Efficiency optimization in a correlation ratchet with asymmetric unbiased fluctuations
SCI写作句型汇总
SCI写作句型汇总S C I论文写作中一些常用的句型总结(一)很多文献已经讨论过了一、在Introduction里面经常会使用到的一个句子：很多文献已经讨论过了。
它的可能的说法有很多很多，这里列举几种我很久以前搜集的：A.??Solar energy conversion by photoelectrochemical cells?has been intensively investigated.?(Nature 1991, 353, 737 - 740?)B.?This was demonstrated in a number of studies that?showed that composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductor photocatalysts achieved significantly higher rates in various photocatalytic reactions compared with their pure semiconductor counterparts.C.?Several excellent reviews describing?these applications are available, and we do not discuss these topicsD.?Much work so far has focused on?wide band gap semiconductors for water splitting for the sake of chemical stability.（DOI:10.1038/NMAT3151）E.?Recent developments of?Lewis acids and water-soluble organometalliccatalysts?have attracted much attention.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）F.?An interesting approach?in the use of zeolite as a water-tolerant solid acid?was described by?Ogawa et al（Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）G.?Considerable research efforts have been devoted to?the direct transition metal-catalyzed conversion of aryl halides toaryl nitriles. (J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7984-7989) H.?There are manyexcellent reviews in the literature dealing with the basic concepts of?the photocatalytic processand the reader is referred in particular to those by Hoffmann and coworkers,Mills and coworkers, and Kamat.(Metal oxide catalysis,19,P755)I. Nishimiya and Tsutsumi?have reported on（proposed）the influence of the Si/Al ratio of various zeolites on the acid strength, which were estimated by calorimetry using ammonia. (Chem.Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666)二、在results and discussion中经常会用到的：如图所示A. GIXRD patterns in?Figure 1A show?the bulk structural information on as-deposited films.?B.?As shown in Figure 7B,?the steady-state current density decreases after cycling between 0.35 and 0.7 V, which is probably due to the dissolution of FeOx.?C.?As can be seen from?parts a and b of Figure 7, the reaction cycles start with the thermodynamically most favorable VOx structures（J. Phys. Chem. C 2014, 118, 24950?24958）这与XX能够相互印证：A.?This is supported by?the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about 2.9 to 2.3 eV.B. ?This?is consistent with the observation from?SEM–EDS. (Z.Zou et al. / Chemical Physics Letters 332 (2000) 271–277)C.?This indicates a good agreement between?the observed and calculated intensities in monoclinic with space groupP2/c when the O atoms are included in the model.D. The results?are in good consistent with?the observed photocatalytic activity...E. Identical conclusions were obtained in studies?where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape,or size of plasmonic nanostructures.?F.??It was also found that areas of persistent divergent surfaceflow?coincide?with?regions where convection appears to be consistently suppressed even when SSTs are above 27.5°C.(二)1. 值得注意的是...A.?It must also be mentioned that?the recycling of aqueous organic solvent is less desirable than that of pure organic liquid.B.?Another interesting finding is that?zeolites with 10-membered ring pores showed high selectivities (>99%) to cyclohexanol, whereas those with 12-membered ring pores, such as mordenite, produced large amounts of dicyclohexyl ether. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102,3641?3666)C.?It should be pointed out that?the nanometer-scale distribution of electrocatalyst centers on the electrode surface is also a predominant factor for high ORR electrocatalytic activity.D.?Notably,?the Ru II and Rh I complexes possessing the same BINAP chirality form antipodal amino acids as the predominant products.?(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2002, 41: 2008–2022)E. Given the multitude of various transformations published,?it is noteworthy that?only very few distinct?activation?methods have been identified.?(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009,?38, 2178-2189)F.?It is important to highlight that?these two directing effects will lead to different enantiomers of the products even if both the“H-bond-catalyst” and the?cata lyst?acting by steric shielding have the same absolute stereochemistry. (Chem. Soc. Rev.,?2009,?38, 2178-2189)G.?It is worthwhile mentioning that?these PPNDs can be very stable for several months without the observations of any floating or precipitated dots, which is attributed to the electrostatic repulsions between the positively charge PPNDs resulting in electrosteric stabilization.(Adv. Mater., 2012, 24: 2037–2041)2.?...仍然是个挑战A.?There is thereby an urgent need but it is still a significant challenge to?rationally design and delicately tail or the electroactive MTMOs for advanced LIBs, ECs, MOBs, and FCs.?（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2 014, 53, 1488 – 1504）B.?However, systems that are?sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use?have not yet been realized.C.??It?remains?challenging?to?develop highly active HER catalysts based on materials that are more abundant at lower costs. (J. Am. Chem.Soc.,?2011,?133, ?7296–7299)D.?One of the?great?challenges?in the twenty-first century?is?unquestionably energy storage. (Nature Materials?2005, 4, 366 - 377?)众所周知A.?It is well established (accepted) / It is known to all / It is commonlyknown?that?many characteristics of functional materials, such as composition, crystalline phase, structural and morphological features, and the sur-/interface properties between the electrode and electrolyte, would greatly influencethe performance of these unique MTMOs in electrochemical energy storage/conversion applications.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）B.?It is generally accepted (believed) that?for a-Fe2O3-based sensors the change in resistance is mainly caused by the adsorption and desorption of gases on the surface of the sensor structure. (Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 582)C.?As we all know,?soybean abounds with carbon,?nitrogen?and oxygen elements owing to the existence of sugar,?proteins?and?lipids. (Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 9367-9369)D.?There is no denying that?their presence may mediate spin moments to align parallel without acting alone to show d0-FM. (Nanoscale, 2013,?5, 3918-3930)(三)1. 正如下文将提到的...A.?As will be described below（也可以是As we shall see below）,?as the Si/Al ratio increases, the surface of the zeolite becomes more hydrophobic and possesses stronger affinity for ethyl acetate and the number of acid sites decreases.（Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666）B. This behavior is to be expected and?will?be?further?discussed?below. (J. Am. Chem. Soc.,?1955,?77, 3701–3707)C.?There are also some small deviations with respect to the flow direction,?whichwe?will?discuss?below.（Science, 2001, 291, 630-633）D.?Below,?we?will?see?what this implies.E.?Complete details of this case?will?be provided at a?later?time.E.?很多论文中，也经常直接用see below来表示，比如：The observation of nanocluster spheres at the ends of the nanowires is suggestive of a VLS growth process (see?below). (Science, 1998, ?279, 208-211)2. 这与XX能够相互印证...A.?This is supported by?the appearance in the Ni-doped compounds of an ultraviolet–visible absorption band at 420–520 nm (see Fig. 3 inset), corresponding to an energy range of about2.9 to 2.3 eVB.This is consistent with the observation from?SEM–EDS. (Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 332, 271–277)C.?Identical conclusions were obtained?in studies where the SPR intensity and wavelength were modulated by manipulating the composition, shape, or size of plasmonic nanostructures.?（Nat. Mater. 2011, DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3151）D. In addition, the shape of the titration curve versus the PPi/1 ratio,?coinciding withthat?obtained by fluorescent titration studies, suggested that both 2:1 and 1:1 host-to-guest complexes are formed. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9463-9464)E.?This unusual luminescence behavior is?in accord with?a recent theoretical prediction; MoS2, an indirect bandgap material in its bulk form, becomes a direct bandgapsemiconductor when thinned to a monolayer.?(Nano Lett.,?2010,?10, 1271–1275)3.?我们的研究可能在哪些方面得到应用A.?Our ?ndings suggest that?the use of solar energy for photocatalytic watersplitting?might provide a viable source for?‘clean’ hydrogen fuel, once the catalyticef?ciency of the semiconductor system has been improved by increasing its surface area and suitable modi?cations of the surface sites.B. Along with this green and cost-effective protocol of synthesis,?we expect that?these novel carbon nanodots?have potential applications in?bioimaging andelectrocatalysis.(Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 9367-9369)C.?This system could potentially be applied as?the gain medium of solid-state organic-based lasers or as a component of high value photovoltaic (PV) materials, where destructive high energy UV radiation would be converted to useful low energy NIR radiation. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013,?42, 29-43)D.?Since the use of?graphene?may enhance the photocatalytic properties of TiO2?under UV and visible-light irradiation,?graphene–TiO2?composites?may potentially be used to?enhance the bactericidal activity.?(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2012,?41, 782-796)E.??It is the first report that CQDs are both amino-functionalized and highly fluorescent,?which suggests their promising applications in?chemical sensing.(Carbon, 2012,?50,?2810–2815)(四)1. 什么东西还尚未发现/系统研究A. However,systems that are sufficiently stable and efficient for practical use?have not yet been realized.B. Nevertheless,for conventional nanostructured MTMOs as mentioned above,?some problematic disadvantages cannot be overlooked.（Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2014,53, 1488 – 1504）C.?There are relatively few studies devoted to?determination of cmc values for block copolymer micelles. (Macromolecules1991, 24, 1033-1040)D. This might be the reason why, despite of the great influence of the preparation on the catalytic activity of gold catalysts,?no systematic study concerning?the synthesis conditions?has been published yet.?(Applied Catalysis A: General 2002, 226, ?1–13)E.?These possibilities remain to be?explored.F.??Further effort is required to?understand and better control the parameters dominating the particle surface passivation and resulting properties for carbon dots of brighter photoluminescence. (J. Am. Chem. Soc.,?2006,?128?, 7756–7757)2.?由于/因为...A.?Liquid ammonia?is particularly attractive as?an alternative to water?due to?its stability in the presence of strong reducing agents such as alkali metals that are used to access lower oxidation states.B.?The unique nature of?the cyanide ligand?results from?its ability to act both as a σdonor and a π acceptor combined with its negativecharge and ambidentate nature.C.?Qdots are also excellent probes for two-photon confocalmicroscopy?because?they are characterized by a very large absorption cross section?(Science ?2005,?307, 538-544).D.?As a result of?the reductive strategy we used and of the strong bonding between the surface and the aryl groups, low residual currents (similar to those observed at a bare electrode) were obtained over a large window of potentials, the same as for the unmodified parent GC electrode. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5883-5884)E.?The small Tafel slope of the defect-rich MoS2 ultrathin nanosheets is advantageous for practical?applications,?since?itwill lead to a faster increment of HER rate with increasing overpotential.(Adv. Mater., 2013, 25: 5807–5813)F. Fluorescent carbon-based materials have drawn increasing attention in recent years?owing to?exceptional advantages such as high optical absorptivity, chemical stability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity.(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52: 3953–3957)G.??On the basis of?measurements of the heat of immersion of water on zeolites, Tsutsumi etal. claimed that the surface consists of siloxane bondings and is hydrophobicin the region of low Al content. (Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3641?3666)H.?Nanoparticle spatial distributions might have a large significance for catalyst stability,?given that?metal particle growth is a relevant deactivation mechanism for commercial catalysts.?3. ...很重要A.?The inhibition of additional nucleation during growth, in other words, the complete separation?of nucleation and growth,?is?critical(essential, important)?for?the successful synthesis of monodisperse nanocrystals. (Nature Materials?3, 891 - 895 (2004))B.??In the current study,?Cys,?homocysteine?(Hcy) and?glutathione?(GSH) were chosen as model?thiol?compounds since they?play important (significant, vital, critical) roles?in many biological processes and monitoring of these?thiol?compounds?is of great importance for?diagnosis of diseases.(Chem. Commun., 2012,?48, 1147-1149)C.?This is because according to nucleation theory,?what really matters?in addition to the change in temperature ΔT?(or supersaturation) is the cooling rate.(Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014,?43, 2013-2026)(五)1. 相反/不同于A.?On the contrary,?mononuclear complexes, called single-ion magnets (SIM), have shown hysteresis loops of butterfly/phonon bottleneck type, with negligiblecoercivity, and therefore with much shorter relaxation times of magnetization. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)B.?In contrast,?the Dy compound has significantly larger value of the transversal magnetic moment already in the ground state (ca. 10?1?μB), therefore allowing a fast Q TM. （Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417）C.?In contrast to?the structural similarity of these complexes, their magnetic behavior exhibits strong divergence.?(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2014, 53: 4413–4417)D.?Contrary to?other conducting polymer semiconductors, carbon nitride ischemically and thermally stable and does not rely on complicated device manufacturing. (Nature materials, 2009, 8(1): 76-80.)E.?Unlike?the spherical particles they are derived from that Rayleigh light-scatter in the blue, these nanoprisms exhibit scattering in the red, which could be useful in developing multicolor diagnostic labels on the basis not only of nanoparticle composition and size but also of shape. (Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)2. 发现，阐明，报道，证实可供选择的词包括：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate theidentification of?举例：A. These stacks appear as nanorods in the two-dimensional TEM images, but tilting experiments?confirm that they are nanoprisms.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)B. Note that TEM?shows?that about 20% of the nanoprisms are truncated.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)C. Therefore, these calculations not only allow us to?identify?the important features in the spectrum of the nanoprisms but also the subtle relation between particle shape and the frequency of the bands that make up their spectra.?(Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)D. We?observed?a decrease in intensity of the characteristic surface plasmon band in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy for the spherical particles at λmax?= 400 nm with a concomitant grow th of three new bands of λmax?= 335 (weak), 470 (medium), and 670 nm (strong), respectively. (Science 2001,? 294, 1901-1903)E. In this article, we present data?demonstrating?that opiate and nonopiate analgesia systems can be selectively activated by different environmental manipulationsand?describe?the neural circuitry involved. (Science 1982, 216, 1185-1192)F. This?suggests?that the cobalt in CoP has a partial positive charge (δ+), while the phosphorus has a partial negative charge (δ?),?implying?a tran sfer of electron density from Co to P.?(Angew. Chem., 2014, 126: 6828–6832)3. 如何指出当前研究的不足A. Although these inorganic substructures can exhibit a high density of functional groups, such as bridging OH groups, andthe substructures contribute significantly to the adsorption properties of the material,surprisingly little attention has been devoted to?the post-synthetic functionalization of the inorganic units within MOFs. (Chem. Eur. J., 2013, 19: 5533–5536.)B.?Little is known,?however, about the microstructure of this material. (Nature Materials 2013,12, 554–561)C.?So far, very little information is available, and only in?the absorber film, not in the whole operational devices. （Nano Lett.,?2014,?14?(2), pp 888–893）D.?In fact it should be noted that very little optimisation work has been carried out on?these devices. (Chem. Commun., 2013,?49, 7893-7895)E. By far the most architectures have been prepared using a solution processed perovskite material,?yet a few examples have been reported that?have used an evaporated perovskite layer. (Adv. Mater., 2014, 27: 1837–1841.)F. Water balance issues have been effectively addressed in PEMFC technology through a large body of work encompassing imaging, detailed water content and water balance measurements, materials optimization and modeling,?but very few of these activities have been undertaken for?anion exchange membrane fuel cells,? primarily due to limited materials availability and device lifetime. (J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 2013, 51: 1727–1735)G. However,?none of these studies?tested for Th17 memory, a recently identified T cell that specializes in controlling extracellular bacterial infections at mucosal surfaces. (PNAS, 2013,?111, 787–792)H. However,?uncertainty still remains as to?the mechanism by which Li salt addition results in an extension of the cathodicreduction limit. (Energy Environ. Sci., 2014,?7, 232-250)I.?There have been a number of high profile cases where failure to?identify the most stable crystal form of a drug has led to severe formulation problems in manufacture. (Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014,?43, 2080-2088)J. However,?these measurements systematically underestimate?the amount of ordered material. ( Nature Materials 2013, 12, 1038–1044)(六)1.?取决于a.?This is an important distinction, as the overall activity of a catalyst will?depend on?the material properties, synthesis method, and other possible species that can be formed during activation.?(Nat. Mater.?2017,16,225–229)b.?This quantitative partitioning?was determined by?growing crystals of the 1:1 host–guest complex between?ExBox4+?and corannulene. (Nat. Chem.?2014,?6177–178)c.?They suggested that the Au particle size may?be the decisive factor for?achieving highly active Au catalysts.(Acc. Chem. Res.,?2014,?47, 740–749)d.?Low-valent late transition-metal catalysis has?become indispensable to?chemical synthesis, but homogeneous high-valent transition-metal catalysis is underdeveloped, mainly owing to the reactivity of high-valent transition-metal complexes and the challenges associated with synthesizing them.?(Nature2015,?517,449–454)e.?The polar effect?is a remarkable property that enables?considerably endergonic C–H abstractions?that would not be possible otherwise.?(Nature?2015, 525, 87–90)f.?Advances in heterogeneous catalysis?must rely on?the rational design of new catalysts. (Nat. Nanotechnol.?2017, 12, 100–101)g.?Likely, the origin of the chemoselectivity may?be also closely related to?the H?bonding with the N or O?atom of the nitroso moiety, a similar H-bonding effect is known in enamine-based nitroso chemistry. (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.?2014, 53: 4149–4153)2.?有很大潜力a.?The quest for new methodologies to assemble complex organic molecules?continues to be a great impetus to?research efforts to discover or to optimize new catalytic transformations. (Nat. Chem.?2015,?7, 477–482)b.?Nanosized faujasite (FAU) crystals?have great potential as?catalysts or adsorbents to more efficiently process present and forthcoming synthetic and renewablefeedstocks in oil refining, petrochemistry and fine chemistry. (Nat. Mater.?2015, 14, 447–451)c.?For this purpose, vibrational spectroscopy?has proved promising?and very useful.?(Acc Chem Res. 2015, 48, 407–413.)d.?While a detailed mechanism remains to be elucidated and?there is room for improvement?in the yields and selectivities, it should be remarked that chirality transfer upon trifluoromethylation of enantioenriched allylsilanes was shown. (Top Catal.?2014,?57: 967.?)e.?The future looks bright for?the use of PGMs as catalysts, both on laboratory and industrial scales, because the preparation of most kinds of single-atom metal catalyst is likely to be straightforward, and because characterization of such catalysts has become easier with the advent of techniques that readilydiscriminate single atoms from small clusters and nanoparticles. (Nature?2015, 525, 325–326)f.?The unique mesostructure of the 3D-dendritic MSNSs with mesopore channels of short length and large diameter?is supposed to be the key role in?immobilization of active and robust heterogeneous catalysts, and?it would have more hopeful prospects in?catalytic applications. (ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces,?2015,?7, 17450–17459)g.?Visible-light photoredox catalysis?offers exciting opportunities to?achieve challenging carbon–carbon bond formations under mild and ecologically benign conditions. (Acc. Chem. Res.,?2016, 49, 1990–1996)3. 因此同义词：Therefore, thus, consequently, hence, accordingly, so, as a result这一条比较简单，这里主要讲一下这些词的副词词性和灵活运用。
硅基马赫曾德电光调制设计优化与实现
硅基马赫曾德电光调制设计优化与实现周林杰;周砚扬;陆梁军【摘要】In this paper,the design optimization and experimental demonstration of single-drive push-pull silicon electro-optic modulators are presented. In order to improve the modulation efficiency and lower the optical propagation loss,the PN junction profile and doping concentrations are firstly optimized. Next,the impedance match,phase match and microwave loss are studied,and in particular,the influence of low-doping slab width,travelling-wave electrode (TWE) width and spacing on the modulator performance are analyzed. Following the comprehensive theoretical analysis and numerical simulation,the modulator performance measurements,including the optical transmission spectrum upon single-drive push-pull tuning,small-signal microwave signal response,and high-speed digital signal modulation are consequently carried out. The on-chip insertion loss of the modulators is around 7-9 dB and the half-wave voltage is 5 V. At a bias voltage of 0 V,the optimized modulator has a modulation bandwidth of >18 GHz. The microwave reflectivity at the entrance of the TWE is less than -20 dB,suggesting good impedance match. When the reverse bias voltage is increased to 4 V,the modulation bandwidth can exceed 30 GHz,allowing for realization of 56 Gbit/s on-off keying (OOK) and 40 Gbit/s binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulations.%对单端推挽驱动硅基调制器进行了优化设计和实验验证.为了获得较高的调制器性能,首先对PN结的结构参数和掺杂浓度进行了仿真优化,以提高调制效率并降低光传输损耗;其次,对行波电极的阻抗匹配、相位匹配和微波损耗予以了研究,重点分析了低掺杂平板区宽度、行波电极传输线宽度(TWE)和间距对调制性能的影响.在理论分析和仿真计算的基础上,对单端推挽驱动调制器进行了频谱测试、小信号响应测试和高速调制码型测试.调制器的片上插入损耗在7~9 dB,半波电压约为5 V.偏置电压为0 V时,优化后的调制器的带宽大于18 GHz,入射端反射系数低于-20 dB,行波电极具有较好的阻抗匹配.当反偏电压大于4 V时,调制器的带宽可增加到30 GHz以上,并且能实现56 Gbit/s的二进制强度(OOK)调制和40 Gbit/s的二进制相移键控(BPSK)调制.【期刊名称】《中兴通讯技术》【年(卷),期】2017(023)005【总页数】9页(P21-29)【关键词】电光调制器;硅基光电子;高速收发模块;光电子器件【作者】周林杰;周砚扬;陆梁军【作者单位】上海交通大学,上海200240;上海交通大学,上海200240;上海交通大学,上海200240【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN929.5硅基电光调制器由于其综合性能出众，吸引了全球各高校、研究所和企业的持续关注。
人工智能原理MOOC习题集及答案北京大学王文敏
Quizzes for Chapter11单选(1分)图灵测试旨在给予哪一种令人满意的操作定义得分/总分A.人类思考B.人工智能C.机器智能1.00/1.00D.机器动作正确答案：C你选对了2多选(1分)选择以下关于人工智能概念的正确表述得分/总分 A.人工智能旨在创造智能机器该题无法得分/1.00B.人工智能是研究和构建在给定环境下表现良好的智能体程序该题无法得分/1.00C.人工智能将其定义为人类智能体的研究该题无法得分/1.00D.人工智能是为了开发一类计算机使之能够完成通常由人类所能做的事该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A、B、D你错选为A、B、C、D3多选(1分)如下学科哪些是人工智能的基础？得分/总分A.经济学0.25/1.00B.哲学0.25/1.00C.心理学0.25/1.00D.数学0.25/1.00正确答案：A、B、C、D你选对了4多选(1分)下列陈述中哪些是描述强AI(通用AI)的正确答案？得分/总分A.指的是一种机器，具有将智能应用于任何问题的能力0.50/1.00 B.是经过适当编程的具有正确输入和输出的计算机，因此有与人类同样判断力的头脑0.50/1.00C.指的是一种机器，仅针对一个具体问题D.其定义为无知觉的计算机智能，或专注于一个狭窄任务的AI正确答案：A、B你选对了5多选(1分)选择下列计算机系统中属于人工智能的实例得分/总分A.Web搜索引擎B.超市条形码扫描器C.声控电话菜单该题无法得分/1.00D.智能个人助理该题无法得分/1.00正确答案：A、D你错选为C、D6多选(1分)选择下列哪些是人工智能的研究领域得分/总分A.人脸识别0.33/1.00B.专家系统0.33/1.00C.图像理解D.分布式计算正确答案：A、B、C你错选为A、B7多选(1分)考察人工智能(AI)的一些应用，去发现目前下列哪些任务可以通过AI来解决得分/总分A.以竞技水平玩德州扑克游戏0.33/1.00B.打一场像样的乒乓球比赛C.在Web上购买一周的食品杂货0.33/1.00D.在市场上购买一周的食品杂货正确答案：A、B、C你错选为A、C8填空(1分)理性指的是一个系统的属性，即在_________的环境下做正确的事。
系列讲座之十七(Albert S. C. Chan)
O R1
O OR2
Ru(S-P-Phos)Cl2(DMF)n 50 psi H2
OH O R1 * OR2
P 2
up to 99% ee
R1 = Ph, R2 = Et: 95% ee (BINAP: 85% ee)
(R)-P-Phos
Ru(S-P-Phos)(acac)2, 1000 psi H2 CO2H MeO H3PO4/Sub = 0.6 (M/M) Sub/Cat = 200 (M/M) MeO Me CO2H
(S)-Monophos
(1S,1'S,2R,2'R)-Tangphos
H3CH2C
R P P R R P R O O O P O H3CH2C P CH2CH3 Fe
P CH2CH3
R = Me, (R,R)-Me-Duphos R = Et, (R,R)-Et-Duphos R = i-Pr, (R,R)-iPr-Duphos
[Rh(NBD)2]BF4 (1R,1’R,2S,2’S)-Tangphos
100 1000 20 15 45 (R)
100 1000 24 4 ND
100 1000 48 7 62 (S)
Recent Progress on Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis
Albert S. C. Chan
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Louis Pasteur Chemist 1822 - 1895
“Chance favors only the prepared mind.”
含吡啶基手性膦配体铜配合物催化下芳香酮的不对称硅氢化反应
区域综合能源系统两阶段鲁棒博弈优化调度
DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-973X.2021.01.021区域综合能源系统两阶段鲁棒博弈优化调度李笑竹，王维庆(新疆大学 可再生能源发电与并网技术教育部工程研究中心，新疆 乌鲁木齐 830047)摘 要：在区域综合能源系统的基本架构上，为了提升系统经济性与可再生能源并网能力，研究混合储能、冷热电联供机组（CCHP ）、能量转换装置在多能互补下的两阶段优化运行模型. 利用虚拟能量厂（VEP ），平抑发、用电不确定性；采用鲁棒理论，构建灵活调整边界的不确定合集；引入条件风险理论，构建考虑多种不确定关系耦合下基于Copula-RCVaR 的能量管理风险模型. 针对上述模型特点，提出基于滤子技术的多目标鲸鱼算法进行求解. 分析不同可再生能源渗透率及集群效应对系统收益结果和运行策略的影响. 结果表明，引入虚拟能量厂可以提高利润1.9%，在保证稳定运行的前提下合理选择荷、源不确定变量的置信概率，可以提高利润5.9%.关键词： 区域综合能源系统（RIES ）；鲁棒理论；两阶段优化；收益损失风险；多目标优化算法中图分类号： TM 73 文献标志码： A 文章编号： 1008−973X （2021）01−0177−12Bi-level robust game optimal scheduling of regionalcomprehensive energy systemLI Xiao-zhu, WANG Wei-qing(Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Renewable Energy Generation and Grid Connection Technology ,Xinjiang University , Urumqi 830047, China )Abstract: The two-stage optimal operation strategy model of hybrid energy storage, combined cooling, heating andpower (CCHP) units and energy conversion device was analyzed based on the basic framework of regional integrated energy system (RIES) in order to improve the system economy and the grid connection capacity of large-scale connected renewable energy under the RIES with multiple energy complementary. Virtual energy plant (VEP) was used to stabilize the uncertainty of power generation and consumption. The robust theory was used to construct the uncertain aggregate to adjust the boundary flexibly, and conditional risk theory was introduced to construct the risk model of RIES energy management based on Copula-RCVaR. A multi-objective whale optimal algorithm based on filter technology was proposed to solve the above complex model. The influence of different renewable energy penetration rate and their cluster effect on the income result and operation strategy of RIES was analyzed. Results show that the profit of RIES can be increased by 1.9% by introducing VEP. The profit of RIES can be increased by 5.9% by selecting a reasonable confidence probability of the uncertain variables for load and source based on the premise of ensuring the stable operation.Key words: regional integrated energy system (RIES); robust theory; bi-level optimization; revenue and loss risk; multi-objective optimization algorithm天然气的冷热电联供系统（combined cooling,heating and power ，CCHP ）是连接电网与气网的耦合系统，也是区域综合能源系统（regional integ-rated energy system ，RIES ）中最具发展前景的一种运营模式[1]. 目前，RIES 的研究多以优化不同效益目标，得到系统各设备的运行策略为主. Wei 等[2]收稿日期：2020−05−19. 网址：/eng/article/2021/1008-973X/202101021.shtml基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目（51667020，52067020）；新疆自治区实验室开放课题资助项目（2018D4005）.作者简介：李笑竹（1990—），女，博士生，从事电力系统能量管理及经济调度等研究. /0000-0003-0443-0449.E-mail ：****************通信联系人：王维庆，男，教授. /0000-0001-6520-5507. E-mail ：************.cn第 55 卷第 1 期 2021 年 1 月浙 江 大 学 学 报(工学版)Journal of Zhejiang University (Engineering Science)Vol.55 No.1Jan. 2021构建电转气的峰值负荷转移模型，从理论上证明了电气耦合系统具有较好的削峰填谷的效果；Guandalini等[3]对电气耦合系统进行了评价，结果证明，该系统可以提高可再生能源的可调度性；张儒峰等[4]提出合理利用弃风的电-气综合能源系统，实现互联系统之间的双向耦合；Qu等[5]利用电转气实现电力系统与天然气系统的双向能量流动，是促进风电消纳平滑功率需求的有效途径.上述文献均未考虑发、用电波动性对系统带来的收益损失风险. 张虹等[6-8]引入CVaR计算一定收益下系统要承担的收益风险，但均将CVaR转化为离散情况下最差CVaR进行求解，该方法结果的主观性强. 上述研究均仅考虑单维不确定变量，不适用于同时考虑多种不确定关系耦合下的建模与分析.综合需求响应利用冷热负荷的惯性特征，是平衡新电改下各市场主体利益诉求的绝佳手段[9]，但RIES中考虑需求响应的调度方法较少涉及. 张虹等[6]让需求侧互动资源主动提供用电意愿，根据系统调度灵活选择用电行为；王文超等[9]将电价型需求响应应用于系统优化运行中；徐业琰等[10]通过电价型、激励型和博弈方法协同作用，实现对用户侧的联合调度. 来自于荷、源双侧（如风电、光伏、负荷等）的多重不确定性是RIES运行时面临的主要挑战. 在描述发电与用电不确定性上，场景法[11]、点估计法[12]、随机机会约束规划[13]、模型预测[14]都有较好的应用，但随机法与点估计法均需要实际中的大量样本数据，且场景法结果受场景个数的制约，机会约束规划难以保证求解效率与精度.鉴于以上分析，本文建立基于Copula-RCVaR 的区域综合能源系统两阶段鲁棒博弈优化调度模型. Copula-RCVaR模型能够对多个不确定变量耦合、不同决策需求下系统的收益损失风险进行分析与评估. 考虑综合需求响应，利用CCHP机组和虚拟能量厂（virtual energy plant，VEP）平抑RIES 内发电、用电波动性. 采用鲁棒理论，对系统内不确定变量建立不确定性合集，剖析不确定变量与系统经济性、保守性的动态相依关系，探索在不同决策需求下最经济可靠的调度方案. 针对模型特点，利用基于滤子技术的多目标鲸鱼算法进行求解. 以修改的IEEE33节点配电网与CCHP系统耦合形成RIES为例，验证模型能够在保证安全稳定的前提下，平衡各层主体利益，实现电力经济的可持续性发展.1 RIES的建模1.1 RIES的结构及运行方式如图1所示为RIES结构及运行方式示意图.在经典CCHP系统组成的RIES中，加入能量集线器与冷/热/电储能装置. 燃汽轮机是系统中的主要源动设备，发电量与RIES在能量交易中心向上级电网的购电量（包括在日前市场与实时市场的购电）共同承担系统负荷用电，通过余热转换装置与锅炉向系统内用户提供热负荷需求，系统的冷负荷需求由电制冷机和吸收式制冷机提供，电制冷机由电能驱动，吸收式制冷机由热能驱动.系统中，内燃气轮机和锅炉运行所需的天然气由RIES在能量交易中心向上级气网购得（仅在实时市场）. 为了减少天然气的消耗，在系统中加入可再生能源电站（图1中的风电场），承担系统内部分电负荷与热负荷需求，可再生能源发电不接受调控且不计发电成本. RIES在日前市场向上级电网购买电量，能量盈余或亏空通过实时市场与上级电、气网的能量交换，调控CCHP机组组风电场图 1 RIES结构及运行示意图Fig.1 Structure and operation of RIES178浙江大学学报（工学版）第 55 卷合出力、VEP 、各能量转换装置得到平衡. 如图1所示，VEP 包括各储能系统与各种类型的可控负荷. 其中可控负荷根据特性分为以下4类[15]. 1）常规负荷（CL ），具有较大的随机性与波动性，且不可调控. 2）迎峰负荷（LSI ），切负荷量较低，一般为该类型总量的15%，补偿价格指数较高. 3）避峰负荷（LSII ），该类型负荷用电灵活性较大，切负荷量较高，为总量的30%，且补偿价格指数较低. 以上3种类型仅有电负荷CL-e/LSI-e/LSII-e. 4）可转移负荷（TL ），在不影响使用舒适度的前提下转移，补偿价格系数较低，但转移前、后的负荷总量不变，分为TL-h/TL-c ，表示热/冷负荷.该模型将RIES 与VEP 作为电力系统中不同的市场主体，针对运营体系及特点，采用双层多目标鲁棒优化对混合系统进行建模. 其中RIES 位于上层，VEP 位于下层. 优化时，先由RIES 向VEP 发送调度计划，VEP 在满足自身运行约束的前提下调控管辖内的可控资源（各储能系统、可控负荷）对该计划实行初步响应；将自身优化的结果反馈至上层，RIES 根据反馈结果进一步调整计划. 过程中，上、下两层信息互相更新与传递，在尽可能满足各系统电力需求的前提下，经济性、社会性最好. CCHP 机组与VEP 的参与可平抑发电与用电的波动性，将盈余电量在实时市场较稳定地外送，使RIES 获利，该运营模式在一定程度上可以提高可再生能源的并网能力. 由于冷/热网中的冷/热惯性，使得冷/热负荷中的不确定性能够被各自传输管道中的管存能力缓解[16]，模型只考虑发、用电不确定性.1.2 CCHP 建模CCHP 装置互相耦合，与上级电、气网共同实现对RIES 能源的供应，各装置按如下方式建模.1）燃汽轮机. 出力与耗气量为二次函数.y GT t P e GT t G GT t y GT t 式中：a 1、b 1、c 1为燃汽轮机的耗气常数；、、为t 时刻燃气轮机的运行状态变量、出力和耗气量，其中=1为运行. 燃气轮机应满足P e GT min P e GT max R e GT U R e GT D T on GT T o ffGT式（2）为发电功率约束，式（3）为爬坡约束，式（4）为最小启停时间约束. 式中：、为出力上、下界限；、分别为向上和向下最大爬坡功率，、分别为最小开机和停机时间.2） 余热回收装置. 该装置输出热量与燃汽轮机的出力有关：P h WHR t 式中：a 2、b 2、c 2为耗量系数，为转换的可用热量.3） 电制冷机、吸收式制冷机和锅炉.P c ASR t P e ASR t P c ABS t P h ABS t P h B t G B t 式中：ηABS 、ηASR 分别为吸收式制冷机与电制冷机的效率，ηB 为锅炉热效率，、分别为电制冷机的制冷量与耗电量，、分别为吸收式制冷机的制冷量与吸热量，、分别为锅炉的1.3 数学模型1.3.1 上层模型 C e b C re tP e L t P h L t P c L t P e −s L t P VEP −e i ,tP VEP −h i ,t P VEP −c i ,t式中：ηt 为日前市场电量购买比例；C t S-e 、C t S-h 、C t S-c分别为电、热、冷能出售价格；、分别为日前、实时市场向上级电网的购电价格；C g 为向上级气网的购气价格；、、分别为t 时刻电、热、冷负荷；为电负荷的预测值，、、为RIES 对第i 个VEP 下达的调度计划，上第 1 期李笑竹, 等：区域综合能源系统两阶段鲁棒博弈优化调度[J]. 浙江大学学报：工学版,2021, 55(1): 177–188.179P VEP −e i ,tP grid t标e 、h 、c 表示VEP 类型，>0表示向系统注入能量；为系统与上级电网之间的电量交换，P t grid >0表示RIES 向上级电网售电，反之为购电；C VEP 为VEP 运行成本，由下层模型计算得出返回至上层；C conv 、C ek 为转换装置运行成本及旋转备N e LK W i K L i γW i γL i P u W i ,t P e −u L i ,t 式中：S WHR 、S ABS 、S ASR 分别为余热回收装置、吸收式制冷机、电制冷机的成本系数，N W 、分别为风电站及常规电负荷总数，/、/、Δ/Δ分别为风电/常规电负荷的旋转备用惩罚系数、功率偏差系数及各功率偏差上限.2）目标函数2. RIES 的收益损失风险最小值min f 1.2，详细见2章的风险能量管理模型，此处不赘述.P VEP −e i ,tP VEP −h i ,tP VEP −c i ,tN e v N h v N c v式中：、、分别为通过下层模型优化返回至上层，第i 个虚拟电、热、冷厂在t时刻的调度功率；、、分别为各虚拟电、热、冷厂的个数.上层模型除式（2）~（4）、（7）外，还需满足如P grid tP grid max P gridmin 为了防止RIES 与上级电网之间的联络线功率毛刺过多，使其能够运行平稳，将离散成10的整数倍，设置上、下功率界限为、，最大爬升功率为120 kW ，最小保持功率时间为2 h.1.3.2 下层模型 VEP 将RIES 下达的调用计划分解至各个可控单元上，使得两层之间的调度计划偏差最小，VEP 达到最大的经济效益与社会效益.1）目标函数1. 调度计划偏差最小.P VEP −e i ,t P VEP −h i ,t P VEP −c i ,t式中：、、由上层模型优化所得并传递至下层.2）目标函数2. 经济效益最好，调度成本最小.3）目标函数3. 社会效益最高，受文献[15]中以用电舒适度表征虚拟电厂社会效益方式的启发，以用能舒适度来表征VEP 的社会效益，即负荷切出率和转移率较低，社会效益较好.λe LSI λe LSII λh LT λc LT Lim LSI i ,max Lim LSII i ,max P max −h LT i P max −c LT iP e LSI i ,t P e LSII i ,t P h LT i ,t P c LT i ,t 式中：、、、分别为各类型负荷占该类总负荷比，、、、分别为各类型可控负荷的总量. 从式（17）可以看出，min f 2,3的取值为[0, 1.0]，当各可控负荷在调度周期内完全不调用时，、、、均180浙 江 大 学 学 报（工学版）第 55 卷为0，此时用电舒适度最高，min f 2,3=1；当各可控负荷调度总量达到上限时，用电舒适度最低，min f 2,3=0.下层优化模型须满足各储能系统的相关约束. 其中储电约束如下.P e −ch ESS tP e −diss ESS t ρe ESS ηe c ηe d式中：SOC min 、SOC max 分别表示最小、最大充电状态，、分别为最大充、放电功率，、、分别为自放电率、充电率、放电率.储冷储热系统运行方式相同，储热为例，约束如下：P h −ch ESS t P h −diss ESS t 式中：、为最大充放电量.LSI 、LSII 运行方式类似，以LSI 为例，运行约束如下：可转移的冷热负荷运行类似，以热负荷为例：2 风险能量管理建模对1.3.1节上层模型的目标函数2进行建模. 鉴于发电、用电的不确定性，RIES 收益具有风险特征.2.1 CVaR 理论概述CVaR 度量损失的平均情况可以描述尾部风险[6]，CVaR 为式中：E (.)为期望函数；x ∈ΩD 为决策变量；y ∈ΩR 为随机变量，概率密度函数为f PDF (y )，f c-l (x ,y )为RIES 的收益损失函数，且E (|f c -l (x ,y )|)<+∞；C α为损失值的阈值；VaR 为在给定置信度β下，RIES 可能遭受的最大损失值. 引入辅助函数计算CVaR ，表示如下：式中：[t ]+=max {t , 0}.2.2 Copula 函数在RIES 中，考虑发电与用电的双重不确定性，根据Copula 函数的性质[16]，根据单个随机变量的概率密度函数，可得多个随机变量耦合关系下的联合概率密度函数. 建立2种随机变量情况[17]式中：F 1(y I )、F 2(y II )、f 1(y I )、f 2(y II )分别为随机变量y I 、y II 的累计概率密度函数与概率密度函数；ΩRI 、ΩRII 由鲁棒优化理论进行构建，分别为描述风电、常规电负荷随机性的不确定合集.2.3 随机变量的处理及决策以风电出力为例，利用鲁棒理论，对各时段的输出功率构建加法不确定合集：P e −s W i ,t P e W i ,t P e −u W i ,t γW i ,t式中：、Δ分别为风电场i 在t 时段的预测出力与出力偏差；Δ为出力偏差的上限；第 1 期李笑竹, 等：区域综合能源系统两阶段鲁棒博弈优化调度[J]. 浙江大学学报：工学版,2021, 55(1): 177–188.181ΓW ,t ΓW ,t δW i ,t γW i ,t P e W i ,t 为出力偏差系数；||·||∞为无穷范数；||·||1 ≤表示1范数约束对应不确定变量的空间集群效应，既在某个调度时段各风电场的出力偏差不可能同时达到最大，由此引入空间约束参数来调整不确定合集的边界. 若=||，Δ独立且服从正态分布，记期望和方差为0和σW *，利用Lindeberg-式中：Φ−1（·）为正态分布密度函数的反函数，αW 为风电置信概率.通过构造拉格朗日函数与线性对偶理论可知，考虑在t 时段的最极端情况，风电场出力达到不确定合集下限. 此时仅有一个风电场出力的偏e 同理建立用电不确定性合集，可得空间约束参数与极端功率情况，如下：P e W i ,t P e L i ,t 为了定量分析RIES 的收益风险，建立基于Copula-RCVaR 的多能流收益风险模型. 模型中，x 为上层目标的决策变量，随机变量y I 为风电出力偏差Δ，y II 为常规电负荷偏差Δ，定义系统运行时的损失函数为利润函数的负数，f c-l (x ,y )=−f 1.1，上层模型的目标函数2（min f 1.2）为式（29）的形式.3 模型的求解3.1 多目标鲸鱼优化算法鲸鱼算法（WOA ）具有参数设置少、寻优性能强等特点，在求解精度和收敛速度上均优于粒子群算法PSO [18]，已成功应用于大规模优化问题上.标准WOA 存在不能有效平衡全局与局部搜索能力，导致在迭代后期算法的多样性丧失，收敛能力不足的问题，如在文献[18]测试问题F2和F21上，算法在迭代最终收敛. 提出相关的改进策略，改进的鲸鱼算法（improved WOA ，IWOA ）伪代码如下.算法：IWOA输入：Np （种群规模）；D （维度）；G （最大迭代次数）；A_constant; X （初始种群）输出：x *（最优个体）1.F ←计算X 适应度；x *←从X 中选择最优个体；2.while （迭代停止条件不满足） do3. 通过式（34）、（35）更新a , A , C , l ；4. if |A |≥A_constant5. 在X 中随机选择不同5个个体（x r1, x r2, x r3, x r4, x r5）；6. 通过式（36）更新X ；7. else 在X 中随机选择不同2个个体（x r1,x r2）；8. 通过式（37）更新X ；end if9. 越界处理；计算F ；更新x *；end while 10. return x *式中：G iter 、G max 分别为当前迭代次数与最大迭代次数；r 为（0，1.0）的随机数；系数A 、C 均由收敛因子a 计算，随着迭代次数由2减小到0；l 为螺旋系数. 设置探索固定值A_constant ，当A ≥ A_con-stant 时执行全局搜索，反之为局部. 借助差分进化算法中个体的合作与竞争指导优化搜索，分别进行螺旋运动和直线运动，更新方式如下：多目标鲸鱼算法借鉴NSGAII 中的精英保留策略，利用外部存档保存进化过程中已经发现的非占优解. 当外部存档超出设定的最大容量时，采用拥挤熵的方式对Pareto 解集进行裁剪[19]. 该方法考虑相邻解的分布情况，能够合理反映非支配解之间的拥挤程度. 从问题的实际出发，需要得到一个满足各个目标的解，使用模糊数学的方式提取最优折中解，选择线性函数作为隶属度函数.3.2 复杂约束条件处理针对RIES 两阶段风险能量管理模型中复杂182浙 江 大 学 学 报（工学版）第 55 卷的等式与不等式约束，采用滤子技术对约束条件进行处理. 构造由目标函数与约束违反度组成的[20]式中：g i(Y)、h n(Y)分别为不等式与等式约束，m、n为对应的个数. 借助Pareto理论，在最小值问题上有如下定义.定义1 若F(Y i)≤F(Y j)，G(Y i)≤G(Y j)，则称滤子(F(Y i))，G(Y i))支配(F(Y j)，G(Y j)).定义2 滤子集内的滤子互不支配.将上层模型中各集线器能量约束（式（12）~（14））与目标函数构造滤子对；其他约束均可以作为边界条件，直接利用元启发式算法处理. 下层模型储电侧电荷约束（18）与目标函数构造滤子对；可以转移冷热负荷、储能系统的可持续运行约束（20）、（22）、（25），采用动态可松弛约束处理方式[21]. 以储电为例，计算约束违反程度记为εESS-e，根据边界条件计算松弛度，根据松弛度确定调整量；其他约束可以作为边界条件.3.3 求解流程模型整体求解包括约束处理流程，如图2所示.图 2 优化调度模型的求解流程图Fig.2 Flow chart of solution process4 结果与讨论4.1 算例说明以修改的IEEE33节点配电网与CCHP系统耦合形成RIES，CCHP内设备及参数见表1、2. 表中，P max、P min分别为功率的上、下界，η为能效，C c为成本价格，GT为燃气轮机，WHR为余热回收装置，ABS为吸收式制冷机，ASR为电制冷机，表 1 CCHP内设备参数设置1Tab.1 Parameter setting 1 of each device in CCHP设备a i b i c i P max /kWP min /kWT on/offGT/hR eGTU/D/（kW·h−1）GT 2.15 2.210.1119040380 WHR27.0−3.300.7460000−−表 2 CCHP内设备参数设置2Tab.2 Parameter setting 2 of each device in CCHP 设备ηC c /（美元·kW−1）P max /kW GT−−−WHR−0.01674−ABS0.700.0122000 ASR 3.080.0152000 BO0.85−500第 1 期李笑竹, 等：区域综合能源系统两阶段鲁棒博弈优化调度[J]. 浙江大学学报：工学版,2021, 55(1): 177–188.183BO 为锅炉. RIES 包含3个虚拟能量厂，分别实现RIES 内电、热、冷负荷的需求响应，虚拟能量厂的相关参数如表3所示. 表中，VEP-e 、VEP-h 、VEP-c 分别表示电、热、冷的虚拟能量厂，P t 为占比，SOC 为容量，P ESS 为最大充放电功率，SOC pu 为归一化后的容量. 配电网中1为根节点，与上级电网相连，节点15接入总容量为55 MW 的风电厂群. 区域内电、冷、热负荷及风电出力预测见图3.图中，P L 为预测电荷. 电负荷的85%购自日前市场，设购买价格为0.4 kW·h/美元，电能在实时市场的交易价格与用电量有关，如图4所示，天然气购买价格为0.22 Kcf·h/美元. RIES 的电、热、冷售价见图4. 图中，C c 为价格. 风电、常规电负荷的惩罚系数为0.65、0.60 kW/美元.4.2 鲁棒决策分析鲁棒优化是在不确定变量的极端情况下系统进行的优化调度. 根据2.3节的分析，可以推出系统在所考虑的极端情况之外运行的概率：为了分析风电与负荷的置信概率与总数和系统运行在所考虑极端情况外的概率P OE 的关系，分别针对单个不确定变量与多不确定变量互相耦合的情况进行研究. 图5中，αW 、αL 分别为风电置信概率和常规电负荷置信概率，N W 、N L 分别为风电场数量和常规电负荷总数. 如图5（a ）所示为单图 3 风电出力及各负荷的日前预报曲线Fig.3 Daily forecast of wind power output and load图 4 价格趋势图Fig.4 Price trend chart0.20.40.60.81.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.20.40.60.81.0P OEP 图 5 在极端情况外运行的概率关系Fig.5 Relation of operating outside extreme scenario表 3 虚拟能量厂相关参数设置Tab.3 Parameter setting of VEP类型参数数值VEP-e VEP-h VEP-c LSI P t20%−−LSI ξe LSI /（kW·h·美元−1）0.7−−LSII P t30%−−LSII ξe LSII /（kW·h·美元−1）0.45−−LT P t−25%20%LT P LT min ,t−00LT P LT max ,t−0.50.5LT ξLT /（kW·h·美元−1）−0.40.4ESS SOC/kW 250500500ESS P ESS /kW 100200200ESS ρ, ηc , ηd 1%, 0.9, 0.9−−ESS SOC pu0.2~0.9−−ESSξESS /（kW·h·美元−1）0.450.50.5184浙 江 大 学 学 报（工学版）第 55 卷个不确定变量（以风电为例），如图5（b ）、（c ）所示分别为2个不确定变量耦合. 图5（a ）中，常规电负荷总数、置信概率固定分别为20、0.6；图5（b ）中，风电常规电负荷总数均为15；图5（c ）中，风电常规电负荷置信概率均为15.从图5（a ）可以看出，不确定变量的置信概率增大，超出极端情况的概率降低；不确定变量总个数减小，该概率升高. 多个不确定变量耦合下超出极端情况概率的等高线间距增加且不等，说明该情况下不确定变量对系统的影响更加复杂.较图5（c ）、（b ）中小概率等高线包含区域较小，置信概率对系统超出极端情况的概率影响较明显.4.3 互动性分析基于建立的Copula-RCVaR 模型，对以下4个算例进行分析. 算例1：RIES 含虚拟冷/热/电厂；算例2：RIES 仅含虚拟热厂与虚拟冷厂；算例3：RIES 仅含虚拟电厂；算例4：RIES 完全不含虚拟能量厂，可调度仅为燃气轮机与锅炉. 设发电与用电偏差服从正态分布（预测精度为68.27%），考虑空间集群效应，总数量均为20，置信概率均为0.6. 运行结果见表4，虚拟能量厂优化方案见图6.表4中，B RIES 为RIES 利润，D VEP-e 、D VEP-h 、D VEP-c 分别为VEP-e 、VEP-h 、VEP-c 调度偏差功率，C VEP-e 、C VEP-h 、C VEP-c 分别为VEP-e 、VEP-h 、VEP-c 调度成本，S VEP-e 、S VEP-h 、S VEP-c 分别为归一化后的VEP-e 、VEP-h 、VEP-c 社会成本. 图6中，P 为功率，LSI-e 、LSII-e 分别表示迎峰电负荷和避峰电负荷，ESS-e 表示储电系统，LT-h 表示可转移热负荷，ESS-h 表示储热系统，LT-c 表示可转移冷负荷，ESS-c 表示储冷系统.从表4可以看出，随着不同类型VEP 的加入，对更多种类的可调度资源与储能装置集中管理，系统内包含的可调度资源种类增加，调度变得更加灵活，偏差随之减小，情况1（虚拟冷、热、电厂全参与的情况）下的偏差较情况3（仅有虚拟电厂参与的情况）下减小6%. 虚拟冷/热厂中包含的可控负荷主要为TL-h/TL-c ，基于该类型负荷转移前后负荷总量不变的强约束条件，使得可转移负荷数量增加，RIES 与VEP 之间的偏差大大降低. 随着可调控资源数量的增加，分摊了VEP 在调控时的经济与社会成本，各类可控资源充分全面参与调度，VEP 的经济运行成本在VEP 全参与下较仅有虚拟电厂时减少36.3%，较虚拟冷、热厂参与时分别减少17.1%、6%；社会成本相应提高，用户的用电舒适度增高；RIES 利润逐渐增加，图 6 各算例下虚拟能量厂优化方案Fig.6 Optimization plan of VEP of each case表 4 各算例下的运行结果Tab.4 Operation result of each case算例B RIES 利润/(105美元)D VEP-e /MW D VEP-h /MW D VEP-c /MW C VEP-e /(103 美元)C VEP-h /(103 美元)C VEP-c /(103 美元)S VEP-e S VEP-h S VEP-c 算例18.62 6.008.54 2.23 2.87 4.75 1.910.810.610.71算例28.53−17.20 6.17− 5.56 1.97−0.530.60算例38.50 6.36−− 3.04−−0.77−−算例48.46−−−−−−−−−第 1 期李笑竹, 等：区域综合能源系统两阶段鲁棒博弈优化调度[J]. 浙江大学学报：工学版,2021, 55(1): 177–188.185VEP 全参与下的经济成本较不含VEP 降低1.9%.从图6可以看出，在用电高峰时段（11时—13时、19时—22时），VEP 向RIES 注入能量，保证供需与电量平衡；RIES 将盈余电量以较高的实时电价，在能量交易中心通过实时市场较平稳外送至上级电网，在保证大电网稳定运行的前提下解决负荷集中地区的高峰用电需求. 在低耗电时期，VEP 向RIES 吸收能量，以满足自身区域内可控资源的运行需求. 对比图6中各算例VEP 的调度方案可知，VEP 全参与下的计划较其他2种方式更平稳，图6（a ）的累积调度相对集中在[−600,600] kW ，与表4的结果吻合.4.4 运行结果敏感性分析4.4.1 不确定变量置信概率的影响 分析各不确定合集的置信概率对RIES 利润、收益损失风险的影响. 在相同风险阈值下，CVaR 置信度为0.95；不确定变量的预测精度均为68.27%；风电场、常规电负荷总数分别为20、32，不同置信概率α下的RIES 利润、收益损失风险见表5. 表中，收益损失风险为归一化后的数值. 可以看出，随着置信概率的不断减小，不确定合集区间逐渐收缩，系统所需旋转备用成本不断减小，RIES 利润随之升高；系统的收益损失风险为仅考虑系统不确定合集内的不确定性计算而来，由于不确定合集收缩，RIES 收益损失风险逐渐减小，意味着系统运行时面临的风险逐渐减小. 盲目减小置信概率，会使得系统运行在极端情况外的概率大大增加，当置信概率降至20%时，该概率为100%. 当置信概率为30%~45%时，RIES 利润增加最快，收益损失风险下降最快；当置信概率为45%~60%时，极端情况外运行概率处于可接受的低概率段.如图7所示为当α=55.5%时，上层与下层的Pareto 有效前沿. 图中，CVaR RIES 为RIES 收益风险，D B 为RIES 利润的相反数. 可以看出，利用改进的多目标鲸鱼算法得到的Pareto 解集较均匀地分布在Pareto 前沿上，具有较好的分布性. Pareto 解集中的每一点对应在该利润与收益损失风险下的RIES 及各VEP 的优化运行策略. 系统调度员可以根据实际中的不同情况，平衡RIES 风险与利润、各VEP 的偏差与成本进行决策，寻找合适的最优折中解.为了说明Pareto 最优解集为有效解，当α=55.5%时双层模型中各目标函数的收敛情况如图8所示. 图中，D VEP 为调度偏差功率，N it 为迭代次数.图 7 α=55.5% 时的 Pareto 有效前沿Fig.7 Pareto frontier for α=55.5%表 5 不同置信概率下的结果比较Tab.5 Results with different confidence probabilitiesα/%空间约束参数B RIES /（105美元）CVaR RIES P OE /%ΓW ,tΓe L ,t6019.230.28.220.982 50.0255.517.627.48.450.911 80.094514.521.68.710.784 5 1.11309.714.69.280.536 124.2320 5.98.69.530.351 3100.00100.590.899.660.351 3100.00186浙 江 大 学 学 报（工学版）第 55 卷。
自供电式同步翻转电荷提取电路的优
装备环境工程第19卷第11期·62·EQUIPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING2022年11月自供电式同步翻转电荷提取电路的优化设计邱泓程1，隋丽1，王东亚2（1.北京理工大学 机电工程与控制国家级重点实验室，北京 100081；2.西北工业集团有限公司，西安 710043）摘要：目的解决现有接口电路俘能效率低、开关控制电路模块结构复杂等问题。
方法基于电压翻转及电荷提取技术，提出一种自供电式同步翻转电荷提取的压电能量俘获电路（Self-Powered Optimized Synchronous Inversion and Charge Extraction Circuit，SP-OSICE）。
该电路设计了2个电压峰值检测电路，检测压电换能器两端电压峰值，并在正峰值处进行一次电压翻转，然后在负峰值处采用同步电荷提取方法，提取压电换能器寄生电容上储存的电荷，提高能量的收集效率。
结果在低负载区，SP-OSICE电路的输出功率略低于SICE 电路的输出功率，随着负载电压的增大，SP-OSICE电路的输出功率略高于SICE电路，且可达到全桥整流电路最大输出功率的6倍以上。
结论 SP-OSICE电路优化了SICE电路中的开关控制策略，无需整流桥结构，提高了接口电路的输出功率。
整体电路采用自供电设计，无需外部辅助电路控制晶体管通断，降低了电路结构的复杂性。
仿真和实验结果均验证了SP-OSICE电路的优势。
关键词：压电能量俘获；接口电路；自供电；峰值检测；同步翻转；电荷提取中图分类号：TJ43 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-9242(2022)11-0062-07DOI：10.7643/ issn.1672-9242.2022.11.009Optimized Design of Self-powered Synchronous Inversionand Charge Extraction CircuitQIU Hong-cheng1, SUI Li1, WANG Dong-ya2(1.Science and Technology on Electromechanical Dynamic Control Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Technology,Beijing 100081, China; 2.Northwest Industries Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710043, China)ABSTRACT: Aiming at the problems of low energy capture efficiency of existing interface circuits and complex structure of switch control modules, this paper presents a self-powered optimized synchronous inversion and charge extraction (hereinafter referred to as SP-OSICE) circuit,in which two passive peak detectors are employed to detect the extreme vibration displacement of the piezoelectric transducer. At the positive maximum, the voltage of the piezoelectric transducer is inversed. While at the negative maximum, the accumulated charge on the piezoelectric transducer is extracted, which can improve the energy capture efficiency of the interface circuit. The simulated and experimental results show that the output power of the SP-OSICE circuit is slightly lower than that of the SICE circuit when connected to the load with low impedance value, and higher than that of the收稿日期：2022–09–15；修订日期：2022–10–26Received：2022-09-15；Revised：2022-10-26作者简介：邱泓程（1999—），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为能量俘获电路设计及优化。