科技英语 brain
科技英语阅读习题答案汇总
Unit 1 MathematicsSection C Post-reading TaskVocabulary and Structure1. Word-buildingDirections: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.discover— (suffix) symbol—(suffix)logic— (suffix) form—(suffix)correspond—(suffix) develop—(suffix)describe—(suffix) able—(prefix)contradict—(suffix) equal—(suffix)1) The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of_________, and she got towork collaboratively with half a dozen other math whizzes.( discovery)2) Packages can be sealed and can contain personal _________if it relates to the contents of thepackage.(correspondence)3) New research indicates that the brain region may prefer_________ notation to other numericrepresentations .(symbolic)4) To do this, an ideal model based on the _________ paradigm was constructed and then comparedwith a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act tookeffect.( equality)5) Is this not in flagrant _________to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than the velocityof light?( contradiction)6) Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a _________order, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports.( logical)7) The mathematical _________ of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct, anddetermining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationallystraightforward.( description)8) The proof we now know required the_________ of an entire field of mathematics that wasunknown in Fermat's time.( development)9) Williams adds that ma ny courses in geometry, ―the one high school class that demands_________ reasoning,‖ have already been ―gutted‖ and are no longer proof-based.( formal)10) The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should the traditionaltrade structure be _________to cover the expanse of technologies economically.( unable)2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form ifnecessary.1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base)2) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with adistinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition)3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per centreduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow)4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in ourpool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term)5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to thestudy of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead)6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same wayas described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way)7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly foundparticles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form)8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery ofnumerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve)9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with smalltidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become)10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterlyincongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace)3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence.1) A simple way to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study thoseproperties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities,whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead.3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under theassumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and thenreactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculatea lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bendslight in funny ways.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers.3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks isred.5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem tocalculate the probability of the existence of God.Reading 22. Complete the sentences based on the text.1) The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of _________________ and to aparticular instance of such a set. （fractal sets）2) 2.In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the _________________ such that thecorresponding Julia set is connected and not computable. （complex plane）3) "The" Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the _________________ z_(n+1)==z_n︿2+c withz_0==c, where points in the complex plane for which the orbit of z_n does not tend to infinity are in the set. （quadratic recurrence equation）4) Setting z_0equal to any point in the set that is not a _________________ gives the same result.（periodic point）5) The Mandelbrot set was originally called a _________________ by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard andA. Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected（molecule）Language in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.迭代函数iterative function优先权之争priority battle分形特征fractal properties有意义make sense以越来越小的规模重复同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales混沌理论chaos theory季刊a quarterly journal数学界the mathematics community波纹线crisp lines会议公报proceedings of a conference2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular atvarious dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c.2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with hi s school lessonssupplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraicproblems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected"shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, be hind these strange patterns.4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, butthat they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。
科技英语翻译试题2套
1答案请写在答题纸上。
Part one: Sentence Translation(30%)1.为此，必须对电路(circuit)的基本内容有一个很好的了解。
2.这个系数(coefficient)有待确定。
3.现有的教科书均没有提这一点。
4.由于反馈(feedback)在电子线路(electronic circuit)中起着重要作用，所以对它的研究极为重要。
5.有迹象表明，计算机的价格将进一步下跌。
6.这个方法的确管用，不过到底该在什么情况下使用它尚不清楚。
7.十年前该厂的产量比现在高五倍。
8.激光(laser)是二十世纪六十年代引入的一项新技术，它能穿透(pierce)特别硬的物质。
9.为使晶体管(transistor)正常工作，必须给其电极(electrode)加(apply)上合适的电压(voltage)。
10.代表磁场(magnetic field)的磁力线(magnetic line of force)是一些围绕该导线的同心圆(concentric circle)。
11.我们所谓的机器人(robot)实际上是能为人类做工的一种工具。
12.这类天线(antenna)和那类天线相比的优点是结构简单，效率高。
13.半导体(semiconductor)对光和热都很敏感(sensitive)，这两者都对导电率(conductivity)影响很大。
14.只有通过对系统性能进行研究我们才能了解其优缺点。
15.本书既讲了实际的设计方法，同时也讲述了理论问题，而重点放在一般概念上。
Part two: Mistakes Correction(30%)(Write down the corrected sentence on the answer sheet. )1. We are easy to determine the effect of new drug to patient.2. The direction of an electric current was decided before electrons were not discovered.3. Sound travel much less faster than light is.4. The price for this instrument is expensive.5. There are a few exceptions for this rule.6. The hotter the body will be, the more it radiates energy.7. The feature of this device is small in size and light in weight.8. That professor is very interesting in this topic.9. Our semiconductor industry comes into being at the end of 1950s.10. The both engineers are busy to design a type of new computer.11. Work equals to force multiplying distance.12. The new design instrument is in good quality.13. The ability for some elements to give off radiations is referred as theradioactivity.Part three:Read this article, translate the underlined sentences(15%), answer the questions (15%)and then summarize this article within 100 words (10%).The Dazzle of Lasers(激光)The acronym（首字母缩写词）"laser," describes how the device works: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. In 1916 Einstein predicted that electrons(电子) in an atom could be deliberately stimulated to emit photons（光子） (light energy) of a certain wavelength. He was right. The laser must first be "pumped" with energy in a variety of ways so that the electrons are excited into higher energy states. But these high energy electrons are unstable--and fall back to a lower energy level. On the way down, their extra energy is released（释放）as light. That light is captured inside the laser and amplified by bouncing it back and forth between mirrors. The laser beam that emerges is amplified, monochromatic （单色的）, coherent light --and it shines with an unearthly power.Not until 1960 did Theodore Maiman, a 33-year-old engineer at Hughes Research Laboratories, build a homely four-inch cylinder containing a ruby rod encircled by a flash tube: the world's first working laser.More than two decades later, the laser has wrought a technological revolution. Lasers are an indispensable tool for delicate eye surgery, and doctors are using lasers experimentally to destroy cancerous tumors(肿瘤), unclog（使畅通） diseased arteries （动脉） and even treat herpes（疱疹）. Just as they provide new tools for health care, however, they also make possible new engines of destruction: recently Dr. Edward Teller, the father of the hydrogen bomb（氢弹）, called on President Reagon to urge that the United States build a space-based laser-weapon system that would use a nuclear bomb to fire brutally intense laser X-rays against enemy missiles in flight.Today pilots flying the new Boeing 767 and 757 aircraft navigate with the aid of new laser gyroscopes（陀螺仪）. Supermarket clerks use lasers to ring up prices at the checkout counter by "reading" universal bar-codes（条形码） printed on packages and canned goods. Powerful lasers cut and weld（焊） steel in factories from Detroit to Tokyo. Artists and filmmakers are beginning to use lasers for animation（动画）: at Lucasfilm, George Lucas has a team of computer wizards（奇才） developing a machinethat uses a computer-driven laser to draw animated images on film; a second film, with human actors, is then merged by laser with the graphics into a single seamless （无缝的） whole.How does the laser work? Anyone who has ever focused sunlight through a magnifying glass and watched paper or dry leaves snap into flames understands the power of concentrated light. Laser light is intense, concentrated light, too, but it works on a different principle. Shine sunlight through a prism（棱镜） and it breaks into the glorious colors of the rainbow. In the scientists' vocabulary, sunlight is "incoherent" --it is made up of a mix of wavelengths spanning the spectrum（光谱）from infrared（红外线） to ultraviolet（紫外线）. Laser light, on the other hand, is monochromatic and coherent－it shines at a single wavelength, and all the light waves march together in step like soldiers on parade（游行）.In the two decades since its invention, the laser has undergone a dramatic transformation: a wide variety of gas, solid-state, diode（二极管） and other lasers has been created. Each shines at a different wavelength; some pulse on and off, others operate continuously.When the laser moved out of the laboratory, one of its first and most significant applications was as a medical tool. Lasers are commonly used for delicate surgery inside the eye. In treating blood-vessel disorders resulting from complications(并发症) of diabetes（糖尿病）, doctors aim a fine beam of argon laser light（氩激光） through the pupil（瞳孔） of the eye and place up to 2000 tiny laser burns very closely around the back portion of the retina（视网膜）. These laser "welds" prevent harmful growth or rupture（断裂） of new, unwanted blood vessels.The very properties that make lasers dangerous --power and heat--are also being put to use to destroy some kinds of brain and spinal（脊髓的） tumors. Lasers have brought a new frontier to neurosurgery（神经外科）. They have made some inoperable tumors operable and high-risk tumors less high risk.Warfare is also changing as laser technology advances. Laser guidance systems have brought once unimaginable accuracy to artillery（炮）. In the near future, higher-intensity lasers may be used to blind the electronic sensory systems of aircraft, missiles, tanks and ships. And ultimately, some visionaries insists, the globe could be surrounded by a platoon（排） of orbiting battle stations armed with lasers capable of destroying planes and missiles within seconds of their beinglaunched.Just as they are opening new doors to medicine and military practices, lasers are also having a profound impact on communications. Instead of sunbeams, today's light-wave communication systems use laser light ricocheting through tiny glass fibers. Lasers generate light waves at extraordinarily high frequencies--in the range of trillions of cycles per second --which makes it possible to transmit enormous quantities of information. In addition, fiber-optic cables are cheaper than copper wire and are not subject to electromagnetic interference, or the annoying cross talk（串话） and static that plague（折磨） current systems. The big breakthrough was the semiconductor laser.Someday laser light may be piped through giant optic cables into deep ocean waters to create undersea farms; it may be beamed into space to talk to orbiting space stations. Lasers also may be used to fire extremely precise light pulses at DNA molecules, altering the structure of chromosomes（染色体） and thereby repairing defective genes --or even creating new forms of life. And eventually billions of lasers will link the world in a vast information network, a global village of light.1.How does the laser work?2.What is the difference between sunlight and the laser?3.Is the laser absolutely safe? If not, please explain.4.What are the advantages of the semiconductor laser in the communications field?5.In what fields is the laser applied?Part one:1.For this purpose, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the fundamentals of thecircuit.2.This coefficient remains to be determined.3.None of the textbook available mentions this point.4.Since feedback plays an important role in the electronic circuit, its study is very important.5.There is an indication that the price of computers will fall further.6.This method does work, but it is not clear in what condition it is that it should be used.7.The output of this factory 10 years ago is 6 times what it is now.8. A new technology introduced in the 1960s, laser can pierce very hard substances.9.For the transistor to work normally, it is necessary to apply a proper voltage across theelectrode.10.The magnetic lines of force representing the magnetic field are some concentric circlessurrounding the wire.11.What is called a robot is a tool which can do work for the human being.12.This type of antenna has the advantages over that one of simple structure and high efficiency.13.Semiconductors are sensitive to light and hear, both of which have a great impact onconductivity.14.Only through a study of the system’s performance is it possible to know its advantages anddisadvantages.15.This book discusses both practical design method and theoretical problems with emphasis onthe basic concept.Part two:1.It is easy to determine the effect of the new drug on the patient.2.The direction of the electric current had been decided before electrons were discovered.3.Sound travels much more slowly that light does.4.This instrument is expensive.5.There are a few exceptions to this rule.6.The hotter the body is, the more energy it radiates.7.This device is small and light.8.That professor is much interested in this topic.9.Our semiconductor industry came into being at the end of the 1950s.10.Both the engineers are busy designing a new type of computer.11.Work equals force multiplied by distance.12.The newly designed instrument is good in quality.13.The ability of some elements ot give off radiations is referred as the radioactivity.Part three:Translation:1. 20多年前，激光引发了一场技术革命。
科技英语视听说课程内容整合
A. Role ReversalI. Words and Phrases1. bacon 腌猪肉，熏猪肉2. stroller （婴幼儿的）小推车3. diaper 尿布4. attorney 律师5. deleterious 有害的II. Questions3. Why do these men stay at home baby-sitting their children? Because their wives’ incomes are higher.B. The Private Life of Plants (1)Episode 1: TravelingI. Words1. dock 羊蹄2. hazel 榛子3. foxglove 毛地黄4. bramble 悬钩子5. earth-star 地星6. bird-cage plant 角叶月7. wood anemone / windflower银莲花8. spore 孢子9. puffball 马勃菌10. dandelion 蒲公英II. Questions2. Why we human beings are seldom aware of the dramas happening to plants?We and plants live on a different time scale.4. When we condense 3 months into 20 seconds, what dramatic changes of plants can we see?The desolation of winter quickly warms into the riot of spring.6. Why do bird-cage plants travel to find a new place?The desert dunes are always moving and a sheltered site can suddenly become intolerably exposed.10. How do the seeds of dandelions fly?A special apparatus is needed by the seeds of dandelions to fly. Each seed of the dandelion is fitted with its own individual parachute.C. Polar BearsI. Words1. walrus 海象2. skinny 皮的，皮包骨的3. jeopardize 危及，处于危险状况4. ratify 批准，认可5. protocol 条约，草案II. Questions3.What will happen in the Arctic Ocean in 100 years by the end of eachsummer if the trend continues?There will be no ice at all in the Arctic Ocean.D. The Private Life of Plants (2) Episode 2: GrowingI. Words1. canopy 罩盖，天蓬2. fern （蕨类植物）羊齿植物3. pore 气孔4. sapling 树苗5. chestnut 栗子树，栗子6. sycamore 枫树，梧桐7. larch 落叶松8. begonia 秋海棠9. chlorophyll 叶绿素10. photosynthesis 光合作用11. mimicry 模拟12. shrivel 起皱纹13. pebble 鹅卵14. gravel 碎石子15. nectar 甘露16. caterpillar 毛毛虫17. bogus 假的18. passion flower 西番莲19. mimosa 含羞草20. carnivorous plants 食肉植物II. Questions4.What will happen to leaves if water lies on their surface?It clogs up the pores. / It blocks the pores. the examples given in this episode to explain how plants usemimicry to defend themselves?Pebble plantsPassion flowers7.What is the dramatic solution a sensitive mimosa possesses to defenditself?One touch makes it fold its leaflets; another tap, and it falls towards the ground. the carnivorous plants given in this episode?Flytrap Pitcher plantsE. Two Ozone HolesI. Words1. refractor 折射器2. sunscreen 防晒霜3. ultraviolet 紫外线4. plankton 浮游生物5. cataract 白内障6. fluke 侥幸7. aerosol 喷雾器，烟雾剂8. coolant 冷却剂9. halon a compound gas10.chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 含氯氟烃化合物II. Questions2.What has happened to the ozone layer over the South Pole everyAugust for the past 20 years?The ozone layer has been thinning out, thus creating a hole.3.What is the function of the ozone layer?To protect us from the sun’s ultraviolet rays.5.What are the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays on human beings?They can cause skin cancer, cataracts and other harmful health effects.F. An Inconvenient TruthI. Words1. infrared radiation 远红外线2. culprit 犯人3. vulnerable 脆弱的，易受伤的4. lukewarm 微温的5. pixel 像素6. smallpox 天花7. polio 脊髓灰质炎，小儿麻痹症8. sustenance 生计，生活9. devastate 摧毁10. apartheid 种族隔离II. Questions1.What are the three factors causing the collision between ourcivilization and the earth?Population.The scientific and technological revolution.Our way of thinking.2. How to balance the economy and the environment?G. Journey of Life (1)Program One: Life in the SeaI. Words1. bizarre 古怪的，奇异的2. predator 食肉动物3. gill slits 鳃裂4. amniotic fluid 羊水5. embryo 胚胎6. mayhem 恐慌，混乱7. cauldron 大锅large pot 8. haven 安全的地方，避难所9. lethal 致命的10. jellyfish 水母，海蜇II. Questions1.All living things have to fight to survive. Who can survive then?Only the best suited individuals can survive --- it’s known as “survival of the fittest”.3. What was the planet Earth like 3.8 billion years ago?The atmosphere was thin; there was no oxygen, no protective ozone layers. But there were massive volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts.5.There is an enormous variety of life on the planet. How did it come about?1)3 billion years ago --- single-cell living things e.g. ancientmicrobes2)670 million years ago --- cells pulling together e.g. jellyfishThe first type of animal --- flatworm: it evolved a head and eyes.Two milestones: the evolution of the first brain and the first anus.In through the mouth along the digestive tract and out through the anus.3)Around 570 million years ago --- animals’ soft bodies turned harde.g. snailsProgram Two: Life on LandI. Words1. alien 外星人的adj.2. dinosaur 恐龙3. buoyancy 浮力4. kelp 海带5. arthropod 节肢动物6. armor 盔甲7. burrow 兔子洞8. louse 虱子9. vertebrate 脊椎动物10. fin 鱼鳍II. Questions1.What was the planet Earth like 500 million years ago?No shade, no ozone layer.2.Where did all life begin? And why?In the sea. Because in the sea where temperatures hardly changes and where water protects against the pull of gravity and the burning sun.H. Journey of Life (2)Program Three: Life in the SkyI. Words1. airborne flying2. rock hyrax 岩蹄兔3. defy challenge to do sth.impossible4. sprout begin to grow5. flap 拍打6. bask 取暖7. tendon 腱，筋8. larvae（larva）幼虫9. jackpot 意外获得成功10. descendant 后裔11. swamp沼泽12. vicious 恶性的13. swat 拍，打14. munch 用力咀嚼15. gorge 峡谷II. Questions3.What are the good reasons for life to get into the air?To find food, explore new territory or escape from danger.6.What are the two explanations as to how insects sprout wings?One explanation is that insects love to sunbathe. The other is that it may have started in water.Program Four: Living TogetherI. Words1. huddle 挤作一团2. pinnacle 尖顶3. spawn 卵，产卵4. engulf swallow up5. unleash 解开束缚6. cricket 蟋蟀7. mantis 螳螂8. orchid 兰花9. assassin 刺客10. fang 毒牙11. raven 大乌鸦12. fieldfare 田鸫13. lurk 埋伏14. foil 阻碍15. bluff 故弄玄虚，虚张声势II. Questions1.What is the relationship between penguins and leopard seals?They are predators and prey.3.Why do we say that the predators and prey are locked in an intense relationship?Because when predators find better ways to catch and kill, their prey has to improve their self-defense. That is to say, neither can afford to be left behind.5.How do fieldfares drive a hungry raven away from their chicks?By dropping bombs.I. PhobiasI. Words1. phobia 恐惧症2. toddler 小孩蹒跚3. buggy 婴儿车4. petrify 极恐怖的5. reassurance 放心6. python 蟒蛇7. counterpart 相同地位8. footage 电影镜头9. captivity 坐牢10. ferry 码头，船11. strand 搁浅12. crumble 弄碎13. canine 狗14. lavish.奢侈15. trauma 外伤16. slack 涣散17. leash 牵狗用的皮带18. adrenaline 肾上腺素19. berate 责骂20. tax 负担责任21. tennis elbow 肘关节22. bursitis 滑囊炎23. Labrador 导盲犬24. steeple 塔尖25. scaffold 脚手架II. Questions1.What is phobia?Fear plays a vital part in our survival. When fear gets out of control, we call it phobia.2.What is the percentage of people with phobias?10%.3.Do we inherit specific phobias from our parents?No.J. Great Wildlife MomentsI. Words1. oil slick 浮油2. biomass 生物量3. feast 盛宴4. shoal 鱼群5. frenzy 狂乱6. gully 沟渠7. trek make a long, hard journey8. perilous 危险的，冒险的9. phosphate 磷矿石，磷酸盐10. carnage 大屠杀11. pouch 育儿袋12. Aurora australis 南极光13. recede move away14. sleek 光滑，圆滑15. rookery 群栖地16. roller coaster 过山车17. droplet 小滴18. bide 等候19. ingenious clever20. clearing 空旷地II. Questions1.What consists of the caravan of hunting sardines?Cape gannets, sharks and dolphins.2.Why do red crabs head for the shore to spawn?Because they are unable to raise their young on land.4.How does the Aurora australis occur?The Aurora australis occurs when subatomic particles travelling through space enter the earth’s magnetic field.5.For emperor penguins, who is responsible for hatching the egg?The male penguins.6.How can an eagle eat a tortoise?The eagle flies to a favorite site, gains its height and lets the tortoise go.K. Secrets of the SexesI. Words1. saliva 唾液2. masculine 男性的，刚毅的3. bloke 家伙4. rig 装置5. dashboard 仪表板，汽车的仪表盘6. pathetic 可怜的7. petty 不重要的8. daft 傻的9. congregation 会众10. leisure complex 休闲娱乐中心11. trivia 琐事12. to place sb. on a pedestal 崇拜某人13. flounder 挣扎14. infidelity 不忠15. rove 环顾II. Questions1.What are the differences between men and women?Men are more things oriented while women are more people oriented.3.What are the two reasons for the marriage to end in divorce?The first reason is unfaithful to your spouse. The second reason is constant arguing.4.Why people say “love makes people blind”?The reward system floods with feeling good chemicals, and another part of the brain used for critical thinking switches off.L. Wild WeatherEpisode One: WindI. Words1. intrepid 无畏的，刚毅的2. awesome 令人敬畏的3. Celsius 摄氏4. hurricane 飓风5. tropopause 对流层顶6. tornado 龙卷风7. doldrums 无风带8. swelter 炎热9. Beaufort scale 蒲福氏风级10. funnel 漏斗11. lash 鞭打whip12. squall 狂风sudden strong wind13. rubble 碎石II. Questions1.Why do we say that the weather is the last wild thing on earth?There are two reasons. First, we can not predict it. Second, we can not control it.4.Please describe the formation of windWarm air rises from the Equator and hits the tropopause. It then slides north and south before sinking back down to earth and returning to the Equator as the winds that we feel on land or sea.5.What will happen when the force of wind is 12 (that is, 75 miles anhour)?Property will be destroyed: houses will be demolished and trees will be flattened.Episode Two: WetI. Words1. monsoon 雨季2. devious 迂回的3. tactics 战术，策略，手段4. blonde 金发碧眼的人5. swirl 打漩6. scorching 灼热的7. ion 离子II. Questions2.Please describe the formation of raindropsA cloud is just a swirling mass of water vapor. Floating within it arecomparatively huge particles of dust and pollen. The vapor is attracted to the surface. It takes billions of molecules to make a droplet. They collide with each other getting bigger and heavier. It makes a million droplet raindrop to make a raindrop two millimeters wide.3.Why does the rain make people feel good?As water falls through the air, tiny particles in the air called ionsbecome negatively charged. This makes them sticky which cleans the air by literally dragging dirt and dust particles to the ground leaving the air fresh and clear. The cleaner the air, the quicker the oxygen is delivered around the body. And it is this that makes us feel good.。
华东2018年秋季学期《科技英语》在线考试补考(适用于2019年4月份考试)
(单选题)1: Tom is （） many other people who work hereA: junior toB: junior thanC: more junior toD: more junior than正确答案:(单选题)2: The oil spillage in the Gulf was of such （） that its effects will last for decadesA: magnificenceB: maintenanceC: magnitudeD: manipulation正确答案:(单选题)3: （） for your laziness, you could have finished the work by nowA: If not had been itB: Hadn’t been itC: Had it not beenD: If it had been正确答案:(单选题)4: （） is no reason for discharging herA: Because she was a few minutes lateB: Owing to a few minutes being lateC: The fact that she was a few minutes lateD: Being a few minutes late正确答案:(单选题)5: One of the guards _______ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A: had sleptB: has sleptC: sleptD: was sleeping正确答案:(单选题)6: Mr. Kobayashi was chosen to （） the company at the national trade conference because of his competenceA: presentB: representC: inventD: prevent正确答案:(单选题)7: She devised a plan ______ they might escape from the tightly guarded prison. A: whereasB: whereinC: wherebyD: whereabouts正确答案:(单选题)8: If individuals are awakened each time as they began a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even if their total amount of sleep has been （）A: efficientB: sufficientC: deficientB: enoughC: suppliedD: make正确答案:(单选题)10: It was in 2005 _____we began to introduce this new technique into our company.A: whichB: thenC: whenD: that正确答案:(单选题)11: The police are trying to find out the ______ of the woman killed in the traffic accidentA: evidenceB: genderC: statusD: identity正确答案:(单选题)12: The poor condition of this apartment block is a danger to all its __________.A: habitatsB: inhabitantsC: habitsD: inherits正确答案:(单选题)13: When Bob and his friends came, we____our supper then.A: hadB: were havingC: haveD: are having正确答案:(单选题)14: _____ he often forgot their wedding anniversary greatly annoyed his wife.A: AllB: WhatC: WhichD: That正确答案:(单选题)15: If an employee of a company has not signed a contract, he is under no ______ to pay the company any moneyA: obligationB: resignationC: allowanceD: supervision正确答案:(单选题)16: ____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. A: Being bittenB: BittenC: Having bittenD: To be bitten正确答案:(单选题)17: The committee has made some recommendations, but it is （） the President toD: in accord with正确答案:(单选题)18: He left orders that nothing ______ until the police arrived.A: was touchedB: had been touchedC: should be touchedD: was to be touched正确答案:(单选题)19: You are legally ______ to take faulty goods back to the store where you bought them.A: devotedB: entitledC: accessedD: contributed正确答案:(单选题)20: It is the business of the petroleum industry to find crude oil and gas and to ______ them from the earth on-shore and off-shore.A: retrieveB: exchangeC: proceedD: change正确答案:(单选题)21: Many children,_______parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.A: theirB: whoseC: whomD: those正确答案:(单选题)22: a few of the drugs are ______ ａnd not covered by insurance companiesA: experiencingB: experimentalC: experimentingD: experienced正确答案:(单选题)23: These soldiers have received strict training and made full preparation to （）the new taskA: fullfillB: sparkC: fulfillD: overcome正确答案:(单选题)24: The prices of the products of joint ventures sold in China should be fixed on the basis of quality ______ the price regulations set by the state and be charged in RMBA: first of allB: with a view toC: regardless ofD: in line with正确答案:C: significantD: abundant正确答案:(单选题)26: Winning by a narrow ______, the Lakers now go on to play in the championship. . A: combatB: marginC: fringeD: conquest正确答案:(单选题)27: Success in establishing a good night-time routine leads to increased confidence and happiness all round, making all the hard work well （） the effortA: worthB: worthwhileC: legalD: worthy正确答案:(单选题)28: It is quite ______ that the committee will accept our recommendations of revising the contract.A: likeB: likelyC: alikeD: likewise正确答案:(单选题)29: His sources are confined ______ to those who are in a position to give valuable information, so we’d better believ e what he has saidA: speciallyB: especiallyC: uniquelyD: usually正确答案:(单选题)30: It is believed to be a problem that will affect only a small ______ of the total populationA: fractionB: frictionC: freightD: fracture正确答案:(单选题)31: The king blamed （） and taxes for high oil prices and suggested setting up a program of 1 billion U.S. dollars similar to those that OPEC set up before to solve the oil crisisA: peculiarityB: speculationC: spectacularD: inspect正确答案:(单选题)32: No plan for the future will be acceptable unless it （）poverty and unemploymentA: abolishesB: abusesA: the smaller of whichB: the smaller of thatC: the smallest of whichD: the smallest of that正确答案:(单选题)34: Theories have been proposed by astronomers to （） electrical disturbances （干扰） in the atmosphereA: apply forB: allow forC: account forD: appeal for正确答案:(单选题)35: You should carefully think over_____ the manager said at the meeting.A: thatB: whichC: whatD: who正确答案:(单选题)36: Results among 169 cases, the smokers （）85% of those suffering from lung cancerA: account forB: add toC: amount toD: ask for正确答案:(单选题)37: As telecommunications and networking technologies greatly improve, it is more （） people to access others through e-mail, telephone and mobile phonesA: convenient forB: responsible forC: capable ofD: aware of正确答案:(单选题)38: Many students complain that they find it difficult to （） the goals they have set for themselves although they have studied hardA: attainB: containC: obtainD: maintain正确答案:(单选题)39: The news slowly __________ through to everyone in the office; finally everybody felt worried about the uncertainty of the future.A: meltedB: frozeC: filteredD: flowed正确答案:(单选题)40: As a ______ woman, she was then among the few mothers who sent their daughters to school and encouraged them to take part in social activities.A: sensitive(单选题)41: He is a strange character，_________is very hard to get along with.A: whoB: whichC: thatD: where正确答案:(单选题)42: Tom's father, as well as his mother, _____ in New York for a few days more.A: asks him to stayB: asks he staysC: ask him to stayD: ask his staying正确答案:(单选题)43: She heard a terrible noise, _____ brought her heart into her mouth.A: itB: thisC: whichD: that正确答案:(单选题)44: He barely smiled and hardly looked in the （） for a party since he had lost the game againA: moodB: mindC: sentimentD: brain正确答案:(单选题)45: The committee has made some recommendations, but it is _______ the President to make the final decision.A: rest withB: apt toC: up toD: in accord with正确答案:(单选题)46: （） has recently been done to provide more buses for the people, a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problemA: ThatB: WhatC: In spite of whatD: Though what正确答案:(单选题)47: Recent laws have tended to______ the freedom of the press in this country.A: exceedB: restrictC: convertD: resolve正确答案:(单选题)48: Theories have been proposed by astronomers to ______ electrical disturbances （干扰） in the atmosphere.A: apply forB: allow forA: it may be smallB: though being smallC: small as it isD: though may be small正确答案:(单选题)50: We’ve worked out a method by which our production can be raised on a large ______ A: quantityB: scaleC: qualityD: proportion正确答案:(单选题)1: Tom is （） many other people who work hereA: junior toB: junior thanC: more junior toD: more junior than正确答案:(单选题)2: The oil spillage in the Gulf was of such （） that its effects will last for decadesA: magnificenceB: maintenanceC: magnitudeD: manipulation正确答案:(单选题)3: （） for your laziness, you could have finished the work by nowA: If not had been itB: Hadn’t been itC: Had it not beenD: If it had been正确答案:(单选题)4: （） is no reason for discharging herA: Because she was a few minutes lateB: Owing to a few minutes being lateC: The fact that she was a few minutes lateD: Being a few minutes late正确答案:(单选题)5: One of the guards _______ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A: had sleptB: has sleptC: sleptD: was sleeping正确答案:(单选题)6: Mr. Kobayashi was chosen to （） the company at the national trade conference because of his competenceA: presentB: representC: inventD: prevent正确答案:D: whereabouts正确答案:(单选题)8: If individuals are awakened each time as they began a dream phase of sleep, they are likely to become irritable even if their total amount of sleep has been （）A: efficientB: sufficientC: deficientD: proficient正确答案:(单选题)9: There are no seats （） for those who are late for the showA: availableB: enoughC: suppliedD: make正确答案:(单选题)10: It was in 2005 _____we began to introduce this new technique into our company.A: whichB: thenC: whenD: that正确答案:(单选题)11: The police are trying to find out the ______ of the woman killed in the traffic accidentA: evidenceB: genderC: statusD: identity正确答案:(单选题)12: The poor condition of this apartment block is a danger to all its __________.A: habitatsB: inhabitantsC: habitsD: inherits正确答案:(单选题)13: When Bob and his friends came, we____our supper then.A: hadB: were havingC: haveD: are having正确答案:(单选题)14: _____ he often forgot their wedding anniversary greatly annoyed his wife.A: AllB: WhatC: WhichD: That正确答案:(单选题)15: If an employee of a company has not signed a contract, he is under no ______ to pay the company any moneyA: obligation(单选题)16: ____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. A: Being bittenB: BittenC: Having bittenD: To be bitten正确答案:(单选题)17: The committee has made some recommendations, but it is （） the President to make the final decisionA: rest withB: apt toC: up toD: in accord with正确答案:(单选题)18: He left orders that nothing ______ until the police arrived.A: was touchedB: had been touchedC: should be touchedD: was to be touched正确答案:(单选题)19: You are legally ______ to take faulty goods back to the store where you bought them.A: devotedB: entitledC: accessedD: contributed正确答案:(单选题)20: It is the business of the petroleum industry to find crude oil and gas and to ______ them from the earth on-shore and off-shore.A: retrieveB: exchangeC: proceedD: change正确答案:(单选题)21: Many children,_______parents are away working in big cities, are taken good care of in the village.A: theirB: whoseC: whomD: those正确答案:(单选题)22: a few of the drugs are ______ ａnd not covered by insurance companiesA: experiencingB: experimentalC: experimenting。
科技英语
It is during this vital prenatal period that the foundations of physical, emotional and mental health are established. During this time the child develops the basis of his/her health, emotional sensitivity, as well as intelligence, brain development, creative capacity and the ability to relate to others and the environment. By educating and supporting future parents, we are offering them the chance to participate actively in the healthy formation of their child.产前阶段极其重要，胎儿身心及情感健康的基础就在此时形成。
健康、情感敏锐性、智力、大脑发育、创造力、与他人和环境互动的能力等均在此时初见雏形。
我们通过对胎儿父母的教育和帮助，让他们有机会亲身悉心关注胎儿健康成形。
In future, cash will be used less and less. We may one day, live in a cashless society where all financial transactions are processed by computers without the use of cash.There will be more computer crimes, like theft of confidential information stored in computers, unauthorized manipulation of computer information, etc. Large sums of money are involved. The criminals are rarely convicted because it is difficult to catch/charge them.There is also the danger of more people knowing things we would like to keep private. The more information is stored in computer, the greater the possibility of it being misused or accessed by the wrong people.将来，现金将会用得越来越少。
科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3
科技英语阅读课后参考答案-Unit1,3Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading Reading 1Warm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1. Who is Bertrand Russell? Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 – d.1970) was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the predicate calculus introduced by Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exclusively physical), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important logicians of the twentieth century. 2. What is Russell’s Paradox? Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics. 3. What effect did Russell’s Paradox have on Gottlob Fregg’s system? At first Frege observed that the consequences of Russell’s paradox are not immediately clear. For example, “Is it always permissible to speak of the extension of a concept, of a class? And if not, how do we recognize the exceptional cases? Can we always infer from the extension of one concept’s coinciding with that of a second, that every object which falls under the first concept also falls under the second? Because of these kinds of worries, Frege eventually felt forced to abandon many of his views. 4. What is Russell’s response to the paradox? Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level,1sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type." 5. Have you ever heard of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.? Can you give an account of it? Contradictions like Russell’s paradox arose from what was later called the unrestricted comprehension principle: the assumption that, for any property p, there is a set that contains all and only those sets that have p. In Zermelo’s system, the comprehension principle is eliminated in favour of several much more restrictive axioms: a. Axiom of extensionality. If two sets have the same members, then they are identical. b. Axiom of elementary sets. There exists a set with no members: the null, or empty, set. For any two objects a and b, there exists a set (unit set) having as its only member a, as well as a set having as its only members a and b. c. Axiom of separation. For any well-formed property p and any set S, there is a set, S1, containing all and only the members of S that have this property. That is, already existing sets can be partitioned or separated into parts by well-formed properties. d. Power-set axiom. If S is a set, then there exists a set, S1, that contains all and only the subsets of S. e. Union axiom. If S is a set (of sets), then there is a set containing all and only the membersof the sets contained in S. f. Axiom of choice. If S is a nonempty set containing sets no two of which have common members, then there exists a set that contains exactly one member from each member of S. g. Axiom of infinity. There exists at least one set that contains an infinite number of members. With the exception of (b), all these axioms allow new sets to be constructed from already-constructed sets by carefully constrained operations; the method embodies what has come to be known as the “iterative” conception of a set. /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/entries/russell/ Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea. Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russell’s paradox Part 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russell’s paradox on Gottlob Frege’s system.2Para. 2: Russell’s paradox dealt a heavy blow to Frege’s attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic. Para. 3: An illustration of Russell’s paradox in terms of sets Para. 4: Contradiction found in the set. Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russell’s paradox on his system and inability to solve it. Part 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russel’s paradox Para. 6: Russell’s own response to the paradox with his "theory of types."Para. 7: Zermelo's solution to Russell's paradox Para. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics? Part 4 (Para. 9): Correspondence between Russell and Frege on the paradox 2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1) What is the basic idea of Russell’s paradox? 2) How to explain Russell’s paradox in terms of sets? 3) Can you explain the contradiction found in the sets related to Russell’s paradox 4) Is Russell’s own response to the paradox workable? 5) Do you know Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory? (open) 3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words you’ve learned in the text. Russell's own response to the paradox came with the development of his theory of types in 1903. It was clear to Russell that some restrictions needed to be placed upon the original comprehension (or abstraction) axiom of naive set theory, the axiom that formalizes the intuition that any coherent condition may be used to determine a set (or class). Russell's basic idea was that reference to sets such as the set of all sets that are not members of themselves could be avoided by arranging all sentences into a hierarchy, beginning with sentences about individuals at the lowest level, sentences about sets of individuals at the next lowest level, sentences about sets of sets of individuals at the next lowest level, and so on. Using a vicious circle principle similar to that adopted by the mathematician Henri Poincaré, and his own so-called "no class" theory of classes, Russell was able to explain why the unrestricted comprehension axiom fails: propositional functions, such as the function "x is a set," may not be applied to themselves since self-application would involve a vicious circle. On Russell's view, all objects for which a given condition (or predicate) holds must be at the same level or of the same "type."Vocabulary and Structure31. Word-building Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once. discover— (suffix) logic— (suffix) correspond—(suffix) describe—(suffix) contradict— (suffix) symbol—(suffix) form—(suffix) develop—(suffix) able—(prefix) equal—(suffix)1) The math may not have been new, but Duchin enjoyed the process of_________, and she got to work collaboratively with half a dozen other math whizzes.( discovery) 2) Packages can be sealed and can contain personal _________if it relates to the contents of the package.( correspondence) 3) New research indicates that the brain region may prefer_________ notation to other numeric representations .( symbolic) 4) To do this, an ideal model based on the _________ paradigm was constructed and then compared with a neutral model reflecting the further education system as it existed before the Act took effect.( equality) 5) Is this not in flagrant _________to Einstein's rule that signals do not travel faster than the velocity of light?( contradiction) 6) Sequential organization has the major advantage that the records are stored in a _________ order, presumably that sequence to which the records are normally required for printing and for soft copy reports.( logical) 7) The mathematical _________ of a zero-sum two-person game is not difficult to construct, and determining the optimal strategies and the value of the game is computationally straightforward.( description) 8) The proof we now know required the_________ unknown in Fermat's time.( development) of an entire field of mathematics that was9) Williams adds that many courses in geometry, “the one high school class that demands _________ reasoning,” have already been “gutted” and are no longer proof-based.( formal) 10) The concept of total aircraft ownership will become increasingly important should the traditional trade structure be _________to cover the expanse of technologies economically.( unable) 2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary. 1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities ("initial" meaning before you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base) 42) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of "weak" in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition) 3) The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow) 4) Singapore's continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the world's best in terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term) 5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead) 6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we can search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way) 7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more complex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form) 8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as " the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measured to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. " (serve) 9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents which may locally become of geomorphological importance (become) 10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace) 3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentence to make a complete sentence. 1) A simpleway to describe topology is as a 'rubber sheet geometry' — topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed. 2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quantities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead. 3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces activity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented. 4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computers—in fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal5sense. 5) Such a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways. 4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones. 1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars. 2) The full proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is contained in these two papers. 3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period. 4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red. 5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is central to using Bayes's theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A "3 percent margin of error" means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 people can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an understatement because opinions change.Reading 2 (/doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990-hor gan) Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/article.cfm?id=mandelbrot-set-1990 1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set? This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery. 2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot? The set is named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. 3. Why has there been so much controversy about who discovered the Mandelbrot set?6Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim. 4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrot’s claim of discovery? Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and described the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrot's efforts but also helped to guide them 5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrot’s claim? Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, because his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community.Section C Post-reading TaskReading and Understanding1. Choose the best summary of the passage. C A B D2. Complete the sentences based on the text. 1) The term Mandelbrot set is used to refer both to a general class of_________________ and to a particular instance of such a set. （fractal sets） 2) 2.In general, a Mandelbrot set marks the set of points in the _________________ such that the corresponding Julia set is connected and not computable. （complex plane） 3) "The" Mandelbrot set is the set obtained from the _________________ z_(n+1)==z_n︿2+c with z_0==c, where points in the complex plane for which the orbit of z_n tend to infinity are in the set. （quadratic recurrence equation） does not4) Setting z_0 equal to any point in the set that is not a _________________ gives the same result. （periodic point） 5) The Mandelbrot set was originally called a _________________ by Mandelbrot. J. Hubbard and A. Douady proved that the Mandelbrot set is connected（ molecule） /doc/a90df7ed551810a6f524860e.html/11901033_d.html Language in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column. 迭代函数 iterative function 优先权之争 priority battle 分形特征 fractal properties7有意义 make sense 以越来越⼩的规模重复同⼀模式 patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales 混沌理论chaos theory 季刊 a quarterly journal 数学界 the mathematics community 波纹线 crisp lines 会议公报 proceedings of a conference 2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones. e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape . b. The shape can be subdivided in parts. c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called d. each part has a property of self-similarity. e.g. A fractal is generally "a rough or fragmentedgeometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of which is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole", a property called self-similarity. 1) In addition to coining the term "fractal" to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as "fractal dimensions" and the particular fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z → z2 + c. 2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierre Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by Gaston Julia 3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the "perfected" shape, he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns. 4) But the beauty in Mandelbrot's models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns created by real phenomena。
科技英语的语言特点
在科技英语文献中，科技词汇包括纯科技词汇和普通科技词汇，其使用率高达60 % ，足见其数量之多。
随着现代科学技术的飞速发展，全球经济一体化逐步深入，科技英语将越来越引起科学界和语言界的高度重视和关注。
著名科学家钱三强早就指出：“科技英语在许多国家已经成为现代英语的一个专门的新领域。
”现在世界上许多国家设立了科技英语研究中心，大学里也设立科技英语专业或科技英语系，专门从事科技英语语言的研究、教学和科技英语人才的培养。
在我国，科技英语的研究和学习方兴未艾，科技英语系（专业) 、研究中心和翻译机构在各大中城市、高等院校如雨后春笋。
这充分说明我国科技的快速发展，经济的良性循环以及对世界政治、经济、科技等活动越来越需要科技英语。
尽管科技英语和普通英语( 如文学英语) 外表上看一样，都是由语音、词汇和语法构成。
但随着其运用范围扩大，科技领域的进一步规范，科技英语越来越表现出其独特性，已成为一门独立的文体，并逐步奠定科技英语作为一门学科的基础。
一、科技英语的语言特点科技英语的特点表现在词汇、句法和修辞三个方面。
（一）词汇方面科技词汇在科技英语里大量使用，主要包括以下几类：1 ．纯科技词汇，即那些只用于某个专业或学科的专门词汇或术语，如hydroxide(氢氧化物)、diode(二级管)、isotope(同位素) 等。
随着科技的发展，新学科、新专业的产生，这样的词汇层出不穷，其词义精确而狭窄，针对性极强。
阅读专业性强的文献，就要了解该领域的专门词汇和术语。
2 ．通用科技词汇，即不同专业都要经常使用的那些词汇，数量较大。
这类词的使用范围比纯科技词汇要广，出现频率也高，但在不同的专业里有较为稳定的词义。
如p o w e r 一词在机械力学中的词义为“力”、“电”、“电力”、“动力”、“电源”、“功率”等，在数学中的词义为“乘方”、“次方”、“幂”；又如f e e d 一词的意义也很丰富：“馈电”、“供水”、“输送”、“进刀”等。
科技英语的翻译——01 科技英语的语法特点
科技英语的语法特点科技英语作为一种揭示客观外部世界的本质和规律的信息传递工具，具有准确、简明扼要和客观正式等特点。
科技文章文体的特点是：语言简练、结构严谨，逻辑性强，原理概念清楚，重点突出，段落章节分明。
具体而言，科技英语在用词、语法结构及表达方式上有其自身的特点，下面分别予以介绍。
1.词汇1）大量使用专业词汇和半专业词汇，例如calculus（微积分学）, vector（矢量）, matrix （矩阵）等是专业词汇，而power, work等是半专业词汇，在不同的学科领域含义有所不同；2）大量使用词缀和词根，例如，上海科学技术出版社出版的《英汉现代科学技术词汇》中以tele-构成的词有177个；3）较多使用缩略词，如PCM(pulse-coded modulation，脉冲编码调制), VLSI(very large scale integration，超大规模集成), DSP(digital signal processing，数字信号处理)等；4）词性变换多，例如function一词常用作名词，作“函数、功能、作用”等解，但在例句Robots can withstand radiation, heat, cold, and can function without an atmosphere中则用作动词，表示“起作用，行使职责”之意。
2．词法1) 常用一般现在时态表示真理或客观规律的普遍陈述。
[例句]Vector and matrix techniques provide the framework for much of the developments in modern engineering.[译文]矢量和矩阵方法为现代工程学的发展提供了框架。
2) 广泛使用被动语态科技英语句子有三分之一用被动语态，为的是强调所论述的客观事物。
[例句] A characteristics feature of semiconductor is that their low electric conductivity can be substantially modified by the addition of minute quantities of impurities.[译文] 半导体的特征是：加入微量杂质可明显改变其低导电率。
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Pinpointing Problems In The BrainNeurologists Use New Brain Scanning Device To Better Control Seizures March 1, 2007— Doctors are now using a new kind of brain scan called magnetoencephalography (MEG), which measures brain activity in real time. In some cases, MEG can pinpoint the source of an epileptic癫间seizure 突然发作much more accurately than the traditional method of electroencephalography (EEG). Using a combination of MEG and MRI, neurosurgeons have a detailed brain map that allows them to remove just the damaged tissue while preserving healthy cells.Dawn Helton has tried just about everything available to stop her seizures so she can get back to living her life. "I mostly, um, just lose my hearing and my speech ... confusion. Then, of course, I'm really tired and stuff," she says. Epilepsy is a frustrating and often debilitating condition. Medication may control seizures in about 75 percent of cases, but neurologists say surgery is the only potential cure.A Geodesic Sensor Net was supposed to help doctors pinpoint where Helton's seizures happen, but it didn't work. Now there's new hope when all else fails. A powerful new brain scanning tool could make all the difference. Magnetoencephalography, or MEG, works by measuring the magnetic field created by brain activity ... And it does that in real time."Unlike other, other imaging tools that sample it several or tens or hundreds times, this imaging technology can take thousands of samples every second," Anto Bagic, M.D., a neurologist at the Center for Advanced Brain Magnetic Source Imaging at UPMC in Pittsburgh, tells DBIS.That means in some cases MEG can pinpoint the source of an epileptic seizure much more accurately than the traditional method of electroencephalography (EEG). Using a combination of MEG and MRI, neurosurgeons have a detailed brain map guiding them during surgery to remove just the damaged tissue, while preserving healthy cells. Researchers say in the future, the MEG brain scanner may aid in the diagnosis and study of other disorders like dementia痴呆, migraines, Parkinson's disease, depression and traumatic brain injuries, in addition to epilepsy -- a breakthrough that could lead to helping patients like Helton."I think it's fabulous," Helton says. "I think if anybody can come up with even anything more, more advanced, it's even greater! Stop these seizures. Or slow 'em down, or something."BACKGROUND: At the university of Pittsburgh Medical Center, a scanning device which measures the brain's magnetic field in real time is allowing clinicians to more accurately pinpoint those areas of the brain causing epileptic seizures.The scanner also can aid in the diagnosis and study of disorders such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, dementia, and schizophrenia.Currently, researchers are using the device to determine the location of seizures in epileptic patients and identify the functional centers of the brain responsible for language, vision, motor and sensory information.HOW IT WORKS: Real-time brain mapping and monitoring is considered to be one of the most exciting areas of neuroscience today. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) measures the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain via extremely sensitive superconducting sensors. Any electrical current will produce a magnetic field, and MEG measures the field generated by the brain's electrical currents. Traditionally, brain activity has been measured using electroencephalography (EEG), in which the electrical signals are recorded from electrodes placed on the scalp.BENEFITS: With MEG, clinicians can now map nerve cell activity in the brain non-invasivelyto see the brain in action, rather than analyzing a series of still images. The system simultaneously produces 306 separate recordings of magnetic activity and determines where it originates and which parts of the brain undertake various tasks. An MEG scan can also determine how the brain functions both normally and in cases of illness. The graphical representations produced by the system can be sent directly into a navigational system used by neurosurgeons in the operating room to help guide them to the area of the brain that should be taken out, while at the same time marking vital centers and abnormalities -- thereby improving surgical outcomes.ABOUT EPILEPSY: Epilepsy is a disorder of the central nervous system, specifically affecting the brain. A network of nerve cells (called neurons) runs through the body like telephone wires, delivering "messages," via chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters, from the brain. Epilepsy disrupts this vast communications network. The brain's electrical rhythms tend to become imbalanced by sudden surges, leading to seizures. Around 2.7 million Americans have been treated for epilepsy in the past five years: 8 out of every 1,000 people. And up to 5 percent of the world's population may have a single seizure at some point in their lives.The American Association of Physicists in Medicine contributed to the information contained in the video portion of this report./videos/2007/0312-pinpointing_problems_in_the_brain.h tmDopamine多巴胺System in Highly Creative People Similar to That Seen in Schizophrenics, Study FindsScienceDaily (May 19, 2010)— New research shows a possible explanation for the link between mental health and creativity. By studying receptors in the brain, researchers at Karolinska Institute have managed to show that the dopamine system in healthy, highly creative people is similar in some respects to that seen in people with schizophrenia.High creative skills have been shown to be somewhat more common in people who have mental illness in the family. Creativity is also linked to a slightly higher risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Certain psychological traits, such as the ability to make unusual pr bizarre associations are also shared by schizophrenics and healthy, highly creative people. And now the correlation between creativity and mental health has scientific backing."We have studied the brain and the dopamine D2 receptors, and have shown that the dopamine system of healthy, highly creative people is similar to that found in people with schizophrenia," says associate professor Fredrik Ullén from Karolinska Institutet's Department of Women's and Children's Health,co-author of the study that appears in the journal PLoS ONE.Just which brain mechanisms are responsible for this correlation is still something of a mystery, but Dr Ullén conjectures that the function of systems in the brain that use dopamine is significant; for example, studies have shown that dopamine receptor genes are linked to ability for divergent thought. DrUllén's study measured the creativity of healthy individuals using divergent psychological tests, in which the task was to find many different solutions to a problem."The study shows that highly creative people who did well on the divergent tests had a lower density of D2 receptors in the thalamus丘脑than less creative people," says Dr Ullén. "Schizophrenics are also known to have low D2 density in this part of the brain, suggesting a cause of the link between mental illness and creativity."The thalamus serves as a kind of relay centre, filtering information before it reaches areas of the cortex皮层, which is responsible, amongst other things, for cognition and reasoning."Fewer D2 receptors in the thalamus probably means a lower degree of signal filtering, and thus a higher flow of information from the thalamus," says DrUllén, and explains that this could a possible mechanism behind the ability of healthy highly creative people to see numerous uncommon connections in a problem-solving situation and the bizarre associations found in the mentally ill. "Thinking outside the box might be facilitated by having a somewhat less intact box," says Dr Ullén about his new findings.。