Influences from the Others Implied in the Multi - 副本 (2)
现代汉语空间方位参照系统认知研究

上海师范大学博士学位论文现代汉语空间方位参照系统认知研究姓名:***申请学位级别:博士专业:汉语言文字学指导教师:***20020301内容提要本文全面考察现代汉语空间方位参照的认知结构以揭示汉语社会空间表达方式的结构特点和认知特点一空间关系是指射体和地标之间随着时间推移而形成的存在空间区域是指实体在空间世界里所占据的地点或与之相关的方向位置每一种语言都有一套完整的表达空间关系表达空间区域的是一套空间区域范畴空间位移参照和空间方位参照三个子系统二其语义特点是命名性和地点性从认知方式角度分析从认知结果角度分析线面多维方位域方位参照是指叙述者选择观察点利用方向参照点方位域可以指空间方位参照也可分为空间方位参照和时间方位参照其结构要素包括方位成分方向参照点和位置参照点根据方位成分的性质分为相对参照和绝对参照根据位置参照点和方位域的关系分为外域参照和内域参照对说话人来说是从语言空间经认知空间还原到物理空间空间方位参照认知过程中的基本策略涉及到观察点的确立位置参照点的选择方位成分对位置参照点空间特征的凸现功能客体跟位置参照点在话语结构里在方位参照群里合成起来的顶真式和递归式不同的组合方式也可以综合运用一贯性空间方位本身是一种空间关系但它跟空间存在参照它常常作为空间存在参照或空间位移参照的地标方位参照的视点配置也影响空间存在参照空间方位参照方向参照点空间认知AbstractThe dissertation thoroughly examines the cognitive structure of spatial locative reference framework in Mandarin Chinese, its cognitive processes and the role it plays in the entire system of spatial reference. It aims to explore the structural and cognitive characteristics of spatial expressions in Mandarin Chinese.The major theoretical issues of the present dissertation are summarized as follows:1. Language space is a cognitive space, which people establish by using particular linguistic devices. Language space consists of two aspects: spatial relations and spatial regions. The spatial relation denotes the existential (static or dynamic) or moving relationship between the trajector and the landmark with the lapse of time; the spatial region denotes the space an object occupies or its relative position in the entire world. Both the spatial relation and the spatial region are the result of spatial cognition expressed in linguistic forms. Every language has a set of complete linguistic devices to systematically express spatial relations and regions, in which the former is expressed by a spatial reference system, and the latter by a spatial region category. The spatial reference system of Mandarin Chinese includes three subsystems: the existence reference framework, the motion reference framework, and the locative reference framework. The spatial region category is composed of place region and locative region in terms of cognitive functions.2. The place region is directly indicated by place nouns and noun phrases with their semantic characteristics of naming and spotting; the locative region is implied by locative terms via spatial locative reference framework. The locative terms play the role of spatialization that includes regionalization and referentialization of noun.spatialization that are regionalization and referentialization of noun. From the perspective of cognitive process, the place region uses reference-point construction in the syntagmatic plane, and the locative region uses reference-point construction in the paradigmatic plane. From the perspective of cognitive result, the salience dimensional distinction of the place region is the point of zero dimension, the salient dimensional distinction of the direction in the locative region is the line of one dimension, and the salient dimensional distinction of the position is the plane of two dimensions or solid of three dimensions. The opposition of zero dimensional place region versus multi-dimensional locative region is an important characteristic of spatial expressions in Mandarin Chinese.3. The Locative reference framework denotes the spatial and temporal region established by the speaker when he/she chooses the observational point with regard to the relations between the locative terms and relevant directional or positional reference-point. The locative region refers to not only space but also time, and the locative reference framework includes both spatial and temporal locative reference framework. As a cognitive structure, the structural elements of locative reference framework include locative terms, the speaker, the observational point, directional reference-point and positional reference-point. The locative reference framework can be either positional reference framework or directional reference framework dependent upon whether or notthere is a positional reference-point, and it can also be either relative reference framework or absolute reference framework dependent upon the type of locative terms. The positional reference framework can be either self-reference framework or other-reference framework dependent upon the relation between the positional reference-point and the observational point, and it can be either outer reference framework or inner reference framework dependent upon the relation between the positional reference-point and the locative region.4. The use of spatial locative reference framework is a cognitive process to both speaker and listener. To the speaker, it is the physical space realized in linguistic space via cognitive space; to the listener, it is a return to the physical space from linguistic space via cognitive space. In Chinese discourse, the basic strategy of processing the spatial locative reference framework, from the speaker’s point of view, relates to the establishment of the observation point, the selection of locative terms, the establishment of the directional reference point, and the selection of the positional reference point. From the listener’s point of view, the understanding of the process of the spatial locative reference framework relates to the probability of the interpretation on the meaning of the locative term, the salience function of the locative terms that profiles the geometric shape of positional reference object, the influence of directional reference point and observational point on the understanding of the semantics of the locative reference framework, and the cognitive connection between the object and the positional reference point as well as the locative region.5. In discourse, a number of spatial locative references structure form a locative reference group linked by their structural elements or connection with the described object. In the group, the neighboring locative reference structures at the same level are combined in a certain pattern. The combination patterns of the group consist of six types in three groups: outward and inward, chaining and nesting, parallel and displacing. Within the same group, different patterns can be combined to form different levels. The combination of locative reference structure must follow the three principles of connectivity, consistency and regularity.6. The spatial locative itself is a spatial relation, and the spatial locative reference framework is a subsystem of the spatial reference system in Mandarin Chinese, which is not at the same level with the spatial existence reference framework and the spatial motion reference framework. As a spatial regional category, the locative region marked by the spatial locative reference framework is usually regarded as the landmark of the spatial existence reference framework or spatial motion reference framework. It often interacts with the spatial existence reference framework and the spatial motion reference framework. Further, the position of the viewpoint of the locative reference influences the understanding and the use of the spatial existence reference framework and the spatial motion reference framework.Keyword引论0.1 空间和空间世界空间和时间是万物存在的基本形式汽车是物质地球是物质当然汽车河水存在于我们的意识之外的客观实在人是怎么知道外面还有一个独立的空间世界存在的呢盲人可以通过触摸是连续的而映射到正常人的视网膜上的视觉空间则是片断的盲人通过触摸获得的触觉空间受到的限制更大摸到大腿的说大象象根圆柱子有两个空间世界前者是物理空间如书房有门有窗这些物体按其所在位置之间的相互距离不变的但跟物理空间的三维图景不一样由于观察点的不同可变的从门口看到的书房里的图景跟从窗外看到的必然不一样看到的图景也将连续不断地变化0.2 空间研究历史的简单回顾德国新康德派代表Cassirer曾把生物的空间经验形态分为行动空间perceptual space¸ÅÄîÖª¾õ¿Õ¼äÊÇÖ¸ÒÔ¸ú»·¾³µÄÖ±½Ó½Ó´¥ÎªÇ°Ìá·ûºÅ¿Õ¼äÊÇÖ¸´Ó»·¾³µÄÖ±½ÓÐÔÀï½â·Å³öÀ´ÐÄÀí¿Õ¼ä¶þ·ÖºÍ¿Õ¼ä¾-ÑéÐÎ̬Èý·ÖºÏÆðÀ´¿´就可以发现在知觉空间里物理空间和心理空间则完全分化了加藤義信1995»¹ÊÇÔÚÏÈÇØµ«ÔڹŴúÕÜѧ¼ÒµÄ¿Õ¼ä˼¿¼Àï¹ÅÏ£À°PtolemaiosÎ÷±±³à»ÆÏà¶ÔÓ¦Çà°×À´ÏóÕ÷³ÉÁËÇø·ÖÎïÀí¿Õ¼äºÍÐÄÀí¿Õ¼äµÄÆõ»ú¾«ÉñºÍÎïÖʵ춨Á˽ü´ú¿Õ¼äÂ۵Ļù´¡ÎïÀí¿Õ¼äÁ½¸öÎÊÌâ¾ùÖʵľø¶Ô¿Õ¼äµÄ¹ÛÄî¸úµÑ¿¨¶ùµÄÒÔÂå¿ËΪ´ú±íµÄÖª¾õ¾-Ñ鿵µÂµÄǰÕßÊÇÓÉÖ÷Ìå¹¹³ÉµÄ·ûºÅ¿Õ¼äÊÇÏÈÌìµÄÓ¢¹ú¾-ÑéÂÛ²¢ÈÏΪ֪¾õ¿Õ¼ä¸ú·ûºÅ¿Õ¼äÖ®¼ä¾ßÓÐÁ¬ÐøÐÔ19世纪末20世纪前期而行为主义则集中在空间行动方面对符号空间感兴趣的是儿童发展心理学0.3 空间认知和语言空间认知这一术语是20世纪70年代随着信息加工方法研究的兴起而开始流行起来的之后的处理空间认知是一个将物理空间世界概念化人们将有关行动空间是一个认知空间而认知空间是空间信息经过空间认知处理概念化了的符号空间人们看待空间世界涉及到四个方面12物体的空间存在关系4的认知是以人类科学但认知空间并不等于物理空间的真实投影figure的关系E. Rubin°×É«²¿·ÖµÄͼÏñÊÇÒ»¸ö±-×ÓÕâ¸öÀý×ÓÏëҪ˵Ã÷µÄÊÇÆäʵҲ»áÓ°Ïìµ½ÈÏÖª½á¹û×÷ΪÈÏÖª¶ÔÏóµÄÎïÌåÔÚ²»Í¬µÄ±³¾°Àﱻ͹ÏֵĿռäά¶ÈÌØÕ÷ÓпÉÄܲ»Í¬ÒÔËùÔڵijÇÊÐΪ±³¾°Ïß¿ÉÄܱ»ÈÏ֪ΪһƬÂÌÉ«µÄÒÔËùÕ¼¾ÝµÄ¿Õ¼äΪ±³¾°Ìåbase的关系所决定的Langacker1987的认知概念化为物体所处的方向位置关系的概念东北前右以人体容器为坐标的外空间方位的认知受到所生活的环境据调查东南西北相反共有六个基本方位水源方靠水方这跟他们所生活的环境有密切的关系马学良主编1991trajector TR3region的关系里区域和区域之间通过途径其中作重要的是以通过视觉器官感知的视觉空间为基础的认知空间如果要作为信息传递给别人语言是思维的工具表述语言空间是人们运用某种特定语言的结构形式表达出来的认知空间spatial region两个部分空间关系是指射体和地标之间随着时间推移而形成的存在在通常情况下认知空间和语言空间是一种互动关系空间认知其中2和1校园认知为一个三维的所以说而译成英语必须说at the schoolµãÃæÁõÄþÉú1994Ïä×ÓÀïÓб¾ÊéÔò·Ö±ð°ÑÃæÁË·½¾-Ãñ2000是空间区域的地位特征也可以以另一个物体作为参照物来确定其方向位置同样也会受到语言结构的影响河流区分的六种基本方位日语对此却无能为力日语的人也无法认知和区分这些方位电影院的左边即将参照物赋予它一个左和右即以面对参照物的观察者自身的左右定向游顺钊1981野田尚史1988是空间存在关系一个为射体射体是目标语言结构同样也会影响到空间认知我们在认知目标和参照物的存在关系时在时间顺序上可以有两种方式但在语言空间里往往有所选择例如刘宁生1995Ó¢ÓïÔÚ±íÊö¿Õ¼ä´æÔÚ²ÎÕÕʱµØ±êÉÏ»ò´¦ËùÃû´ÊÀ´Í¹ÏÖ²ÎÕÕÎïµÄÈýάon¶øÈÕÓïÔò²»´óÔÚºõÕâЩ¶«Î÷ºÍÔÚÔº×ÓÀïÖÖÊ÷ºÍľľͥ4¸ú¿Õ¼ä´æÔÚ²ÎÕÕ²»Í¬µÄÊÇÁ½¸öÇøÓòÖ®¼äÁôÏÂÒ»ÌõÎ»ÒÆ¹ì¼£¹ýµãÔÚÎ»ÒÆ²ÎÕÕÀï跑进跑出跑来跑去跑进来跑出来跑进去跑出去走出 走 作为自动词语言是人类特有的符号系统是经过了认知空间的中介语言空间是一个更高层次上的符号空间认知空间各种语言的空间语言不尽相同方位名词日语只有方位名词形容词空间认知语言空间的关系可用下图表示空间认知的结果是认知空间空间语言的语言结构又影响到空间认知图式化空间世界空间关系有可能在某种特定的语言里得到反映反过来空间隐喻如何扩展到非空间意义的语言表达都涉及到空间认知和语言的关系但空间认知必然涉及语言问题一些语言学家也开始注意研究空间问题进而说明它在整个语言认知系统中的地位言能力以TalmyHerskovitsÒÔLangackerlocalist沈家煊1994和谢信一空间认知研究在认知语言学短短的十几年历史里占有重要的地位神经科学认知科学在美国语言和空间与会者来自神经生理学人类学发展过程句法学和认知地图语言和空间这次会议就是围绕着这些问题展开讨论的语言和空间的论文集语言学提供一个跨越这些不同学科的非常重要的综合交叉的研究人脑是怎样描述空间的还是必须另外考虑到开放类成分的作用3期合刊连续三期以特约主编C. Sinha在导论里谈到Sinha1995ÆäÖÐlocalistÈçBrugman1981, Herskovits1986, Talmy1983ÖÁ½ñ»¹ºÜÄѹ¹ÏëÒ»¸öÈÏÖª¿ò¼Ü¿Õ¼äÎÊÌâ³ÉΪ´Ó¿çѧ¿ÆµÄÉñ¾-ÐÄÀíѧLevinson1991, Svorou1994ÎÒÃǾͲ»¿ÉÄܲ»ÎªÒÔϵÄÏë·¨Ëù´ò¶¯这种观察还可以看作一种对认知语言学方法论的批评认为语言意义跟非语言的认知是一个连续统那是太容易的了语言学是认知科学中的一种它是一个聚会点语言空间认知的研究在语言学和整个认知科学的研究里是多么重要并不限于认知语言学的方法论Jackendoff是大家公认的生成语法学家张敏1998ÂÛÎļ¯ÀïÌØ±ðÊǶÔÄÇЩ¿Õ¼ä³É·Öָʾ´ú´ÊººÓï¿Õ¼äÈÏÖªÎÊÌâµÄÑо¿»¹´¦ÓÚÆð²½½×¶Î±¾ÎÄ½è¼øÁËÈÏÖªÓïÑÔѧµÄһЩÀíÂÛ·½·¨ÒÔ½ÒʾººÓïÉç»á¿Õ¼äÈÏÖª·½Ê½µÄÌØµãµ«ÕâÒѾ-³¬³öÁ˱¾ÎĵÄÈÎÎñ参看Language and space, Preface, Bloom, P., M. A. Peterson, L. Nadel, and M. F. Garrett (eds), The MIT Press, 1996.第一章汉语方位问题研究1.1 方位词的词类地位1.1.1 有关方位词语法地位的争议方位词作为一个语法范畴第一第二第三南前右里第一个问题的三种代表性观点涉及到对方位词的语法功能的认定我们先围绕第一个问题1.1.2 作为独立的词类的方位词第一种观点是把方位词从名词里分化出来1968和吕叔湘为代表1968¶¼ÊÇÌå´ÊµÄÒ»ÀàÈç»òÕßÊÇÒ»¸öÓïËØ×éºÏǰ¼ÓµÄµ¥ÓïËØ·½Î»´Ê¿´×÷Çø±ð´ÊÈçÏòÉÏÖ®ÉÏͨ³£ÊÇÎÄÑԵIJÐÁôÉÏÓÐÌìÌÃλÖôÊÊÇ´¦Ëù´ÊµÄÒ»¸öСÀàÒ»°ã±¾Éí¾Í¿ÉÒÔ×÷Ϊһ¸ö´¦Ëù´ÊÍ·面(儿)Ö®1982¿´×÷Ìå´ÊµÄÒ»À൥´¿·½Î»´Ê°üÀ¨Ç°Íâ×óÄϱß(儿)头(儿)ºÏ³É·½Î»´ÊͬʱҲÊÇ´¦Ëù´ÊµÄÒ»¸öСÀàÒÔǰËäÈ»ÔÚ½²·½Î»´ÊµÄÒýÉêÓ÷¨Ê±¾ÙÁ˵ÄÀý×Óµ«¾ÙÀýʱ»Ø±ÜÁËǰ¼ÓµÄÀý×Ó吕叔湘如1981里的分为单音的和双音的区别词这个观点可以以丁声树等1983/2001原是在语法讲话时间词地位词地位词改为理由是该书在解说名词的性质和用法时指出西上后里右表示处所或时间也可以单用如这里外国淮河一带词组早晨前三年方位词跟处所词和时间词并不是处于同一个层次上的处所词和时间词并不是作为名词的次类处理的时间词也包括了表示时间的复式方位词和方位词组认为方位词可以加在名词前头修饰名词东城上半天刘月华等时间的名词称为方位词并认为这三类词的语法特点和语法功能与一般名词不尽相同这一章里设专节讨论有的单纯方位词可以直接用在名词或名词短语之前或之后方位词时间词语表示时间的名词或名词短语1.1.4 作为名词附类的方位词第三种观点是把方位词看作名词的附类张志公主编方位词的虚词性是指它不单独作词用方位词前边可以加上之边而且可以附在动词或者某些词组后边只是说表示处所或时间的名词还可以作状语下等的语法地位问题1957的附类单独列出因为方位词既有名词的特点附着性2000ÒÔ×÷×´ÓïʱÄܲ»ÄÜÎ»ÒÆµ½Ö÷ÓïÇ°ÃæÇø±ðÓÚ·ÇʱµØÃû´Ê·½Î»´ÊÓÐʱµ¥Óõ«ÊÇËü¾-³£¸½×ÅÓÚ±ðµÄ´ÊÓï²»¹ýprepositionpostpositionϰëÒ¹ÀïµÄǰÊÇÇø±ð´Êµ±Öв»ÄÜÔÙ²åÈë±ðµÄÐé´Ê×À×ÓÉϱߵÄÀïÍ·ÒòΪµ±Öж¼¿ÉÒÔ²åÈë°´ÕÕÕâ¸ö¹Ûµã֮֮ǰ²ÅÊǺϳɷ½Î»´ÊµÄºúÔ£Ê÷Ö÷±à1995´ÓÓï·¨·ÖÎöÆ½ÃæÀ´¿´¶¡ÉùÊ÷µÈ1961按照这一观点还包含了方位短语方位词是加在别的词语而且前面的修饰成分从理论上讲可以无限扩展方位短语本身是处所词或时间词另一方面仍然是一个处所词或时间词时间词的区分在语法分析上就失去了意义处所词时间词之外所有的合成方位词都是处所词试比较文炼 教室里边里边*教室操场上边上边*操场如果严格按照功能标准来划分词类的话的不定位的称为方位词可称为方位名词是短语不是词以定位于后的上外东北文炼方位名词和处所名词都是名词的次类方位词跟名词的关系类似介词跟动词的关系古代汉语只有单音节方位词边的诞生而加的双音节方位词则是古代汉语的残留成分从语义分析平面来看合成方位词和处所词方位包括方向和位置方位词既表方向又表位置方位词的语义也有了分化方位名词既表示方向往东走往上走*站在东*站在上往东边走往上边走站在东边站在上边方位区别词跟方位名词一样例如西村左图下铺里屋右胸 前楼外耳上面一排里的方位区别词是区别方向下面一排里的方位区别词是区别位置只能用在位置参照点后面指定方向位置而不能单独表示位置或方向在黄河之东在黄河以东在长城之外在长城以外*在之东*在以东*在之外*在以外*往以东走*往以东走 *往之外走*往以外走方位词语法化结果使得单音节方位词和双音节方位词在语义上有了分工方位名词和方位区别词在语义上都没有分化由于双音节方位词的文言性质的限制方位区别词在能否表示位置意义上形成对立方位区别词在语法形式上的差别在语法意义上也得到了印证合成方位词和处所词语法功能上的对立必然会在语义上显示出来1998À´Öйú³ÆÎª°Ñ´ø·½Î»´ÊµÄ´¦Ëù±öÓï称为在他的术语体系里包括方位和不带方位词的处所狭义的处所是不带方位词的处所它是用方位词间接指定的跟某一地点或某一物体相对的方向位置它包括处所域和方位域第三方位词时间在语用1957ÍùÍù¾Í¿ÉÒÔ±íʾ´¦Ëù»òʱ¼äÁËÃÅÍâ³Ô·¹Ò»¾-´øÉÏ·½Î»´ÊÈçͼÊé¹ÝÀïÕýÔµ«·½Î»Ëù±íʾµÄ¿Õ¼äÒâÒåʱ¼äÒâÒåʱ¼äËüÃDZ¾ÉíÖ»ÊÇָʾ·½ÏòλÖÃλÖòÎÕÕµãµÄÈ·¶¨ÐèÒªÓï¾³µÄ°ïÖúµçÓ°ÔºµÄ×ó±ßµçÓ°Ôº×ó±ßÕâ¸ö·½Ïò²ÎÕÕµãµÄÈ·¶¨ÐèÒª½èÖú¸ú˵»°È˵ÄÓïÑÔ±³¾°ÓйصÄ֪ʶ¾-Ñé空间方位意义的理解需要方向参照点在汉语社会里前后春节前为时间位置参照点已经过时间轴上某一参照点的偏向未来一端在我们的心目中未来的迎接新千年展望未来这种以空间隐喻时间的方式也影响到时间方位词后瞻前顾后要向前看这里的跟本来的时间意义上的后登幽州台歌游顺钊因为诗句里过去在诗人的前面汉族人以自身所处时点为位置参照点时站在幽州台上面对悠悠天地抒发感情不可理解方经民1992由此可见后所指称的时间意义性质完全不同处所词方位短语本身就是处所词方位名词时间名词的处所指称意义时间在语用我们实际上已经得出了结论传统所说的方位词实际上已经分化为方位词这三类在语法形式和语法意义上都有相应的差别方位词时间方位意义时间指称意义形成对立认知过程以及它在整个空间参照系方位名词这三类成分在构成方位参照结构时所起的作用并不一样并跟处所名词方位成分locative termsËüÊÇ·½Î»²ÎÕÕÈÏÖª½á¹¹µÄ±Ø²»¿ÉÉÙµÄ½á¹¹ÒªËØÖ®Ò»·½Ëù·¶³ëºÍÇøÓò·¶³ë1.2.1 方位词的语法研究在现代汉语语法研究史上方位词主要是作为一个语法问题涉及的内容基本上都是方位词的基本用法和引申意义方位结构的语法功能1957ÒÀÈ»¾ßÓÐÖØÒªµÄÀíÂÛÒâÒå±È½ÏÖØÒªµÄÊÇÂÀÊåÏæ·¢ÏÖ·´Òå¶ÔÁ¢µÄµ¥Òô½Ú·½Î»´ÊÏÂ里上外这一现象的发现为汉语方位词的语法化研究提供了重要的线索1984方所这可以从方位词和处所词纠缠不清的关系里找到根源方所1942Õâ¸öÃû³Æ´ËºóµÄ°ë¸öÊÀ¼ÍÀïÕâ¸öÊõÓïÔÚËûµÄÓйØÖø×÷Àï·¶³ë°Ñ·½Î»´ÊºÍ´¦Ëù´ÊÇø·Ö¿ªÀ´Ô-ÒòÉÏÎÄÒÑÓзÖÎöÄÇô¾ÍÔÙÈÃËüºÏ²¢·½Ëù1995把名词分成人物名词并认为方所是空间范畴有定域处所和非定域处所他从形式上为方所名词建立方所标1997²¢¸ù¾Ý·½Ëù±êµÄÒþÏÖ°Ñ·½Ëù·ÖΪÒþ±ê·½Ëù把方位和处所合并起来跟时间相对方位既可以表达空间意义1992²¢ÈÏΪËüÊǾßÓкºÓïÌØµãµÄËÄÖÖÓï·¨·¶³ëÖ®Ò»¸ÃÊéÌáµ½µÄ·½Î»´Ê±í´ï¿Õ¼äλÖûòʱ¼äʱÐèÒªÒ»¸ö¶¨Î»µã»ò¶¨Ê±µãµÈµ¥Òô½Ú·½Î»´ÊµÄÖ÷Òª¹¦ÄÜÔÚÓÚʹһ°ãÃû´Êת»¯Îª±íʾ¿Õ¼ä»òʱ¼äµÄ´ÊÓﵫÓÉÓÚÊÇÒ»±¾Óï·¨½Ì²Ä刘丹青方所该文着重指出必须区分词汇意义的方所成分和作为谓语的语义角色的方所成分而将方位词看成后置词介词2001·½Ëù´Î·¶³ë»¯·½Ëù»¯»úÖÆ1998¸ÃÊé×ÅÖØÌ½ÌÖÏÖ´úººÓï¿Õ¼äλÖÃϵͳµãÌå¶øÎ»ÒÆ¾äµÄ¿Õ¼ä·¶Î§¶¼ÊÇÒò´Ë²»±Ø¼ÓÒÔϸ·Ö´Ó±íÒ⹦ÄܵĽǶÈÌá³ö´ËºóµÄººÓïÓï·¨Ñо¿ÕâÖ÷ÒªÊÇ¿¼Âǵ½·½Î»´Ê´ÓÖпÉÒÔ¿´µ½½á¹¹Óï·¨µÄÓ°ÏìÕâЩÑо¿»ù±¾É϶¼Í£ÁôÔÚ¾²Ì¬µÄÓï·¨ººÓï·½Ëù·¶³ëµÄÐÎʽºÍ内容1983×Ô´ËÒÔºóÓйط½Î»´ÊµÄ²»ÉÙÑо¿·ÖÎö·½Î»²ÎÕÕµÄÈÏÖª½á¹¹½âÊÍ·½Î»³¡¾°µÄÈÏ֪ͼʽ¹ØÓÚÕâ·½ÃæµÄÑо¿ÎÒÃǽ«ÔÚÏÂÒ»½ÚÌÖÂÛÓÖÓÉ·Öµ½ºÏÕâÒѾ-²»ÊÇÒ»¸öͬһ²ã´ÎÉϵÄÔÚÕýÈ·¹À¼Û·½Î»´ÊÓï·¨»¯µÄ×÷ÓôӴ«Í³Óï·¨ÑØÓöøÀ´µÄËüÖ»Êǰѷ½Î»ºÍ´¦ËùÁ½¸ö¸ÅÄî¼òµ¥µØºÏ¶þΪһͬÑùʱ¼ä´ÊÈý·ÖÁíÒ»·½ÃæÒ²²»ÄÜÕýÈ··´Ó³·½Î»ºÍ´¦ËùÔھ䷨ÈÏÖªÉϵĶÔÁ¢ 1.1.6l里在比较清楚地看到方位和处所在语用性质方位处所认知意义上的方位范畴和处所范畴即使是从合的研究也有必要重新探讨汉语对汉语空间表达方式因方位和处所的不同而造成的句法认知方经民空间区域范畴方位域处所域表达空间区域的是一套空间区域范畴处所域由处所名词和处所短语直接指称1.3 空间认知和方位参照研究1.3.1 空间认知和空间方位关系研究从空间认知等角度研究跟方位有关的语言现象是近年来汉语方位研究中的新倾向戴浩一1989ÓÈÆäÊǿռäºÍʱ¼äµÄÈÏÖªÄÜÁ¦À´½âÊͺºÓïµÄÓï·¨½á¹¹ÓÃat¶þά¶øººÓï²ÉÈ¡Á½²½·¨Ö¸³ö¹ØÏµµÄÒ»°ãÐÔÖÊÉϱ߻òÕß˵ͨ¹ýµÄͼʽÀ´Ì¸ÂÛ¿Õ¼ä¹ØÏµÄDZ¾ÊéÔÚ×À×ÓµÄÉÏÍ·1999。
2023届高考英语考前每日拔高练 第7练——阅读理解【配套新教材】

2023届高考英语考前每日拔高练第7练【配套新教材】When I was a child, my grandmother often said interpersonal communication mattered. She backed that up with her own behavior, and she invested her time and energy in interacting with people. When she walked down the street, she spoke to everyone, whether an elderly or a child, speaking whether English or Spanish.However, as she aged, she noticed that most people wouldn't have time for communication that's longer than a 160-character text message, much less time to develop genuine friendships that last decades. In fact, people are barely speaking to one another nowadays. As much as I hate to admit it, I have noticed it too.My grandmother opened my mind to having a pen pal on the other side of the world. It all started in 2013 when I was at University of Southern California. I met with Kerstin Zilm, a German radio personality who wanted to interview me about being a student struggling financially. I didn't know much about German culture or the German audience who would listen to the show, but I agreed to do so. I had internalized(使内在化) my grandmother's concept and I felt this was another way of communication and that speaking about my story was better than keeping it to myself. You never knew who could learn from your life experiences.After the story aired, a woman named Renate reached out to Kerstin, inquiring how she could find me and help me financially with college. I was grateful, but my pride didn't allow me to accept the money.thanking her for her kindness. This was the beginning of a beautiful intercontinental friend-ship. From then on, Renate and I often emailed each other. And whenever I was in trouble, she was always there. She sent me virtual hugs at the moments when I needed them most. Though I have never met her in person, she is one of the most important people in my life.1.What do we know about the author's grandmother?A. She made lots of foreign friends.B. She valued family relationships.C. She liked to wander on the streets.D. She kept bonding with other people.2.What does the author think of the people today?A. They show little respect to the elderly.B. They look forward to having a pen pal.C. They have limited communication with others.D. They like chatting through long text messages.3.What made the author decide to accept the interview?A. Her grandmother's wisdom.B. Her pen pal's encouragement.C. Her poverty-stricken situation.D. Her curiosity about German culture.4.What does the underlined word "halt" in the last paragraph mean?A. Continue.B. Appear.C. Extend.D. Stop."Regrets, I've had a few. But then again, too few to mention," Frank Sinatra chanted in his 1969 hit "My Way". The song's idea is attractive: that anyone can just declare what's done is done and move on. Some take the declaration a step further and claim they have no regrets at all. Whether a boast or an actual attitude, "no regrets" suggests that life can and should be lived without looking through the rear-view mirror.Easier said than done, though. In 2020, author Daniel H. Pink launched the World Regret Survey, the largest ever survey on the topic. With his research team, Pink asked more than 15,000 people in 105 countries, "How often do you look back on your life and wish you had done things differently?" 82% said regret is at least an occasional part of their life; roughly 21% said they feel regret "al1 the time." Only 1% said they never feel regret.If you are of the "no regrets" type, you might think that all this regret is a recipe for unhappiness. But that isn't the case. True, being overwhelmed by regret is indeed bad for you. But going to the other extreme may be even worse. To rid yourself of regrets doesn't free you from shame or sorrow; it leads you to make the same mistakes again and again. To truly get over our guilt requires that we put regret in its proper place.As uncomfortable as it is, regret is an amazing cognitive(认知) achievement. If today your relationship with your partner has soured, your regret might mentally take you back to last year. You would remember your being mean and sensitive, and then imagine yourself showing more patience, being kind instead of hurtful at key moments. Then you would fast-But regret doesn't have to be left unmanaged. The trick is to acknowledge it and use it for learning and improvement. You can be honest with yourself about what went wrong and use that knowledge to enjoy better relationships in the future.5.What should we do if we have had a bitter quarrel with a close friend according to FrankSinatra?A. Attract more people to your argument.B. Send him/her a letter of apology.C. Boast about being more reasonable.D. Forget about it and just let it go.6.Which of the following statements about regret may the writer agree with?A. We can do nothing about regret.B. Unhappiness results from regret.C. Ignoring regrets is missing the opportunity to improve.D. Ridding yourself of regrets helps free you from sorrow.7.What does the underlined word "languishing" in paragraph 4 most probably mean?A. Improving.B. Healing.C. Showing up.D. Breaking up.8.What might be a suitable title for the text?A. Regret to become smarter-if you let it.B. Long for a different past? Regret it!C. Regret? Not my way!D. Stay away! Regret will heal itself.Both my husband and I will celebrate birthdays in the next few weeks, and we are wondering where all the time has gone. Then we start to rethink about our years together, and the time before our relationship, and the memories flood back along with more smiles than tears. As a great deal of psychological research confirms, we actually recall more positive than negative memories as we age.New research by Erika Sparrow and colleagues, just published in the journal Psychology and Aging, reviewed 16 studies on aging and altruism(利他主义), asking whether people become more open-handed and are more willing to give as they get older. The answer is yes —regardless of financial status, the level of education, or gender, older people responded more willingly when asked to give resources or help others than younger people.So maybe all of us simply need to think happy thoughts. Can it really be this easy? Mara Maher reports, in the journal Memory and Emotion, that the focus on positive aspects of our past as we get older seems to be intentional, a specific goal-directed process to create more positive memories in order to increase our sense of well-being. So there are at least some good things about getting old! But must we age to obtain these benefits?Perhaps not. Ernst Bohlmeijer and colleagues found that people who experience evenmild depression or daily stress benefit from "gratitude exercises", daily diaries where individuals write about positive experiences of their day and reflect on past experiences for which they are grateful. Taking time to actively think about and reflect on the positive experiences in our lives provides perspectives and improves our sense of well-being, regardless of our age.And we can start this process with our children! Research from The Family Narratives Lab has demonstrated many benefits of recalling happy memories between parents and children, including helping children learn to meet challenges and regulate their emotions.This birthday season, my husband and I will share our positive experiences as a gift to each other. In doing this, we will increase our sense of belonging and caring for each other, our family and our community.9.What did the new research from Erika's team find about older people?A. They have a more open mind.B. They are more generous to others.C. They are more likely to be tricked.D. They have a better financial situation.10.What can we know about older people's thinking happy thoughts?A. It is difficult to be achieved.B. It is limited to certain age groups.C. It may be performed purposefully.D. It can be helpful for people to focus on goals.11.How do gratitude exercises benefit people according to Ernst's team?A. By improving their mental well-being.B. By raising kind and considerate children.C. By teaching them ways to meet challenges.D. By strengthening their relationship with others.12.What does the passage mainly talk about?A. Aging has both advantages and disadvantages.B. Reflecting on grateful memories can decrease stress.C. Keeping a diary helps increase our sense of well-being.D. Remembering positive experiences is beneficial across age.答案以及解析1.答案:D解析:细节理解题。
张汉熙《高级英语(1)》(第3版)学习指南【词汇短语+课文精解+全文翻译+练习答案】(Lesson

张汉熙《⾼级英语(1)》(第3版)学习指南【词汇短语+课⽂精解+全⽂翻译+练习答案】(LessonLesson 12 Ships in the Desert (Edited)⼀、词汇短语1. anchor n. & v. to hold fast by or as if by an anchor抛锚,锚定:They layat anchor outside the harbor.他们在港外抛锚停泊。
2. lap vt. to wash or slap against with soft liquid sounds拍打:The waveswere lapping the side of the boat.波浪击打着船的侧⾯。
3. comparable adj. that can be compared可⽐较的,⽐得上的4. underlying adj. fundamental, basic在下⾯的,根本的,潜在的5. parka n. a thick warm jacket with a hood⽑⽪风雪⼤⾐,⽪制⼤⾐6. glacier n. a large mass of ice and snow thatforms in areas where the rate of snowfall constantly exceeds the rate atwhich the snow melts; it moves slowly outward from the center ofaccumulation or down a mountain until it melts or breaks away冰川7. emission n. a gas or other substance that is sent into the air排放,排出物:fume emission尘雾排放8. inexorable adj. not capable of being persuaded byentreaty; relentless不可变的,残酷⽆情的:the inexorable passage of theseasons⼈⼒不能改变的四季转移9. graph n. a diagram, as a curve, broken lines, series of bars, etc.,representing the successive changes in a variable quantity or quantities图表,曲线图10. frigid adj. extremely cold极其寒冷的:Frigid winds blew fromthe north.寒风从北⽅刮来。
2023英语高考卷(全国卷II)

专业课原理概述部分一、选择题(每题1分,共5分)1. Which of the following words has the same stress pattern as "family"?A. democracyB. photographC. technologyD. refrigerator2. What is the past participle of the verb "go"?A. wentB. goneC. wentedD. goed3. Choose the correct relative pronoun in the following sentence: _______ book is on the table.A. WhichB. ThatC. WhoD. Whom4. The structure "I wish I could go with you" shows_______.A. Unreal pastB. Unreal presentC. Unreal futureD. Real present5. Which of the following sentences is in the passive voice?A. They built a new school.B. A new school was built them.C. They were building a new school.D. They have built a new school.二、判断题(每题1分,共5分)1. The word " pdata" can be divided into two syllables: "pa" and "tron". ( )2. "I have been to Beijing twice" means the speaker has visited Beijing two times in total. ( )5. The simple present tense is often used to talk about future arrangements. ( )三、填空题(每题1分,共5分)1. The opposite of "expensive" is _______.2. If we want to say "我喜欢打篮球" in English, we can say "I like to play _______".3. The third person singular form of "do" is _______.4. The past tense of "write" is _______.5. The correct form of "I have two sister" should be "I have _______ sisters".四、简答题(每题2分,共10分)1. What is the difference between "affect" and "effect"?3. What is the main difference between "while" and "when"?4. What is a gerund and how is it used in a sentence?5. Can you explain the difference between "its" and"it's"?五、应用题(每题2分,共10分)1. Correct the mistakes in the following sentence: "She have three childrens and they all goes to the same school."2. Rewrite the sentence in the passive voice: "They will build a new stadium next year."3. Change the following sentence into a question: "Hewill visit his grandparents tomorrow."5. Paraphrase the sentence: "Despite the heavy rain, they decided to go ahead with the outdoor event."六、分析题(每题5分,共10分)1. Analyze the sentence structure of the following sentence: "If it hadn't been for your help, I wouldn't have finished the project on time."2. Compare and contrast the use of "used to" and "be used to".七、实践操作题(每题5分,共10分)1. Write a short dialogue between two friends discussing their plans for the weekend.八、专业设计题(每题2分,共10分)2. Create a vocabulary worksheet focusing on words related to technology.3. Develop a writing prompt that encourages students to write a persuasive essay on the importance of learning a second language.5. Plan an interactive speaking activity that allows students to practice giving a presentation on a topic of their choice.九、概念解释题(每题2分,共10分)1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and a grapheme.2. Define the term "collocation" and provide an example.3. What is a modal verb? Give three examples and their uses.4. Explain the concept of "register" in language.5. Define the term "idiom" and how it differs from a phrase.十、思考题(每题2分,共10分)1. How does the use of the simple past tense differ from the past continuous tense?2. Why is it important to use a variety of sentence structures in writing?3. How can understanding the context help with the interpretation of a text?4. What strategies can a learner use to improve their listening skills in a foreign language?5. How does the use of cohesive devices contribute to the coherence of a text?十一、社会扩展题(每题3分,共15分)1. Discuss the role of English as a global lingua franca and its impact on cultural diversity.2. Analyze the influence of social media on the evolution of the English language.3. How does learning English benefit individuals in the fields of science and technology?4. Explore the challenges faced English language learners in a multilingual classroom environment.5. Discuss the importance of teaching English literature in the EFL/ESL classroom and its effect on language acquisition.一、选择题答案1. C2. B3. B4. A5. B二、判断题答案1. ×2. √3. √4. ×5. √三、填空题答案1. cheap2. basketball3. does4. wrote5. two四、简答题答案1. "Affect" is a verb meaning to influence or make a difference to something, while "effect" is a noun meaning the result or impact of something.3. "While" is used to talk about two actions happening at the same time, often with a contrast, while "when" is used to refer to a specific time.4. A gerund is a verb form ending in ing that functions as a noun. Example: Reading is my favorite hob.5. "Its" is a possessive adjective showing ownership, while "it's" is a contraction of "it is" or "it has".五、应用题答案1. She has three children, and they all go to the same school.2. A new stadium will be built them next year.3. Will he visit his grandparents tomorrow?4. He speaks not only English but also French.5. Despite the heavy rain, they decided to proceed with the outdoor event.六、分析题答案2. "Used to" is used to talk about past habits or states that no longer exist, while "be used to" is used to express familiarity or habituation with something.七、实践操作题答案1. (Sample dialogue provided)1. Grammar: The test covers various aspects of grammar, including verb tenses, sentence structure, passive voice, and modal verbs.2. Vocabulary: The test includes vocabularyrelated questions, focusing on antonyms, word forms, and collocations.3. Reading Comprehension: Questions are designed to test students' ability to understand and interpret written text.6. Speaking: The practice operation question encourages spoken language practice through dialogue writing.各题型知识点详解及示例:1. 选择题: These questions test students' knowledge of specific linguistic concepts, such as stress patterns andverb forms. Example: Identifying the past participle of "go" requires an understanding of irregular verbs.3. 填空题: These questions evaluate students' ability to recall vocabulary and apply grammatical rules. Example: Filling in the correct form of "do" requires knowledge of verb conjugation.4. 简答题: These questions test students' ability to explain linguistic concepts. Example: Explaining the difference between "affect" and "effect" requires an understanding of homophones and parts of speech.5. 应用题: These questions measure students' ability to apply their knowledge in practical situations. Example: Correcting a sentence with mistakes requires knowledge of subjectverb agreement and plural forms.7. 实践操作题: These questions assess students' ability to create and understand spoken dialogue. Example: Writing a dialogue requires knowledge of conversational English and the ability to use appropriate language for a given context.。
高一英语阅读理解深度学习单选题30题

高一英语阅读理解深度学习单选题30题1. The story is mainly about _____.A. a trip to the parkB. a birthday partyC. a school eventD. a family gathering答案:B。
本题主要考查对文章主旨的理解。
通过阅读全文,可以发现文章围绕一个生日派对展开,描述了派对的准备、过程和大家的感受等。
A 选项“a trip to the park”在文中未提及;C 选项“a school event”也与文章内容不符;D 选项“a family gathering”虽然生日派对也算是家庭聚会,但“a birthday party”更具体地概括了文章的主要内容。
阅读技巧:可以先快速浏览文章,了解大致内容,再根据题目去文中找具体信息。
语法知识:本题主要涉及名词短语的辨析。
2. The main character in the story is _____.A. a boyB. a girlC. an old manD. a young woman答案:A。
文中多处提到“he”“him”等代词,可推断出主角是个男孩。
B 选项“a girl”不符合文中代词的指代;C 选项“an old man”和D 选项“a young woman”在文中未出现相关描述。
阅读技巧:注意文中的代词指代,可以帮助确定人物身份。
语法知识:代词的用法。
3. The party was held _____.A. at homeB. in a restaurantC. in a parkD. at school答案:A。
文中提到“they decorated the living room for the party”,可知派对是在家里举行的。
B 选项“in a restaurant”文中未提及在餐馆;C 选项“in a park”与文章内容不符;D 选项“at school”也不是派对举办的地点。
(完整版)新视野大学英语2课文原文和翻译unit7、8

Lighten Your Load and Save Your LifeIf you often feel angry and overwhelmed, like the stress in your life is spinning out of control, then you may be hurting your heart。
如果你常常生气、身心疲乏,好像你生活中的压力正在快速地积聚,将要失去控制,那么你可能是在损害你的心脏了。
If you don't want to break your own heart, you need to learn to take charge of your life where you can—and recognize there are many things beyond your control。
假如你不想损害自己的心脏,你就需要努力学会在力所能及的范围内控制自己的生活──并且承认有许多东西你是无法控制的。
So says Dr. Robert S。
Eliot, author of a new book titled From Stress to Strength:How to Lighten Your Load and Save Your Life. He's a clinical professor of medicine at the University of Nebraska. 这是罗伯特·S。
埃利奥特博士的观点。
他是内布拉斯加大学的临床医学教授,新书《从压力到力量:怎样减轻你的负担,拯救你的生命》的作者。
Eliot says there are people in this world that he calls ”hot reactors”。
For these people, being tense may cause tremendous and rapid increases in their blood pressure。
SAT真题_2010 May

SECTION 2Time--25 minutes24 QuestionsDirections: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet.Each sentence below has one or two banks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of word labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.Examples:Hoping to ----- the dispute, negotiators proposed a compromise that they felt would be ----- to both labor and management.A. enforce…usefulB. end…divisiveC. overcome…unattractiveD. extend…satisfactoryE. resolve…acceptable( )1. Unsuccessful in her first campaigns, Barbara Jordan -----, eventually becoming the first Black woman elected to the Texas State Senate.A. persistedB. gloatedC. retiredD. despairedE. hesitated ( )2. Some scientists speculate that children who wash frequently are more likely to become asthmatic than those who wash infrequently: that -----, not the lack of it, is the problem.A. pollutionB. negligenceC. nutritionD. misbehaviorE. cleanliness ( )3. Newspaper advertisers feel their messages are more believable and ----- when they are printed next to news report: hence, advertising charges are higher for such -----.A. dominant…investigationB. irrelevant…proximityC. precise…deliveryD. persuasive…positioningE. vague…thoroughness( )4. Despite accusations to the contrary, it is unlikely that he intended to ----- the articles, since he cited them in his bibliography.A. analyzeB. illuminateC. plagiarizeD. acknowledgeE. contradict ( )5. Ralph Ellison learned the hard way about the ----- of a written manuscript: he suffered the ----- of the only draft of a work in progress in a household fire.A. magnitude…isolationB. fragility…preservationC. illegibility…eradicationD. vulnerability…destructionE. proliferation…division( )6. The new human resources director is both ----- and ----- about being able to improve employment opportunities for women at the executive level: she has great resolve but harbor no illusions.A. practical…deceptiveB. cynical…irrationalC. excited…approachableD. uncooperative…naïveE. determined…realistic( )7. Y ears of neglect had left the inside of the building in ----- condition: workstations were filthy and furnishings were dilapidated.A. a squalidB. a volatileC. an undauntedD. a rudimentaryE. a cataclysmic ( )8. The Wild Parrot of Telegraph Hill is only ----- about birds; despite its title, the documentary actually examines human relationships.A. ostensiblyB. distinctivelyC. intelligiblyD. salientlyE. incontrovertiblyThe passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer of the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.Question 9-10 are based on the following passage.At a preconcert interview in 2000 for the performance of one of her works in London, Rhian Samuel was asked about her well-known reluctance to be considered a Welsh composer. Her reply --- ―I’m not so happy to be called only a Welsh composer because I haven’ t lived in Wales all my life and have another influences as well. On the other hand, I [have] been a woman all my life!‖ --- brought both laughter and applause from the expectant crowd of concertgoers. In short, Samuel is proud to be considered first a woman composer, one whose connection to the Welsh language and people resurfaces at interludes throughout her musical life.( )9. The primary purpose of the passage is toA. discuss a composer’s musical trainingB. clarify a musician’s self-perceptionC. describe an artist’s linguistic talentsD. reveal the preferences of a particular audienceE. reconcile two antithetical views of a performance( )10. Her ―reply‖ in lines 2-3 suggests chiefly that Samuel believes which of the following?A. He nationality is not the most important aspect of her identity.B. She could not have become a successful composer if she had remained in Wales for her whole life.C. One of the obligations of a musician is to relate a humorous anecdote before each performance.D. Other people should not refer to themselves as Welsh unless they have always lived in Wales.E. Men should acknowledge the importance of their gender as an artistic influence just as women do.Question 11-12 are based on the following passage.My daughter, Olivia, and I were going to college. Not together at the same school, thank goodness, just at the same time, but she didn’t exactly know about my plans yet. There were a few things that needed work in this arrangement. Any mother who has an eighteen-year-old daughter would completely understand why I didn’t mention my decision to go to college to Olivia. What? I can’t believe it. Are you actually copying me? Don’t you think you should consider getting your own life? It wasn’t that I planned never to tell her. I just figured I’d wait a bit --- until we’d had a little time to miss each other.( )11. The narrator’s attitude toward her situation is best described asA. perplexedB. prudentC. sentimentalD. annoyedE. derisive( )12. The narrator uses the questions in lines 8-10 primarily toA. voice some pressing concernsB. admit to some personal qualmsC. characterize a likely responseD. highlight an unpleasant memoryE. begin a discussionQuestion 13-24 are based on the following passages.These passages discuss string theory, the as-yet-unproven idea that all matter in the universe is made up of ―strings‖ so small that they have not been detected by instruments. The passages were adapted from books published in 2000 and 2006, respectively.Passage 1String theory is a work in progress whose partial completion has already revealed remarkably elegant answers to questions about nature’s most fundamental constituents and forces. For instance, in string theory many aspects of nature that might appear to be arbitrary technical details --- such as the number of distinct varieties of particle ingredients and their properties --- are found to arise from tangible aspects of the geometry of the universe.In the final analysis, though, nothing is a substitute for definitive, testable predictions that can determine whethercomplicated that, to date, no one even knows the exact equations of the theory. Nevertheless, experimental tests could provide strong circumstantial support for string theory within the next ten years or so.One of the pioneers of string theory summarizes the situation by saying that ―string theory is a part of twenty-first-century physics that fell by change into the twentieth century.‖ It is as if our forebears in the nineteenth century had been presented with a modern-day supercomputer, without the operating instructions. Through inventive trial and error, hints of the supercomputer’s power would have become evident, but it would have taken vigorous and prolonged effort to gain true mastery. The hints of the computer’s potential, like our glimpses of string theory’s explanatory power, would have provided strong motivation for obtaining complete facility. A similar motivation today energizes physicists to pursue string theory.Science proceeds in fits and starts. Scientists put forward results, both theoretical and experimental. The results are then debated by the community; sometimes they are discarded, sometimes they are modified, and sometimes they provide inspiration for new and more accurate ways of understanding the universe. In other words, science proceeds along a zigzag path toward what we hope will be ultimate truth, a path that began with humanity’s earliest attempts to fathom the cosmos and whose end we cannot predict. Whether string theory is an incidental rest stop along this path, a landmark turning point, or the final destination we do not know. But the last two decades of research by hundreds of dedicated physicists and mathematicians has given us well-founded hope that we are on the right and possibly final track. Passage 2No matter how things turn out, the story of string theory is an episode with no parallel in the history of modern physics. More than twenty years of research by thousands of the world’s best scientists producing tens of thousands of scientific papers has not led to a single testable experimental prediction of the theory. This unprecedented situation leads one to ask whether one can really describe string theory as science.Human beings engage in many different attempts to explain the world around them, but only a specific sort of explanation is normally considered to be scientific. An explanation that allows one to predict successfully in detail what will happen when one goes out and performs a feasible experiment is the sort of explanation that most clearly can be labeled ―scientific‖. Explanations that cannot be used to form predictions clearly do not deserve this label.Remarkably, the lack of any progress in achieving a predictive version of string theory that could be tested by experiment has not led to theorist’s giving it up. Indeed, in recent years, many string theorists have become convinced that string theory inherently must allow an astronomically large number of physical possibilities, so many that it is difficult to see how the theory can ever be tested. Y et some theorists are convinced that a better understanding of the theory will uncover testable phenomena. This way of thinking is a steadfast refusal to acknowledge the lesson that conventional science says one should draw in this kind of circumstance: if on e’s theory can’ t predict anything, one should try something else.The phrase ―not even wrong‖is popular among physicists. A theory can be ―not even wrong‖because it is so incomplete and ill-defined that it can’ t be used to make predictions whose failure would show it to be wrong. This sort of ―not even wrong‖ is not necessarily a bad thing. Most new theoretical ideas begin in this state, and it can take quite a bit of work before their implications are well enough understood for researchers to be able to tell whether the idea is right or wrong. But there is a second connotation of ―not even wrong‖: something worse than a wrong idea. In the case of string theory, the way some physicists are abandoning fundamental scientific principles rather than admit that a theory is wrong is something of this kind: worse than being wrong is refusing to admit when one is wrong.( )13. Which best describes the relationship between the two passages?A. Passage 1 provides concrete evidence in support of a hypothesis attacked in Passage 2.B. Passage 1 advocates a theoretical approach that is only reluctantly endorsed by Passage 2.C. Passage 1 praises the achievements of a scientific researcher who is denounced in Passage 2.D. Passage 1 offers a largely positive assessment of a theory that is criticized in Passage 2.E. Passage 1 offers a detailed description of a methodology that is praised in Passage 2.( )14. The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the claim in lines 5-6 in Passage 1 (―In the…universe‖)D. open skepticismE. total opposition( )15. The author of Passage 2 would most likely argue that the prediction made in lined 8-9 in Passage 1 (―Nevertheless…or so‖) isA. unlikely to come to passB. based on relevant dataC. a patently obvious claimD. a somewhat plausible outcomeE. an unnecessarily pessimistic assessment( )16. In the analogy of the supercomputer (line11-15), modern physicists resemble the ―forebears‖ in that bothA. have an obligation to acknowledge their own limitationsB. lack the knowledge to take full advantage of a toolC. fail to recognize to take full advantage of a toolD. must learn to use computers to do their work more effectivelyE. should seek instruction to understand a phenomenon more fully( )17. In line 32, ―fits‖ most nearly meansA. violent attacksB. unprovoked tantrumsC. emotional reactionsD. unexpected whimsE. sudden bursts( )18. The characterization of the ―path‖ (line 20) suggests that scienceA. results from purely chance eventsB. is driven by an unforeseen and mysterious purposeC. progresses in an orderly mannerD. is inaccessible to those without proper trainingE. advances in indirect and sometimes unexpected ways( )19. The author of Passage 2 would most likely advise the ―physicists and mathematicians‖ referred to in lines 23, Passage 1, toA. redouble their current effortsB. collaborate more with one anotherC. find new avenues for researchD. pursue a more interdisciplinary approachE. seek to replicate their experimental findings( )20. The primary contrast in lines 24-26 (―No matter…theory‖) is between theA. size of a project and its importanceB. purpose of an undertaking and its resultC. history of an enterprise and its futureD. scope of an endeavor and its outcomeE. randomness of an approach and its findings( )21. Passage 1 suggests that its author would most likely argue that the ―unprecedented situation‖(lines 26, Passage 2) isA. proof of the arbitrary nature of theoretical physicsB. evidence of the lack of consensus among physicistsC. a sign of the challenges involved with working with supercomputersD. a testament to the difficulty of directly observing subatomic phenomenaE. a consequence of the highly complex mathematics underlying string theory( )22. The second paragraph in Passage 2 (line 28-31) primarily serves toA. analyze the steps required by a processB. assess the practicality of achieving an objectiveC. articulate the criteria required to meet a standardD. characterize the qualifications of practitionersE. describe the significant advancements of a discipline( )23. In line37, ―draw‖ most nearly meansA. sketchB. leadC. attractD. inferE. provoke( )24. Both authors would agree with which statement about string theory?A. Through its development, important technological advances have taken place.B. In its current state, the explanations it provides are ultimately incomplete.C. It is unlikely that it will ever provide an encompassing explanation.SECTION 5Time--25 minutes24 QuestionsDirections: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet.Each sentence below has one or two banks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of word labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole.Examples:Hoping to ----- the dispute, negotiators proposed a compromise that they felt would be ----- to both labor and management.A. enforce…usefulB. end…divisiveC. overcome…unattractiveD. extend…satisfactoryE. resolve…acceptable( )1. Heckling during a political rally is so ----- that it surprises no one; the same behavior, however, is ----- when it is exhibited at a scientific conference.A. rare…shatteringB. commonplace…startlingC. revolting…unnervingD. trivial…meaninglessE. comical…bearable( )2. Steve was ----- by the intricacy of the ice crystals forming on his windowpane: he couldn’t take his eyes off them.A. edifiedB. troubledC. enervatedD. emboldenedE. captivated( )3. The experiment did not yield the decisive ----- that the scientist had hoped for; instead, the findings were only of ----- significance.A. outcome…nominalB. results…influentialC. conclusion…distinctD. sources…astronomicalE. risks…questionable( )4. NASA engineer Gloria Yamauchi uses ----- approach to research, in that it draws on physics, aerodynamics, mathematics, and other fields.A. a self-evidentB. an interdisciplinaryC. a simplisticD. an economicalE. an impractical( )5. Less confident employees tend to be ----- about asking for a pay increase, preferring to wait for their supervisors to raise the issue.A. volubleB. presumptuousC. reticentD. penitentE. tenaciousThe passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also be based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer of the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided.Question 6-9 are based on the following passages.Passage 1Liars may betray themselves through linguistic mistakes, but the main sources of betrayal are the emotions. Emotion reveals itself, sometimes in contradictory ways, in the voice, body, and face. Deceptions typically involve trying to conceal feelings that are inappropriate or trying to cover up the fear, guilt, and distress that may be provoked when one attempts to get away with a lie. When a person lies and has emotional investment in the situation, a perfect performance is hard to carry off. Nonverbal clues to deception leak out. What is surprising is that few people make use of these clues and thus liars go undetected.Passage 2Human beings are terrible lie detectors. In studies, subjects asked to distinguish truth from lies answer correctly approximately half the time. People are often led astray by an erroneous sense of how a liar behaves. ―People hold a stereotype of the liar –as tormented, anxious, and conscience-stricken,‖researchers Bella DePaulo and Charles Bond write. Clumsy deceivers are sometimes visibly agitated, but in general there is no such things as ―typical‖deceptive behavior. As DePaulo says, ―To be a good liar, you don’t need to know what behaviors really separate liars from truthtellers, but what behaviors people think separate them.‖( )6. Which best describes the relationship between the passages?A. Passage 1 discusses lying from a moral stance, whereas Passage 2 examines it from a legal viewpoint.B. Passage 1 views lying as a skill that is learned, whereas Passage 2 considers it an instinctive impulse.C. Passage 1 claims that lying is characterized by certain distinctive behaviors, whereas Passage 2 largely rejects that notion.D. Passage 1 takes a scientific approach to lying, whereas Passage 2 discusses it from an anecdotal perspective.E. Passage 1 focuses on the effects of lying, whereas Passage 2 examines its causes.( )7. Lines 1, Passage 1 (―Liars may…emotions‖), and lines 10-11, Passage 2 (―Clumsy…behavior‖), both contain instances ofA. simileB. paradoxC. euphemismD. qualificationE. understatement ( )8. The author of Passage 2 would most likely describe the claim about ―fear, guilt, and distress‖ (lines 3, Passage 1) as aA. conventional but inaccurate perceptionB. plausible theory that my prove to be correctC. misconception of little significanceD. nonstandard view that is based on faulty scienceE. widespread and well-substantiated belief( )9. Lines 11-12 (―As…them‖) suggest that Bella DePaulo would most likely maintain that Passage 1A. overlooks the behavior patterns of those who tell the truthB. presents the very misconceptions that people often have about liarsC. offers a perceptive psychological analysis of liars’ deceptive behaviorsD. takes an overly sympathetic view of deceptive behaviorE. overemphasizes the role of linguistic patterns in lyingQuestion 10-15 are based on the following passages.This passage, adapted from a 1983 biography, discusses Frida Kahlo (1907-1954), a Mexican painter. Known for her distinctive artistic style, her flamboyant dress, and her tumultuous life, Kahlo endured numerous health problems and emotional upheavals, many of which are depicted in her paintings.It was not bohemian casualness that prompted Frida Kahlo to choose for her wedding dress the borrowed clothes oflinks between dress and self-image, and between personal style and painting style, formed one of the subplots in the unfolding drama of her life.For Kahlo the elements of her dress were a kind of palette from which she selected each day the image of herself that she wished to present to the world. Wearing Tehuana costumes was part of Kahlo’s self-creation as a legendary personality intimately connected to her native land. Y et while she was definitely playing a role, hers was an authentic artifice. She did not change her personality to fit the image she presented; rather, she invented a highly individualistic personal style to dramatize the personality that was already there.Indeed, Kahlo’s Tehuana costume became so essential a part of her persona that several time she painted it devoid of its owner. The costume served as a stand-in for herself, a second skin never totally assimilated to the person hidden under it but so integral to her that even when it was taken off, it retained something of the wearer’s being. Clearly Kahlo knew of the magic power of clothes to substitute for their owner; in her diary, she wrote that the Tehuana costume made ―the absent portrait of only one person‖– her absent self.Always a form of social communication, as the years passed Kahlo’s costumes became an antidote to isolation; even when she was very ill and received few visitors, she dressed every day as if she were preparing for a fiesta. As her self-portraits confirmed her existence, so did the costumes make the frail, often bedridden woman feel more magnetic and visible, more emphatically present as a physical object in space. Paradoxically, they were both a mask and a frame. Since they defined the wearer’s identity in terms of appearance, they distracted her – and the onlooker – from inner pain. The elaborate packaging was an attempt to compensate for her sense of fragmentation and dissolution. Ribbons, flowers, jewels, and sashes became more and more colorful and elaborate as her health declined late in life. In a sense, Kahlo was like a Mexican piñata: she was a fragile vessel decorated with frills and ruffles, and just as blindfolded children swing at the piñata with a broomstick, life dealt Kahlo below after blow. While the piñata dances and sways, the knowledge that it is about to be destroyed makes its bright beauty all the more poignant. In the same way, Kahlo’s decoration was touching; it was at once affirmation of her love of life and a signal of her awareness – and defiance – of life’s troubles.( )10. The passage primarily serves toA. refute a popular belief about modern paintersB. discuss the critical response to an important artist’s workC. evaluate the artistic techniques of a well-known painterD. analyze a method of self-expression for a noted artistE. provide a comprehensive biography of a famous painter( )11. The first sentence of the passage primarily serves toA. support a prevailing opinionB. describe a provocative theoryC. dispel a potential misconceptionD. delineate an ongoing problemE. offer a tentative solution( )12. The reference to a nun in line 3 primarily serves to suggest Kahlo’sA. pious humilityB. worldly renunciationC. intellectual rigorD. personal selflessnessE. enthusiastic devotion( )13. In lines 8-9 (―Y et…artifice‖), the author indicated that playing a role canA. be a complex, almost incomprehensible masqueradeB. be a form of sincere self-expressionC. dramatize the individual’s historyD. conceal embarrassing secretsE. alter the personality of the role player( )14. The reference to ―a mask and a frame‖ (lines 19) indicates that Kahlo’s costumesA. communicated Kahl o’s inner feelings to othersB. mystified people studying Kahl o’s workC. could not be separated from Kahlo’s actual paintings( )15. The passage indicated that ―Ribbons, flowers, jewels, and sashes‖ (line 21-22) became more elaborate toA. contrast with Kahlo’s artistic austerityB. enhance the imagery in Kahlo’s self-portraitsC. counterbalance Kahl o’s increasing frailtyD. showcase Kahlo’s success as an artistE. express Kahlo’s enthusiasm for adornmentsQuestion 16-24 are based on the following passages.This passage is adapted from the autobiographical account of a journalist traveling through Africa to research chimpanzees.Our walk through the forest was like a journey through an extended underground cavern. We wound through obscure passages, out into small openings or great rooms, and then tunneled back into winding passageways. Toward the end of the afternoon, we followed what seemed to be a large movement of chimpanzees into one great open room in the forest, relatively clear except for columns of nut trees. Soon about a dozen chimps were hammering away, using log hammers on log or root anvils.We had entered a factory, but it was also a nursery. I turned to watch a mother playing with her infant, tickling his toes with playful little nibbles and then looking into his laughing face and eyes with the most amazing gaze of adoration. Elsewhere, three adult females had situated themselves in a tree and were kissing and tickling an infant, who writhed with apparent pleasure. Suddenly, their faces, which had taken on remarkable glowing expressions of adoration, registered in my mind as entirely comprehensible. I was looking at intelligent faces experiencing an emotion I could only imagine to be love.One commentator has said that the big difference between humans and chimps (intelligent though those apes may be) is that humans can invent great wonders of technology. ―I considered the difference between men and animals,‖ this person wrote. ―Some were vast. A chimpanzee could be taught to drive a car. It could even be taught to build parts of it. But it could not begin to design it…. Our intellect is incomparably more sophisticated than (that of) any animal. One hears this sort of argument often, and, to my mind, it is mere self-stroking puffery. Could you or I begin to design a car? Has any single human actually designed a car? Could any one person abandoned at birth on a desert island somewhere –without pictures, communication, education, or artifacts –even invent a tricycle or a child’s kite or a mousetrap? Obviously not. Left at birth on a desert island, you and I and that commentator would be lifting and dropping chunks of wood or rounded stones onto hard nuts – and be glad we figured that one out.‖The great accomplishment of Homo sapiens is not technology, which has become bigger and scarier than we are, a mixed blessing. The great accomplishment is language, which has enabled us to accumulate and coordinate our achievements, insights, and minicreations. Our big technologies are collective efforts, cultural products, all and always made possible by language. Even the supposed ―milestones‖ of technological advancement—the use of movable type, to take one example—were collective events. Johannes Gutenberg(1) didn’t think up movable type whole, in an isolated stroke of genius. His partner was a goldsmith; his father was a mint employee, entirely familiar with soft metals. Printing presses were all around Europe by then. Gutenberg’s great genius was to assemble, revise, and modify already long-established traditions in metallurgy, goldsmithing, and woodblock printing, not to mention papermaking and press design.Our one great accomplishment is language, but our great hope is the internal compass that may enable us to guide ourselves and our technological powers into the future: our glowing capacity for valuing our own kind and for at least some empathy beyond our kind. The hand lifting and dropping the stone is less impressive than the eye that gazed with love.(1)Gutenberg’s typesetting process made the mass production of text possible.( )16. It can be inferred that ―chimps‖ mentioned in line 4 areA. using simple tools to crack open nutsB. expressing themselves by making a lot of noiseC. taking out their aggressions on the nut trees。
新视野英语教程2unit8

Unit 8 New Words1、genius--------------------------------------------------------------------------------n. 1. [C] a person of very great ability or very high intelligence 天才人物;才子[例] In the field of physics, Albert Einstein was a genius. 艾伯特·爱因斯坦是物理学界的天才。
[例] The young man who was regarded as a genius in his boyhood turned out to be quite ordinary. 那个年轻人小时候被认为是天才,长大后却变得平平庸庸。
2. [U] great and rare powers of thought, skill, or imagination 天才;天赋[例] There's genius in the way this picture was painted. 这幅画的绘制手法表现出一种天分。
[例] Genius is nothing but labor and intelligence. 天才不是别的,就是努力加聪明。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2、powerful--------------------------------------------------------------------------------adj. great in degree or effect 强大的;强效的[例] As a powerful nation, we should help the weaker ones instead of controlling them. 作为一个强国,我们应该帮助弱小国家,而不是去控制它们。
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Influences from the Others Implied in the Multi-point View and Its Significance, Analysis of The Sound and the Fury
专业班级:英语0801
学生姓名:于宏伟
指导教师:田琨
辽宁石油化工大学英语系
Table of Contents
I. Introduction
1.1 A brief introduction to William Faulkner and his literature
career (1)
1.2 A brief introduction to The Sound and the Fury and the
evaluation of the study (2)
II. Analysis of the influences from the Others implied in the Multi-point View in The Sound and the Fury
2.1 From the three brothers’point of view to see the true
meaning of Caddy’s loss of her virginity (3)
2.1.1 Benjy—the losses of childhood and love (4)
2.1.2 Quentin-the decline of the traditional value systems (4)
2.1.3 Jason- the losses of social status and money (5)
2.2 Influences from Faulkner implied in the multi-point view 2.2.1The relationship between Faulkner and the novel (6)
2.2.2 The different periods of Faulkner’s personal experience.
(7)
2.3 Influences from the social background implied in the multi-
Point of view (8)
2.3.1 The decline of the southern old traditional value system
(8)
2.3.2 Values of people about money in America (9)
III. The historical significance of The Sound and the Fury 3.1 Explore the death of
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
IV. Conclusion
4.1
4.2
V. Bibliography
I. Introduction
1.1A brief introduction to William Faulkner
William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Faulkner), (September 25, 1897-July 6, 1962) was an American author. He is regarded as one of the most influential writers of the twenties century, and was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in literature.
William Faulkner is the representative writer of the southern literature. He has his own characteristics of writing. He usually uses the fallible narrators or multiple narrators in his works. The steam of consciousness skill has been used in his works. Sentences would be put together in long ones and the using pronouns could be confusing. He is an avant-garde modernist in terms of his technical innovativeness.
Most of Faulkner’s works are set in a small region in Northern Mississippi, Y oknapatawpha Country, which is actually an imaginary place based on Faulkner’s childhood memory. These stories deal with the historical period from the Civil War up to the 1920s when the First World War broke out, and people of a stratified society, the aristocrats, the new rich, the poor whites, and the blacks. Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole southern society.
Faulkner tries to explore the human’s relationship to the southern land and nature, the crisis in a culture, and the decline in human spirit, the
vulgarization of a materialistic age from his works. These are the problems of the south that Faulkner tries to expose. He not only makes contribution to the prosperity of the 1920s in America but also helps many southern writers emerge in the literary stage.
1.2 A brief introduction to The Sound and the Fury
The Sound and the Fury is one of William Faulkner’s masterpieces. The novel narrates a decaying family, the Compsons’ tragedy, or rather, the tragedy of the old South.
The novel is divided into four sections. The first three sections are narrated by three compson brothers: Benjy, Quentin, Jason. Their sister Caddy and her sexual life are very much a focus in each section. The final section is narrated by an omniscient narrator. Caddy’s loss of her virginity has a great influence on the three brothers. Benjy is close to。