Crusades and Holy Land
十字军东征
Timeline
• • • • The First Crusade : 1096 to 1099 The Second Crusade : 1147 to 1149 The Third Crusade : 1189 to 1192 The Fourth Crusade : 1201 to 1204 The Fifth Crusade : 1218 to 1221 The Sixth Crusade : 1228 to 1229 The Seventh Crusade : 1248 to 1254 The Eighth Crusade : 1270 the Children’s Crusade : 1212
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• First Crusade 1096 – 1099 successful in capturing Jerusalem and establishing a foothold in Palestine • Second Crusade 1147 – 1149 organized to recapture Jerusalem ended in defeat • Third Crusade 1189 – 1191 three powerful monarchs, Philip II of France, Frederick I of Germany, and Richard of England participated • Richard fought the Muslin leader Saladin to a truce • Fourth Crusade never reached the Holy Land looted and sacked the City of Constantinople • Later four more unsuccessful Crusades • Children’s Crusade 1212, 30,000 children joined, most starved, died of diseases or were enslaved
英国历史简介幻灯片
大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland---UK
国旗
为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色 和红、白色“米”字组成。 旗中带白边的红色正十字代 表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白 色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护 神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字 代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里 克。此旗产生于１８０１年， 是由原英格兰的白地红色正 十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交 叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红 色交叉十字旗重叠而成。
巨石阵
又称索尔兹伯里石环、环状列石、太阳神庙、史前石 桌、斯通亨治石栏、斯托肯立石圈等名，是欧洲著名的 史前时代文化神庙遗址，位于英格兰威尔特郡索尔兹伯 里平原，约建于公元前4000～2000年（2008年3月至 4月，英国考古学家研究发现，巨石阵的准确建造年代 距今已经有4300年，即建于公元前2300年左右）
History
Early Settlement (---55 BC) 1.The first known settlers of Britain were
the Iberians，dark-haired Mediterranean race.人们所知的英国最早居民是伊比例亚人。 More dramatic monuments were the henges, the most important of which was Stonehenge in Wiltshire. 更为引人注目的是那些圆形石结构，其中最重要 的是在维尔特郡发现的巨石阵。
Angle-land----England
In 597, pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. Augustine was remarkably successfully in converting the king and the nobility. 597年，教皇格里高利派遣圣奥古斯廷去英格兰， 使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。在使国王和贵族 皈依基督教方面，圣奥古斯廷特别成功。
历史英语词汇大全掌握历史事件与人物的专业术语
历史英语词汇大全掌握历史事件与人物的专业术语历史英语词汇大全：掌握历史事件与人物的专业术语在学习历史的过程中，了解并掌握相关的专业术语是非常重要的。
不仅可以帮助我们更好地理解历史事件和人物，还可以提升我们的学术素养。
本文将为您提供一个历史英语词汇大全，帮助您掌握历史事件与人物的专业术语。
1. Ancient Civilization (古代文明)- Mesopotamia (美索不达米亚): An ancient civilization located in the Tigris-Euphrates river system, known for its invention of writing, development of urban society, and establishment of the world's earliest known legal code, the Code of Hammurabi.- Ancient Egypt (古埃及): A civilization along the Nile River known for its pyramids, pharaohs, and hieroglyphics. It developed a complex religious and funerary system and made significant contributions to mathematics, architecture, and medicine.2. Classical Antiquity (古典古代)- Ancient Greece (古希腊): The birthplace of democracy, known for its philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. It made significant contributions to literature, theater, and science. Famous city-states include Athens and Sparta.- Ancient Rome (古罗马): A civilization that expanded from a small village to a vast empire, known for its legal system, engineering marvels like the Colosseum and aqueducts, and influence on European culture.3. Middle Ages (中世纪)- Feudalism (封建制度): A social and economic system based on the exchange of land for military service and loyalty. It characterized much of Europe during the Middle Ages.- Crusades (十字军东征): Series of military expeditions by Christians from Western Europe to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim control. They lasted from the 11th to the 13th century.4. Renaissance (文艺复兴)- Humanism (人文主义): An intellectual movement that emphasized the study of classical texts, the importance of human potential, and the pursuit of knowledge, art, and science.- Leonardo da Vinci (列奥纳多·达·芬奇): An Italian polymath known for his contributions in the fields of art, science, mathematics, and engineering. Best known for his paintings Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.5. Age of Exploration (探险时代)- Christopher Columbus (克里斯托弗·哥伦布): An Italian explorer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean, opening the way for widespread European exploration and the eventual colonization of the Americas.- Ferdinand Magellan (费尔南多·麦哲伦): A Portuguese explorer who led the first circumnavigation of the globe. His expedition proved that the Earth was round.6. Industrial Revolution (工业革命)- Steam engine (蒸汽机): Invented by James Watt, the steam engine was a key invention that revolutionized transportation, manufacturing, and agriculture during the Industrial Revolution.- Factory system (工厂体系): A method of manufacturing that brought workers and machinery together in one place, leading to increased efficiency and mass production.7. World Wars (世界大战)- Treaty of Versailles (凡尔赛条约): The peace treaty signed in 1919, officially marking the end of World War I. It placed full blame on Germany and imposed heavy reparations, leading to future political and economic tensions.- D-Day (诺曼底登陆): The Allied invasion of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944, during World War II. It marked a major turning point in the war and led to the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany.通过了解并熟练掌握这些历史英语词汇，我们可以更深入地了解历史的各个时期和相关的事件与人物。
十字军东征简介 优质课件
burned.
Wow, aren’t we Christians civilized?
The third Crusade is famous—Richard the Lionhearted and Frederick Barbarossa vs.
techniques • Primitive gunpowder.
This helped the Commercial Revolution that began the Renaissance.
crusades in the Holy Land.
There was improved technology in the fields of Mathematics, medicine,
and architecture.
The stunning discovery, that members of another faith (the Muslims) could be
He told the people to stop fighting amongst themselves, and instead go take Jerusalem back from the Infidels.
For those of you lost in a new-age, Tolkein, Goth, Druid, Freshman dream world, you can still buy Crusader gear
The Crusades
Long Term Causes
• Growth of Italian Trade • Advance the Church by providing a
英美文化
英美文化English History中世纪（the Middle Ages）1、1066年，Normans（隶属于France）侵略英国，领导者是征服王威廉（William the Conqueror）2、1066年之后，来自于整个欧洲的很多军队（称为“十字军”the Crusades）发起很多次战争来争夺the ‘Holy Land’圣地。
其中最有名的是狮心王理查德（Richard Lion-heart,Norman king）.3、King John,狮心王的弟弟，制定Magna Carta（英国大宪章）以制衡barons（贵族）{贵族权利很大，和当时的教会差不多，君权收到很大的抑制}4、中世纪时期，英国和法国之间摩擦非常多，虽然英国在两次重要战役中取胜，差点彻底击败法国，但最后法国还是凭借着火枪的发明把英国人逐出了法国土地。
不过，英语还是取代了法语成为了官方语言（当然了，只是在英国社会）——百年战争，法国取胜The Sixteenth Century（Renaisense文艺复兴&Adventure on the sea航海大发现）1、Columbus哥伦布&Vasco da Gama达伽马的航海大发现，开始了欧洲对美洲的殖民扩张（the imperialist expansion）2、Henry四世的大女儿，Mary支持Catholics（天主教）而杀死成千上万的Protestants（新教徒），因而被后人称为Bloody Mary。
3、The Elizabethan age(伊丽莎白一世的时代)，共有两样事，一个就是文艺复兴，一个就是航海大发现。
4、在航海大发现期间，海上战争不断，期间涌现出很多海上霸主，其中Spanish（西班牙）的无敌舰队（Armada）首屈一指，成为英国的大敌。
5、伊丽莎白统治后期，天主教和新教摩擦不断。
The Seventeenth Century（English Bourgeois Revolution资产阶级革命）1、资产阶级革命的原因：①The feudal autocracy of the Stuart Dynasty was an obstacle to the development of British capitalism.斯图亚特王朝的封建专制阻碍了英国资本主义的发展。
crusade__中英对照简介
crusade欧洲称为：十字军东征；回教世界称为：法兰克人入侵十字军东征（拉丁文：Cruciata，1096年－1291年）是一系列在罗马天主教教皇的准许下，由西欧的封建领主和骑士对地中海东岸的国家发动的持续了近200年的宗教性战争，东正教徒也参加了其中几次十字军。
参加这场战争的士兵佩有十字标志，因此称为十字军。
十字军主要是对罗马天主教势力对盘踞在近东穆斯林地区的征服并建了一些基督教国家，因而也被形象的比喻为“十字架反对弓月”；但也涉及对“基督教异端”、其他异教徒和对其他天主教会及封建领主的“敌对势力”的征服，如第四次十字军东征将矛头指向了东正教的拜占庭帝国。
十字军的最初目的是收复被穆斯林统治的圣地耶路撒冷。
当塞尔柱土耳其的穆斯林在安纳托利亚对基督教的拜占庭帝国取得军事胜利时，十字军的战役为响应拜占廷的求助而被点燃了。
旷日持久的战役断断续续在累范特地区展开，战争中敌友双方界线不完全是按宗教划定，例如第五次东征时基督徒们与罗姆苏丹国结盟。
十字军虽然以捍卫宗教、解放圣地为口号，但实际上是以政治、宗教、社会与经济目的为主，发动对亚洲西侧的侵略劫掠战争，参加东征的各个集团都有自己的目的，甚至在1204年的第四次十字军东征劫掠了天主教兄弟东正教拜占庭首都君士坦丁堡。
所以，美国学者朱迪斯·M·本内特在他的著作《欧洲中世纪史》里写道，“十字军远征聚合了当时的三大时代热潮：宗教、战争和贪欲”。
到1291年，基督教世界在叙利亚海岸最后一个桥头堡——阿卡被攻陷，十字军国家的命运告终。
十字军东征造成了深远的社会、经济和政治影响，其中有些痕迹至今尚存。
历史影响第一次十字军由西欧封建贵族骑士们在西亚建立了短暂王国，虽然耶路撒冷王国仅维持了88年，十字军东征对地中海沿岸国家人民带来了深重灾难，之后十字军还在威尼斯人帮助下侵入当时土耳其无法攻破的君士坦丁堡，成为两百年后奥斯曼土耳其大军攻下此城的肇因，数次大规模军事动员也使西欧各国人民损失惨重，几十万十字军死亡，并使日后东方回教世界与西方基督教世界互相对立。
【2】5 Robin Hood 罗宾汉
【使用指南】Black Cat有声名著阶梯阅读（以下内容摘自《徐老师原典英语自学法》（徐火辉著）第二章）在使用时，一定要做到聆听先行，听读结合，即：■①打开一个MP3文件（一般3~5分钟，最多不超过10分钟），不看任何文本，先静气聆听3~5遍后，谨记：千万不可看文本；■②聆听至少3遍后，打开PDF阅读刚才听的部分，生词可以用金山词霸查，大概读2~3遍；■③关掉PDF，闭目再听1~2遍;■④最后，可以进行跟读，朗诵，背诵，写作等操练。
◆◆◆◆◆方案1.暑期50天自学速成训练方案◆◆◆◆◆训练素材：香港商务印书馆授权上海华东师范大学出版的Black Cat优质英语阶梯有声读物Level1-Level6+VOA慢速英语。
训练量：每天运用原典英语训练法学习6个小时，总训练时间300小时。
训练目标：听读能力达到高考水准。
训练具体方法：从Black Cat系列有声读物Level1起步，每个Level选约4个故事，一个故事一个故事地运用原典英语学习法的432+模式训练，即先专注听4遍，随即立刻认真读3遍，然后再聆听2遍。
Black Cat系列有声读物Level1–Level3的每个故事长度平均约30分钟，并进一步分割成平均约4分钟左右的段落（课文/音频文件），Level4-Level6的每个故事长度平均约50分钟。
学习者要一课一课地完成聆听-阅读-聆听。
即，（1）.从Level1的某个故事开始，先专注聆听4遍约4分钟的音频文件，共约16分钟；（2）.然后在电脑上打开对应的文本文件，激活翻译软件的屏幕取词翻译功能，认真阅读理解3遍；但除了零起点的学生，一般不要用翻译软件的整句翻译功能，而应该自己先努力阅读理解，碰到生词再使用翻译软件翻译目标生词，碰到个别实在无法理解难句可尝试使用整句翻译（但整句翻译往往并不准确）；（3）.再将此阅读过的内容，认真重复聆听2遍。
完成这一轮训练后，一般就可立刻进入到下一篇课文/音频文件，继续采用上述432模式程序训练…。
世界古代中世纪史 英语
世界古代中世纪史英语The ancient and medieval history of the world is a vast and complex topic that spans thousands of years and encompasses a wide range of civilizations and cultures. From the ancient empires of Mesopotamia and Egypt to the rise and fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of the Byzantine Empire, the medieval period saw the development of powerful kingdoms and the spread of influential religious and political ideologies.One of the most significant developments of the ancient and medieval world was the emergence of the great Mesopotamian civilizations, including the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires. These civilizations, located in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, were among the earliest known human settlements and were responsible for many important technological and cultural advancements. The Sumerians, for example, are credited with the invention of writing, the wheel, and the development of the first known system of mathematics and astronomy.The ancient Egyptians, too, were a highly advanced civilization that left an indelible mark on the ancient world. The Egyptians wereknown for their impressive architectural achievements, such as the pyramids and the Great Sphinx, as well as their sophisticated system of hieroglyphic writing and their advancements in the fields of medicine and engineering. The Egyptian civilization was also deeply influenced by religious beliefs and the worship of numerous gods and goddesses.The rise of the ancient Greek civilization was another significant development in the ancient world. The Greeks were known for their contributions to philosophy, science, and the arts, and their political and cultural influence extended far beyond the boundaries of the Greek peninsula. The Greek city-states, such as Athens and Sparta, were renowned for their military prowess and their democratic and oligarchic forms of government.The Roman Empire, which emerged in the 8th century BCE, was one of the most powerful and influential civilizations of the ancient world. The Romans were known for their impressive military conquests, their sophisticated system of law and governance, and their extensive network of roads and aqueducts. The Roman Empire also played a significant role in the spread of Christianity, which would go on to become one of the dominant religions of the medieval period.The medieval period, which spanned from the 5th to the 15th century CE, was a time of great political, social, and cultural change.The collapse of the Roman Empire in the West led to the emergence of numerous smaller kingdoms and empires, including the Byzantine Empire in the East and the various kingdoms of Europe. The medieval period was also marked by the rise of the Catholic Church and the spread of Christianity throughout Europe and beyond.One of the most significant developments of the medieval period was the feudal system, which was a hierarchical system of social and political organization that dominated much of Europe during this time. Under the feudal system, the land was divided into manors, each of which was controlled by a lord who held power over the peasants and serfs who lived and worked on the land.The medieval period also saw the rise of powerful Islamic empires, such as the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, which exerted significant political and cultural influence in the Middle East and North Africa. The Islamic world was also a center of learning and scientific advancement, with scholars making important contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.The late medieval period was also marked by the Crusades, a series of military campaigns launched by European Christians against the Muslim-controlled Holy Land. The Crusades had a significant impact on the political and cultural landscape of the medieval world, leadingto increased contact and exchange between the Christian and Islamic worlds.Overall, the ancient and medieval history of the world is a rich and complex tapestry of civilizations, cultures, and political and religious movements that have shaped the course of human history. From the ancient empires of Mesopotamia and Egypt to the powerful kingdoms and empires of the medieval period, this history continues to fascinate and inspire scholars and students alike.。
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• Jerusalem is a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions——Judaism， Christianity and Islam.
• In Judaism, Jerusalem has been the holiest city since, according to the Torah(圣经旧约), King David of Israel first established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel in c. 1000 BCE, and his son Solomon commissioned the building of the First Temple in the city.
• In Christianity, Jerusalem has been a holy city since, according to the New Testament（新约全书）, Jesus was crucified in c. 30 CE and 300 years later Saint Helena （the mother of Emperor Constantine I ）found the True Cross in the city.
• The first Crusade was preached by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095.
Urban promised indulgence to any Christian who took the Crusader vow and set off for Jerusalem. The resulting fervour that swept through Europe mobilized tens of thousands of people from all levels of society, and resulted in the capture of Jerusalem in 1099 as well as other regions .
Sites of Key Religious Importance
• • • • the Temple Mount the Western Wall the Church of the Holy Sepulchre the Dome of the Rock
The Temple Mount (圣殿山)
Crusades and Holy Land
Crusades
The Crusades were holy wars or armed pilgrimages intended to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim control.
Jerusalem was part of the Muslim possessions won during a rapid military expansion in the 7th century through the Near East, Northern Africa, and Anatolia（安 纳托利亚） (in modern Turkey).
• Known also as Mount Moriah
The Western Wall (哭墙)
• also Wailing Wall • Located in the Old City of Jerusalem at the foot of the western side of the Temple Mount.
• on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem
Hale Waihona Puke • In Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the thirdholiest city. It became the first Qibla, the focal point for Muslim prayer (Salah) in 610 CE, and, according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad made his Night Journey there ten years later.
The routes of crusades
Reason for Crusades
• to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy Land
The Holy Land
• The Levant (pronoun ced /lə’vænt/) is a term used for geographic identification of Asia in France in the Middle Ages.
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre （圣墓教堂）
• also called the Church of the Resurrection • a church within the walled Old City of Jerusalem
The Dome of the Rock (圆顶清真寺)