雅思阅读预测真题库3参考答案
雅思阅读(综合)模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)
雅思阅读（综合）模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ModuleReading Module (60 minutes)The way the brain buysSupermarkets take great care over the way the goods they sell are arranged. This is because they know a lot about how to persuade people to buy things.When you enter a supermarket, it takes some time for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is why the area immediately inside the entrance of a supermarket is known as the ‘decompression zone’. People need to slow down and take stock of the surroundings, even if they are regulars. Supermarkets do not expect to sell much here, so it tends to be used more for promotion. So the large items piled up here are designed to suggest that there are bargains further inside the store, and shoppers are not necessarily expected to buy them. Walmart, the world’s biggest retailer, famously employs ‘greeters’ at the entrance to its stores. A friendly welcome is said to cut shoplifting. It is harder to steal from nice people.Immediately to the left in many supermarkets is a ‘chill zone’, where customers can enjoy browsing magazines, books and DVDs. This is intended to tempt unplanned purchases and slow customers down. But people who just want to do their shopping quickly will keep walking ahead, and the first thing they come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. However, for shoppers, this makes no sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the beginning, of a shopping trip. But psychology is at work here: selecting these items makes people feel good, so they feel less guilty about reaching for less healthy food later on.Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, are invariably placed towards the back of a store to provide more opportunity to tempt customers to buy things which are not on their shopping list. This is why pharmacies are also generally at the back. But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost ‘dwell time’: the length of time people spend in a store.Having walked to the end of the fruit-and-vegetable aisle, shoppers arrive at counters of prepared food, the fishmonger, the butcher and the deli. Then there is the in-store bakery, which can be smelt before it is seen. Even small supermarkets now use in-store bakeries. Mostly these bake pre-prepared items and frozen ingredients which have been delivered to the supermarket previously, and their numbers have increased, even though central bakeries that deliver to a number of stores are much more efficient. They do it for the smell of freshly baked bread, which arouses people’s appetites and thus encourages them to purchase not just bread but also other food, including ready meals.Retailers and producers talk a lot about the ‘moment of truth’. This is not a philosophical idea, but the point when people standing in the aisle decide to buy something and reach to get it. At the instant coffee section, for example, branded products from the big producers are arranged at eye level while cheaper ones arelower down, along with the supermarket’s own-label products.But shelf positioning is fiercely fought over, not just by those trying to sell goods, but also by those arguing over how best to manipulate shoppers. While many stores reckon eye level is the top spot, some think a little higher is better. Others think goods displayed at the end of aisles sell the most because they have the greatest visibility. To be on the right-hand side of an eye-level selection is often considered the very best place, because most people are right-handed and most people’s eyes drift rightwards. Some supermarkets reserve that for their most expensive own-label goods.Scott Bearse, a retail expert with Deloitte Consulting in Boston, Massachusetts, has led projects observing and questioning tens of thousands of customers about how they feel about shopping. People say they leave shops empty-handed more often because they are ‘unable to decide’than because prices are too high, says Mr Bearse. Getting customers to try something is one of the best ways of getting them to buy, adds Mr Bearse. Deloitte found that customers who use fitting rooms in order to try on clothes buy the product they are considering at a rate of 85% compared with 58% for those that do not do so.Often a customer struggling to decide which of two items is best ends up not buying either. In order to avoid a situation where a customer decides not to buy either product, a third ‘decoy’ item, which is not quite as good as the other two, is placed beside them to make the choice easier and more pleasurable. Happier customers are more likely to buy.Questions 1-4Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.1．正确答案：promotion解析：Supermarkets do not expect to sell much here, so it tends to be used more for promotion.(首段第四句)2．正确答案：unplanned purchases解析：This is intended to tempt unplanned purchases and slow customers down.(第二段第二句)3．正确答案：fruit and vegetables解析：But people who just want to do their shopping quickly will keep walking ahead, and the first thing they come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. (第二段第三句)4．正确答案：popular items解析：But supermarkets know shoppers know this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have to walk all along the aisle looking for them.(第三段第三句)Questions 5-7Complete the flow chart below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.5．正确答案：frozen ingredients解析：Mostly these bake pre-prepared items and frozen ingredients which have been delivered to the supermarket previously,... (第四段第四句)6．正确答案：appetites解析：They do it for the smell of freshly baked bread, which arouses people’s appetites and thus... (第四段末句)7．正确答案：ready meals解析：... thus encourages them to purchase not just bread but also other food, including ready meals. (第四段末句)In the last decade a revolution has occurred in the way that scientists think about the brain. We now know that the decisions humans make can be traced to the firing patterns of neurons in specific parts of the brain. These discoveries have led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. A brain that can do this is an iconoclastic one. Briefly, an iconoclast is a person who does something that others say can’t be done.This definition implies that iconoclasts are different from other people, but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. Each of these three functions utilizes a different circuit in the brain. Naysayers might suggest that the brain is irrelevant, that thinking in an original, even revolutionary, way is more a matter of personality than brain function. But the field of neuroeconomics was born out of the realization that the physical workings of the brain place limitations on the way we make decisions. By understanding these constraints, we begin to understand why some people march to a different drumbeat.Questions 1 and 2Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.8．Neuroeconomics is a field of study which seeks toA．cause a change in how scientists understand brain chemistry.B．understand how good decisions are made in the brain.C．understand how the brain is linked to achievement in competitive fields.D．trace the specific firing patterns of neurons in different areas of the brain.正确答案：C解析：... led to the field known as neuroeconomics, which studies the brain’s secrets to success in an economic environment that demands innovation and being able to do things differently from competitors. (第一段第三句)9．According to the writer, iconoclasts are distinctive becauseA．they create unusual brain circuits.B．their brains function differently.C．their personalities are distinctive.D．they make decisions easily.正确答案：B解析：... but more precisely, it is their brains that are different in three distinct ways: perception, fear response, and social intelligence. (第二段首句)Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning times. ‘You design the model to make that time,’says Mason. ‘A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting nation.Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying —and many have tried. Some years ago, the Australian Institute of Sport unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’times. Now everyone uses them.Questions 1 and 2Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.10．What is produced to help an athlete plan their performance in a sport event?正确答案：(a) competition model解析：Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’... (第一段第二句)11．By how much did some cyclists’ performance improve at the 1996 Olympic Games?正确答案：two per cent // 2%解析：At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ times. (第二段最后一句)。
剑桥雅思13Test3雅思阅读passage 3真题+解析
剑桥雅思13Test3雅思阅读passage 3真题+解析相关阅读：剑桥雅思13Test3阅读passage3真题+翻译体载议论文主题内容本文探讨了哈拉帕文明的衰落与气候变迁的关系。
结构A段:哈拉帕文明简介。
B段:往日的繁荣。
C段:衰败起因的猜想和证据的缺失。
D段:发现先前考古证据的谬误E段:新的决定性证据:气候变迁。
F段:同时期其他文明消亡与气候变迁的关联性G段:通过对农耕和器具的调研得到新的启示。
H段:研究古代劳动人民应对气候变迁的意义。
剑桥雅思13Test3雅思阅读passage3题目如下：Questions 27-31Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs, A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27 proposed explanations for the decline of the Harappan Civilisation28 reference to a present-day application of some archaeological research findings29 a difference between the Harappan Civilisation and another culture of the sameperiod30 a description of some features of Harappan urban design31 reference to the discovery of errors made by previous archaeologistsQuestions 27-31答案解析：●题目类型: Matching信息配对题属于雅思题型中难度最大的细节题之一。
雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编3
雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编3(总分：80.00，做题时间：90分钟)You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.LEARNING BY EXAMPLESA Learning Theory is rooted in the work of Ivan Pavlov, the famous scientist who discovered and documented the principles governing how animals(humans included)learn in the 1900s. Two basic kinds of learning or conditioning occur, one of which is famously known as the classical conditioning. Classical conditioning happens when an animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus(signal)with a stimulus that has intrinsic meaning based on how closely in time the two stimuli are presented. The classic example of classical conditioning is a dog's ability to associate the sound of a bell(something that originally has no meaning to the dog)with the presentation of food(something that has a lot of meaning for the dog)a few moments later. Dogs are able to learn the association between bell and food, and will salivate immediately after hearing the bell once this connection has been made. Years of learning research have led to the creation of a highly precise learning theory that can be used to understand and predict how and under what circumstances most any animal will learn, including human beings, and eventually help people figure out how to change their behaviors.B Role models are a popular notion for guiding child development, but in recent years very interesting research has been done on learning by example in other animals. If the subject of animal learning is taught very much in terms of classical or operant conditioning, it places too much emphasis on how we allow animals to learn and not enough on how they are equipped to learn. To teach a course of mine I have been dipping profitably into a very interesting and accessible compilation of papers on social learning in mammals, including chimps and human children, edited by Heyes and Galef(1996).C The research reported in one paper started with a school field trip to Israel to a pine forest where many pine cones were discovered, stripped to the central core. So the investigation started with no weighty theoretical intent, but was directed at finding out what was eating the nutritious pine seeds and how they managed to get them out of the cones. The culprit proved to be the versatile and athletic black rat(Rattus rattus)and the technique was to bite each cone scale off at its base, in sequence from base to tip following the spiral growth pattern of the cone.D Urban black rats were found to lack the skill and were unable to learn it even if housed with experienced cone strippers. However, infants of urban mothers cross fostered to stripper mothers acquired the skill, whereas infants of stripper mothers fostered by an urban mother could not. Clearly the skill had to be learned from the mother. Further elegant experiments showed that naive adults could develop the skill if they were provided with cones from which the first complete spiral of scales had been removed; rather like our new photocopier which you can work out how to use once someone has shown you how to switch it on. In the case of rats, the youngsters take cones away from the mother when she is still feeding on them, allowing them to acquire the complete stripping skill.E A good example of adaptive bearing we might conclude, but let's see the economies. This was determined by measuring oxygen uptake of a rat stripping a cone in a metabolic chamber to calculate energetic cost and comparing it with the benefit of the pine seeds measured by calorimeter. The cost proved to be less than 10% of the energetic value of the cone. An acceptable profit margin.F A paper in 1996 Animal Behaviour by Bednekoff and Balda provides a different view of the adaptiveness of social learning. It concerns the seed caching behaviour of Clark's nutcracker(Nucifraga columbiana)and the Mexican jay(Aphelocoma ultramarina). The former is a specialist, caching 30,000 or so seeds in scattered locations that it will recover over the months of winter; the Mexican jay will also cache food but is much less dependent upon this than the nutcracker. The two species also differ in their social structure, the nutcracker being rather solitary while the jay forages in social groups.G The experiment is to discover not just whether a bird canremember where it hid a seed but also if it can remember where it saw another bird hide a seed. The design is slightly comical with a cacher bird wandering about a room with lots of holes in the floor hiding food in some of the holes, while watched by an observer bird perched in a cage. Two days later cachers and observers are tested for their discovery rate against an estimated random performance. In the role of cacher, not only nutcracker but also the less specialised jay performed above chance; more surprisingly, however, jay observers were as successful as jay cachers whereas nutcracker observers did no better than chance. It seems that, whereas the nutcracker is highly adapted at remembering where it hid its own seeds, the social living Mexican jay is more adept at remembering, and so exploiting, the caches of others.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.（分数：8.00）(1).A comparison between rats' learning and human learning（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：D）解析：解析：利用反向思维词“rat’s learning”和“human learning”定位于段落D第四行“Furtherelegant experiments showed that naive adults could develop the skill…；rather like ournew photocopier which you can work out how to use once someone has shown you how toswitch it on”。
雅思考试阅读理解模拟预测试题及答案解析
雅思考试阅读理解模拟预测试题及答案解析雅思考试阅读理解模拟预测试题及答案解析生活的全部意义在于无穷地探索尚未知道的东西，在于不断地增加更多的知识。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的`雅思考试阅读理解模拟预测试题及答案解析，希望对正在关注的您有所帮助!Alok Jha, science correspondentThursday January 11, 2007The Guardian1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which kills tumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects.3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working on the virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymour's pioneering techniques.4. One of the country's leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that kill cancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. "In principle, you've got something which could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy," he said.5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body's local immune system. "If a cancer doesn't do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there's no immune system to stop them replicating. You canregard it as the cancer's Achilles' heel."6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a million copies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat the process," said Prof Seymour.7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standard cancer drugs. "It's an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killing drug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we've had before."8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previously injected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessible or has spread throughout the body.9. Prof Seymour's innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body's immune system, effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood and reach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver viruses to tumours via the bloodstream without the body's immune system destroying them on the way.10. "What we've done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it - it's a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemical modifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and mopped up by the body's immune system.12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, which sometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears. "There's an awful statistic of patients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," said Prof Seymour.13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normally causes a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccine against smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus will be needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coated viruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will be examined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopes that one day it might be applied to all cancers.(665 words)Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 1-6 write TRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1.Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.2.Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about ProfessorSeymour’s work on the virus therapy.3.Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.4.Cancer’s Achilles’ heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.5.To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.6.Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used asa new way to treat drug-resistant tumors.Question 7-9Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.rmation about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found(A) on TV(B) in magazines(C) on internet(D) in newspapers8.To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to(A) change the body’ immune system(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.(C) increase the amount of injection(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.9.When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.(B) will be wiped out by the body’s immune system.(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.Questions 10-13Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use each word once.NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.In the first clinical trials, scien tists will try to ……10…… adenovirus and vaccinia, so both the viruses will be less pathogenic than the ……11…….These uncoated viruses will be applied directly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right ……12…… needed. The experiments wi ll firstly be ……13……to the treatment of certain cancers List of Wordsdosage responding smallpox virusdisable natural ones injectdirected treatment cold-like illnesskill patients examinedAnswers Keys:1.答案：FALSE (见第2段：If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy 只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题7-阅读Test 3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Ant IntelligenceWhen we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence. Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingle s, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote, Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment. They farm fungi, raise aphids* as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child lab our, exchange information ceaselessly. They do everything but watch television.'However, in ants there is no cultural transmission -everything must be encoded in the genes -whereas in humans the opposite is true. Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up. It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand years ago but been totally overtaken by modern human agribusiness.Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves - but some fungi can. They therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might ac t as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilize the crop.It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 8 62 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neighbouring ant colonies.Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house of intelligence -the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplishedby humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson's magnificent work for ant lovers, The Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This 'megalopolis' was reported to be compose d of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4, 500 interconnected nests a cross a territory of 2.7 square kilometres.Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago. Beside this, prehistoric ma n looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind? Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update in their heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.And in a twelve-year programmed of work, Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams. They engaged in contact sessions, at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been. Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odor clues. Discussion now centres on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a 'left-right' sequence of turns or as a 'compass bearing and distance ' message.During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals - even without the paint spots used to mark them. It's no surprise that Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the company of ants', advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: 'Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.' Question 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1. Ants use the same channels of communication as humans do.2. City life is one factor that encourages the development of intelligence.3. Ants can build large cities more quickly than humans do.4. Some ants can find their way by making calculations based on distance and position.5. In one experiment, foraging teams were able to use their sense of smell to find food.6. The essay, ‘In the company of ants’, explores ant communication.Question 7-13Complete the summary using the list of words, A-O, below.Write the correct letter, A-O, in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.Ants have sophisticated methods of farming, including herding livestock and growing crops, which are in many ways similar to those used in human agriculture. The ants cultivate a largenumber of different species of edible fungi which convert 7 …………into a form which they can digest. They use their own natural8………… as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9………… Genetic analysis shows they constantly upgrade these fungi by developing new species and by 10 …………species with neighbouring ant colonies. In fact, the forming methods of ants could be said to be more advanced than human agribusiness, since they use 11 …………methods, they do not affect the 12………… and do not waste 13 ………… .You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Population movements and geneticsA Study of the origins and distribution of human populations used to be based on archaeological and fossil evidence. A number of techniques developed since the 1950s, however, have placed the study of these subjects on a sounder and more objective footing. The best information on early population movements is now being obtained from the 'archaeology of the living body', the clues to be found in genetic material.B Recent work on the problem of when people first entered the Americas is an example of the value of these new techniques. North-east Asia and Siberia have long been accepted as the launching ground for the first human colonizers of the New World. But was there one major wave of migration across the Bering Strait into the Americas, or several? And when did this event, or events, take place？In recent years, new clues have come from research into genetics, including the distribution of genetic markers in modern Native Americans.C An important project, led by the biological anthropologist Robert Williams, focused on the variants (called Gm allotypes) of one particular protein -immunoglobin G-found in the fluid portion of human blood. All proteins 'drift', or produce variants, over the generations, and members of an interbreeding human population will share a set of such variants. Thus, by comparing the Gm allotypes of two different populations (e.g. two Indian tribes), one can establish their genetic 'distance', which itself can be calibrated to give an indication of the length of time since these populations last interbred.D Williams and his colleagues sampled the blood of over 5,000 American Indians in western North America during a twenty- year period. They found that their Gm allotypes could be divided into two groups, one of which also corresponded to the genetic typing of Central and South American Indians. Other tests showed that the Inuit (or Eskimo) and Aleut formed a third group. From this evidence it was deduced that there had been three major waves of migration across the Bering Strait. The first, Paleo-lndian, wave more than 15,000 years ago was ancestral to all Central and South American Indians. The second wave, about 14,000-12,000 years ago, brought Na-Dene hunters, ancestors of the Navajo and Apache (who only migrated south from Canada about 600 or 700 years ago). The third wave, perhaps 10,000 or 9,000 years ago, saw the migration from North-east Asia of groups ancestral to the modern Eskimo and Aleut.E How far does other research support these conclusions ？Geneticist Douglas Wallace has studied mitochondrial DNA in blood samples from three widely separated Native American groups: Pima- Papago Indians in Arizona, Maya Indians on the Y ucatan peninsula, Mexico, and Ticuna Indians in the Upper Amazon region of Brazil. As would have been predicted by Robert Williams's work, all three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral (Paleo-lndian) population.F There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages. The biological anthropologist Christy Turner is an expert in the analysis of changing physical characteristics in human teeth. He argues that tooth crowns and roots have a high genetic component, minimally affected by environmental and other factors. Studies carried out by Turner of many thousands of New and Old World specimens, both ancient and modern, suggest that the majority of prehistoric Americans are linked to Northern Asian populations by crown and root traits such as incisor shoveling (a scooping out on one or both surfaces of the tooth), single-rooted upper first premolars and triple-rooted lower first molars.According to Turner, this ties in with the idea of a single Paleo-lndian migration out of North Asia, which he sets at before 14,000 years ago by calibrating rates of dental micro-evolution. Tooth analyses also suggest that there were two later migrations of Na-Denes and Eskimo- Aleut.G The linguist Joseph Greenberg has, since the 1950s, argued that all Native American languages belong to a single 'Amerind' family, except for Na-Dene and Eskimo-Aleut - a view that gives credence to the idea of three main migrations. Greenberg is in a minority among fellow linguists, most of whom favour the notion of a great many waves of migration to account for the more than 1,000 languages spoken at one time by American Indians. But there is no doubt that the new genetic and dental evidence provides strong backing for Greenberg's view. Dates given for the migrations should nevertheless be treated with caution, except where supported by hard archaeological evidence.Question 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-GChoose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-x, into boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.14Section A15Section A16Section A17Section A18Section A19Section AThe discussion of Williams's research indicates the periods at which early people are thought to have migrated along certain routes. There are six routes, A-F, marked on the map below. Complete the table below.Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.Early Population Movement to the AmericasQuestion 22-25Reading Passage 2 refers to the three-wave theory of early migration to the Americas. It also suggests in which of these three waves the ancestors of various groups of modem native Americans first reached the continent.Classify the groups named in the table below as originating fromA the first waveB the second waveC the third waveWrite the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.26. Christy Turner's research involved the examination ofA. teeth from both prehistoric and modem Americans and Asians.B. thousands of people who live in either the New or the Old World.C. dental specimens from the majority of prehistoric Americans.D. the eating habits of American and Asian populations.Reading Passage 3You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Forests are one of the main elements of our natural heritage. The decline of Europe's forests over the last decade and a half has led to an increasing awareness and understanding of the serious imbalances which threaten them.European countries are becoming increasingly concerned by major threats to European forests, threats which know no frontiers other than those of geography or climate: air pollution, soil deterioration, the increasing number of forest fires and sometimes even the mismanagement of our woodland and forest heritage. There has been a growing awareness of the need for countries to get together to co-ordinate their policies. In December 1990, Strasbourg hosted the first Ministerial Conference on the protection of Europe's forests. The conference brought together 31 countries from both Western and Eastern Europe. The topics discussed included the co-ordinated study of the destruction of forests, as well as how to combat forest fires and the extension of European research programs on the forest ecosystem. The preparatory work for the conference had been undertaken at two meetings of experts. Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be the subject of joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countriestherefore had to be discarded. However, this does not mean that in future they will be ignored.As a whole, European countries see forests as performing a triple function: biological, economic and recreational. The first is to act as a 'green lung' for our planet; by means of photosynthesis, forests produce oxygen through the transformation of solar energy, thus fulfilling what for humans is the essential role of an immense, non-polluting power plant. At the same time, forests provide raw materials for human activities through their constantly renewed production of wood. Finally, they offer those condemned to spend five days a week in an urban environment an unrivalled area of freedom to unwind and take part in a range of leisure activities, such as hunting, riding and hiking. The economic importance of forests has been understood since the dawn of man - wood was the first fuel. The other aspects have been recognised only for a few centuries but they are becoming more and more important. Hence, there is a real concern throughout Europe about the damage to the forest environment which threatens these three basic roles.The myth of the 'natural' forest has survived, yet there are effectively no remaining 'primary' forests in Europe. All European forests are artificial, having been adapted and exploited by man for thousands of years. This means that a forest policy is vital, that it must transcend national frontiers and generations of people, and that it must allow for the inevitable changes that take place in the forests, in needs, and hence in policy. The Strasbourg conference was one of the first events on such a scale to reach this conclusion. A general declaration was made that 'a central place in any ecologically coherent forest policy must be given to continuity over time and to the possible effects of unforeseen events, to ensure that the full potential of these forests is maintained'.That general declaration was accompanied by six detailed resolutions to assist national policy-making. The first proposes the extension and systematisation of surveillance sites to monitor forest decline. Forest decline is still poorly understood but leads to the loss of a high proportion of a tree's needles or leaves. The entire continent and the majority of species are now affected: between 30%and 50% of the tree population. The condition appears to result from the cumulative effect of a number of factors, with atmospheric pollutants the principal culprits. Compounds of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide should be particularly closely watched. However, their effects are probably accentuated by climatic factors, such as drought and hard winters, or soil imbalances such as soil acidification, which damages the roots. The second resolution concentrates on the need to preserve the genetic diversity of European forests. The aim is to reverse the decline in the number of tree species or at least to preserve the 'genetic material' of all of them. Although forest fires do not affect all of Europe to the same extent, the amount of damage caused the experts to propose as the third resolution that the Strasbourg conference consider the establishment of a European databank on the subject. All information used in the development of national preventative policies would become generally available. The subject of the fourth resolution discussed by the ministers was mountain forests. In Europe, it is undoubtedly the mountain ecosystem which has changed most rapidly and is most at risk. A thinly scattered permanent population and development of leisure activities, particularly skiing, have resulted in significant long-term changes to the local ecosystems. Proposed developments include a preferential research program on mountain forests. The fifth resolution relaunched the European research network on the physiology of trees, called Eurosilva. Eurosilva should support joint European research on tree diseases and their physiological and biochemical aspects. Each country concerned could increase the number of scholarships and other financial support for doctoraltheses and research projects in this area. Finally, the conference established the framework for a European research network on forest ecosystems. This would also involve harmonising activities in individual countries as well as identifying a number of priority research topics relating to the protection of forests. The Strasbourg conference's main concern was to provide for the future. This was the initial motivation, one now shared by all 31 participants representing 31 European countries. Their final text commits them to on-going discussion between government representatives with responsibility for forests.Question 27-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage27. Forest problems of Mediterranean countries are to be discussed at the next meeting of experts.28. Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community.29. Forests are a renewable source of raw material.30. The biological functions of forests were recognised only in the twentieth century.31. Natural forests still exist in parts of Europe.32. Forest policy should be limited by national boundaries.33. The Strasbourg conference decided that a forest policy must allow for the possibility of change.Question 34-39Look at the following statements issued by the conference.Which six of the following statements, A-J, refer to the resolutions that were issued?Match the statements with the appropriate resolutions (Questions 34-39).Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 34-39 on your answer sheet.35Resolution 236Resolution 337Resolution 438Resolution 539Resolution 6Question 40Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.40. What is the best title for Reading Passage 3?A. The biological, economic and recreational role of forestsB. Plans to protect the forests of EuropeC. The priority of European research into ecosystemsD. Proposals for a world-wide policy on forest management参考答案1 FALSE2 TRUE3 NOT GIVEN4 TRUE5 FALSE6 NOT GIVEN7 C8 M9 F10 D11 N12 O13 E14 iv15 vii16 x17 i18 vi19 ii20 E21 D22 C23 B24 A25 A26 A27 NOT GIVEN28 FALSE29 TRUE30 FALSE31 FALSE32 FALSE33 TRUE34 J35 A36 E37 B38 G39 D40 B。
雅思真题03 配套答案
V08137S1 参考答案Answer Key V09112S1 参考答案Answer Key1 E 机器人在社会中的不同应用。
E段第4句话开始2 C 和人类成年人一个模子刻出来的机器人。
C段第2句3 F 人类易被模仿，被机器人取代。
F段末句simulate = copy4 D ASIMO和其他机器人的对比5 F 创造机器人的好处和缺陷，人们对其的看法6 B B段第2句7 17 years A段，此处词性应该填数字8 backpack A段9 interact with B段，此处词性填动词原形10 facial expressions B段11 Cog/Cognition C段12 sensors C段13 intelligence C段1 YES2 NO3 NG4 YES5 construction of roads6 cycle trailers7 a bus service8 aerial ropeway9 shops10 cushions ,11 family member12 mechanism13 a coverV09114S3参考答案Answer Key V09115S2 参考答案Answer Key 28. FALSE29. NOT GIVEN30. TRUE31. TRUE32. A33. E34. F35. C36. D37. scalp electrodes38. inspiration and elaboration39. alpha waves40. difference 14 Paragraph A --- ii15 Paragraph B ---vi16 Paragraph C ---v17 Paragraph D--- iv18 Paragraph E – ix19 Paragraph F—viii20 Paragraph G --- x21 dry season /hot season/dry periods 均可22 four months23 water24 body mass25 dehydration26 growth rate答案讨论和作者老师互动答疑，请点击后（点具体版本号）提问/ielts-408-1-1.htmlV09115S3 参考答案Answer Key V09144S2 参考答案Answer Key27 C 28 A 29 E 30 D 31 G32 Letters and numbers /alphabet and numbers 33 Glass tubes34 800km 35 (a) frictional-electricity machine 36 G 37 A 38 E39 D 40 IQuestion 14-2114-15 B E 16-17 A E 19-19 B D 20-21C DQuestion 22-2622 A : 原文B 段 第1行 23 B : 原文J 段第6行, 24 D ：原文F 段 25 C: 原文 E 段倒数第3行 26 B: 原文H 段倒数第3行， aversion [n. 厌恶，排斥] , be coerced to [被强迫去... ]V09145S3参考答案Answer Key V09149S2 参考答案Answer Key27 A 28 D 29 H : 第2行， 受欢迎的原因就是 a dislike of the high speed of culture...... , appeals to （吸引的）30 C : 原文 there is no historical evidence .......31 B : 32 H : Central scheme 中心思想和 主要的应用举例 都在 H 段33 C 34 J 35 H 36 F 37 D 38 C 39 C ： F 段倒数第4-5行， his persists in doing...gradually earns the respect...40 A14 insects. 15 unclean air16 hereditary17 life expectancy18 NG 19 YES 20 NO21 YES 22 C ： 第2行， key discoveries were made ，23 F ： 第5行allowed the epidemic to spread in order to...... 24 H 25 G 26 D: 第5行, despite its terrible side-effect....答案讨论和作者老师互动答疑，请点击后（点具体版本号）提问 /ielts-408-1-1.htmlV10117S2 参考答案Answer Key V10118S3 参考答案Answer Key1-7 List of Heading1 ix2 vii3 ii4 vi5 iii6 i7 Viii8-13 Summary8 B9 I10 G11 C12 K13 A14 Multiple choice: 14 B Question 27-3027 C28 B29 A30 BQuestions 31-35 Y/N/NG31 YES32 NOT GIVEN33 YES34 NO35 YESQuestions 36-40 Summary36 D37 B38 I39 G40 EV10119S1参考答案Answer Key V10119S3 参考答案Answer Key14-18 Matching：14 C15 A16 F17 B18 E19-22 T/F/NG: 19FALSE20 TRUE21 TRUE22 NOT GIVEN23-26 Summary DGHB Question 28-31 Matching28 E29 C30 A31 DQuestions 32-35 T/F/NG32 TRUE33 NOT GIVEN34 TRUE35 FALSEQuestion 36-40 Matching36 B37 E38 A39 F40 CV10120S3 参考答案Answer Key V10121S3 参考答案Answer Key27 i28 v29 x30 vii31 ix32 ii33 vi34 iv35 B答案为 gypsum36 C37 B38 G39 H40 D 28.F29.A30.C31.I32.M33.K34.H35.D36-39 T/F/NG:36.A37.C38.F39.D40 C , B选项修改为：more cash availableV10124S3参考答案Answer Key V10127S1 参考答案Answer Key 27 D28 C29 B30 B31 C32 B33 E34 D35 F36 NOT GIVEN37 YES38 YES39 NO40 NO 1iii 2i 3v 4viii 5x6 C7 D8 C9 B 10A 11C 12E 13GV10129S2 参考答案Answer Key V10131S2 参考答案Answer Key14 NO TGIVEN15 YES16 NO17 NOT GIVEN18 nozzle19 gauze20 rubber21 powder22 C23 D24 B25 A26 C 1450%15all of siblings1610%17Non-shared environment 1840%19interrupted20variations21conflicting22NOT GIVEN23YES24YES25YES26 CV10140S2参考答案Answer Key V10145S3 参考答案Answer Key14-17 A D E G 定位第二段18 wind 定位第三段19 pedestrians 定位第三段第三句，also = and并列关系匹配20 horizontal forces21 (excessive dynamic) vibration22 motion23 Imperial College 定位第五段24 normal forward walking25 Arup engineers 定位第六段第三句26 (the) design assumptions 定位第六段倒二句27 YES 第一段28 NOT GIVEN 第二段末句29 NO 第三段30 NOT GIVEN 倒数第三段31 social division 第二段第三句话32 machines 第二段第四句话33 John Fredersen 第二段末句34 abstract 第三段第一句话35 function 第三段第二句话36 efficiency 第五段第二句话37 C38 A 以象征的手法突出主题。
剑桥雅思阅读真题解析(推荐3篇)
剑桥雅思阅读真题解析（推荐3篇）1.剑桥雅思阅读真题解析第1篇Passage 1Question 1难度及答案：难度低;答案为iv关键词：time and place定位原文：A段最后两句“Why did this…of the 18th century?”为何这个独特的大爆炸——能带来世界性的变化的工业革命——偏偏就发生在英国?为何这个革命又偏偏在18世纪末?解题思路：A 段中提到了 happen in Britain 以及 at the end of thel8th century, 与iv 选项当中的time和place是对应的关系。
Question 2难度及答案：难度低;答案为viii关键词：conditions required定位原文：B 段第 2 句“There are about 20 different…he ” 他说：“大约有 20种不同的因素，而且所有的这些因素在工革命发生之前就已存在。
”解题思路：B段中主要论述的是工业革命在英国发生的前提条件，与其他不同的国家做出了对比。
Question 3难度及答案：难度低;答案为vii关键词：Two keys定位原文：C 段第 2 句“Tea and beer, two fuelled the ” 茶和啤酒，这两种在全国最受欢迎的饮料，就是工业革命的导火线。
解题思路：C段主要论述的是茶和啤酒在英国工业革命当中的作用。
Question 4难度及答案：难度低;答案为i关键词：reasons, an increase in population定位原文：D段第4、6句“But then there possible ” 但是在那时(18世纪中期)，英国的人口是爆发增长的……人们觉得有四种原因是导致这种现象发生。
解题思路：D段主要论述英国人口快速增长的背后潜在原因。
Question 5难度及答案：难度低;答案为vi关键词：Changes, drinking habits定位原文：E段第4、9、10句“Some digging it suddenly dropped ”一些历史记录揭示了当时水污染疾病的发生率发生了改变，特别是痢疾……穷人因此转向喝水和松子酒，在18世纪20年代人口的死亡率又开始上升。
剑桥雅思真题5-阅读Test3(附答案)
剑桥雅思真题5-阅读Test3（附答案）Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Early Childhood EducationNew Zealand's National Party spokesman on education, Dr Lockwood Smith, recently visited the US and Britain. Here he reports on the findings of his trip and what they could mean for NewZealand's education policyA'Education To Be More' was published last August. It was the report of the New Zealand Government's Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. The report argued for enhanced equity of access and better funding for childcare and early childhood education institutions. Unquestionably, that's a real need; but since parents don't normally send children to pre-schools until the age of three, are we missing out on the most important years of all?BA 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown that, by the age of three, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words — most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives.Furthermore, research has shown that while every child is born with a natural curiosity, it can be suppressed dramatically during the second and third years of life. Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life, and during the first three years children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school. Once over the age of three, children continue to expand on existing knowledge of the world.CIt is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system. That's observed not just in New Zealand, but also in Australia, Britain and America. In an attempt to overcome that educational under-achievement, a nationwide programme called 'Headstart' was launched in the United States in 1965. A lot of money was poured into it. It took children into pre-school institutions at the age of three and was supposed to help the children of poorer families succeed in school.Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. It is thought that there are two explanations for this. First, the programme began too late. Many children who entered it at the age of three were already behind their peers in language and measurable intelligence. Second, the parents were not involved. At the end of each day, 'Headstart' children returned to the same disadvantaged home environment.DAs a result of the growing research evidence of the importance of the first three years of a child's life and the disappointing results from 'Headstart', a pilot programme was launched in Missouri in the US that focused on parents as the child's first teachers. The 'Missouri' programme was predicated on research showing that working with the family, rather than bypassing the parents, is the most effective way of helping children get off to the best possible start in life. The four-year pilot study included 380 families who were about to have their first child and whorepresented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations. They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at home.The programme involved trained parent — educators visiting the parents' home and working with the parent, or parents, and the child. Information on child development, and guidance on things to look for and expect as the child grows were provided, plus guidance in fostering the child's intellectual, language, social and motor-skill development. Periodic check-ups of the child's educational and sensory development (hearing and vision) were made to detect possible handicaps that interfere with growth and development. Medical problems were referred to professionals.Parent-educators made personal visits to homes and monthly group meetings were held with other new parents to share experience and discuss topics of interest. Parent resource centres, located in school buildings, offered learning materials for families and facilitators for child care.EAt the age of three, the children who had been involved in the 'Missouri' programme were evaluated alongside a cross-section of children selected from the same range of socio-economic backgrounds and family situations, and also a random sample of children that age. The results were phenomenal. By the age of three, the children in the programme were significantly more advanced in language development than their peers, had made greater strides in problem solving and other intellectual skills, and were further along in social development. In fact, the average child on the programme was performing at the level of the top 15 to 20 per cent of their peers in such things as auditory comprehension, verbal ability and language ability.Most important of all, the traditional measures of 'risk', such as parents' age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures of achievement and language development. Children in the programme performed equally well regardless of socio-economic disadvantages. Child abuse was virtually eliminated. The one factor that was found to affect the child's development was family stress leading to a poor quality of parent-child interaction. That interaction was not necessarily bad in poorer families.FThese research findings are exciting. There is growing evidence in New Zealand that children from poorer socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that disadvantage. The initiative outlined above could break that cycle of disadvantage. The concept of working with parents in their homes, or at their place of work, contrasts quite markedly with the report of the Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. Their focus is on getting children and mothers access to childcare and institutionalized early childhood education. Education from the age of three to five is undoubtedly vital, but without a similar focus on parent education and on the vital importance of the first three years, some evidence indicates that it will not be enough to overcome educational inequity.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has six sections, A-F.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 details of the range of family types involved in an education programme2 reasons why a child's early years are so important3 reasons why an education programme failed4 a description of the positive outcomes of an education programmeQuestions 5-10Classify the following features as characterisingA the 'Headstart' programmeB the 'Missouri' programmeC both the 'Headstart' and the 'Missouri' programmesD neither the 'Headstart' nor the 'Missouri' programmeWrite the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.5 was administered to a variety of poor and wealthy families6 continued with follow-up assistance in elementary schools7 did not succeed in its aim8 supplied many forms of support and training to parents9 received insufficient funding10 was designed to improve pre-schoolers’ educational developmentQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this11 Most ‘Missouri’ programme three-year-olds scored highly in areas such as listening speaking, reasoning and interacting with others.12 ‘Missouri’ programme children of young, uneducated, single parents scored less highly on the tests.13 The richer families in the ‘Missouri’ programme had higher stress levels.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 14-26 which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Disappearing DeltaA The fertile land of the Nile delta is being eroded along Egypt's Mediterranean coast at an astounding rate, in some parts estimated at 100 metres per year. In the past, land scoured away from the coastline by the current of the Mediterranean Sea used to be replaced by sediment brought down to the delta by the River Nile, but this is no longer happening.B Up to now, people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt, which hold back virtually oil of the sediment that used to flow down the river. Before the dams were built, the Nile Bowed freely, carrying huge quantities of sediment north from Africa's interior to be deposited on the Nile delta. This continued for 7000 years, eventually covering a region of over 22,000 square kilometres with layers of fertile silt. Annual flooding brought in new, nutrient-rich soil to the delta region, replacing what had been washed away by the sea, and dispensing with the need for fertilizers in Egypt’s richest food-growing area. But when the Aswan dams were constructed in the 20th century to provide electricity and irrigation, and to protect the huge population centre of Cairo and its surrounding areas from annual flooding and drought, most of the sediment with its natural fertilizer accumulated up above the dam in thesouthern, upstream half of Lake Nasser, instead of passing down to the delta.C Now, however, there turns out to be more to the story. It appears that the sediment-free water emerging from the Aswan dams picks up silt and sand as it erodes the river bed and banks on the 800-kilometre trip lo Cairo. Daniel Jean Stanley of the Smithsonian Institute noticed that water samples taken in Cairo, just before the river enters the delta, indicated that the river sometimes carries more than 850 grams of sediment per cubic metre of water - almost half of what it carried before the dams were built. ‘I’m ashamed to say that the significance of this didn't strike me until after I had read 50 or 60 studies,’ says Stanley in Marine Geology. "There is still a lot of sediment coming into the delta, but virtually no sediment comes out into the Mediterranean to replenish the coastline.So this sediment must be trapped on the delta itself.’D Once north of Cairo, most of the Nile water is diverted into more than 10,000 kilometres of irrigation canals and only a small proportion reaches the sea directly through the rivers in the delta. The water in the irrigation canals is still or very slow-moving and thus cannot carry sediment, Stanley explains. The sediment sinks to the bottom of the canals and then is added to fields by farmers or pumped with the water into the four large freshwater lagoons that are located near the outer edges of the delta. So very little of it actually reaches the coastline to replace what is being washed away by the Mediterranean currents.E The farms on the delta plains and fishing and aquaculture in the lagoons account for much of Egypt's food supply. But by the time the sediment has come to rest in the fields and lagoons it is laden with municipal, industrial and agricultural waste from the Cairo region, which is home to more than 40 million people. Pollutants are building up faster and faster,’ says Stanley. Based on his investigations of sediment from the delta lagoons, Frederic Siegel of George Washington University concurs.’ In Manzalah Lagoon, for example, the increase in mercury, lead and zinc coincided with the building of the High Dam at Aswan, the availability of cheap electricity, and the development of major power-based industries,’ he says. Since that time the concentration of mercury has increased significantly. Lead from engines that use leaded fuels and from other industrial sources has also increased dramatically. These poisons can easily enter the food chain, affecting the productivity of fishing and farming. Another problem is that agricultural wastes include fertilizers which stimulate increases in plant growth in the lagoons and upset the ecology of the area, with serious effects on the fishing industry.F According to Siegel, international environmental organisations are beginning to pay closer attention to the region, partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the Nile delta, but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Mediterraneancoastal ecosystem. But there are no easy solutions. In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available. ‘In my view, Egypt must devise a way to have more water running through the river and the delta,’ says Stanley. Easier said than done in a desert region with a rapidly growing population. Question 14-17Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B and D-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi. Effects of irrigation on sedimentationii. The danger of flooding the Cairo areaiii. Causing pollution in the Mediterraneaniv. Interrupting a natural processv. The threat to food productionvi. Less valuable sediment than beforevii. Egypt's disappearing coastline16Paragraph E17Paragraph FQuestion 18-23Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-23 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this18. Coastal erosion occurred along Egypt’s Mediterranean coast before the building of the Aswan dams.19. Some people predicted that the Aswan dams would cause land loss before they were built.20. The Aswan dams were built to increase the fertility of the Nile delta.21. Stanley found that the levels of sediment in the river water in Cairo were relatively high.22. Sediment in the irrigation canals on the Nile delta causes flooding.23. Water is pumped from the irrigation canals into the lagoons.Question 24-26Complete the summary of paragraphs E and F with the list of words A-H below.Write the correct letter A-H into boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.In addition to the problem of coastal erosion, there has been a marked increase in-the level of 24 ………… contained in the silt deposited in the Nile delta. To deal with this, Stanley suggeststhe use of 25………… in the short term, and increasing the amount of water available throughYou should spend about 20 minutes on QUESTIONS 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.The Return of Artificial IntelligenceIt is becoming acceptable again to talk of computers performing human tasks such asproblem-solving and pattern-recognitionA After years in the wilderness, the term 'artificial intelligence’ (Al) seems poised to make a comeback. Al was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s. It re-entered public consciousness with the release of Al, a movie about a robot boy. This has ignited public debate about Al, but the term is also being used once more within the computer industry. Researchers, executives and marketing people are now using the expression without irony or inverted commas. And it is not always hype. The term is being applied, with some justification, to products that depend on technology that was originally developed by Al researchers. Admittedly, the rehabilitation of the term has a long way to go, and some firms still prefer to avoid using it. But the fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that Al has moved on from being seen as an over-ambitious and under-achieving field of research.B The field was launched, and the term 'artificial intelligence' coined, at a conference in 1956 by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field. The expression provided an attractive but informative name for a research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science. The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic human abilities using machines. That said, different groups of researchers attacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways; Al unified the field in name only. But it was a term that captured the public imagination.C Most researchers agree that Al peaked around 1985. A public reared on science-fiction movies and excited by the growing power of computers had high expectations. For years, Al researchers had implied that a breakthrough was just around the corner. Marvin Minsky said in 1967 that within a generation the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence, would besubstantially solved. Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs and speech recognition software appeared to be making progress. It proved to be a false dawn. Thinking computers and household robots failed to materialise, and a backlash ensued. There was undue optimism in the early 1980s,’ says David Leake, a researcher at Indiana University. Then when people realised these were hard problems, there was retrenchment. By the late 1980s, the term Al was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on.'D Ironically, in some ways Al was a victim of its own success. Whenever an apparently mundane problem was solved, such as building a system that could land an aircraft unattended, the problem was deemed not to have been Al in the first place. 'If it works, it can't be Al,’ as Dr Leake characterises it. The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way was that Al came to refer to 'blue-sky* research that was still years away from commercialisation. Researchers joked that Al stood for 'almost implemented'. Meanwhile, the technologies that made it onto the market, such as speech recognition, language translation and decision-support software, were no longer regarded as Al. Yet all three once fell well within the umbrella of Al research.E But the tide may now be turning, according to Dr Leake. HNC Software of San Diego, backed by a government agency, reckon that their new approach to artificial intelligence is the most powerful and promising approach ever discovered. HNC claim that their system, based on a duster of 30 processors, could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield or extract a voice signal from a noisy background - tasks humans can do well, but computers cannot. 'Whether or not their technology lives up to the claims made for it, the fact that HNC are emphasising the use of Al is itself an interesting development,’ says Dr Leake.F Another factor that may boost the prospects for Al in the near future is that investors are now looking for firms using clever technology, rather than just a clever business model, to differentiate themselves. In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categorise information - classic Al problems. That may mean that more artificial intelligence companies will start to emerge to meet this challenge.G The 1969 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey, featured an intelligent computer called HAL 9000. As well as understanding and speaking English, HAL could play chess and even learned to lipread. HAL thus encapsulated the optimism of the 1960s that intelligent computers would be widespread by 2001. But 2001 has been and gone, and there is still no sign of a HAL-like computer. Individual systems can play chess or transcribe speech, but a general theory of machine intelligence still remains elusive. It may be, however, that the comparison with HAL no longer seems quite so important, and Al can now be judged by what it can do, rather than by how well it matches up to a 30-year-old science-fiction film. 'People are beginning to realise that there are impressive things that these systems can do,' says Dr Leake hopefully.Question 27-31Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.27. how AI might have a military impact28. the fact that AI brings together a range of separate research areas29. the reason why AI has become a common topic of conversation again30. how AI could help deal with difficulties related to the amount of information available electronically31. where the expression AI was first usedQuestion 32-37Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 32-37 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this32. The researchers who launched the field of AI had worked together on other projects in the past.33. In 1985, AI was at its lowest point.34. Research into agent technology was more costly than research into neural networks.35. Applications of AI have already had a degree of success.36. The problems waiting to be solved by AI have not changed since 1967.37. The film 2001: A Space Odyssey reflected contemporary ideas about the potential of AI computersQuestion 38-40Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.38. According to researchers, in the late 1980s there was a feeling thatA. a general theory of AI would never be developed.B. original expectations of AI may not have been justified.C. a wide range of applications was close to fruition.D. more powerful computers were the key to further progress.39. In Dr Leake's opinion, the reputation of AI suffered as a result ofA. changing perceptions.B. premature implementation.C. poorly planned projectsD. commercial pressures.40. The prospects for AI may benefit fromA. existing AI applications.B. new business models.C. orders from internet-only companies.D. new investment priorities.参考答案1 D2 B3 C4 E5 B6 D7 A8 B9 D10 C11 TRUE12 FALSE13 NOT GIVEN14 iv15 i16 v17 viii18 YES19 NOT GIVEN20 NO21 YES22 NOT GIVEN23 YES24 F25 A26 B27 E28 B29 A30 F31 B32 NOT GIVEN33 FALSE34 NOT GIVEN35 TRUE35 FALSE37 TRUE38 B39 A40 D。
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Life-Casting, Can We Call It Art?
D/C/G/H/F
YES/NO/NOT GIVEN/NO/YES/YES
B/D
Multitasking Debate
F/I/C/B/G/C/B/A
YES/YES/NO/NOT GIVEN/NO
Save Endangered Language
v/x/iii/vii/viii/ii
G/C/B/E/A/D/C/D
Roller Coaster
chain/loop/gear/simple motor/ice/waxed slides/melt/wheels/coal/steam engine
NOT GIVEN/YES/YES/NO
Mammoth Kill
Hunting / overkill model / disease / empirical evidence / climatic
instability / geographical ranges(原文在题目上少留了一个空，在reduced的后面，答案就是这个词) / Younger Dryas event / A / B / A / B / B / C
The Fruit Book
D/A/C/B/E/I
fruit/fibre/uxi/unpredictable/piquia/subsistence/commercial potential/NTFPs(or non-timber forest products)
Alfred Nobel
FALSE/NOT GIVEN/FALSE/FALSE/TRUE/TRUE Chemicalengineering/Ascanio
Sobrero/gunpowder/Stockholm/detonator/pneumaticdrill/ cost
The History of Automobiles
G/A/B/D/C
internal combustion(engine)/status/93 minutes(or 1 hour 33 minutes)/(polluting)gas-guzzler/the oil crisis/fuel efficiency(or power)/fuels
B
Refrigerator
D/C/F/E/B
TRUE/FALSE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN
D
heat/paraelectric/thermoelectric/radiator
Children’s Literature
Stories/America/folklore/fairy-stories/adventures
C/A/E
FALSE/TRUE/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/TRUE
Origin of Species and Continent Formation
E/A/D/B/C/B/E/F
migrated/withering skin/tectonic pates/dispersalism/vicarisanism
Memory and Age
E/B/A/C
memory-notorious/psychological/semantic memory/episodic memory/algebra/vocabulary
C/D/B/C
Bright Children
YES/NO/YES/NOT GIVEN/NO/YES
C/A/B/D/A/C/E
Going Bananas
10,000(or ten thousan)/South-East Asia/hard seeds
F/A/D/C/E/B/C NOT GIVEN/FALSE/TRUE/
Tulip Bubble Burts in Holland
I/D/B/G/F
TRUE/FALSE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN/FALSE
fighting/commerce/flower gardens/flower lovers
Longaeva: Ancient Bristlrcone Pine
H /B /C /A /D /A /C
Energy/stratification/（bands of）bark/（dry mountain）air/ground cover/distance
Going Nowhere Fast New Transport
Mode----PRT&RUF
TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/FALSE
A/C/C/A/B/B/CEF
Biology of Bitterness
B/H/C/E/F/G/A/D
naringi/poisonous/supertasters/tatse buds
A/D
California’s Age of Megafires
spread/rain/fire seasons/climate change/10 times/(primary) fuel/C/B/D/TRUE/NOT GIVEN/TRUE/FALSE
What Do Babies Know
C/E/A/D/F
NO/NO/NOT GIVEN/NO/YES
B/D/A
What Dreams Are Made of
E/F/A/D/G/B/D/A/D/E/F/G/A/B。