雅思阅读模拟试题-音乐
雅思阅读模拟试题:音乐
Background music may seem harmless, but it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it. Recorded background music first found its way into factories, shop and restaurants in the US. But it soon spread to other arts of the world. Now it is becoming increasingly difficult to go shopping or eat a meal without listening to music. To begin with, “ muzak ” (音乐广播网) was intended simply to create a soothing (安慰) atmosphere. Recently, however, it’s become big business –thanks in part to recent research. Dr. Ronald Milliman, an American marketing expert, has shown that music can boost sales or increase factory production by as much as a third.
But, it has to be light music. A fast one has no effect at all on sales. Slow music can increase receipts by 38%. This is probably because shoppers slow down and have more opportunity to spot items they like to buy. Yet, slow music isn’t always answered. https://www.360docs.net/doc/0a17867432.html,liman found, for example, that in restaurants slow music meant customers took longer to eat their meals, which reduced overall sales. So restaurants owners might be well advised to play up-tempo music to keep the customers moving – unless of course, the resulting indigestion leads to complaints!
( )1. The reason why background music is so popular is that ______.
A. it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it
B. it can help to create a soothing atmosphere
C. it can boost sales or increase factory production everywhere
D. it can make customers eat their meals quickly
( )2. Background music means ________.
A. light music that customers enjoy most
B. fast music that makes people move fast
C. slow music that can make customers enjoy their meals
D. the music you are listening to while you are doing something
( )3. Restaurant owners complain about background music because ______.
A. it results in indigestion
B. it increases their sales
C. it keeps customers moving
D. it decreases their sales
( )4. The word “ up-tempo music” probably means_____.
A.slow music
B.fast music
C.light music
D.classical music
注释：1. spread to 传到，波及，蔓延到
2. to begin with 首先；第一点(理由)
To begin with, we must consider the faculties of the staff all-sidedly.
首先，我们必须全面地考虑全体员工的素质。
3. intend vt.想要，打算，意指，意谓
4. boost 增进；改善
We need to boost our spirits. 我们需要鼓舞士气。
5. have to be [美，口]肯定是。。。，毫无疑问是。。。
6. receipt 收据；收条When you have paid for sth., a receipt is given to you.
当你付了某个东西的钱时，就给了你收据。
接受；收到
(pl) 收入；收益higher receipts 高收入
7. slow down v.(使)慢下来
答案：1 B 2 D 3 D 4 B
雅思考试阅读模拟试题：钱币
In the earliest stages of man’s development he had no more need of money than animals have. He was content with very simple forms of shelter, made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him. As he became more civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands. For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths, leather workers or carpenters. It was then that the question of payment arose.
At first he got what he wanted by a simple process of exchange. The smith who had not the time to look after land or cattle was glad to take meat or grain from the farmer in exchange for an axe or a plough. But as more and more goods which had no fixed exchange value came on the market, exchange became too complicated to be satisfactory. Another problem arose when those who made things wanted to get stocks of wood or leather, or iron, but had nothing to offer in exchange until their finished goods were ready.
Thus the difficulties of exchange led by degrees to the invention of money. In some countries easily handled things like seeds or shells were given a certain value and the farmer, instead of paying the smith for a new axe by giving him some meat or grain, gave him so many shells. If the smith had any shells left when he had bought his food, he could get stocks of the raw materials of his trade. In some countries quite large things such as cows or camels or even big flat stones were used for trade. Later, pieces of metal, bearing values according to the rarity of the metal and the size of the pieces, or coins were used. Money as we know it had arrived.
1 Exchange of goods became difficult because _________.
A: man became more civilized
B: smiths began to look after land or cattle in their spare time
C: more and more goods which had no fixed exchange values came to the marker
D farme rs hadn’t enough grain or meat to provide for skilled workers
2 Money was not used until _______.
A: paper was invented
B: people practiced a simple process of exchange
C: nothing could be offered in exchange
D: the exchange of one thing for another became too complicated
3 The best title for this passage is _____.
A: What is money
B: What are money’s functions.
C: The importance of money
D: The beginning of money
注释：
1 stage 阶段；时期at an early stage in our history
在我们的历史早期
(前面与the连用)演员生涯；剧院工作；戏剧工作行程，旅程
to travel by easy stages 从容旅行
2 content n.内容，容量，目录，满足adj.满足的，满意的，愿意vt.使满足
We should never content ourselves with a little book knowledge only.
我们切不可满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识。
3 shelter n.掩蔽处，身避处，掩蔽，保护，庇护所，掩体v.掩蔽，躲避
He stood in the shelter at the bus stop.
他站在公共汽车站的候车亭里。
4 smith n.铁匠，金属品工匠
leather n.皮革，皮革制品
carpenter n.木匠
5 axe or plough 斧或犁
6 complicate 使复杂化，使错综加重(疾病)使混乱［难做、难懂］；使恶化
be complicated in卷入。。。(的麻烦中)
Don’t complicate life for me!
不要为我把生活搞复杂了！
答案：1：C 2: D 3: D
雅思阅读
Right and left-handedness in humans
Why do humans, virtually alone among all animal species, display a distinct left or right handedness? Not even our closest relatives among the apes possess such decided lateral asymmetry, as psychologists call it. Yet about 90 per cent of every human population that has ever lived appears to have been right-handed. Professor Bryan Turner at Deakin University has studied the research literature on left-handedness and found that handedness goes with sidedness. So nine out of ten people are right-handed and eight are right-footed. He noted that this distinctive
asymmetry in the human population is itself systematic. `Humans think in categories: black and white, up and down, left and right. It’s a system of signs that enables us to categorise phenomena that are essentially ambiguous.’
Research has shown that there is genetic or inherited element to handedness. But while left-handedness tends to run in families, neither left nor right handers will automatically produce off-spring with the same handedness; in fact about 6 per cent of children with two right-handed parents will be left-handed. However, among two left-handed parents, perhaps 40 per cent of the children will also be left-handed. With one right and one left-handed parent, 15 to 20 per cent of the offspring will be lefthanded. Even among identical twins who have exactly the same genes, one in six pairs will differ in their handedness.
What then makes people left-handed if it is not simply genetic? Other factors must be at work and researchers have turned to the brain for clues. In the 1860s the French surgeon and anthropologist, Dr Paul Broca, made the remarkable finding that patients who had lost their powers of speech as a result of a stroke (a blood clot in the brain) had paralysis of the right half of their body. He noted that since the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right half of the body, and vice versa, the bra in damage must have been in the brain’s left hemisphere, Psychologists now believe that among right handed people, probably 95 per cent have their language centre in the left hemisphere, while 5 per cent have right-sided language, Left-handers, however,do not show the reverse pattern but instead a majority also Some 30 per cent have right hemisphere language.
Dr Brinkman, a brain researcher at the Australian National University in Canberra, has suggested that evolution of speech went with right-handed preference. According to Brinkman, as the brain evolved, one side became specialised for fine control of movement (necessary for producing speech) and along with this evolution came righthand preference. According to Brinkman, most left-handers have left hemisphere dominance but also some capacity in the right hemisphere. She has observed that if a left-handed person is brain-damaged in the left hemisphere, the recovery of speech is quite often better and this is explained by the fact that left-handers have a more bilateral speech function.In her studies of macaque monkeys, Brinkman has noticed that primates (monkeys) seem to learn a hand preference from their mother in the first year of life but this could be one hand or the other. In humans, however, the specialisation in function of the two hemispheres results in anatomical differences; areas that are involved with the production of speech are usually larger on the left side than on the right. Since monkeys have not acquired the art of speech, one would not expect to see such a variation but Brinkman claims to have discovered a trend in monkeys towards the asymmetry that is evident in the human brain.
Two American researchers, Geschwind and Galaburda, studied the brains of human embryos and discovered that the left-right asymmetry exists before birth. But as the brain develops, a number of things can affect it. Every brain is initially female in its organisation and it only becomes a male brain when the male foetus begins to secrete hormones. Geschwind and Galaburda knew that different parts of the brain mature at different rates; the right hemisphere develops first, then the left. Moreover, a girl’s brain develops somewhat faster than that of a boy. So, if something happens to the brain’s development during pregnancy, it is more likely to be affected in a male and
the hemisphere more likely to be involved is the left. The brain may become less lateralised and this in turn could result in left-handedness and the development of certain superior skills that have their origins in the left hemisphere such as logic, rationality and abstraction. It should be no surprise then that among mathematicians and architects, left-handers tend to be more common and there are more left-handed males than females.
The results of this research may be some consolation to left-handers who have for centuries lived in a world designed to suit right-handed people. However, what is alarming, according to Mr. Charles Moore, a writer and journalist, is the way the word `right’ reinforces its own virtue. Subliminally he says, language tells people to think that anything on the right can be trusted while anything on the left is dangerous or even sinister. We speak of left-handed compliments and according to Moore, `it is no coincidence that left-hand, often develop a stammer as they are robbed of their freedom of speech’. However, as more research is undertaken on the causes of left handedness, attitudes towards left-handed people are gradually changing for the better. Indeed when the champion tennis player Indeed when the champion tennis player Ivan Lendl was asked what the single thing improve his game, he said he would like to become a left-hander.
Geoff Maslen
Questions 1-7
Use the information in the text to match the people ( listed A-E ) with the opinions ( listed 1-7 ) below. Write the appropriate letter ( A-E ) in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. Some people match more than one opinion.
A Dr Broca
B Dr Brinkman
C Geschwind and Galaburda
D Charles Moore
E Professor Turner
Example Answer: Monkeys do not show a species specific preference for B
Left or right-handedness.
1 Human beings started to show a preference for right-handedness when they first developed language.
2 Society is prejudiced against left-handed people.
3 Boys are more likely to be left-handed.
4 After a stroke, left-handed people recover their speech more quickly than right-handed people.
5 People who suffer strokes on the left side of the brain usually lose their power of speech.
6 The two sides of the brain develop different functions before birth.
7 Asymmetry is a common feature of the human body.
Question 8-10
Using the information in the passage, complete the table below. Write your answer in boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet.
Percentage of children left-handed:
One parent left-handed One parent right-handed …(8)…Both parents left-handed …(9)…Both parents right-handed …(10)…
Question 11-12
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.
11 A study of monkeys has shown that
A monkeys are not usually right-handed.
B monkeys display a capacity for speech.
C monkey brains are smaller than human brains.
D monkey brains are asymmetric.
12 According to the writer, left-handed people.
A will often develop a stammer.
B have undergone hardship for years.
C are untrustworthy.
D are good tennis players.
Answer Keys
1-7.BDCBACE 8. 15-20% 9. 40% 10. 6% 11. D 12. B
2015年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析三
Time to cool it 1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology： solid， reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century， but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want to cool by evaporating a liquid next to it， and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and， as air conditioners， cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world， however， demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them. 2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change： attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by， for example， a person， and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists， however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down. 3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko， of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film， he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. 4 As to what those applications might be， Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has， nevertheless， set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money， though， may be in cooling computers. 5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter for a long time. One consequence of Moore's Law， which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months， is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact， it more than doubles， because besides increasing in number，the components are getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor， so the faster the processor is， the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company，Intel， in 1993， ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second. 6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃， they
欧洲音乐史
浪漫主义时期音乐的总体风格。1、强烈的、张扬的主观情感和个性特征每个作曲家的作品都带有 个性化的烙印。2、重视音乐与其他艺术的结合，特别是与文学、戏剧、绘画的紧密联系。3、强调本民族的音乐文化，更注重民族性。4、出现了许多新的题材。 音乐创作风格：在旋律上，注重个人主观感受的抒发，抒情性大大加强，跃居结构的伸缩性很大；在和声上，加强了色彩变化，不协和音的结构和进行大胆使用七和弦、九和弦经常使用，半音转调作为取得特殊效果的重要手段；在调性上，慢慢向多调性和无调性方面发展；在配器上，作曲家着力于诗意形象的刻画，讲究音乐与内容的情感气氛交融，他们探索着各种乐器组合的可能性，取得绘声绘色的音响效果；在力度上，运用了大幅度的力度转换和对比；在形式结构上，不断趋向自由，出现了许多单乐章的交响诗、序曲等体裁。 舒伯特的音乐创作及艺术成就。音乐创作：声乐套曲《冬之旅》《美丽的磨坊女》、9部交响曲，其中以第八交响曲《未完成》、第九交响曲最出名、室内乐钢琴五重奏《鳟鱼》、弦乐四重奏《死与少女四重奏》等。艺术成就：1、在艺术歌曲方面，创作了一批具有划时代影响的艺术歌曲，具有独特的风韵，旋律是歌词内涵的自然流露，伴奏承载演唱旋律难以表达的内容，通过调性、音区、和声的色彩变化表达诗歌的意境、刻画人物情绪的戏剧性发展，提高了歌曲的艺术表现力2、在交响曲方面，打破了古典主义交响曲的四乐章结构模式。3、在器乐方面，大多遵循古典的样式，但却饱含着宽广的抒情风格的美丽。 艺术歌曲：歌词源于诗歌，是音乐与诗歌的结合，采用分节歌和通节歌的形式 无词歌：也叫无言歌，是一种宛如歌曲的钢琴小曲，其中包含一个歌曲性质的旋律和相应的伴奏部分，无词歌为门德尔松首创，它没有歌词，但门德尔松认为他的无词歌所表过的思想内容，比歌词要明确。《春之歌》、《威尼斯船歌》 肖邦钢琴创作体裁。钢琴三重奏、奏鸣曲、叙事曲、谐（言）虐曲、即兴曲、前奏曲、夜曲、练习曲、波兰舞曲、圆舞曲、玛祖卡、幻想曲等。 玛祖卡：波兰民间舞曲，中速，三拍子，强拍落在第二或第三拍子上，常用附点。四队或八队舞者共舞。 波洛奈兹：中速，是一种3/4拍子，乐句末音常落在第二拍或第三拍，气概辉煌。源于17世纪波兰宫廷典礼行列的伴随音乐。 交响诗：李斯特首创，是一种单乐章的管线乐作品，它以文学作品或故事为题材，采用标题音乐的形式。 瓦格纳乐剧改革：1、音乐形式不再像传统歌剧那样，而采用连续不断的整体。2、废除了传统歌剧的分号编制，放弃了宣叙调与咏叹调的歌唱形式，创用“无终旋律”连贯的发展乐剧的戏剧性。3、声乐部分也不只是剧中的歌曲，而是用介乎说唱之间的“谈话旋律”，随剧情发展的需要，自然的进入和消失。4、应用了“主导动机”统一发展的原则。他的主导动机是一种用以表现剧中人物的思想感 情活动和戏剧场景等简单而含蓄的旋律片断。5、管弦乐在乐剧中担负着重要的戏剧性的任务，表现意义又是超过声乐部分，并把交响乐队扩大到三管、四管编制。6、他的半音和声不仅为音乐的连续性和炽热情感的表现提供了基础，还把欧洲大小调系的和声推向崩溃的边缘，使得调性动荡、模糊。柴可夫斯基的创作归类：歌剧、舞剧、交响乐、交响诗、协奏曲、室内乐、钢琴和艺术歌曲。7部交响曲《g小调第一交响曲》、《C小调第二交响曲》、《D大调第三交响曲》、《f小调第四交响曲》、《e 小调第五交响曲》、《b小调第六交响曲》、第七部没有完成《降E大调交响》；管弦乐作品《罗密欧与朱丽叶幻想序曲》、《降B小调第一钢琴协奏曲》、《D大调小提琴协奏曲》、《1812序曲》、《弦乐小夜曲》、《意大利随想曲》、《哈姆雷特幻想曲》；钢琴作品《四季》其中《六月——船歌》、《十月-秋之歌》、《十一月--雪橇》；芭蕾舞局《睡美人》、《天鹅湖》、《胡桃夹子》；歌剧《黑桃皇后》 艺术成就：1、在芭蕾舞音乐方面，他创作了形式完美、雅俗共赏的古典芭蕾舞经典作品，使舞剧音乐交响化、戏剧化，为俄罗斯音乐走向世界做出了重要贡献。2、在音乐的个性特征方面，他的音乐极富动人的抒情性，又具有强烈的戏剧性，抒情性体现在旋律优美动听、配器绚丽多彩上，戏剧性则体现在强烈情感所带来的音乐震撼力上，他擅于把对美的憧憬与对恶的抨击交织在一起，进行戏剧化的渲染，构成一种独特的音乐冲击力。3、在音乐技法的运用方面，他采用长气息、单一反复和伸缩抒情的乐句，节拍稳定规整，节奏具有舞蹈性特征，常用五拍子使音乐动听而富有活力，和声基于西欧传统，偶尔出现半音化和声，乐队织体注重色彩编
2014年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（6）
1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another "Earth" among the stars. 2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2.20pm. 3. Corot， short for convection rotation and planetary transits， is the first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any such planet situated in the right orbit stands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface， and quite possibly life， although a leading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find "any little green men". 4. Developed by the French space agency， CNES， and partnered by the European Space Agency (ESA)， Austria， Belgium， Germany， Brazil and Spain， Corot will monitor around 120，000 stars with its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years， it will focus on five to six different areas of the sky， measuring the brightness of about 10，000 stars every 512 seconds. 5. "At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets， not inhabited planets. We are not going to find any little green men，" Professor Ian Roxburgh， an ESA scientist who has been involved with Corot since its inception， told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme. 6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find "rocky planets that could develop an atmosphere and， if they are the right distance from their parent star，they could have water". 7. To search for planets， the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star， known as a "transit". Although it will take more sophisticated space telescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet with oxygen and liquid water， Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.
西方音乐史机考题库复习题
一、选择题 1.西方音乐的历史通常从哪一个时期讲起？B A 古罗马 B 古希腊 C 古埃及 D 古印度 2.西方音乐的历史痕迹可见于：D A 考古挖掘的乐器与乐谱残片 B 陶器、浮雕上的音乐图像 C 古代文献记载 D 以上三点均可 3.“音乐”一词的来源与什么神灵有关？B A 宙斯 B 阿波罗 C 缪斯 D 雅典娜 4.德尔斐赞美诗常用的伴奏乐器是：C A 阿夫洛斯管 B 潘笛 C 里拉琴 D 竖琴 5.酒神颂歌常用的伴奏乐器是：A A 阿夫洛斯管 B 管风琴 C 基萨拉琴 D 鼓和钹 6.词意为“和着里拉琴而唱的诗歌”指的是：D A 颂歌 B 抒情诗 C 史诗 D 赞美诗 7.悲剧《俄瑞斯特斯》的创作者是：D A 荷马 B 萨福 C 埃斯库罗斯 D 欧里庇得斯 8.提出以四音音列为音乐体系基础的古希腊音乐理论家是：B A 毕达哥拉斯 B 亚里斯多塞诺斯 C 柏拉图 D 苏格拉底 10、古罗马音乐的主要特征是：D A 军乐较发达 B 追求气势和排场 C 是身份地位的象征 D 以上三点均是 11.“中世纪”的开端通常以西罗马帝国的陷落为标志，其年代是：B A 公元313年 B 公元476年
C 公元800年 D 公元1054年 12.中世纪音乐的盛期是指：B A 5-10世纪 B 11-13世纪 C 14世纪 D 16世纪 13.西方教会初期，米兰教区使用的圣咏是：A A 安布罗斯圣咏 B 高卢圣咏 C 贝内文托圣咏 D 老罗马圣咏 14.莫扎拉比圣咏主要指哪个地区的圣咏？D A 不列颠 B 法国 C 意大利 D 西班牙和葡萄牙 15.按照词乐关系，歌词的一个音节配四到五个音符的形式称为：D A 吟诵式 B 花唱式 C 纽姆式 D 音节式 16.在圣咏的演唱方式中，将唱诗班分成两组轮流演唱的形式属于：B A 应答歌唱 B 交替歌唱 C 齐唱 D 独唱 20.常规弥撒配乐的第一首经文是：D A 荣耀经 B 信经 C 圣哉经 D 慈悲经 21.最初在“哈里路亚”的花唱旋律上附加歌词，后来独立出来的体裁是：B A 附加段 B 继叙咏 C 教仪剧 22.以下哪些乐曲曾引用《末日经》做为旋律素材？D A 柏辽兹《幻想交响曲》 B 李斯特《死之舞》 C 圣桑《骷髅之舞》 D 以上三部均是 23.以耶稣诞生、复活等故事编创的小型戏剧属于：C A 道德剧 B 奇迹剧 C 神秘剧 24.《美德的戏剧》出自哪位作曲家？A A 希德嘉 B 萨福 C 莱奥南 25.西方最早出现的复调音乐叫做；C A 迪斯康特 B 附加段 C 奥尔加农
雅思阅读模拟试题-音乐
雅思阅读模拟试题:音乐 Background music may seem harmless, but it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it. Recorded background music first found its way into factories, shop and restaurants in the US. But it soon spread to other arts of the world. Now it is becoming increasingly difficult to go shopping or eat a meal without listening to music. To begin with, “ muzak ” (音乐广播网) was intended simply to create a soothing (安慰) atmosphere. Recently, however, it’s become big business –thanks in part to recent research. Dr. Ronald Milliman, an American marketing expert, has shown that music can boost sales or increase factory production by as much as a third. But, it has to be light music. A fast one has no effect at all on sales. Slow music can increase receipts by 38%. This is probably because shoppers slow down and have more opportunity to spot items they like to buy. Yet, slow music isn’t always answered. https://www.360docs.net/doc/0a17867432.html,liman found, for example, that in restaurants slow music meant customers took longer to eat their meals, which reduced overall sales. So restaurants owners might be well advised to play up-tempo music to keep the customers moving – unless of course, the resulting indigestion leads to complaints! ( )1. The reason why background music is so popular is that ______. A. it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it B. it can help to create a soothing atmosphere C. it can boost sales or increase factory production everywhere D. it can make customers eat their meals quickly ( )2. Background music means ________. A. light music that customers enjoy most B. fast music that makes people move fast C. slow music that can make customers enjoy their meals D. the music you are listening to while you are doing something ( )3. Restaurant owners complain about background music because ______. A. it results in indigestion B. it increases their sales C. it keeps customers moving D. it decreases their sales ( )4. The word “ up-tempo music” probably means_____. A.slow music B.fast music C.light music D.classical music
雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析(2)
雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析（2）
Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the Treaty A. After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief，continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in . Whether the European public will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before is another matter. B. There are several reasons for Europe’s recovering self-confidence. For years European economies had been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia)， but in the large continental economies had one of their best years for a decade， briefly outstripping America in terms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag，’s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in ， though the recovery may be ebbing by then. C. The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems to amount to a natural law. Every four or five years， European countries take a large stride towards further integration by signing a new treaty： the Maastricht treaty in 1992， the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997， the Treaty of Nice in . And in they were supposed to ratify a European constitution， laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudely shattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four or five years has only been interrupted，not immobilised， by this setback. D. In the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome， its founding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously， restating their commitment to “ever closer union” and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself， and in normal circumstances， the EU’s 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless， a routine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that once governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiate as to veto
欧洲音乐发展史
欧洲音乐发展史 前言 欧洲音乐的历史可以追溯到希腊神话时代。从那个时代到巴洛克时期之间，大致可划分为：古希腊罗马时期、中世纪时期和文艺复兴时期三个阶段。 古希腊罗马时期 古希腊罗马是西方文明的摇篮，西方文明的哲学、美学及各种艺术形式从这里开始，西方的音乐文化也是从这里开始。这个时期最早出现过基于口头传唱的希腊长诗，如《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》；数学家毕达哥拉斯揭示了音乐与数学之间的关系。公元前4世纪前后，古希腊悲剧获得了较大的发展。著名的三大悲剧家埃斯库罗斯、欧里庇得斯、索福克勒斯既是戏剧家也是音乐家，在他们的戏剧中，音乐发挥了奇妙的作用。此时期音乐的特点是：第一，音乐的含义比现在的更为宽广；第二，音乐与其他艺术尚未分离，并且音乐被认为是与其他科学门类如：天文、数学等有密切联系；第三，音乐是单音音乐，且音域较狭窄；第四，已经出现多样的音乐体裁及音阶调式。古罗马的音乐是从古希腊借鉴过来的，罗马人在古希腊音乐的原有基础上扩大了音乐的演奏规模，使音乐在古罗马时期又有了一定的发展。 中世纪时期 中世纪的音乐文化是指公元5世纪至13世纪这段历史时期内的欧洲音乐文化。在中世纪最大的音乐文化中心罗马出现了以罗马教皇格里哥利一世的名字命名的格里哥利圣咏。在这之后出现了带花腔的“散文诗”，“填词”圣咏调。从11世纪开始，西欧文化发展重心转移到了城市，教会音乐因此有了新发展——产生了复调音乐。 文艺复兴时期 文艺复兴是指14世纪至16世纪发生在欧洲各国的一场资产阶级思想文化运动，这场运动实际上反映了资产阶级新的人生哲学和价值观，即体现了新兴资产阶级追求自由、解放、平等、博爱等要求。这些主张主要反映在建筑、雕塑、绘画及文学中，并扩展到了这两百年间的音乐文化中。于是，复调音乐迎来了第三个发展高峰，世俗音乐中更多的反映了现实生活，音乐文化呈现出越来越世俗、明朗和感情化的倾向。 巴洛克时期 欧洲音乐史中的17世纪初叶至18世纪中叶的这段时期被称为“巴洛克时期”。更准确的说是始于1600年而结束于巴赫逝世的1750年。这是欧洲音乐发展史中的第一个伟大时期。
音乐类研究生考试西方音乐史模拟试卷
音乐类研究生考试西方音 乐史模拟试卷 The latest revision on November 22, 2020
2016年音乐类研究生考试西方音乐史模拟试卷（七） 说明：考生答题时一律写在答题纸上，否则漏批责任自负。 一、名词解释（每题5分，共50分） 1. 威尼斯乐派复合唱 2. 乔万尼·加布里埃利 3. 扎利诺 4. 巴洛克 5. 两种常规 6. 蒙特威尔第 7. 通奏低音 8. 单声歌曲 9. 利托奈罗 10. 帕莱斯特利那风格 二、论述题（每题25分，共50分） 1. 16世纪的德国宗教改革的音乐的背景及代表人物和风格。 2. 巴洛克时期音乐的特点。 附: 2016年音乐类研究生考试西方音乐史模拟试卷（七）答案 一、名词解释（每题5分，共50分） 1. 威尼斯乐派复合唱 16世纪一种“分开的合唱队”，即复合唱风格。唱诗班和乐队被分成几组，安排在教堂里相对的两侧长廊，两侧还各有一个管风琴。作曲家的复合唱风格的作品，以分开的合唱队的交替演唱与一同合唱等各种对比手法开拓了独特的具有空间立体感的音响效果。 2. 乔万尼·加布里埃利 16世纪意大利伟大的音乐家，第一个在总谱上标注乐器的人，威尼斯乐派复合唱创始人，最早整合人声和器乐的作曲家，配器法之父。代表作：经文歌《在教堂里》。
16世纪意大利音乐理论家、作曲家，首要着作有《和声基本原理》、《和声论证》等在音乐理论的发展史上具有里程碑的意义。4. 巴洛克 5. 两种常规 蒙特威尔第在他1605年的第五券《牧歌集》的前言中做了解释。他提出了“两种常规”的思想，认为文艺复兴的复调传统，即“古代风格”，可以叫做“第一常规”，而他自己采用的新的作曲手法则可以被称为“第二常规”。作曲家采用前者时主要关注对位写作的优美；采用后者时，对歌词的有效表现使一些偏离对位法规则的做法成为正当合理的手段。 6. 蒙特威尔第 16世纪意大利文艺复兴时期和巴洛克时期之间的划时代作曲家。牧歌意大利牧歌的奠基人，提出了“两种常规”，他充分利用音乐和戏剧的表现手段，对歌剧发展起到了重要作用。代表作歌剧《奥菲欧》，是自歌剧诞生后第一部真正意义上的歌剧，它使歌剧艺术从此进入一个成熟的发展期。 7. 通奏低音 数字低音，即兴的器乐伴奏织体，这是巴洛克音乐的最重要的特征之一，它的运用构成了一种典型的巴洛克音乐的织体。它基本上是由旋律加和声伴奏构成的。 8. 单声歌曲 在声乐领域中，最突出的新发展包括单声歌曲（意为用通奏低音伴奏的宣叙风格的歌曲），它是17世纪上半叶在意大利出现的一种带通奏低音伴奏的独唱世俗歌曲的总称。 9. 歌词有二至三段诗节组成，每节三行，用同样的音乐。每节后有两行尾奏，叫做利托奈罗，用不同的音乐，节拍也不同。上方声部的旋律比较有装饰性，尤其是在开始和结尾处。10. 帕莱斯特利那风格 帕莱斯特利那风格是建立在对位、模仿、旋律进行、协和与不协和等一系列原则基础上的一种复调无伴奏合唱风格。 二、论述题（每题25分，共50分） 1. 16世纪的德国宗教改革的音乐的背景及代表人物和风格。
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(1)
2019年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题(1) BAKELITE The birth of modern plastics In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named 'Bakelite,’was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry. The term 'plastic' comes from the Greek plassein, meaning 'to mould'. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting'： like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic. The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors—immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory.
雅思阅读模拟试卷
ACADEMIC READING 60 minutes READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year. But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike. The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets,' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPR!. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up. Bad behaviour But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved,' says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go.' And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down,' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory. The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing. their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionization in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from