses for childbirth. The government is also optimizing pregnancy leave and encouraging employers to explore flexible working schedules for female workers.The newly released measures have received a mixed response from the public with some welcoming the policy, while others say the tuition benefit is t oo little and too far off to make an impact. “Is the child able to study in a senior middle school if he or she didn’t pass the examination?” said one user mockingly on the Twitter-like platform Sina Weibo.Cities in the province have been ramping up subsidies, and education and nursery care services to encourage families to have more children.Shandong province, with a population of over 100 million people, in 2022 recorded its lowest birthrate since 1983. “To encourage the birthrate, the government need to pay attention to the needs of families with only one child instead of only providing subsidies for couples with two or three children. Whether young couples have a high willingness to have one more child depends mostly on their experience of raising th e first child,” said Gao Ming, 35, a resident of Qingdao. She added that she didn’t want to have a second children, even if Qingdao took similar measures.4. What benefits can a woman with a third child enjoy in Weifang?A．The whole pregnancy leave and one-year maternal leave.B．The promise of her third child’s admission to senior middle school.C．Free tuition fees of her third child for senior middle school.D．The house purchases with expenses fully covered by the government.5. The underlined word “mockingly” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ?A．jokingly B．alarmingly C．lovingly D．willingly6. Why does the passage end with a quote from Gao Ming?A．To present a fact. B．To illustrate a viewpoint.C．To solve a problem. D．To make a comparison.7. Which of the following might be the best title for this passage?A．Shandong witnessed its lowest birthrate in 2022.B．More measures are introduced to boost childbirth.C．Newly released measures caused different public responses.D．Is it a blessing or a curse to have more children?The hustle and bustle(喧嚣)of life, walking back and forth from the ideal to reality, and the inner confusion hidden behind a social mask-these daily experiences are recorded by Chinese youths in lines of poetry online. Recently, 124 Bilibili internet users shared their works in a poem collection.One blogger on Xiaohongshu who goes by the nickname Gehuaren is one such poetry lover. The twenty-something girl not only writes poems as a form of entertainment in her spare time, but also improvises(即兴创作)poems for others at night markets in Yunnan. As a street-stall poet, Gehuaren often writes pieces of poetry quickly based on themes from customers. Once the poem has been completed, she refuses to change her work because she feels her poems reflect her first reaction. For her, everything in the world, no matter trivial or significant, can serve as her poetic inspiration. “A glass, a tree in the dawn or a person who once talked with me…these all could become themes for my poems,” said Gehuaren.With free writing with a regular rhythm and broad themes, her poems strike a chord with many young people online, helping her gain over 190, 000 followers. Many have made comments “I feel healed by your poems because I can find beauty from unnoticeable things and in turn, slow down to reflect on my life.”Apart from poetry, various means such as vlogging and photosharing can be used to record moments of daily life. But young people consider poetry to be the best way to express them. “Taking photos or vlogging can just show the object or emotions in real life. Yet poetry, which can be used to excite the imagination, shows the beauty of daily life, ”an 18-year-old said. So when he is inspired by the beauty of daily life, the boy writes it down into lines of poetry and then shares them with his friends on his WeChat Moments.No matter why young people write their unique brand of poems, they are attempting to take every moment in lives seriously, face their lives bravely and actively express themselves.8. How does Gehuaren find inspiration for her poems?A．By referring to traditional Chinese poems.B．By attending various online poetry lectures.C．By exploring great moments in life.D．By observing everyday life.9. Why are Gehuaren’s poems so popular with her followers?A．They are original and full of imagination.B．They have a strong sense of rhythm.C．They record the beauty of small and ordinary things.D．They reflect the differences between the ideal and reality.10. What’s the 18-year-old’s attitude towards poetry?A．Positive. B．Neutral. C．Cautious. D．Objective.11. What can we infer about the young poets in the last paragraph?A．They hope to avoid challenges.B．They intend to impress their peers.C．They try to escape from the busy life.D．They make their thoughts known bravely.In the office of remote sensing scientist Liu Shaochuang, there is a huge photograph of a camel he snapped a decade ago in Xinjiang. He crouched for hours by a pool of water in the Gobi Desert to capture the image.Since 2012, he has led a team in tracking and studying wild camels using satellite remote sensing technology.Unlike zoologists who focus on species, Liu has studied the interrelationship between endangered animals and their environment, which he believes will help develop better protection strategies in the face of climate change.His interest in wild camels began when his team tested a prototype(雏形)design of the lunar rover Yutu in the desert. Living in the harsh deserts in northwestern China and southwestern Mongolia, camels are listed as critically endangered animals. Experts estimate that the population of this species is currently less than 1, 000, of which around 650 are in China.“Ten years ago, the research relied solely on human observation, which was very primitive, ”Liu says. Because camels are fully migratory and can travel over long distances, scientists used to learn their habits by studying hoof prints and droppings. It was hard to find one camel in the desert, let alone track it. But Liu thought his expertise in satellite navigation(导航)and remote sensing might come in useful in the study of wild camels.It was not easy at first. Liu learned zoology from scratch. His team had to spend several weeks each year braving dust and sandstorms in the vastness of the Gobi Desert seeking out camels. A scar on his right eyebrow is the result of a rollover accident on a rugged mountain road in Xinjiang. “The most exciting moment was attaching a satellite positioning collar to a wild camel. ”The tracking collar, equipped with special receivers, weighs only a few hundred grams. It can detach automatically and will not have a negative impact on the daily lives of the animals. The locations of the tracked animals are transmitted via satellite every day. Based on the data, scientists can get to know their migratory paths, living environments and possible threats they may meet with.For Liu, it is worth the significant sci-tech effort to study such a rare species. He adds wildlife protection and research will become more precise and efficient with the help of technology.12. What was it that made tracking wild camels difficult?A．The number of camels experienced a sharp decline.B．Massive migration made camels cover huge distances.C．Primitive tools were used in human observation.D．Hoof prints and droppings were never to be seen.13. What can be inferred from the scar on his right eyebrow?A．His carelessness in carrying out his research.B．His inexperience at the very beginning of his work.C．The rough conditions under which he worked.D．The stress he met with in his work.14. What does paragraph 7 mainly focus on?A．The formation of the tracking collar.B．The definition of the tracking collar.C．The importance of the tracking collar.D．The function of the tracking collar.15. Which of the following can best describe Liu Shaochuang?A．Generous and ambitious. B．Confident and grateful.C．Creative and determined. D．Optimistic and modest.Soothe the Sunday scariesMost of us look forward to the weekend as a time to relax, connect with friends and family, and deal with tasks from a to-do list that gets neglected during the workweek. But as the weekend comes to an end, many are missing out on Sunday Funday and instead experiencing an overwhelming sense of anxiety and even dread about the upcoming week. 16 Some people describe it as a heaviness they can feel in their body, while others feel so unsettled that they could jump out of their skin.Even though the Sunday scaries are common, they are manageable. Here’s how experts say you can ease your end-of-weekend anxiety.Structure your Sunday. 17 You might still go through that sense of dread, but that feeling is harder to hold on to when you’ re engaging in something that makes you feel good.Don’t forget to relax.If you’re feeling more stress, it’s important to make space for relaxing activities to ground yourself. Maybe a midafternoon shower or bath, maybe an engaging movie or show, whatever feels like a helpful distraction to reground from the scaries.Identify your anxiety sources. Try to figure out what’s really causing you to dread the week. 18 Even if there’s not a single reason behind your Sunday anxiety, organizing the stress into small parts can help make it all more manageable.19 Getting rid of the Sunday scaries isn’t just about minimizing the gloom o f the week ahead. Have something to look forward to. This gives you the opportunity to shift your thoughts to fun and will help improve your mood.End your Sunday with the right energy. Sunday night is a proper wind-down time. Maybe you want to journal, do a face mask, read a few pages of a good book. Do your best to honor this time and make Sunday night all about you. 20On a Friday evening in December, two weeks before Christmas, I lost my job. When my daughter, Kristil, then 12, and I planned to get our Christmas t ree, I listened to my voicemail: “We’re sorry but your work _______ has ended today. ”My heart sank. As a single parent, my anxiety _______.The next day as we searched for the tree, I _______ to be cheerful as I eyed each price tag(标签).“Is everything OK? ” Kristil asked. ”You seem worried. ”“I got some bad news yesterday,” I told her. ”I lost my job.”I eagerly _______ job as my bank account became smaller. I felt as if the world was closing in on me.One afternoon, I dropped Kristil in a wealthy community for a birthday party. I watched as she went in, _______ with all the nice things we couldn’t afford. I drove home _______. Back at home, I glanced out the window. It had been snowing _______ all morning. I noticed a slim woman trying to open her car door _______ the wind. As she got out, I realized it was my old professor, Sister Esther Heffernan. I’d first met her 10 years earlier when I was her student at Edgewood College. Kristil was 3 at that time, and I sometimes took her to class. Such was Sister Esther, a(n) _______professor. When I was busy with lessons, she would ________ coloring books to occupy Kristil.“Well, I called last week but couldn’t get through. ________, I thought I would come by.” Sister Esther said. “I have gifts for you and Kristil.”I made her a cup of tea, and we talked. Being in Sister Esther’s ________ gave me hope that things would be all right. I opened her card as she ________. Hundred-dollar bills fell onto the table. I gasped ________, tears of gratitude streaming down my face. Sister Esther had given me $1, 000.On Christmas Eve, I ________ watched as Kristil opened her gifts. In 2020, at age 91, Sister Esther died, but the love she gave during her life lives on in the hearts of many. I am lucky to be one of them.21.A．achievement B．assignment C．announcement D．attachment22.A．existed B．gathered C．exploded D．grew23.A．claimed B．intended C．struggled D．tended24.A．applied for B．signed up for C．accounted for D．made up for 25.A．filled B．surrounded C．covered D．decorated26.A．defeated B．puzzled C．scared D．inspired27.A．up and down B．on and off C．here and there D．in and out28.A．beneath B．beyond C．alongside D．against29.A．flexible B．respectable C．understanding D．intelligent30.A．take B．bring C．fetch D．show31.A．Therefore B．However C．Besides D．Otherwise32.A．presence B．charge C．favor D．absence33.A．faded away B．broke away C．pulled away D．put away34.A．in regret B．in amazement C．in despair D．in comfort35.A．expectantly B．hesitantly C．joyfully D．nervously阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

CAD中英文对照

二维实体2D实面2D Wireframe二维线框3D Array三维阵列3D阵列3D Dynamic View三维动态观察3D动态检视3d objects三维物体3D物件3D Orbit三维轨道3D动态3D Orbit三维动态观察3D动态3D Studio3D Studio3D Studio3D Viewpoint三维视点3D检视点3dpoly三维多段线3D聚合线3dsin3DS输入3D实体汇入3DSolid三维实体3D实体3dsout3DS输出3D实体汇出abort放弃中断abort中断中断absolute coordinates绝对坐标绝对座标abut邻接相邻accelerator key加速键快速键access获取存取acisin ACIS输入ACIS汇入acisout ACIS输出ACIS汇出action操作动作active活动（的）作用中adaptive sampling自适应采样最适取样add添加加入Add a Printer添加打印机新增印表机Add mode添加模式Add Plot Style Table添加打印样式表Add Plot Style Table添加打印样式表Add Plotter添加打印机Add Plotter添加打印机Add to Favorites添加到收藏夹加入我的最爱ADI ADI(Autodesk设备接口)ADI(Autodesk设备介面) adjacent相邻相邻Adjust调整调整Adjust Area fill调整区域填充调整区域填满AdLM(Autodesk License Manager)AdLM（Autodesk许可管理器）Administration dialog box管理对话框管理对话方块Advanced Setup Wizard高级设置向导进阶安装精灵Aerial View鸟瞰视图鸟瞰视景affine calibration仿射校准关系校正alert警告警示alias别名别名aliasing走样锯齿化align对齐对齐aligned dimension对齐标注对齐式标注alignment对齐(方式)对齐allocate分配配置Altitude标高高度ambient color环境色环境颜色ambient light环境光环境光源angular dimension角度标注角度标注angular unit角度单位角度单位annotation注释注解anonymous block无名块匿名图块object对象物件Object Properties对象特性物件性质Object Properties Manager对象特性管理器物件性质管理员Object Snap对象捕捉物件锁点object snap override对象捕捉覆盖物件锁点取代Object Snap Setting对象捕捉设置objects对象物件Oblique斜尺寸界线倾斜obsolete废弃旧式ODBC database ODBC数据库ODBC资料库offset偏移偏移OLE OLE（对象链接和嵌入）物件连接与嵌入(OLE) olelinks OLE链接OLE连结online help联机帮助线上说明online manuals联机手册线上手册oops恢复取消删除opacity map不透明贴图不透明贴图open打开开启(大部分用于档案)open打开(的)开启(大部分用于档案)OPM(Object Property Manager)对象特性管理器Optimization优化最佳化option选项选项Orbit轨道动态,动态检视Ordinate坐标标注座标式orientation方向方位origin原点（对于坐标系）原点origin原始位置(used for external Datebase)原点origin起点（对于尺寸界线和标注）原点ortho正交正交Ortho mode正交模式正交模式orthogonal正交正交的orthographic正交正投影osnap对象捕捉物件锁点outside外部的外侧(用于文字位置)overall dimension scale全局比例整体标注比例overflow溢出高溢(相对于underflow),溢位overlay覆盖覆叠overline上划线顶线override忽略-For common sentences取代override替代-For dimension取代overwrite覆盖取代Palette控制板选盘Palette调色板选盘pan平移平移pane窗格窗格paper space图纸空间图纸空间parameter参数参数parent dimension style上级标注样式父系标注型式parse分析分析Partial部分局部Partial Load部分加载局部载入Partial Load部分加载局部载入password口令密码Paste Special选择性粘贴选择性贴上anti-aliasing反走样消除锯齿aperture靶框锁点框apparent intersections外观交点外观交点append附加附加Application key授权申请号应用程式码appload加载应用程序载入应用程式Apply应用/申请套用approximation points近似点近似点arc圆弧弧Architectual Ticks建筑标记建筑斜线area区域,面积区域,面积Argument参数引数Arrange icons排列图标排列图示array阵列阵列arrowhead箭头箭头ASCII ASCII（美国标准信息交换码）ASCII aseadmin ASE管理ASE管理aseexport ASE输出ASE汇出aselinks ASE链接ASE连结aserows ASE行ASE列aseselect ASE选择ASE选取asesqled SQL编辑ASE SQL编辑器Aspect纵横向间距纵横向间距aspect ratio宽高比纵横比assign指定指定Assist助理辅助associative dimension关联标注关联式标注associative hatches关联填充关联式剖面线attach v.附着贴附attdef属性定义属性定义attdisp属性显示属性显示attedit属性编辑属性编辑attenuation衰减衰减attenuation of light灯光衰减光源衰减attext属性提取属性萃取attredef属性重定义属性重新定义attribute definition属性定义属性定义Attribute Display属性显示属性显示attribute extraction file属性提取文件属性萃取档attribute extraction template file属性提取样板文件属性萃取样板档attribute prompt属性提示属性提示attribute tag属性标签属性标签attribute value属性值属性值audit核查检核authorization code授权码授权码AutoCAD library search path AutoCAD库搜索路径AutoCAD资源库搜寻路径autocommit自动提交自动确定AutoTrack自动追踪自动追踪axis tripod三轴架三向轴azimuth方位角方位Back Clipping On后向剪裁打开back view后视图后视景background color背景色背景颜色backup备份备份pasteclip粘贴贴上截取pastespec选择性粘贴选择性贴上path路径路径pattern方式for"file search pattern"样式pattern图案for hatch pattern,line pattern,etc.样式pedit多段线编辑聚合线编辑pen plotters笔式绘图仪笔式绘图机pen speed笔速笔速pen width笔宽笔宽Perfomance性能效能perimeter周长周长personalization个人化个人化pface复合面聚合面Phong shading Phong着色描影Photo Raytrace renderer照片级光线跟踪渲染光线追踪相片彩现Photo Real renderer照片级真实感渲染真实相片彩现photo realistic rendering照片级真实感渲染相片质感彩现pick button拾取键点选钮pickbox拾取框点选框PICKFIRST选择优先先点选picture图片图片pixel像素像素placeholder占位符定位器plan平面图平面plan view平面视图平面视景planar projection平面投影平面投影pline多段线聚合线plot打印出图Plot Configuration打印配置出图规划plot files打印文件出图档plot rotation打印旋转出图旋转plot spooling打印假脱机出图伫列Plot Style Manager打印样式管理器plot style table打印样式表出图型式表plotter绘图仪绘图机plotter linetype绘图仪线型绘图机线型Plotter Manager打印机管理器Point Filters点过滤点过滤器point marker点标记点标记Point Sample点采样取样点Point Style点样式点型式pointer指针指标pointing device定点设备指向设备polar array环形阵列环形阵列polar coordinate极坐标极座标polar tracking极轴追踪极座标追踪polar tracking极轴追踪极座标追踪polyface meshes多面网格聚合面网面polygon正多边形多边形polygon多边形多边形polygon meshes多边形网格多边形网面polygon window多边形窗口多边形视窗polygonal clipping boundaries多边形剪切边界多边形截取边界polyline多段线聚合线Backward反向左右反向bad不正确的不正确base基点基准,底端,底部base dimension基准标注基线式标注base grips基夹点基准掣点base point基点基准点baseline基线基准线基线式baseline dimension基线标注基线式标注Basic color基本色基本颜色batch plotting批处理打印批次出图beam angles of spotlights聚光灯光束角度点光源光线角度Beep on Error出错报警错误时发出哔声bevel倒角斜切bevel倒角斜切beveling objects斜角对象斜切物件Bezier curve Bezier曲线Bezier曲线Big Font大字体大字体bind绑定并入bitmap位图点阵图blend合成混成blipmode点标记模式点记模式block块图块block definition块定义图块定义block reference块参照图块参考block table块表图块表格bmpout BMP输出BMP汇出body体主体Boolean operation布尔运算布林运算borders边框图框bottom view仰视图下视景boundary边界边界boundary sets边界集边界集bounding边（框）边界框break(v.)打断切断Bring Above Object置于对象之上置于物件上方Bring to Top顶置置于最上方brower浏览器浏览器built-in内置的内建bulge凸度凸度bump map凹凸贴图凸纹贴图button menu按钮菜单按钮功能表BYBLOCK随块BYBLOCKBYLAYER随层BYLAYERbyte字节位元组cabling电缆布线配线cal计算器校正calibrate校准校正call调用呼叫callback回调(for LISP)回覆callback回叫回覆camera相机照相机camera angle相机角度相机角度Cancel取消取消cap封口封口cascade层叠（的）重叠排列polyline clipping boundaries多段线裁剪边界聚合线截取边界polyline segments多段线线段聚合线线段polymesh多边形网格聚合网面popup弹出弹出Popup List弹出列表弹出列示port端口埠Portrait肖像直式Portrait纵向，if used for paper layout直式positional tolerances位置公差位置公差precision精度精确度predefine预定义事先定义的preferences系统配置环境设定Preferences dialog box系统配置对话框「环境设定」对话方块preview打印预览预览primitive原型基本原件Priority优先级优先权priviledge特权专用权Procedural material过程化材质程序材质process处理程序Profile配置/剖面(图)轮廓program(v.)编程程式Projected tolerance zone投影公差带投影公差区Projected tolerances投影公差投影公差prompt提示提示Properties特性内容Property painter特性刷性质复制器Protocal协议通讯协定prototype原型原型proxy代理代理proxy fonts代理字体代理字型pull down menu下拉菜单下拉功能表purge清理清除pyramid棱锥面三角锥体QDIM快速标注快速标注qsave快存快速存档qtext快速文字快速文字Quadratic二次二次quality质量品质Quick Tour快速指南快速导览radian弧度弪度Radio Button单选钮圆钮radius半径半径raster file format光栅文件格式网格档案格式Raster Image光栅图像网格式影像raster image boundaries光栅图像边界网格式影像边界ray射线射线,光线Ray Casting射线法raytraced renderer光线跟踪渲染光线追踪彩现raytraced shadows光线跟踪阴影光线追踪阴影read读取读取Realtime实时即时模式recover恢复修复recover修复修复rectang矩形矩形case（大小）写大小写cast投射投射catalog目录目录cell单元储存格Center圆心中心center mark圆心标记中心点标记centerline中心线中心线centroid形心,质心矩心chamfer倒角倒角change修改变更character字符字元Check检查检查Check Box复选框勾选框Check Spelling拼写检查拼字检查child dimension style下级标注样式子标注型式chord弦翼弦chprop修改特性变更性质circle圆圆circular external reference循环外部参照循环外部参考Circumference圆周圆周class类等级,类别clause子句子句Clean清除清理Clean清除清理clear清除清除client客户机用户端clip剪裁截取Clipboard剪贴板剪贴簿clipping boundaries剪裁边界截取边界clipping planes剪裁平面截取平面Close闭合关闭(用于档案),闭合(用于边界,线,面域) cluster组丛集code pages代码页字码页color颜色著色color depth颜色深度颜色深度color map色表颜色对映Color Wheel颜色轮盘色轮color-dependent颜色相关Color-Dependent Plot Style Table颜色相关打印样式表dangle不固定的悬挂Dark Color暗色暗色dash虚线虚线data integrity数据完整性资料完整性database数据库资料库datum基准基准面datum axis基准轴基准轴datum dimension基准标注基准标注datum identifier基准标识基准识别字datum reference frames基准参考框架基准参考框datum reference letters基准参考字母基准参考文字dbConnect数据库连接资料库连结dbConnect Manager数据库连接管理器dblist数据库列表资料库列示DBMS drivers DBMS驱动资料库管理系统(DBMS) ddattdef属性定义对话框动态属性定义ddatte属性编辑对话框动态属性编辑recursion递归递回Redefine重定义重新定义redo重做重做redraw重画重绘redrawall全重画全部重绘reference引用参考reference参照参考reference angles参考角参考角度reference point参考点参考点refine精度控制精细化reflection color反射色反射色reflection mapping反射贴图反射贴图refractive index折射指数折射系数refresh刷新更新regen重生成重生regenall全重生成全部重生regenauto自动重生成自动重生regenerate重生成重生regeneration重生成重生region面域面域registry注册表登录reinit重初始化重新起始设定reinstall重新安装重新安装relative angles相对角相对角度relative coordinates相对坐标相对座标release版本版本Reload重载重新载入remove删除移除rename重命名更名rename重命名更名render渲染彩现renderer渲染程序彩现程式Replace替换取代replay重放重播Requirement需求需求reset重置重设resizing改变大小重新调整尺寸resolution融入解析度resolution分辨率解析度restore恢复取回resume恢复执行继续执行Retain保留保留return button回车键Enter键revert复原恢复原状revolve旋转回转revsurf旋转曲面回转曲面ridge棱脊线Right-Angle直角直角rmat材质彩现材质rollback回卷溯回root point原点根点rotate旋转旋转rotate3d三维旋转旋转3ＤRotation旋转旋转routine例行程序常式Rows dialog box“行”对话框列对话方块ddattext属性提取对话框动态属性萃取ddcolor颜色对话框动态颜色设定ddedit文字编辑对话框编辑文字与属性定义ddgrips夹点对话框动态掣点设定ddim标注设置对话框标注设定ddinsert插入对话框图块插入ddmodify图元编辑对话框动态修改ddptype点类型对话框点型式ddrename重命名对话框动态更名ddrmodes绘图模式对话框绘图设定ddselect对象选择对话框动态选取设定dducs UCS对话框动态UCS设定dducsp UCS方向对话框动态UCS预设ddunits单位对话框动态单位设定ddview视图对话框动态视景ddvpoint视点对话框动态检视点deactivate释放停用dealer经销商经销商decal effect修剪效果除去杂质效果decimal dimensions十进制标注十进位标注decurve非曲线化直线化default缺省预设值,预设default drawing缺省图形预设图面default drawing缺省图形预设图面definition point定义点定义点Degenerate退化退化delay延迟延迟delete删除删除DELta增量差值demand loading按需加载应要求载入dependent symbols依赖符号deployment展开布署Depth Map深度贴图深度贴图derive导出导出description说明描述Design Center设计中心设计中心detach拆离分离Detection检测侦测deviation极限偏差偏差deviation tolerances极限公差偏差公差device设备设备device设备设备Device and Default Selection设备和默认选择设备和预设值选取Dia直径直径diameter直径（标注）直径dictionary词典字典diffuse color漫射色漫射颜色digitizer数字化仪数位板digitizing puck数字化仪游标数位化指向器digitizing puck数字化仪游标数位化指向器dim标注标注dimaligned对齐标注对齐式标注dimangular角度标注角度标注dimbaseline标注基线基线式标注dimcenter圆心标注中心点标注rpref渲染选项彩现环境设定rscript重复执行重新执行脚本rubber-band line拖引线伸缩线rulesurf直纹曲面规则曲面Run Script运行脚本执行脚本running object snap执行对象捕捉常驻式「物件锁点」running override整体替代整体取代runout跳动偏转度sample样例取样Saturation饱和度饱和度save保存储存Save back存回回存saveas另存为另存新档saveimg保存图像储存影像scale比例缩放，（缩放）比例if used as noun调整比例,比例scale factor比例因子比例系数Scaled to Fit按图纸空间缩放调整比例到布满scan扫描扫描Scatter散布图散量scene场景场景schema模式纲要schema模式纲要screen屏幕萤幕script脚本脚本script files脚本文件脚本档scroll bar滚动条卷动轴SDI(MDI)单文档界面(多文档界面)SE Isometric东南等轴测东南等角SE Isometric东南等轴测东南等角Search for Help on搜索帮助寻找辅助说明主题section区域，部分，节（相对于章节）剖面section切割剖面section截面剖面see参见参阅segment段，线段区段,线段select选择选取select all全部选择全选Select object对象选择选取物件selectable可选择的可选取selection选择集，选择选取,选项(作名词用) selection sets选择集选集Separate分割分隔,个别的Separate分割分隔,个别的Serial number序列号序号session任务阶段作业set设置(v)，集合(n)设定setting设置设定shade着色，灰度(用于单色Gray)描影shader着色程序描影程式shadow map阴影贴图阴影贴图shape形造型Sharpness尖锐度鲜明度sheet表，板(for ACIS only)图纸Shell抽壳薄壳shell SHELL薄壳dimcontinue连续标注连续式标注dimdiameter直径标注直径标注dimedit标注编辑标注编辑dimension标注标注dimension definition points标注定义点标注定义点dimension format标注格式标注格式dimension geometry构成要素标注几何dimension line arc尺寸线圆弧标注线弧dimension properties标注特性标注性质dimension scale标注比例标注比例dimension style标注样式标注型式dimension style families标注样式族标注型式家族dimension style name标注样式名标注型式名称dimension style overrides标注样式替代标注型式取代dimension text标注文字标注文字dimension units标注单位标注单位dimension variables标注变量标注变数dimlinear线性标注线性标注dimordinate坐标标注座标式标注dimoverride标注替代标注取代dimradius半径标注半径标注dimstyle标注样式标注型式dimtedit标注文字编辑标注文字编辑Direct Hatch直接填充直接剖面Direction Control方向控制方向控制Directory目录目录Disable禁用取消,停用discard放弃舍弃Discontinued停止使用的取消,停用dish下半球面圆碟disk space磁盘空间磁碟空间displacement point位移点位移点display显示显示器,显示,显示画面Display Order显示次序显示顺序dist距离距离distant light平行光远光源distributing分布分散式dithering抖动递色diverge分散的分散的Divide等分等分divide等分等分Division等分分割,除法dock(undock)固定（浮动）固定document文档文件dome上半球面圆顶donut园环环Draft草图草图drafting standards绘图标准制图标准drafting techniques绘图技术制图技巧drag and drop拖放拖放draw绘制/绘图(如果后面未接宾语)绘图drawing图形图面,图档Drawing Aids绘图辅助工具绘图辅助drawing area绘图区域绘图区drawing boundaries图形边界图面边界drawing browser图形浏览器图面浏览器Shell抽壳薄壳shortcut快捷键快显show显示展示Silhouette轮廓剪影Single Face单一表面单面single-pen plotter单笔式绘图仪单笔绘图机size数目尺寸sizing调整大小调整尺寸sketch徒手画徒手描绘slice剖切面(as n.)切割面slice剖切切割面slide幻灯片幻灯片slide libraries幻灯库幻灯片库smooth shading平滑着色平滑描影smoothing angle平滑角度平滑角度snap捕捉锁点snap angle捕捉角度锁点角度snap grid捕捉栅格锁点格点Snap mode捕捉模式锁点模式snap resolution捕捉分辨率锁点解析度SnapTips捕捉提示锁点提示solid填充实体,2D实面solid(二维)填充/(三维)实体实体,2D实面Solid Fill实体填充实面填实solid modeler实体建模实体模型器solids实体实体,3D实体sorting排序排序source applications源文件source point源点来源点space空间空间spacing间距间距Special Edit特定编辑特殊编辑specific指定（的）特定的specific特有的特定的specify指定指定specular reflection镜面反射（高光）镜面反射Spelling拼写检查拼字sphere球面圆球体spherical projection球面投影球面投影spline样条曲线云形线spline frame样条曲线框架云形线架构splinedit样条编辑云形线编辑Split拆分分割spooler缓冲（文件）排存器spotlight angles聚光灯角度stack堆栈堆叠Stack堆叠堆叠stacked text叠式文本堆叠文字stamp戳记戳记Standard标准标准Start起点启动start angle起点角度起始角度start tangent起点切向起始切点Start Up dialog box“启动”对话框「启动」对话方块starting起始起点statements状态说明叙述,.声明,陈述式drawing database图形数据库图形资料库drawing environment图形环境绘图环境drawing extents图形范围图面实际范围drawing file图形文件图档drawing limits图形界限图面范围drawing order图形次序绘图顺序drawing project图形项目绘图专案drawing scale图形比例图面比例drawing standard图形标准图面标准drawing status图形状态图面状态drawing time绘图时间绘图时间drawing units图形单位图面单位driver驱动程序驱动程式Dropdown List下拉列表下拉式列示dsviewer鸟瞰视图鸟瞰视景dtext动态文本动态文字dump转储倾出duplicate重复重复的duplicating复制复制dview动态观察动态检视dxbin DXB输入DXB汇入dxfin DXF输入DXF汇入dxfout DXF输出DXF汇出Dynamic动态动态Dynamic Dragging动态拖动动态拖曳Dynamic Update动态更新动态更新dynamic viewing动态观察动态检视dynamic zooming动态缩放动态缩放edge边边缘Edge Surface边界曲面边缘曲面edgesurf边界曲面边缘曲面editor编辑器编辑器EDUCA TION VERSION教学版教育版effect效果效果Element元素元素elev标高高程elevation标高高程ellipse椭圆椭圆embed内嵌，嵌入嵌入Encapsulated封装See also"EPS"压缩end端点结束,终点end angle端点角度结束角度end tangent端点切向结束切点end width端点宽度结束宽度Ending终止端点English units英制单位英制ENTER ENTER（输入）输入entity图元元件.图元entry条目资料项environment环境环境environment variable环境变量环境变数equation方程式方程式erase删除删除existing现有的既有的Exit退出结束export输出汇出statistics统计信息统计值stats统计统计值status状态状态stlout STL输出汇出Stochastic随机推测Stone Color石质颜色石头颜色straighten拉直拉直stretch拉伸拉伸Strikeout Maybe删去删除线style样式字型substitute替换替换subtract差集减去Suffix后缀字尾support directory支持目录支援目录support files支持文件支援档suppress禁止抑制suppress不输出抑制Suppress收缩抑制surface曲面表面,曲面SW Isometric西南等轴测西南等角SW Isometric西南等轴测西南等角swap file交换文件置换档swatch样本样本sweep延伸扫掠sweep抹去扫掠sweep扫掠扫掠switch切换开关switch开关开关swivel旋转旋转swivel旋转旋转sym符号符号symbol set符号集符号集symbol table符号表符号表Symmetrical对称对称Synchronize同步同步system requirements系统需求系统需求system variables系统变量系统变数syswindows系统窗口系统视窗tab附签标签table表表格tablet数字化仪数位板tabsurf平移曲面板展曲面tabulated surface平移曲面板展曲面Tag标记标签tangent a.相切（的）n.切线切点tangential相切相切Taper Faces倾斜面锥形面Taper Faces倾斜面锥形面tapered polyline segments锥状多段线线段锥状聚合线段tapering锥状锥形target目标（点、对象）目标target box靶框目标框template drawing样板图样板图面temporary files临时文件暂存档terminate终止终止tessellation lines素线镶嵌线expression表达式表示式extend扩展延伸extend延伸，超出量（用于标注）延伸extension line尺寸界线延伸线Extent(s)范围实际范围external data外部数据外部资料external database外部数据库外部资料库External Reference外部参照外部参考Extract选集萃取extrude拉伸挤出face面面facet镶嵌面产生刻面factor因子(see Scale Factor)系数fade褪色度渐层falloff angle收缩角衰退角度Fast Zoom mode快速缩放模式快速缩放模式fatal致命错误致命错误Favorites收藏夹我的最爱Favorites收藏夹我的最爱feature功能/（几何）特征特征fence栏选(See also Selection fence)篱选field字段栏位file文件档案fill填充填实Filled Text填充文字文字填实(用于填实线条、实体或实面)Filmroll Filmroll胶卷filter过滤器过滤器find查找寻找工具finish完成修饰finish修饰（for render only)修饰fit自适应设置布满（用于预览时，布满视窗或图纸）fit points拟合点拟合点flag标志旗标Flat Shaded,Edges on带边框平淡着色flat-shaded（平淡）着色floating viewports浮动视口浮动视埠flood布满大量Flyout Properties弹出特性对话框图示列性质fog雾雾fold折叠折痕Follow跟随自动平面视景font字体字体font map file字体映射文件字体对映档form tolerance形状公差成型公差formatting text设置文字格式格式化文字frame框架画格frame帧画格frame边框画格free-form自由形式（的）自由形式freehand line徒手画线手绘线Freeplotting自由绘图自由出图freeze冻结冻结freezing layers冻结图层冻结图层From自自Front Clipping On前向剪裁打开tesslated text嵌花文字Test测试测试tetrahedron四面体四面体text文字，sometimes文本文字text color文字色文字颜色text control codes文字控制代码文字控制码text editor文本编辑器文字编辑器text fonts字体字体text height字高文字高度text justification文字对齐文字对正text properties文字特性文字性质text style文字样式字型textscr文本屏文字萤幕Textual文本（的）文字texture map纹理贴图材质贴图thaw解冻解冻thickness厚度厚度threshold阈（值）临界值thumbnail略图thumbnail preview image略图预览图像缩图预览影像Tick标记短斜线tilde波浪号波浪符号(~)tile horizontal水平平铺非重叠水平式tile vertical垂直平铺tiled viewports平铺视口非重叠视埠tilemode平铺模式非重叠模式tilemode平铺模式非重叠模式time时间时间Timeout超时逾时title block标题栏标题栏toggle开关，切换切换token标记记号tolerance公差公差toolbar工具栏工具列top view俯顶视图上视景topology拓扑结构拓朴toroidal环形圆环形torus圆环（体/面）圆环体trace宽线追踪,等宽线Trace跟踪追踪,等宽线Trailing后续结尾transform变换转换Translation平移转译Transparency透明透明度transparent图像透明度透通式transparent command透明命令透通指令Tree View树状图treestat树状结构树构状态triangle三角形三角形trim修剪修剪tripod三轴架三向轴trunctuate截短截断tube管，圆管圆管Turbulence扰动乱流tutorials教程导览Twist扭曲扭转front view主视图前视景Full Preview全视口预览完整预览General基本一般generate生成产生geometric characteristic symbols几何特性几何特性符号Geometric Tolerance形位公差几何公差geometry几何图形几何图形global全局（的）整体Gouraud renderings Gouraud Gouraud着色Gouraud彩现Gradient百分度渐层Grads百分度分度graphic area图形区图形区graphics cursor图形光标图形游标graphics screen图形屏图形萤幕graphics window图形窗口图形视窗graphscr图形屏图形萤幕gray灰度灰阶grid网格格点grid网格,栅格格点grid mode栅格模式格点模式grip夹点掣点group编组群组group code组码群组码Haltftoning半色调半色调handle句柄处理码(用于性质对话方块)handshaking握手信号交握Hardcopy硬拷贝硬体复制,硬本hardware linetype硬件线型硬体线型hardware lock保密锁硬体锁hardware requirement硬件需求硬体需求hatch图案填充剖面线hatch areas填充区域剖面区域hatch boundaries填充边界剖面边界hatch pattern填充图案剖面线样式hatch styles填充样式剖面样式hatchedit填充编辑剖面线编辑Heads-up Design轻松设计抬头设计Height高度高度help帮助说明Hidden Line隐藏线隐藏线hidden-line image消隐图像隐藏线影像hide隐藏(adj.)隐藏hide消隐(v.)隐藏hideplot消隐出图隐藏出图highlight突出显示亮显highlight亮光(for the color of3D object)亮显HIGHLIGHT亮显亮显home page主页首页home position起始位置归位点hook line钩线钩线hotspot聚光角聚光点Hyperlink超级链接超连结Icon图标图示Identifier标识符识别字IGES(International Graphics Exchange Specification)初始图形交换标准基本图形交换规格Type类型键入ucsicon UCS图标USC图示UCSICON UCS图标USC图示undefine命令取消取消定义underflow下溢低溢underline下划线底线undo放弃复原Unhide显示取消隐藏Unhide显示取消隐藏uninstall删除安装解除安装union并集联集Unload卸载释放unnamed blocks无名块未具名块updating更新更新Upside Down倒置上下颠倒user coordinate system用户坐标系使用者座标系统(UCS)Validation校验检验variable变量变数vector矢量向量Vein Color纹理颜色纹路颜色vertex顶点顶点vertical dimension垂直标注垂直标注vertices顶点顶点video display视频播放视频显示器view视图视景View Aligned对齐浏览对齐视景viewpoint视点检视点viewport视口视埠viewport configuration视口配置视埠规划viewres显示精度视景解析度virtual screen display虚屏显示虚拟萤幕显示visibility可见性可见性volumetric shadows体积阴影体积阴影vplayer视口图层视埠图层控制vpoint设置视点检视点vports多视口视埠vslide观看幻灯检视幻灯片warning警告警告wblock写块制作图块wedge楔体表面楔形体Weight权值权值weld接合接合What's new新特性新增功能Width宽度宽度Window窗口窗选window polygon窗口多边形多边形窗选wire连线线素wireframe model线框模型线架构模型word wrap词语换行文字折行working drawing工作图形工作图面World Coordinate System(WCS)世界坐标系世界座标系统xbind外部参照绑定外部并入Xdata外部数据延伸资料xline参照线建构线Ignore忽略忽略image图像影像implement实现实施import输入汇入Imprint压印盖印Imprint压印盖印included angle包含角夹角infinite lines无限长线无限长直线information信息资讯Inherit Properties继承特性继承性质initial environment初始环境初始环境Initialize初始化起始设定in-place在位现地inquiry查询查询inscribed polygons内接正多边形内接多边形insert插入插入Insertion插入点插入点insertobj插入对象插入物件instance引用实例Instruction指示指示integer整数整数IntelliMouse智能鼠标智慧型滑鼠IntelliMouse智能鼠标智慧型滑鼠Intensity强度强度interactive交互的互动式Interchange互换交替interface介面介面interfere干涉干涉Interference干涉干涉Interference干涉干涉interlace隔行交错internal内部的内部Internet Utilities Internet应用程序网际网路公用程式interpolation points插值点内插点intersect交集交集interval间距/间隔间隔时间Invalid无效（的）无效inverse linear attenuation of light线性衰减光线的线性反比衰减inverse square attenuation of light平方衰减光线的平方反比衰减Invisible不可见不可见invoke调用呼叫island孤岛孤立物件Island detection孤岛检测侦测孤立物件ISO(International Standards Organization)ISO(国际标准化组织)ISOIsolation levels隔离级别隔离层次isoline素线等角线isometric等轴测等角isometric snap style等轴测捕捉样式等角锁点型式isometric view等轴测视图等角视景isoplane等轴测平面等角平面ISOPLANE等轴测平面等角平面Italic斜体斜体iterator枚举器重述子xplode分解炸开xref外部参照外部参考Xref Log外部参照记录文件外部参考记录xref-dependent layer依赖外部参照的图层xref-dependent layer依赖外部参照的图层xrefs(external references)外部参照外部参考zoom缩放缩放Zoom limits图限缩放缩放范围Zoom Previous缩放到上次缩放前次Zoom window按窗口，按作图区缩放缩放窗选。

石油化工安全仪表专业系统设计标准规范内容

指故障修复所需要平均时间（包含诊疗，确定及等候时间）
2.19平均失效时间Mean time to failure (MTTF)
指功效单元实现要求功效失效平均时间。
2.20可用性Availability(A)
指系统能够使用工作时间概率。
2.21可靠性Reliability(R)
指系统在要求时间间隔内发生故障概率.
3.2安全仪表系统包含传感器，逻辑单元和最终实施元件;当过程达成预定条件时，安全仪表系统动作，将过程带入安全状态。
3.3依据对过程危险性分析，人员、过程、设备及环境保护要求及安全度等级要求确定安全仪表系统功效。
3.4安全仪表系统可根据安全度等级要求分为1，2，3级。安全等级越高，安全仪表系统安全功效越强。
DIN V 19250 Programmable safety system.
IEC 61131 Programmable controller.
1.4实施本标按时，尚应符合国家现行相关标准要求。
2
下列术语适适用于本规范:
2.1危险故障Dangerous Failure
指能够造成安全仪表系统处于危险或失去功效故障。
系统故障时性能递减方法：4-2-O
系统中二个控制模块各有二个CPU，同时工作又相对独立。当一个控制模块中CPU被检测出故障时，该CPU 被切除，切换到2-0工作方法；其它一个控制模块中二个CPU以1oo2D方法投入运行,若这一个控制模块中再有一个CPU被检测出故障时，系统停车。
3. 基础标准
3.1安全仪表系统独立于过程控制系统，独立完成安全保护功效。
2.2安全仪表系统 Safety InstrumentedSystem (SIS)
指能实现一个或多个安全仪表功效系统。系统包含传感器，逻辑运算器和最终实施元件。

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