chapter4&5 UGNX软件简介
Chapter 4 Adjectives & Adverbials
多个形容词的排序P151
--a large old red brick dining hall
二、县（限）官行（形）令杀（色）国才(材)
当名词前面有多个修饰语时，一般按下列次序排列： 限定词+描绘形容词+大小+形状+颜色+国籍原材料。利 用谐音一句概之：县（限）官行（形）令杀（色）国 才(材)（限定词+外观描述性形容词+大小+形状+年龄+ 颜色+国籍ly结尾的形容词和副词 costly 昂贵的 lovely 可爱的 friendly 友好的 happily 幸福地 like 相像的—— likely 很可能…
第四节 形容词与副词的比较级
Hot-hotter-hottest Tired-more tired-most tired Wounded-more wounded-most wounded
形容词的句法功能 A good boy must behave himself. (定语)P138 The patient is asleep. (表语) P140 Who has left the door open? (补足语)P142 做状语 dead ill sound asleep
wide awake light brown
5. If I had ____, I’d visit Europe, stopping at all the small i nteresting place. A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough
商务英语沟通 chapter 4 Non-verbal(全)
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Far worse, however, is the meaning in Brazil, Germany and a few Mediterranean countries: the circular shape of the gesture gives it the meaning of “anus”, and is therefore used to call somebody an “asshole”, or, by extension, a homosexual.
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II Cultural impact on Nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication is rooted in culture, because, first most of our nonverbal behaviors are learned, passed on from generation to generation, and involve shared understandings. Secondly, they represent what a collection of people deemed important enough to codify and transmit to the members of the group.
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Gestures
Another type of gestures are the ones we use when we speak. These gestures are closely coordinated with (与…同时发生) speech.
Chapter 4 Syntax
4.3.1 The linear(线性) word order of a sentence When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that structure of a sentence is linear as in the following examples:
Visiting professors can be interesting.
a. Professor who are visiting can be interesting.
b. To visit profess can be interesting. Such cases of ambiguity can be dealt with by use of tree diagrams:
Immediate Constituent Analysis (直接 成分分析法) (IC analysis for short)
Definition of IC Analysis
It refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents—word groups (or phrases), which are in turn analyzed into immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents (最终成分) are reached. The first divisions or cuts are known as the immediate constituents (ICs), and the final cuts as the ultimate constituents (UCs)
chapter4提纲答案
1 has been open 2 Have…been 3 has kept 4 have known 5 haven’t heard 6 have taken 7 has been in
（5）
8 has changed 9 have learned 10 has worked… came. （6）1D 2D 3D 4C
2 She left for the station a few minutes ago. ▲（7）1 The children were at play on the ground. ▲（8）1 answer this question in English 2 questioned… about ▲（9）1.Amy was so afraid that she couldn’t talk to the police.
3 They are so tired that they can’t walk any farther. 4This maths problem is so hard that we can’t work it out. ▲（14）1. I got off the train and went home on foot. 2 .walks to ▲（15）1.I felt very sorry for 2C
▲（16）1
how I could help him.
2B 3 how to get 4 how we should/can do it 5 how I can solve this problem ▲ (17)a 100-yuan note a seven-year-old boy a fifteen-minute walk或
1） 1.No one was injured in the accident 2 wasn’t badly/ seriously hurt ▲（2）1. behaves very well 2 behaviour ▲（3）1.C 2 to study 3 He advised us to start early.或
Chapter4翻译
He + N → O + H
14 7 17 8 1 1
1 1
H + Li → 2 He
7 3 4 2
1 1
H + C → N +γ
12 6 13 7
Since the neutron is a neutral (中性的) particle it does not experience electrostatic repulsion (静电排斥) and can readily penetrate (穿透) a target nucleus (靶核). Neutrons are thus especially useful as projectiles to induce reactions. Several examples ： The conversion of mercury (汞) into gold, the alchemist (炼金术士)'s dream, is described by因
应率 我们可以进行一套假想的实验来阐明截面的概念。如Fig， 4.2图（a）截面积为1㎝的试管仅有一个靶核。一个入射粒子 被平行于试管的X轴注入，但它的准确位置是不确定的。很 明显碰撞的几率，标为σ以及微分截面，是目标面积比上试 管的面积的值，为1。
In a time of one second, the number of them (projectiles) that pass through the target volume is nv, and since the chance of collision (碰撞) of each with one target atom is σ , the number of collisions is nvNσ. We can thus define the reaction rate (反应率) per unit volume, 一秒钟的时间内，通过给定体积的入射粒子数是nv， 一秒钟的时间内，通过给定体积的入射粒子数是 ， 一个靶原子的碰撞几率是σ，碰撞数是nvNσ。我们 一个靶原子的碰撞几率是 ，碰撞数是 。 可以确定每单位体积内的反应率， 可以确定每单位体积内的反应率， R=nvNσ R = nvNσ
基础分子生物学课件Chapter4 成簇与重复
自从变为假基因后, 自从变为假基因后, 珠蛋白基 因发生了很多变化. 因发生了很多变化.
4.7 Unequal crossing-over rearranges gene crossingclusters. 不等交换使基因簇发生重排. 不等交换使基因簇发生重排. • 基因组中存在序列相似的一簇基因时, 其中非 基因组中存在序列相似的一簇基因时, 等位基因的错配可以造成不等交换, 等位基因的错配可以造成不等交换, 它在一条 重组染色体上形成缺失, 重组染色体上形成缺失, 而在另一条染色体上 形成相应的重复序列. 形成相应的重复序列. • 不同的地中海贫血是由于α-或β-珠蛋白基因 不同的地中海贫血是由于α 的不同缺失造成的. 的不同缺失造成的. 疾病的严重程度与单条基 因的缺失程度相关. 因的缺失程度相关.
Minisatellites are useful for genetic mapping. 小卫星序列可用于遗传作图. 小卫星序列可用于遗传作图.
• 个体基因组微卫星或小卫星序列间存在着
差异, 差异, 这可用来清楚地研究个体间的遗传关 系, 即每个个体各有50%的条带来自亲本中 即每个个体各有50%的条带来自亲本中 的一方. 的一方.
Chapter 4
Clusters and Repeats 成簇与重复
4.1 Introduction. 引言 • 基因成簇(Gene cluster)是指一组相邻基因是 基因成簇( cluster) 相同的或是相似的. 相同的或是相似的. • 基因家族(Gene family)包括一组外显子相关 基因家族( family) 的基因; 的基因; 其成员起源于一些祖先基因的复制 和变异. 和变异. • 卫星(Satellite) DNA包括许多短的基本重复 卫星(Satellite) DNA包括许多短的基本重复 单位的串联重复(可以是相同或相似). 单位的串联重复(可以是相同或相似).
商务英语阅读 王艳 Chapter 4
2. Why does Japan need to embrace globalization? 3. How can Japanese firms go global?
Paragraph 1-8
1. Why is Japan such an outlier? 2. Why does Japan need to embrace globalization?
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
企业重组
外包 核心竞争力 放宽管制 私募股权投资
10. Specialization To restrict someone’s economic activities to some certain fields 专门化
Economic globalization
1. The term “economic globalization” is now being used with increasing frequency in newspapers, magazines, seminars and international conferences. 2. The basic feature is free flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, and information in the global context for optimized allocation.
3.Economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.
RobinsonCrusoe（chapter4）
Robinson Crusoe（Chapter IV）My thoughts were now wholly employed about securing my self against either savages野蛮人, if any should appear, or wild beasts,野兽if any were in the island; and I had many thoughts of the method how to do this, and what kind of dwelling to make, whether I should make me a cave in the earth, or a tent upon the earth: and, in short, I resolved upon both, the manner and description of which, it may not be improper to give an account of.I soon found the Place I was in was not for my Settlement, particularly because it was upon a low moorish ground near the sea, and I believed would not be wholesome健全的, and more particularly because there was no fresh water near it, so I resolved to find a more healthy and more convenient spot地点of ground.（on his original settlement）I consulted several things in my situation which I found would be proper for me. First, health, and fresh water I just now mentioned. Secondly, shelter from the heat of the sun. Thirdly, security from ravenous贪婪的creatures, whether men or beasts. Fourthly, a view to the sea, that if God sent any ship in sight, I might not lose any advantage for my deliverance释放，解救；救助, of which I was not willing to banish 放逐，消除all my expectation yet.In search of a place proper for this, I found a little plain on the side of a rising hill; whose front towards this little plain, was steep 峭壁as a house-side, so that nothing could come down upon me from the top; on the side of this rock there was a hollow place worn a little way in like the entrance or door of a cave, but there was not really any cave or way into the rock at all.On the flat of the green, just before this hollow place, I resolved to pitch my tent: This plain was not above an hundred yards broad, and about twice as long, and lay like a green before my door, and at the end of it descended irregularly every way down into the low-grounds by the sea-side. It was on the North-northwest side of the hill, so that I was sheltered from the heat every day, till it came to a west and by south sun, or thereabouts, which in those countries is near the setting.Before I set up my tent, I drew a half circle before the hollow place, which took in about ten yards in its semi-diameter from the rock, and twenty yards in its diameter, from its beginning and ending.In this half circle I pitched two rows of strong stakes, driving them into the ground till they stood very firm like piles, the biggest end being out of the ground about five foot and a half, and sharpened on the top: The two rows did not stand above six inches from one another.Then I took the pieces of cable which I had cut in the ship, and I laid them in rows one upon another, within the circle, between these two rowsof stakes, up to the top, placing other stakes in the in-side, leaning against them, about two foot and a half high, like a spur to a post, and this Fence was so strong, that neither man or beast could get into it or over it: This cost me a great deal of time and labor, especially to cut the piles in the woods, bring them to the place, and drive them into the earth.The entrance into this place I made to be not by a Door, but by a short ladder to go over the top, which ladder, when I was in, I lifted over after me, and so I was completely fenced in, and fortified, as I thought, from all the world, and consequently slept secure in the night, which otherwise I could not have done, though, as it appeared afterward, there was no need of all this caution from the enemies that I apprehended danger from.Into this fence or fortress, with infinite labor, I carried all my riches, all my provisions, ammunition and stores, of which you have the account above, and I made me a large tent, which, to preserve me from the rains that in one part of the year are very violent there, I made double, viz. One smaller tent within, and one larger tent above it, and covered the uppermost with a large tarpaulin which I had saved among the sails.And now I lay no more for a while in the bed which I had brought on shore, but in a hammock, which was indeed a very good one, and belonged to the mate of the ship.Into this tent I brought all my provisions, and every thing that would spoil by the wet, and having thus enclosed all my goods, I made up the entrance, which till now I had left open, and so passed and re-passed, as I said, by a short ladder.When I had done this, I began to work my way into the rock, and bringing all the earth and stones that I dug down out through my tent, I laid them up within my fence in the nature of a terrace, that so it raised the Ground within about a foot and a half; and thus I made me a cave just behind my tent, which served me like a cellar to my house.It cost me much labor, and many days, before all these things were brought to perfection, and therefore I must go back to some other things which took up some of my thoughts. At the same time it happened after I had laid my scheme for the setting up my tent and making the cave, that a storm of rain falling from a thick dark cloud, a sudden flash of lightning happened, and after that a great clap of thunder, as is naturally the effect of it; I was not so much surprised with the lightning as I was with a thought which darted into my mind as swift as the lightning it self: O my powder! My very heart sunk within me, when I thought, that at one blast all my powder might be destroyed, on which, not my defense only, but the providing me food, as I thought, entirely depended; I was nothing near so anxious about my own danger, though had the powder took fire, I had never known who had hurt me.Such impression did this make upon me, that after the storm was over, I laid aside all my works, my building, and fortifying, and applied my self to make bags and boxes to separate the powder, and keep it alittle and a little in a parcel, in hope, that whatever might come, it might not all take fire at once, and to keep it so apart that it should not be possible to make one part fire another: I finished this work in about a fortnight, and I think my powder, which in all was about 240 l. weight was divided in not less than a hundred parcels; as to the barrel that had been wet, I did not apprehend any danger from that, so I placed it in my new cave, which in my fancy I called my kitchen, and the rest I hid up and down in holes among the rocks, so that no wet might come to it, marking very carefully where I laid it.In the Interval of time while this was doing I went out once at least every day with my gun, as well to divert my self, as to see if I could kill any thing fit for food, and as near as I could to acquaint my self with what the island produced. The first time I went out I presently discovered that there were goats in the island, which was a great satisfaction to me; but then it was attended with this misfortune to me, viz. That they were so shy, so subtitle, and so swift of Foot, that it was the difficultest thing in the world to come at them: But I was not discouraged at this, not doubting but I might now and then shoot one, as it soon happened, for after I had found their haunts a little, I laid wait in this manner for them: I observedif they saw me in the valleys, though they were upon the rocks, they would run away as in a terrible fright; but if they were feeding in the valleys, and I was upon the rocks, they took no notice of me, from whence I concluded, that by the position of their optics, their Sight was so directed downward, that they did not readily see objects that were above them; so afterward I took this method, I always climbed the rocks first to get above them, and then had frequently a fair mark. The first shot I made among these creatures, I killed a she-goat which had a little kid by her which she gave suck to, which grieved me heartily; but when the old one fell, the kid stood stock still by her till I came and took her up, and not only so, but when I carried the old one with me upon my shoulders, the kid followed me quite to my enclosure, upon which I laid down the dam, and took the kid in my arms, and carried it over my pale, in hopes to have bred it up tame, but it would not eat, so I was forced to kill it and eat it my self; these two supplied me with flesh a great while, for I eat sparingly; and saved my provisions (my bread especially) as much as possibly I could.Having now fixed my habitation, I found it absolutely necessary to provide a place to make a fire in, and fuel to burn; and what I did for that, as also how I enlarged my cave, and what conveniences I made, I shall give a full account of in its place: But I must first give some little accountof my self, and of my thoughts about living, which it may well be supposed were not a few.。
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退出UG NX系统。
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4.6 基于UG NX的产品设计流程
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பைடு நூலகம்
基于UG NX的产品设计流程
基于UG NX的产品设计流程，通常是
先对产品的零部件进行三维建模 在此基础上再进行结构分析、运动分析等 然后再根据分析结果，对三维模型进行修正 最终将符合要求的产品模型定型 定型之后，可基于三维模型创建相应的工程图，或进行 模具设计和数控编程等。
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UG NX软件的发展历史
2008年06月，Siemens PLM Software发布 NX6.0，建立在新的同步建模技术基础之上的NX 6 将在市场上产生重大影响。同步建模技术的发布 标志着NX的一个重要里程碑，并且向MCAD市场 展示Siemens的郑重承诺。NX 6将为我们的重要 客户提供极大的生产力提高。
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UG NX软件的技术特点
以Parasolid为实体建模核心，实体建模功能处于 领先地位。目前著名的CAD/ CAE/ CAM软件均以 此作为实体造型的基础；
内嵌模具设计导引MoldWizard，提供注塑模向导、 级进模向导、电极设计等，是模具业的首选；
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UG NX软件的技术特点
提供了界面良好的二次开发工具GRIP和UFUNC， 使UGNX的图形功能与高级语言的计算机功能紧密 结合起来；
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UG NX软件简介
UG NX软件广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、机械及 模具、消费品、高科技电子等领域的产品设计、 分析及制造，被认为是业界最具有代表性的数控 软件和模具设计软件。 UG NX软件的主要客户包括BE Aerospace、波音、 英国航空公司、丰田、福特、通用、尼桑、三菱、 夏普、日立、诺基亚、东芝、西门子、富士通、 索尼、三洋、飞利浦、克莱斯勒、宝马、奔驰等 世界著名企业。 5
草图工具
片体特征
线框模型
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《CADII 三维》
第5章 UG NX入门实例
UG NX入门实例 完成下图所示的模型，并根据三维模型创建相应 的工程图纸。
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UG NX入门实例 操作步骤：
1.新建文件 2.规划与设置图层 3.创建二维截面线
6 8 3 4 5
4.创建基体
5.绘制凸垫 6.绘制简单孔 7.编辑实体模型 8.创建工程图纸 9.保存文件
4.2 UG NX软件的发展历史
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UG NX软件的发展历史
1960年，McDonnell Douglas Automation（现 在的波音公司）公司成立。 1976年，收购了Unigraphics CAD/CAE/CAM系 统的开发商——United Computer公司，UG的雏 形问世。 1983年，UG上市。 1989年，Unigraphics宣布支持UNIX平台及开放 系统的结构，并将一个新的与STEP标准兼容的三 维实体建模核心Parasolid引入UG。 7
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UG NX软件的发展历史
1997年，Unigraphics新增了包括WAVE（几何链 接器）在内的一系列工业领先的新增功能。WAVE 这一功能可以定义、控制、评估产品模板，被认 为是在未来几年中业界最有影响的新技术。 2000年，Unigraphics发布了新版本的UG17，使 UGS成为工业界第一个可以装载包含深层嵌入 “基于工程知识”（KBE）语言的世界级MCAD 软件产品的供应商。 9
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UG NX软件的发展历史
2009年10月，西门子工业自动化业务部旗下机构、 全球领先的产品生命周期管理（PLM）软件与服 务提供商Siemens PLM Software宣布推出其旗舰 数字化产品开发解决方案NX™软件的最新版。NX 7.0引入了“HD3D”（三维精确描述）功能，即 一个开放、直观的可视化环境，有助于全球产品 开发团队充分发掘PLM信息的价值，并显著提升 其制定卓有成效的产品决策的能力。此外，NX 7.0还新增了同步建模技术的增强功能。 12
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UG NX软件的常用功能模块
制图模块(Drafting)
该模块使设计人员能方便地获得与三维实体模型完全相 关的二维工程图。 三维模型的任何改变会同步更新工程图，不仅减少了因 三维模型改变更新二维工程图的时间，而且能确保二维 工程图与三维模型完全一致。
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UG NX软件的常用功能模块
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注塑流动分析模块(MoldFlow Part Adviser)
使用该模块可以帮助模具设计人员确定注塑模的设计是 否合理 检查出不合适的注塑模几何体并予以修正。
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4.5 UG NX工作流程
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UG NX工作流程
启动UG NX。 新建或打开UG NX文件。 选择应用模块。
选择具体的应用工具，并进行相关的设计。
装配模块(Assemblies)
该模块提供了并行的自上而下和自下而上的产品开发方 法。 在装配过程中可以进行零部件的设计、编辑、配对和定 位，还可进行干涉检查。
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UG NX软件的常用功能模块
结构分析模块(Structures)
该模块能将几何模型转换为有限元模型，可进行线性静 力、标准模态与稳态热传递、线性屈曲分析 同时还支持对装配部件，包括间隙单元的分析 分析的结果可用于评估各种设计方案，优化产品设计， 提高产品质量。
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UG NX软件简介
UG NX软件集CAD/CAM/CAE/PDM/PLM于一体
CAD功能使工程设计及制图完全自动化； CAM功能内含大量数控编程库(机床库、刀具库等)，数 控加工仿真、编程和后处理比较方便； CAE功能提供了产品、装配和部件性能模拟能力； PDM/PLM帮助管理产品数据和整个生命周期中的设计 重用。
UG NX软件的发展历史
1993年，Unigraphics引入复合建模的概念，可以 实体建模、曲线建模、框线建模、半参数化及参 数化建模融为一体。
1996年，Unigraphics发布了能自动进行干涉检查 的高级装配功能模块、最先进的CAM模块以及具 有A类曲线造型能力的工业造型模块：它在全球迅 猛发展，占领了巨大的市场份额，已经成为高端 及商业CAD/CAE/CAM应用开发的常用软件。
《CADII 三维》
第4章 UG NX软件概述
4.1 UG NX软件简介
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UG NX软件简介
UG是Unigraphics的简称 起源于美国麦道航空公司 UG NX是在UG软件基础上发展起来的
UG NX目前属于德国西门子公司
网站
基本环境模块 (Gateway) 注塑流动分析 模块(MoldFlow Part Adviser) 装配模块 (Assemblies) 运动仿真模块 (Motion Simulation) 结构分析模块 (Structures) 制图模块 (Drafting)
建模模块 (Modeling)
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UG NX软件的常用功能模块
基本环境模块(Gateway)
启动UG NX后，首先进入的就是Gateway模块。 Gateway模块是UG NX的基础模块，它仅提供一些最 基本的功能，如新建文件、打开文件\层的控制、视图 定义等，因此是其他模块的基础。
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UG NX软件的常用功能模块
建模模块(Modeling)
该模块提供了构建三维模型的工具，包括：曲线工具、 草图工具、成形特征、特征操作、曲面工具等。 曲面工具是架构在融合了实体建模及曲面建模技术基础 之上的超强设计工具，从而能设计出如工业造型设计产 品般的复杂曲面外形。
UG NX软件的发展历史
2002年，Unigraphics发布了UG NX1.0 。新版本 继承了UG18的优点，改进和增加了许多功能，使 其功能更强大，更完美。
2003年，Unigraphics发布了新版本UG NX2.0。 新版本基于最新的行业标准，它是一个全新支持 PLM的体系结构。EDS公司同其主要客户一起， 设计了这样一个先进的体系结构，用于支持完整 的产品工程。
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UG NX软件的常用功能模块
运动仿真模块(Motion Simulation)
该模块可对二维或三维机构进行运动学分析、动力学分 析和设计仿真; 可以完成大量的装配分析，如干涉检查、轨迹包络等； 还可以分析反作用力，并用图表示各构件位移、速度、 加速度的相互关系等。
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UG NX软件的常用功能模块
UG NX软件的技术特点
曲线设计采用非均匀有理B样线条作为基础，可用 多种方法生成复杂的曲面，特别适合于汽车、飞 机、船舶、汽轮机叶片等外形复杂的曲面设计；
制图功能强，可以十分方便地从三维实体模型直 接生成二维工程图。能按ISO标准标注名义尺寸、 尺寸公差、形位公差汉字说明等，并能直接对实 体进行局部剖、旋转剖、阶梯剖和轴测图挖切等， 生成各种剖视图，增强了绘图功能的实用性；
因此，用UG NX进行产品设计的基础和核心是构 建产品的三维模型，而产品三维建模的构建其实 质就是创建产品零部件的实体特征或片体特征。 30
基于UG NX的产品设计流程
使用UG NX进行产品设计的一般流程如下图所示。
基本体素 实体特征 曲线工具 扫描特征 曲面工具 缝合 析出 数控编程 工程出图
具有良好的用户界面，绝大多数功能都可以通过 图标实现，进行对象操作时，具有自动推理功能， 同时在每个步骤中，都有相应的信息提示，便于 用户做出正确的选择。