lecture-9-CloudComputing
CloudComputing.pptx
服务中间件（用户管理，资源管理，安全管理，映像管理）
技
术
虚拟化资源（计算资源，网络资源，存储资源，数据库资源）
层
次
物理资源（服务器集群，网络设备，存储设备，数据库）
虚拟化
虚拟化技术的四大特性
主流虚拟机的比较
VMware云计算及产品介绍
VMware云计算及产品介绍
VMware 的数据中心物理拓补结构
网格计算（Grid Computing ）、 分布式计算（DistributedComputing）、 并行计算（Parallel Computing）、 效用计算（Utility Computing）、 网络存储（Network Storage Technologies）、 虚拟化（Virtualization）、 负载均衡（Load Balance）等传统计算机和网络技术发展融合的产物。
SharePoint 提供协作服务。通过使用协作特性，组织内的用户可以轻松创建、管理和构建他们的协作 Web 站点，并让这些
站点为整个组织所使用，通过这种协作和快速开发的服务建立更强的客户关系。
Dynamics CRM 是一个完全集成的客户关系管理系统，提供类似Saleforce 的应用级的服务，用户可以从第一次接触客户开始，
hypervisor层直接运行于物理服务器硬件上。所有的虚拟分区都通过hypervisor与硬件通信， hypervisor是一个很小，效率很高的代码集合，负责协调这些调用。
微软云计算应用-AZURE
Azure Services Platform 是微软于2008年微软开发者大会上发布的全新的云计算平台，基于微软数据中心PaaS平台，主要向开发人 员提供了一个在线的基于Windows系列产品的开发、储存和服务代管等服务的环境。 结构基本与hyper-v一样
cloud computing(云计算)
Huawei cloud computing site
What is cloud computing services in the form of?(服务形式)
3.2:Platform as a service(平台即服务)：将软 件研发的平台作为一种服务。
•
3.3Software as a service (软件即服务),用户 无需购买软件，而是向提供商租用基于Web的 软件，来管理企业经营活动。
What cloud computing applications?
• 3:The form of services(服务形式)
There are three kinds of cloud computing service form:IaaS,PaaS,SaaS.
•
3.1:Infrastructure as a Service (基础设施即 服务)例如：硬件服务器的租用。
cloud computing （云计算）
王鹏程 12330427
First:definition(定义) Second:feature(特点) Third:The form of services(服务 形式)
Fourth:application(应用)
Cloud computing？
• 1，definition： Cloud computing is a kind of pay by usage pattern, this pattern provides available, convenient, on-demand network access, enter the configurable computing resources Shared pool (resources including network, servers, storage, applications and services), these resources can be quick to provide, just in the management of the very few and or little interaction with service providers.
Cloud computing
Cloud computingDatabaseCloud computing metaphor:For a user,the network elements representing the provider-rendered services are invisible,as if ob-scured by a cloud.Cloud computing ,also known as 'on-demand comput-ing',is a kind of Internet-based computing,where shared resources,data and information are provided to comput-ers and other devices on-demand.It is a model for en-abling ubiquitous,on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources.[1][2]Cloud com-puting and storage solutions provide users and enter-prises with various capabilities to store and process their data in third-party data centers .[3]It relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economies of scale ,similar to a utility (like the electricity grid )over a network.[4]At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader concept of converged infrastructure and shared services .Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,networks,servers,storage,applications and services)that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal manage-ment effort.Cloud computing,or in simpler shorthand just “the cloud”,also focuses on maximizing the effectiveness of the shared resources.Cloud resources are usually not onlyshared by multiple users but are also dynamically reallo-cated per demand.This can work for allocating resourcesto users.For example,a cloud computer facility that serves European users during European business hourswith a specific application (e.g.,email)may reallocate the same resources to serve North American users during North America’s business hours with a different applica-tion (e.g.,a web server).This approach helps maximize the use of computing power while reducing the overall cost of resources by using less power,air conditioning,rack space,etc.to maintain the system.With cloud com-puting,multiple users can access a single server to re-trieve and update their data without purchasing licenses for different applications.The term “moving to cloud”also refers to an organiza-tion moving away from a traditional CAPEX model (buy the dedicated hardware and depreciate it over a period of time)to the OPEX model (use a shared cloud infrastruc-ture and pay as one uses it).Proponents claim that cloud computing allows compa-nies to avoid upfront infrastructure costs,and focus on projects that differentiate their businesses instead of on infrastructure.[5]Proponents also claim that cloud com-puting allows enterprises to get their applications up and running faster,with improved manageability and less maintenance,and enables IT to more rapidly adjust re-sources to meet fluctuating and unpredictable business demand.[5][6][7]Cloud providers typically use a “pay as you go”model.This can lead to unexpectedly high charges if administrators do not adapt to the cloud pricing model.[8]The present availability of high-capacity networks,low-cost computers and storage devices as well as the widespread adoption of hardware virtualization ,service-oriented architecture ,and autonomic and utility comput-ing have led to a growth in cloud computing.[9][10][11]Companies can scale up as computing needs increase and then scale down again as demands decrease.Cloud computing has now become a highly demanded service or utility due to the advantages of high computing power,cheap cost of services,high performance,scala-bility,accessibility as well as availability.Cloud vendors are experiencing growth rates of 50%per annum.[12]But due to being in a stage of infancy,it still has some pitfalls which need to be given proper attention to make cloud computing services more reliable and user friendly.[13][14]1History of cloud computing 1.1Origin of the term The origin of the term cloud computing is unclear.The word “cloud”is commonly used in science to describe a121HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTINGlarge agglomeration of objects that visually appear from a distance as a cloud and describes any set of things whose details are not inspected further in a given context.[15]An-other explanation is that the old programs that drew net-work schematics surrounded the icons for servers with a circle,and a cluster of servers in a network diagram had several overlapping circles,which resembled a cloud.[16] In analogy to above usage the word cloud was used as a metaphor for the Internet and a standardized cloud-like shape was used to denote a network on telephony schematics and later to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams.With this simplification,the implica-tion is that the specifics of how the end points of a network are connected are not relevant for the purposes of under-standing the diagram.The cloud symbol was used to rep-resent networks of computing equipment in the original ARPANET by as early as1977,[17]and the CSNET by 1981[18]—both predecessors to the Internet itself.The term cloud has been used to refer to platforms for distributed computing.In Wired’s April1994fea-ture“Bill and Andy’s Excellent Adventure II”on the Apple spin-offGeneral Magic,Andy Hertzfeld comments on General Magic’s distributed programming language Telescript that:[19]“The beauty of Telescript...is that now, instead of just having a device to program,wenow have the entire Cloud out there,where asingle program can go and travel to many dif-ferent sources of information and create sortof a virtual service.No one had conceived thatbefore.The example Jim White[the designerof Telescript,X.400and ASN.1]uses now is adate-arranging service where a software agentgoes to theflower store and ordersflowers andthen goes to the ticket shop and gets the ticketsfor the show,and everything is communicatedto both parties.”References to“cloud computing”in its modern sense ap-peared as early as1996,with the earliest known mention in a Compaq internal document.[20]The popularization of the term can be traced to2006 when introduced the Elastic Compute Cloud.[21]1.2The1970sDuring the mid-1970s,time-sharing was popularly known as RJE(Remote Job Entry);this terminology was mostly associated with large vendors such as IBM and DEC.IBM developed the VM Operating System(first released in1972)to provide time-sharing services via virtual machines.1.3The1990sIn the1990s,telecommunications companies,who previ-ously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data cir-cuits,began offering virtual private network(VPN)ser-vices with comparable quality of service,but at a lower cost.By switching traffic as they sawfit to balance server use,they could use overall network bandwidth more ef-fectively.They began to use the cloud symbol to denote the demarcation point between what the provider was re-sponsible for and what users were responsible for.Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover all servers as well as the network infrastructure.[22]As computers became more prevalent,scientists and technologists explored ways to make large-scale com-puting power available to more users through time-sharing.They experimented with algorithms to optimize the infrastructure,platform,and applications to prioritize CPUs and increase efficiency for end users.[23]1.4The New Millennium:2000sSince2000,cloud computing has come into exis-tence.In early2008,NASA's OpenNebula,enhanced in the RESERVOIR European Commission-funded project, became thefirst open-source software for deploying private and hybrid clouds,and for the federation of clouds.[24]In the same year,efforts were focused on providing quality of service guarantees(as required by real-time interactive applications)to cloud-based in-frastructures,in the framework of the IRMOS Euro-pean Commission-funded project,resulting in a real-time cloud environment.[25][26]By mid-2008,Gartner saw an opportunity for cloud computing“to shape the relation-ship among consumers of IT services,those who use IT services and those who sell them”[27]and observed that “organizations are switching from company-owned hard-ware and software assets to per-use service-based mod-els”so that the“projected shift to computing...will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and sig-nificant reductions in other areas.”[28]Microsoft Azure was announced as“Azure”in Octo-ber2008and released on1February2010as Windows Azure,before being renamed to Microsoft Azure on25 March2014.[29]In July2010,Rackspace Hosting and NASA jointly launched an open-source cloud-software initiative known as OpenStack.The OpenStack project intended to help organizations offer cloud-computing services running on standard hardware.The early code came from NASA’s Nebula platform as well as from Rackspace’s Cloud Files platform.On March1,2011,IBM announced the IBM SmartCloud framework to support Smarter Planet.[30]Among the var-ious components of the Smarter Computing foundation, cloud computing is a critical piece.3On June7,2012,Oracle announced the Oracle Cloud.[31] While aspects of the Oracle Cloud are still in develop-ment,this cloud offering is poised to be thefirst to pro-vide users with access to an integrated set of IT solutions, including the Applications(SaaS),Platform(PaaS),and Infrastructure(IaaS)layers.[32][33][34]2Similar conceptsCloud computing is the result of the evolution and adop-tion of existing technologies and paradigms.The goal of cloud computing is to allow users to take benefit from all of these technologies,without the need for deep knowl-edge about or expertise with each one of them.The cloud aims to cut costs,and helps the users focus on their core business instead of being impeded by IT obstacles.[35] The main enabling technology for cloud computing is virtualization.Virtualization software separates a phys-ical computing device into one or more“virtual”devices, each of which can be easily used and managed to per-form computing tasks.With operating system–level vir-tualization essentially creating a scalable system of mul-tiple independent computing devices,idle computing re-sources can be allocated and used more efficiently.Vir-tualization provides the agility required to speed up IT operations,and reduces cost by increasing infrastructure utilization.Autonomic computing automates the pro-cess through which the user can provision resources on-demand.By minimizing user involvement,automation speeds up the process,reduces labor costs and reduces the possibility of human errors.[35]Users routinely face difficult business problems.Cloud computing adopts concepts from Service-oriented Archi-tecture(SOA)that can help the user break these problems into services that can be integrated to provide a solution. Cloud computing provides all of its resources as services, and makes use of the well-established standards and best practices gained in the domain of SOA to allow global and easy access to cloud services in a standardized way. Cloud computing also leverages concepts from utility computing to provide metrics for the services used.Such metrics are at the core of the public cloud pay-per-use models.In addition,measured services are an essential part of the feedback loop in autonomic computing,allow-ing services to scale on-demand and to perform automatic failure recovery.Cloud computing is a kind of grid computing;it has evolved by addressing the QoS(quality of service)and reliability problems.Cloud computing provides the tools and technologies to build data/compute intensive parallel applications with much more affordable prices compared to traditional parallel computing techniques.[35]Cloud computing shares characteristics with:•Client–server model—Client–server computingrefers broadly to any distributed application that dis-tinguishes between service providers(servers)and service requestors(clients).[36]•Grid computing—“A form of distributed and par-allel computing,whereby a'super and virtual com-puter'is composed of a cluster of networked,loosely coupled computers acting in concert to perform very large tasks.”•Mainframe computer—Powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applica-tions,typically bulk data processing such as:census;industry and consumer statistics;police and secret intelligence services;enterprise resource planning;andfinancial transaction processing.•Utility computing—The“packaging of computing resources,such as computation and storage,as a me-tered service similar to a traditional public utility, such as electricity.”[37][38]•Peer-to-peer—A distributed architecture without the need for central coordination.Participants are both suppliers and consumers of resources(in con-trast to the traditional client–server model).3CharacteristicsCloud computing exhibits the following key characteris-tics:•Agility improves with users’ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.[wtf?]•Cost reductions claimed by cloud providers.A public-cloud delivery model converts capital expen-diture to operational expenditure.[39]This purport-edly lowers barriers to entry,as infrastructure is typ-ically provided by a third party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent inten-sive computing tasks.Pricing on a utility computing basis isfine-grained,with usage-based options and fewer IT skills are required for implementation(in-house).[40]The e-FISCAL project’s state-of-the-art repository[41]contains several articles looking into cost aspects in more detail,most of them conclud-ing that costs savings depend on the type of activities supported and the type of infrastructure available in-house.•Device and location independence[42]enable users to access systems using a web browser regardless of their location or what device they use(e.g.,PC,mo-bile phone).As infrastructure is off-site(typically provided by a third-party)and accessed via the In-ternet,users can connect from anywhere.[40]44SERVICE MODELS•Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier,because they do not need to be installed on each user’s computer and can be accessed from dif-ferent places.•Multitenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:•centralization of infrastructure in locationswith lower costs(such as real estate,electric-ity,etc.)•peak-load capacity increases(users need notengineer for highest possible load-levels)•utilisation and efficiency improvementsfor systems that are often only10–20%utilised.[43][44]•Performance is monitored,and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed using web services as the system interface.[40][45][46]•Productivity may be increased when multiple users can work on the same data simultaneously,rather than waiting for it to be saved and emailed.Time may be saved as information does not need to be re-entered whenfields are matched,nor do users need to install application software upgrades to their computer.[47]•Reliability improves with the use of multiple redun-dant sites,which makes well-designed cloud com-puting suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.[48]•Scalability and elasticity via dynamic(“on-demand”)provisioning of resources on afine-grained,self-service basis in near real-time[49][50] (Note,the VM startup time varies by VM type,loca-tion,OS and cloud providers[49]),without users hav-ing to engineer for peak loads.[51][52][53]This gives the ability to scale up when the usage need increases or down if resources are not being used.[54]•Security can improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources,etc.,but con-cerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data,and the lack of security for stored kernels.Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems,in part because providers are able to devote resources to solving security is-sues that many customers cannot afford to tackle.[55] However,the complexity of security is greatly in-creased when data is distributed over a wider area or over a greater number of devices,as well as in multi-tenant systems shared by unrelated users.In addition,user access to security audit logs may be difficult or impossible.Private cloud installations are in part motivated by users’desire to retain con-trol over the infrastructure and avoid losing control of information security.The National Institute of Standards and Technology's definition of cloud computing identifies“five essential characteristics":On-demand self-service.A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities,such as server time and network storage,asneeded automatically without requiring humaninteraction with each service provider.Broad network access.Capabilities are available over the network and accessedthrough standard mechanisms that promoteuse by heterogeneous thin or thick client plat-forms(e.g.,mobile phones,tablets,laptops,and workstations).Resource pooling.The provider’s comput-ing resources are pooled to serve multiple con-sumers using a multi-tenant model,with differ-ent physical and virtual resources dynamicallyassigned and reassigned according to consumerdemand.Rapid elasticity.Capabilities can be elasti-cally provisioned and released,in some casesautomatically,to scale rapidly outward and in-ward commensurate with demand.To the con-sumer,the capabilities available for provision-ing often appear unlimited and can be appro-priated in any quantity at any time.Measured service.Cloud systems automat-ically control and optimize resource use byleveraging a metering capability at some levelof abstraction appropriate to the type of ser-vice(e.g.,storage,processing,bandwidth,andactive user accounts).Resource usage can bemonitored,controlled,and reported,provid-ing transparency for both the provider and con-sumer of the utilized service.—National Institute of Standards and Technology[4]4Service modelsThough service-oriented architecture advocates“every-thing as a service”(with the acronyms EaaS or XaaS or simply aas),[56]cloud-computing providers offer their “services”according to different models,[4][57]which happen to form a stack:infrastructure-,platform-and software-as-a-service.[58]4.1Infrastructure as a service(IaaS)See also:Category:Cloud infrastructureIn the most basic cloud-service model-and according to the IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force)-providers4.3Software as a service(SaaS)5Cloud-computing layers accessible within a stackof IaaS offer computers–physical or(more often)virtual machines–and other resources.IaaS refers to online ser-vices that abstract user from the detail of infrastructure like physical computing resources,location,data parti-tioning,scaling,security,backup etc.A hypervisor,such as Xen,Oracle VirtualBox,KVM,VMware ESX/ESXi, or Hyper-V runs the virtual machines as guests.Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational system can support large numbers of virtual machines and the abil-ity to scale services up and down according to customers’varying requirements.IaaS clouds often offer addi-tional resources such as a virtual-machine disk-image li-brary,raw block storage,file or object storage,firewalls, load balancers,IP addresses,virtual local area networks (VLANs),and software bundles.[59]IaaS-cloud providers supply these resources on-demand from their large pools of equipment installed in data centers.For wide-area con-nectivity,customers can use either the Internet or carrier clouds(dedicated virtual private networks).To deploy their applications,cloud users install operating-system images and their application software on the cloud infrastructure.In this model,the cloud user patches and maintains the operating systems and the application soft-ware.Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services on a utility computing basis:cost reflects the amount of re-sources allocated and consumed.[60][61][62][63]4.2Platform as a service(PaaS)Main article:Platform as a serviceSee also:Category:Cloud platformsPaaS vendors offers a development environment to appli-cation developers.The provider typically develops toolkit and standards for development and channels for distribu-tion and payment.In the PaaS models,cloud providers deliver a computing platform,typically including oper-ating system,programming-language execution environ-ment,database,and web server.Application develop-ers can develop and run their software solutions on a cloud platform without the cost and complexity of buy-ing and managing the underlying hardware and software layers.With some PaaS offers like Microsoft Azure and Google App Engine,the underlying computer and stor-age resources scale automatically to match application demand so that the cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually.The latter has also been proposed by an architecture aiming to facilitate real-time in cloud environments.[64]Even more specific application types can be provided via PaaS,such as media encoding as pro-vided by services like [65]or media.io.[66] Some integration and data management providers have also embraced specialized applications of PaaS as deliv-ery models for data solutions.Examples include iPaaS and dPaaS.iPaaS(Integration Platform as a Service)en-ables customers to develop,execute and govern integra-tionflows.[67]Under the iPaaS integration model,cus-tomers drive the development and deployment of inte-grations without installing or managing any hardware or middleware.[68]dPaaS(Data Platform as a Service)de-livers integration—and data-management—products as a fully managed service.[69]Under the dPaaS model,the PaaS provider,not the customer,manages the develop-ment and execution of data solutions by building tai-lored data applications for the customer.dPaaS users retain transparency and control over data through data-visualization tools.[70]Platform as a Service(PaaS)the consumer does not man-age or control the underlying cloud infrastructure includ-ing network,servers,operating systems,or storage,but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environ-ment.4.3Software as a service(SaaS)Main article:Software as a serviceIn the software as a service(SaaS)model,users gain access to application software and databases.Cloud providers manage the infrastructure and platforms that run the applications.SaaS is sometimes referred to as “on-demand software”and is usually priced on a pay-per-use basis or using a subscription fee.In the SaaS model,cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the software from cloud clients.Cloud users do not man-age the cloud infrastructure and platform where the ap-plication runs.This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user’s own computers,which simplifies maintenance and support.Cloud applications differ from other applications in their scalability—which can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual66DEPLOYMENT MODELSmachines at run-time to meet changing work demand.[71] Load balancers distribute the work over the set of virtual machines.This process is transparent to the cloud user, who sees only a single access-point.To accommodate a large number of cloud users,cloud applications can be multitenant,meaning that any machine may serve more than one cloud-user organization.The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearlyflat fee per user,[72]so prices become scalable and adjustable if users are added or removed at any point.[73]Proponents claim that SaaS gives a business the poten-tial to reduce IT operational costs by outsourcing hard-ware and software maintenance and support to the cloud provider.This enables the business to reallocate IT oper-ations costs away from hardware/software spending and from personnel expenses,towards meeting other goals. In addition,with applications hosted centrally,updates can be released without the need for users to install new software.One drawback of SaaS comes with storing the users’data on the cloud provider’s server.As a result, there could be unauthorized access to the data.For this reason,users are increasingly adopting intelligent third-party key-management systems to help secure their data. Software as a Service(SaaS)known as on-demand soft-ware,it provides the software service to the consumer hosted on cloud.5Cloud clientsSee also:Category:Cloud clients and Cloud APIUsers access cloud computing using networked client de-vices,such as desktop computers,laptops,tablets and smartphones and any Ethernet enabled device such as Home Automation Gadgets.Some of these devices–cloud clients–rely on cloud computing for all or a ma-jority of their applications so as to be essentially useless without it.Examples are thin clients and the browser-based Chromebook.Many cloud applications do not re-quire specific software on the client and instead use a web browser to interact with the cloud application.With Ajax and HTML5these Web user interfaces can achieve a similar,or even better,look and feel to native appli-cations.Some cloud applications,however,support spe-cific client software dedicated to these applications(e.g., virtual desktop clients and most email clients).Some legacy applications(line of business applications that un-til now have been prevalent in thin client computing)are delivered via a screen-sharing technology.Cloud Computing T ypesCloud computing types6Deployment models6.1Private cloudPrivate cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization,whether managed internally or by a third-party,and hosted either internally or externally.[4] Undertaking a private cloud project requires a significant level and degree of engagement to virtualize the business environment,and requires the organization to reevaluate decisions about existing resources.When done right,it can improve business,but every step in the project raises security issues that must be addressed to prevent seri-ous vulnerabilities.Self-run data centers[74]are generally capital intensive.They have a significant physical foot-print,requiring allocations of space,hardware,and en-vironmental controls.These assets have to be refreshed periodically,resulting in additional capital expenditures. They have attracted criticism because users“still have to buy,build,and manage them”and thus do not benefit from less hands-on management,[75]essentially"[lacking] the economic model that makes cloud computing such an intriguing concept”.[76][77]6.2Public cloudA cloud is called a“public cloud”when the services are rendered over a network that is open for public use.Pub-lic cloud services may be free.[78]Technically there may be little or no difference between public and private cloud architecture,however,security consideration may be sub-stantially different for services(applications,storage,and other resources)that are made available by a service provider for a public audience and when communication is effected over a non-trusted network.Generally,public cloud service providers like Amazon AWS,Microsoft and Google own and operate the infrastructure at their data center and access is generally via the Internet.AWS and Microsoft also offer direct connect services called“AWS Direct Connect”and“Azure ExpressRoute”respectively, such connections require customers to purchase or lease a private connection to a peering point offered by the cloud provider.[40]6.4Others76.3Hybrid cloudHybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds(pri-vate,community or public)that remain distinct entities but are bound together,offering the benefits of multiple deployment models.Hybrid cloud can also mean the abil-ity to connect collocation,managed and/or dedicated ser-vices with cloud resources.[4]Gartner,Inc.defines a hybrid cloud service as a cloud computing service that is composed of some combina-tion of private,public and community cloud services, from different service providers.[79]A hybrid cloud ser-vice crosses isolation and provider boundaries so that it can't be simply put in one category of private,public,or community cloud service.It allows one to extend either the capacity or the capability of a cloud service,by aggre-gation,integration or customization with another cloud service.Varied use cases for hybrid cloud composition exist.For example,an organization may store sensitive client data in house on a private cloud application,but interconnect that application to a business intelligence application pro-vided on a public cloud as a software service.[80]This example of hybrid cloud extends the capabilities of the enterprise to deliver a specific business service through the addition of externally available public cloud services. Hybrid cloud adoption depends on a number of factors such as data security and compliance requirements,level of control needed over data,and the applications an or-ganization uses.[81]Another example of hybrid cloud is one where IT orga-nizations use public cloud computing resources to meet temporary capacity needs that can not be met by the pri-vate cloud.[82]This capability enables hybrid clouds to employ cloud bursting for scaling across clouds.[4]Cloud bursting is an application deployment model in which an application runs in a private cloud or data center and “bursts”to a public cloud when the demand for comput-ing capacity increases.A primary advantage of cloud bursting and a hybrid cloud model is that an organiza-tion only pays for extra compute resources when they are needed.[83]Cloud bursting enables data centers to cre-ate an in-house IT infrastructure that supports average workloads,and use cloud resources from public or pri-vate clouds,during spikes in processing demands.[84] The specialized model of hybrid cloud,which is built atop heterogeneous hardware,is called“Cross-platform Hy-brid Cloud”.A cross-platform hybrid cloud is usually powered by different CPU architectures,for example, x86-64and ARM,ers can transparently deploy and scale applications without knowledge of the cloud’s hardware diversity.[85]This kind of cloud emerges from the raise of ARM-based system-on-chip for server-class computing.6.4Others6.4.1Community cloudCommunity cloud shares infrastructure between sev-eral organizations from a specific community with com-mon concerns(security,compliance,jurisdiction,etc.), whether managed internally or by a third-party,and ei-ther hosted internally or externally.The costs are spread over fewer users than a public cloud(but more than a pri-vate cloud),so only some of the cost savings potential of cloud computing are realized.[4]6.4.2Distributed cloudA cloud computing platform can be assembled from a dis-tributed set of machines in different locations,connected to a single network or hub service.It is possible to dis-tinguish between two types of distributed clouds:public-resource computing and volunteer cloud.•Public-resource computing:This type of dis-tributed cloud results from an expansive defini-tion of cloud computing,because they are more akin to distributed computing than cloud comput-ing.Nonetheless,it is considered a sub-class of cloud computing,and some examples include dis-tributed computing platforms such as BOINC and Folding@Home.•Volunteer cloud:Volunteer cloud computing is characterized as the intersection of public-resource computing and cloud computing,where a cloud computing infrastructure is built using volunteered resources.Many challenges arise from this type of infrastructure,because of the volatility of the re-sources used to built it and the dynamic environ-ment it operates in.It can also be called peer-to-peer clouds,or ad-hoc clouds.An interest-ing effort in such direction is Cloud@Home,it aims to implement a cloud computing infrastructure using volunteered resources providing a business-model to incentivize contributions throughfinancial restitution[86]6.4.3IntercloudMain article:IntercloudThe Intercloud[87]is an interconnected global“cloud of clouds”[88][89]and an extension of the Internet“network of networks”on which it is based.The focus is on direct interoperability between public cloud service providers, more so than between providers and consumers(as is the case for hybrid-and multi-cloud).[90][91][92]。
Cloud Computing (英文PPT)
GFS Usage @ Google
200+ clusters Filesystem clusters of up to 5000+ machines Pools of 10000+ clients 5+ Petabyte Filesystems All in the presence of frequent HW failure
Cloud Computing
Evolution of Computing with Network (1/2)
Network Computing
Network is computer (client - server) Separation of Functionalities
Cluster Computing
semi-structured data system processing system
Distributed data MapReduce
What is the common issues of all these software?
Google File System
Files broken into chunks (typically 4 MB) Chunks replicated across three machines for safety (tunable) Data transfers happen directly between clients and chunkservers
The Next Step: Cloud Computing
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Cloud_computing云计英文ppt介绍
Cloud Computing 百度云介绍Web QQ介绍360云杀毒功夫熊猫3D渲染量一、Definition of Cloud Computing(云计算的定义)Cloud computing is a computing method based on the Internet, by this way, the sharingof hardware resources and information can beprovided to computers and other devicesCloud computing is the development of distributed computing, parallel processing, and grid computing, which represents an emerging business computing model云计算（cloud computing），是一种基于互联网的计算方式，通过这种方式，共享的软硬件资源和信息可以按需提供给计算机和其他设备云计算是分布式计算并行处理、网格计算、发展，这是一种新兴的商业计算模型云计算的特点◆Safety and reliability of the data◆Low requirement of client◆Easily share data◆Distribution according to need特点：数据安全可靠，客户端要求低，轻松共享数据，按需分配二、Background----Changes of the computational model（计算机模型的变化）➢Scientific Computing（科学计算）Scientific research, military（科学研究，军用）➢Business computing（商业计算）Banking, air（银行，航空）➢Personal computing（个人计算）Office, games（办公，娱乐）➢Internet Computing（互联网计算）Search, e-commerce（搜索，电子商务）三、The main forms of service（主要的服务模型）➢Software as a Service (SaaS)—软件及服务SaaS service providers deploy applicationsoftware on the server, users on demand orderedfrom the manufacturer via the Internet, serviceproviders charge based on customer's needs, andto provide customers with the software througha browser.SaaS服务提供商在服务器上部署应用软件，用户根据需求通过互联网向厂商订购应用软件服务，服务提供商负责根据客户的需求，并通过浏览器，为客户提供软件。
什么是云计算(cloud computing)
什么是云计算（cloud computing）云计算是一种基于因特网的超级计算模式，在远程的数据中心里，成千上万台电脑和服务器连接成一片电脑云。
因此，云计算甚至可以让你体验每秒10万亿次的运算能力，拥有这么强大的计算能力可以模拟核爆炸、预测气候变化和市场发展趋势。
用户通过电脑、笔记本、手机等方式接入数据中心，按自己的需求进行运算。
那么，it精英们如何看待云计算的呢？IBM的创立者托马斯·沃森曾表示，全世界只需要5台电脑就足够了。
比尔·盖茨则在一次演讲中称，个人用户的内存只需640K足矣。
李开复打了一个很形象的比喻：钱庄。
最早人们只是把钱放在枕头底下，后来有了钱庄，很安全，不过兑现起来比较麻烦。
现在发展到银行可以到任何一个网点取钱，甚至通过ATM，或者国外的渠道。
就像用电不需要家家装备发电机，直接从电力公司购买一样。
云计算就是这样一种变革——由谷歌、IBM这样的专业网络公司来搭建计算机存储、运算中心，用户通过一根网线借助浏览器就可以很方便的访问，把“云”做为资料存储以及应用服务的中心。
狭义的云计算是指IT基础设施的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需的资源(硬件、平台、软件)。
提供资源的网络被称为“云”。
“云”中的资源在使用者看来是可以无限扩展的，并且可以随时获取，按需使用，随时扩展，按使用付费。
这种特性经常被称为像水电一样使用IT基础设施。
广义的云计算是指服务的交付和使用模式，指通过网络以按需、易扩展的方式获得所需的服务。
这种服务可以是IT和软件、互联网相关的，也可以是任意其他的服务。
（一）原理:云计算(Cloud Computing)是分布式处理(Distributed Computing)、并行处理(Parallel Computing)和网格计算(Grid Computing)的发展，或者说是这些计算机科学概念的商业实现。
云计算的基本原理是，通过使计算分布在大量的分布式计算机上，而非本地计算机或远程服务器中，企业数据中心的运行将更与互联网相似。
Cloud computing云计算纯英文ppt介绍
2000
Internet Computing
Search, e-commerce
2010
Feature
Common Cheap
Large-scale
Cloud Computing
Reliable Convenient
Company Logo
the specific characteristics
Company Logo
The challenge
The lack of uniform standards
Cloud storage, data security
Efficient processing core and the development of storage media
Network bandwidth limitations and costs
Hardwarecentric
Softwarecentric
Servicecentric
Company Logo
The main forms of service
(1)Software as a Service(SaaS)
SaaS service providers deploy application software on the server, users on demand ordered from the manufacturer via the Internet, service providers charge based on customer's needs, and to provide customers with the software through a browser. Manufacturers provide a development environment, server platforms, hardware resources services to customers, custom develop their own application and pass through its servers and the Internet to other customers
云计算ppt课件英文
Benefits of Cloud Computing
Cost effective
Cloud computing allows organizations to reduce their capital expenses by current computing resources from a cloud service provider installed of purchasing and maintaining their own hardware
Detailed description
IaaS is a cloud computing service model that provides infrastructure such as computing, storage, and networking. Users can run and manage their applications through the resources of cloud service providers. IaaS has high scalability and flexibility, can be used on demand and paid for on demand, and is suitable for applications that require high-performance computing and large-scale storage.
Cloud computing allows users to access data 03 and services without the need for physical
hardware or local storage
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机客 行业应用 M2M
OCS CBS EVC BI
OA
SCM EM
AS-PaaS
媒体能力
图 片 音 乐 视 频
语 音
通信能力
S M S M M S W A P
业务能力
R B T R C S X T V
web资源能力
搜 索 地 图 邮 箱
OSS
NMS EMS
OS-PaaS
计费引擎 海量存储 分布式文件系统 协议适配 并行数据处理 网络接入 分布式锁服务 商业智能引擎 集群调度管理
跨域资源管控
基于的网络的业务部署支撑跨域业务，提升用户体验
优化的硬件
高能效比、针对云计算优化的硬件降低整体TCO
以虚拟化为基础，采用分布式计算和存储，结合优化的硬件，通过集群化运维管理系统， 实现计算，存储，网络等资源的动态分配及部署，真正实现“按需取用”
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Cloud ComputingArchitecture
• distributed system • layered software architecture
• service-based interface
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云计算架构 云计算是技术和商业模式的双重创新
电：从购买发电设备到购买电力服务 现代发电厂 信息：从购买软硬件到购买信息服务 信息服务提供商
发电机
软件
计算
存储
• 商业模式发生巨变：消费者和企业将从“购买软硬件产品”向“购买信息服务”转变 • 云计算的商业视角：云计算＝信息电厂
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运营商 个人消费者 政府客户 行业客户
企业消费者
ISV/开发者
ITaaS
ERP MIS
BSS
CRM
BOSS
SaaS
个客 融合通信 融合信息 移动商店 数字音乐
家客 多重播放 融合视讯
企客 移动办公 统一通信
• •
Google 的理念：将所有的计算和应用放置在“云”中，设备终端不需要安 装任何东西，通过互联网络来分享程序和服务。
微软的理念：认为云计算的应是“云+端”的计算，将计算资源分散分布，部 分资源放在云上，部分资源放在用户终端，部分资源放在合作伙伴处，最终 由用户选择合理的计算资源分布。 市场研究机构IDC ：认为云计算是一种新型的IT 技术发展、部署及发布模式 ，能够通过互联网实时的提供产品、服务和解决方案。 美国国家标准与技术实验室：云计算是一个提供便捷的通过互联网访问一个 可定制的IT 资源共享池能力的按使用量付费模式（IT 资源包括网络，服务器 ，存储，应用，服务），这些资源能够快速部署，并只需要很少的管理工作 或很少的与服务供应商的交互；
分时共享
虚拟化前 60% 10% 虚拟化后 10% 60 % 70 % 60% 70 % 10% VM 1 60%
峰值时间 谷底时间 Wap网关服务器 彩信服务器
VM 1 10%
9时 18时
22时 6时
Server1 Server2 Server1 Server2 Server 白天 晚上
VM 2 Server VM 2
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IaaS HaaS
虚拟机
虚拟机
虚拟机
虚拟机
虚拟机
虚拟机
虚拟机
虚拟机
服务器
存储设备
网络设备
安全设备
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虚拟化是将硬件、O/S和应用程序一同装入一个可迁移的虚拟机
虚拟化前
虚拟化后
未更改过的应用 未更改过的OS 虚拟硬件
• • •
软件必须与硬件相结合 每台机器上只有单一的操作系统镜像 每个操作系统只有一个应用程序负载
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每台机器上有多个负载 软件相对于硬件独立
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晚上
白天
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云计算架构 虚拟化云平台关键技术
虚拟化 虚拟化实现资源“空分、时分”共享，提升利用率
分布式计算和存储
分布式的计算、存储提升系统整网可靠性，降低对单 点硬件的可靠性依赖，降低采购成本
集群化运维管理系统
基于网络运维管理平台，提高整网的运维效率
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云计算架构 云计算业界几个主流定义
• 维基百科：云计算是一种动态扩展的计算模式，通过网络将虚拟化的资源作 为服务提供；通常包含infrastructure as a service(IaaS), platform as a service(PaaS), software as a service(SaaS)。
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Cloud standards organizations
The Cloud Standards Customer Council (CSCC) OpenStack OASIS (TOSCA and IDCloud) W3C (Linked Data) Open Services for Lifecycle Collaboration Distributed Management Task Force The Storage Networking Industry Association The Open Group (CCRA) The Internet Engineering Task Force International Organization for Standardization