On Early American Immigration Cultures 浅析美国早期移民文化
英语四级阅读练习：对早期移民的支持与反对
英语四级阅读练习：对早期移民的支持与反对英语四级阅读练习：对早期移民的支持与反对A visitor to Liberty Island in New York Harbor would see one of the most important national monuments in the United States. Rising three hundred five feet above the island stands the Statue of Liberty, which since its formal unveiling (揭幕) on October 28, 1886, has served constantly to remind Americans of the long-lasting friendship that has existed between the United States and France. As immigrants to the United States pass the statue with its enormous torch pointing skyward, they may notice the broken chain at the statues feet, symbolizing the people of a nation bursting the bonds in their mighty struggle for a free form of government and the ensuing liberties.To the forty-one million immigrants who have arrived upon our shores during the past one hundred forty years, these lines indicated that the poor, hungry, and persecuted could find freedom and opportunity in the New World. They arrived in such large numbers that by the end of the nineteenth century some Americans had doubts concerning the policy of admitting unlimited numbers of immigrants. By 1921, this viewpoint was widely accepted. During the 1930s we discovered that emigration from this nation was at times larger than immigration to this nation. The history of these significant developments divides itself into the three clearly defined periods. Period of Early ImmigrationThe period from 1790 to 1861 is considered as the period of early immigration. In 1790, one year after the new government was organized, the population of the United States was approximately 4,000,000. Of that number more than seventy-five per cent were descendants of immigrants who had sailed westward from England and northern Ireland. By 1810 there were probably 5,000 to 6,000 immigrants per year. At about 1820 the rate began to increase. By 1840 the new arrivals numbered more than 80,000 yearly. The number continued to increase until, in 1854, it reached a total of 428,000. Although many of these continued to come from Great Britain, the largest numbers were of German and Irish origin. A trickle was now apparent from Italy, Austria-Hungary , and the nations of Scandinavia.The Period of the Later ImmigrationThe years intervening between 1861 and 1917 marked the period of later immigration. During the early part of this period there was need for more manpower to do work and to provide troops for the armed forces during the War Between the States. The need for workers for industry and laborers for railroad construction encouraged President Lincoln to ask Congress to pass favorable legislation for immigrants. Employers of unskilled laborers rushed to support the recommendation. The American Emigrant Company was organized to secure immigrants by advancing their transportation expenses and recovering the loan from the wages earned during the first year of employment. The government capitalized on the influx of immigrants by building stands in the fields next to the harbor of New York City and offering sums of money to the newcomers if they would join the army. In the post-war period immigrants eagerly sailed for America as the "golden land of opportunity" where "the streets were paved with bricks of gold". The rapid growth of industry and reports of ourprosperity continued to call thousands of immigrants to our land long after the war needs were over. These inducements and descriptions of America motivated immigrants to sail for the United States in large numbers during this entire period. So many came that the American people became concerned about the open-door policy. In 1882 the first restrictive law was passed. This law forbade acceptance of people who were lunatics, idiots, immoral persons, paupers, and persons likely to become public charges. In 1885 the Alien Contract Labor Law was passed, prohibiting American employers from importing laborers from Europe under contract.Period of Severe RestrictionsDuring the period of 1917 to the present time immigration has.been severely restricted. As immigrants continued to flow into the country, more and more concern was felt about admitting such large numbers. As a result more laws were passed restricting the number of immigrants who might come to our shores. In 1917 an act was passed requiring a literacy test for all immigrants over 16 years of age. In 1918 an act was passed which excluded anarchists and others who advocated the overthrow of the government by violence. These acts and the ones previously passed excluded only about 1. 4 per cent of the total number of immigrants who wanted to come to the United States, so the number of immigrants arriving here was not greatly reduced.The first drastic measure taken to reduce immigration was the quota law passed in 1921. This law limited the number of immigrants from any one country to 3 per cent of the nationality of that country which was in the United States in 1910. The law of 1924 reduced the quotas to 2 per cent based on the 1890 census. As a result, in 1925 only 294,000 immigrantswere admitted. Later amendments were made to the law of 1924 in 1929. These amendments stated that the total annual quota could not exceed 150,000.The 150,000 to be admitted from all nations under the 1929 amendment were to be apportioned in terms of the number of people of a given nations origin living in the United States in 1920 and the total population in the same year. This meant that a national origin which represented 10 per cent of the total population in 1920 would have a quota of 15,000 from the foreign country which sent the respective immigrants. This law, in addition to still further restricting immigration, assigned 83 per cent of the total to nations of western and northern Europe and the remainder to southern and eastern European nations. During the following ten years(1931-1940) only 528,431 people sought a new home in our United States. This was fewer than arrived in the decade of the 1830s, a century earlier. This effect may be attributed to the restrictive legislation combined with the consequences of the economic depression of the 1930s. It is important to note that during this ten-year span of 1931 to 1940, 459,738 emigrated from our country back to the countries of their origin, in most instances. The war years of the 1940s and the continuation of the 1929 legislation kept immigration at an average of 100,000 per year in the decade of 1941-1950.On June 27, 1952, the Immigration and Nationality Act became the law of the land. It discontinued racial bars ( RI fjj |4 M At! ) on immigration but did not give up the quota system based on national origins. Asiatic nations were permitted an annual quota based upon a formula like the one given to European nations. Under this act, immigration was restricted to a maximum of 154,657 with most of the migrants to come from northern and western Europe. One year later, in 1953, permission was granted to allow214,000 refugees to enter the United States during the following three years. This was in addition to the numbers permitted under the law of 1952. Since then, the immigration law has been further liberalized.If a public opinion poll were taken in the United States today, it would most probably show that a majority of Americans favor restricting immigration. The overwhelming majority, however, favor legislation to permit the admission of immigrants who can contribute to the development and progress of the nation.1. In 1780, 3,000,000 Americans were descended from immigrants of England and northern Ireland.2. The new government of the United States was founded in 1789.3. The 1929 amendment merely served to restrict immigration to the U. S. .4. The years from 1861 to 1917 witnessed a need for immigrants as workers in industry and laborers from railroad construction.5. The restriction of immigration to the U. S. was one of the factors leading to the economic depression of the 1930s.6. The depression of the 1930s was dealt with by permitting immigrants who could contribute to the development and progress of the nation.7. In 1929, only a little more than 150,000 foreigners migrated to the U. S. .8. Between 1931 and 1940 only______people emigrated to the U. S. .9. Since 1953 the immigration law has become increasingly10. In the 1880s Americans were concerned that immigrants were likely to become答案：1. Y 2. Y 3. N 4. Y 5. N 6. NG 7. N 8. 528,431 9. liberalized 10. public charges。
Presentation
Introduction
Ⅱ. The Spirits and Values of American Immigration Cultures
Ⅰ. Background
Information of American Immigration Cultures
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Ⅱ. The Spirits and Values of American Immigration Cultures
A. EmphaCooperation
A. A Brief Introduction of Early American Immigration The “first Americans” were the American Indians; no one knows exactly how or when they got to the place which is now called the United States. In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus(克 里斯托弗·哥伦布), an Italian navigator(航海家), thought he could reach the Far East by sailing west. Supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean with three ships in 1492.On the morning of Oct.12, 1492, Christopher Columbus stopped ashore（上岸） on an island in what has since become known as the Americas.
美国的英语作文
When composing an essay in English about the United States,it is essential to consider various aspects of the country that are relevant to the topic.Here are some key points and ideas you might want to include in your essay:1.Introduction to the United States:Begin with a brief introduction to the country, including its geographical location,size,and population.2.Historical Overview:Discuss the history of the United States,from the early Native American civilizations,through the colonial period,the Revolutionary War,and major events like the Civil War and the two World Wars.3.Cultural Diversity:Highlight the cultural diversity of the United States,which is a result of immigration from various parts of the world.Discuss the impact of different cultures on American society,including food,music,and traditions.4.Political System:Explain the political structure of the United States,including the Constitution,the separation of powers,and the twoparty system.You might also want to discuss the role of the President,Congress,and the Supreme Court.5.Economic Power:Describe the United States as one of the worlds largest economies, touching on topics such as the stock market,major industries,and trade policies.cation System:Discuss the education system in the United States,including public and private schools,higher education institutions,and the role of education in American society.7.Innovation and Technology:The United States is known for its contributions to technology and innovation.Discuss the role of Silicon Valley,major tech companies,and the impact of American inventions on the world.8.Social Issues:Address some of the social issues that the United States faces,such as racial inequality,gun control,and healthcare.9.Foreign Relations:Talk about the United States role in international politics,its relationships with other countries,and its involvement in global affairs.10.Cultural Influence:The United States has a significant influence on global culture through its movies,music,and television shows.Discuss how American culture has spread around the world.11.Environmental Concerns:Discuss the environmental challenges the United States faces,such as climate change,pollution,and conservation efforts.12.Conclusion:Summarize the main points of your essay and provide a closing thought on the significance of the United States in the modern world.Remember to use clear and concise language,provide evidence to support your claims, and organize your essay in a logical manner.Additionally,ensure that your essay reflects a balanced view,acknowledging both the strengths and challenges of the United States.。
history of american immigratio
history of american immigratioThe United States is known as the "melting pot of race". In a sense, the history of the United States is a history of immigration. From the beginning of the founding of the United States to the present, the history of immigration continues.At the time of the founding of the people's Republic of China, the total population of the United States was only 3.9 million. Except 760000 blacks, the rest were basically white. The United States' immigration policy is also changing over time. From the 18th century to the early 19th century, a large number of Germans and Scots poured into the United States, causing panic among Americans. Germans have a strong mother tongue complex, while Scots have a bad habit of drinking too much. In order to prevent these immigrants from becoming one and posing a threat to the Republic, in 1798, the U.S. Congress passed the alien rebellion punishment act to prevent the emergence of a "country within a state". Later, the Napoleonic War and the Anglo American war greatly cooled the immigration fever, and Americans' panic aboutimmigrants gradually weakened. In addition, the United States has formulated a series of policies to restrict immigration. From 1796 to 1815, the average number of immigrants from Europe to the United States was only about 3000 per year.After the Napoleonic War, Europe regained peace, a large number of soldiers retired, and the unemployment rate in European countries soared. As a result, the United States has become a good export to alleviate European social problems. At this time, the United States was in great need of a large number of talents and labor. Therefore, the immigration policy was much looser than before. From 1820 to 1860, it was the first wave of immigration in American history. About 5 million immigrants poured into the United States. Most of the immigrants in this period were English, Irish and German, and a small number of Asian immigrants. Such a large number of immigrants once again stirred up a trend of xenophobia in the United States.From 1860 to 1880, the United States set off a second wave of immigrants, mainly from Scandinavia, China and South America, up to 5million. After the civil war, the United States ushered in the peakperiod of industrialization. These immigrants were an important force in the western development and railway construction. President Lincoln was a very open-minded man. He repeatedly lobbied Congress, and finally Congress passed the law on encouraging immigrants. According to statistics, in 1870, 17000 Chinese searched for gold in the United States. This number is still expanding with the passage of time. Immigration will inevitably bring about the collision between different cultures and races. This process is like making iron in a furnace. At first, it must not be plain sailing.The third immigration climax was from 1881 to 1920. Although the Chinese Exclusion Act appeared in 1882, it did not prevent the Chinese from entering the United States. During this period, the number of immigrants soared to 23.5 million. In 1907 alone, there were 1.285 million immigrants. Although the U.S. government is somewhat uneasy in this wave of immigration and has legislated many times to restrict immigration, the trend of immigration has continued unabated.With the influx of immigrants, the number of Americans finallyexceeded 100million in 1920.These three waves of immigration in the history of the United States have changed the history of the United States, making the United States rise rapidly in just over a hundred years. Moreover, immigration has changed the character of the United States, making the United States more inclusive and free. Immigrants have provided the United States with a large number of labor and technical personnel, and promoted the development of American economy and culture. Many immigrants have paid the price of hard work and even their lives for the industrialization of the United States.However, in this process, the US government has been repellent and vigilant to immigrants. From 1815 to 1882, the United States implemented a completely free immigration system. However, since 1882, the United States began to worry about the growing number of immigrants, so it introduced one strange policy after another, trying to restrict and make things difficult for immigrants. After 1920, the United States ended the era of free immigration and implemented a quota limited immigration policy.After World War II, the attitude of the United States towardsimmigrants became tolerant and rational. The U.S. government and most people recognized the contribution of immigrants to the United States. Today, it is difficult to immigrate to the United States. If you are not an outstanding talent, then you must be rich enough to invest in the United States; If you are not very rich, as long as your spouse is a citizen of the United States, you have a great opportunity to immigrate; If none of the above conditions are met, then your family, traveling in the United States, happens to have a child on the mainland of the United States, and the child can become a U.S. citizen美国被称为“种族大熔炉”，从某种意义上来说，美国的历史就是一部移民的历史。
南美洲和北美洲英语介绍
南美洲和北美洲英语介绍Title: Exploring the Diverse Beauty of South and North AmericaThe Americas, encompassing both North and South America, represent a vast and diverse landmass that stretches from the icy tundras of the Arctic in the north to the tropical rainforests of the Amazon in the south. These two regions, connected by the narrow isthmus of Central America, are home to an incredible array of cultures, ecosystems, and natural wonders.North America, the larger of the two continents, is characterized by its vast landscapes, from the snow-capped Rocky Mountains to the flat expanses of the Great Plains. It is also home to some of the world's most iconic cities and landmarks, such as New York City's towering skyscrapers, the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, and the historic monuments of Washington D.C. The continent's cultural diversity is equally impressive, with influences from Indigenous peoples, European colonizers, and African slaves, among others.South America, on the other hand, is known for its vibrant cultures and biodiversity. The continent is home to a wide variety of ecosystems, including the aforementioned Amazon rainforest, the Andean mountains, the Atacama Desert, and the lush Pampas grasslands. Its cultural heritage is equally rich, with ancient civilizations such as the Incas and Mayans leaving behind impressive ruins and artifacts.Despite their differences, both North and South America share a common history of colonization and immigration. This shared history has led to a unique blend of cultures and traditions that continue to shape the identity of the Americas today.。
美国的文化英语作文
美国的文化英语作文Certainly! Here's a composition about American culture:The Melting Pot: An Insight into American CultureAmerica, often referred to as the "melting pot," is a nation where diverse cultures, traditions, and histories converge to form a unique tapestry of society. This cultural diversity is one of the defining characteristics of the United States, shaping its identity and values.Historical Roots and ImmigrationThe history of American culture is deeply rooted in the waves of immigration that have occurred over centuries. From the early settlers to the present day, people from all corners of the world have brought their customs, languages, and beliefs to the shores of America. This has resulted in a rich blend of cultural traditions that coexist and intermingle, creating a dynamic and ever-evolving cultural landscape.Cultural MosaicThe cultural mosaic of America is evident in its cities and towns. Each region has its own distinct flavor, from the jazz and Creole culture of New Orleans to the cowboy heritage ofTexas, and the vibrant Latino influence in Southern California. The arts, music, and cuisine of America are a testament to this cultural diversity, with genres like jazz, blues, hip-hop, and country music reflecting the influence of different ethnic groups.The American DreamCentral to American culture is the concept of the "American Dream" – the idea that anyone, regardless of their background, can achieve success and prosperity through hard work and determination. This belief in equal opportunity has been a driving force behind the country's progress and has attracted immigrants from all over the world.Freedom and DemocracyThe principles of freedom and democracy are also integral to American culture. The United States was founded on the ideals of liberty, justice, and equality, as outlined in its Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. These principles are celebrated through national holidays, such as Independence Day, and are a source of pride for many Americans.Challenges and CelebrationsDespite the many positive aspects of American culture, it is not without its challenges. Issues such as racial and social inequality, cultural assimilation, and the preservation of minority cultures are ongoing concerns. However, thesechallenges also provide opportunities for growth and learning, as America continues to strive for a more inclusive and harmonious society.ConclusionIn conclusion, American culture is a vibrant and complex interplay of diverse traditions and values. It is a culture that is constantly evolving, shaped by the people who call America home. As the world becomes more interconnected, the cultural mosaic of America will undoubtedly continue to expand, offering a rich and varied experience for all who encounter it.This composition provides a brief overview of the cultural aspects of the United States, highlighting its diversity, history, and the core values that define it.。
英语专业毕业论文选题
英语毕业论文-语言与文化（共54篇）1.妇女——当代美国社会不可小觑的力量试论格萨拉生态旅游区的现状及发展前景Religious Reformation of the English Queen Elizabeth ⅠInfluences of British Waron English IdiomsFunctions of Corporate Culture to Corporate Development 论美国“西进运动”的双刃性and Handling Western Culture By LoanwordsWine Culture Between China and Western Countries逃避，不如直面——浅谈“逃避主义”的根源从尊卑与平权看中西方文化的道德差异Early American Immigration CulturesAbuses and Measures in Qiqushan Hotelsexuality and Cultural Diversification西方思潮对当代中国青年的负面影响论美国电影对中国电影业造成冲击的原因Post-Cold War Foreign Policy from a Cultural Perspective 在中西方文化背景中对龙的不同阐释跨文化交际与中西文化冲突Voices of the Blacks—Blues and Rap中国80后一代眼中的美国文化和中国文化Analysis on the Occidental’s World View of Heavenfor Talents of Western China in the Future中西方婚俗的差异Development of American Democracy in Terms of the Black Art of Relaxation——On Getting Rid of Depression社会底层的底层——分析美国非裔妇女的社会地位Differences Between Chinese and Western Dietary Cultures 从原创广告分析中美文化差异the Harm and Influence of Drug on YouthPhenomenon in America中美文化视野中对个人主义的认同差异从美国“迷惘的一代”看当今中国年轻人的生活Tragedy of Cultural Identification从迷茫的玛尔特的悲剧看女性存在的社会价值从伊丽莎白一世的婚姻看现代爱情观Reason for the Survival of the Afro-American Culture英国的民族个性——高贵与务实在饮食中的表现Analysis of Charity in China浅析美国的个人主义与中国的集体主义——林奇与狼牙山五壮士从两个节日看中西方的迷信思想Spirit and Image Making the Excellent CorporationCharity of American MillionairesApplication of Gestures in Interpersonal Communication美国黑人文化的灵魂—音乐与舞蹈Patriotism Under the Flying Flag of Stars and Stripes爵士乐—二十世纪美国社会文化的一面镜子Sexism in English LanguageComparison Between Chinese Etiquette and the Western Etiquette 浅析中美家庭教育的差异中国80后与美国迷惘一代的比较美国妇女地位提高所带来的思考Culture—From the Perspective of Automobilein Non-verbal Communication美国人无根性的历史根源及其对美国人生活的影响Functional - Notional Approach to English TeachingA Delicate Balance In TEFL Classroom英语商标词及翻译语言和性别(Language and Sex)Salient Features of ESTA Study of American SlangError Analysis and English TeachingThe Study of English ProverbsA Study of the Language Style of Business CorrespondenceA Comprehensive Analysis of Listening Comprehension Testing主观考试的评分Catching the Right Meaning科技英语的若干语段特征分析式阅读还是综合式阅读错误的分析修辞特征与结构用法位学理论对翻译中的”信”作新的解释现代语言理论在科技英语教学中的应用第二语言发展模式英语标准测试中项目反映理论的初探口语教学中的模拟训练方法论背景知识在英语阅读中的作用论科技英语的语言简洁性商业信函文体探索科技英语口译人才培训研究科技英语和科技汉语的修辞对比大学英语基础阶段综合教学法语言应用中的文化载体ApplicationTESL的错误分析专门用途英语/科技英语教材评估英语歧义的探讨对比不同汉语方言使用者的英语语音错误新闻报道的语体分析英语第二语言能力语用测试现代语言与翻译的相互作用科技英语文献中的语言手段语用失误与英语教学语言测试及大学英语四级考试评估课堂里的艺术--口语教学研究文化学习在语言学习中的重要性阅读技巧在英语阅读教学中的应用Language, Culture and Translating从语言学的角度浅谈大众传媒英语特点会话分析及其与英语作为外语教学的相关性交际策略的综合分析及应用医学英语特点初探从语言歧义的角度分析英语幽默英语委婉语的语用研究跨文化交际的障碍及对英语作为外语教学的启迪论隐喻影响成年人学习外语的因素幼儿英语课程设计--双语现象引起的反思广告英语特色初探新闻英语的语言特点与英语新闻的听力教学会话含义及其翻译的语用学研究科技英语的统计特征--基于语料库方法英汉称呼使用对比研究反语的语用探讨论英语禁忌语商业英语功能研究从系统功能语法角度探索西方英文报纸的偏见英语语法的文体区分功能初探论计算机在外语教学中的作用广告语的间接性--广告语的语用研究跨国销售中的文化冲突商业信函中的合作原则与礼貌原则预设与翻译歧义的语用研究探讨衔接理论及其在大学英语写作中的应用试从语用角度探讨省略现象科技英语的话语研究大学英语教学中词汇问题探讨英汉礼貌用语对比研究广告英语修辞语体对等--翻译中的情境分析对比语用学与汉英翻译--兼谈《红楼梦》两译本对比广告语言中的符号前景化从认知心理学角度研究词汇学习的语境方法专业英语教材的设计模糊语言应用上的优点和问题"恭维"的多角度探讨汉语习语理解和翻译中的几个问题话语修正与外语(英语)教学过度语中英文科技语篇对比研究--礼貌策略语用功能初探暗喻和翻译人际交往中的幽默现象和语用研究书面语篇中的口语再现现象初探浅谈商业广告说服的途径对不同人群的广告语言的差异性研究关于两性在言语交际中体现的差异的研究会话中听者的控制与合作行为时态和时体研究新闻报道的模糊性Authenticity and College English Teaching翻译过程中言外之力的处理言语交际的经济机制新闻英语的风格探讨论书面英语中衔接与功能语旨的一致性法庭盘问言语交际中误解的语用探究可操作性翻译标准探索词的联想意义的模糊性英文报纸新闻标题澳大利亚英语中若干历史文化问题的追溯和探讨隐喻的认识和功能研究及其在科技英语中的应用科技论文的纲要结构图式理论及其在阅读理解中的应用科技英语文章中的衔接对外语课堂的口语障碍的认识分析从语用角度论会话中的性别差异新闻报道中的新种族主义的研究从修辞学角度看中英文广告的价值诉诸英语商标词及翻译研究教学环境中的跨文化交际关联理论与广告翻译匈英语言接触及其对匈语的影响从旧上海的洋泾浜英语到现今的三明治英语商务英语中的模糊信息及其翻译技巧会话含义下的反语言语行为基于信息的翻译过程的模拟尼古拉斯公司和联邦血清研究所:澳大利亚医药史对比研究英汉语篇衔接手段对比分析语言中的相关性和相似性从译者选择的角度解读林语堂的翻译英语学习中焦虑模糊容忍度和阅读理解的相互关系研究新闻语篇的符号前景化威胁的语用特征论英语学习中的回译英汉邀请语跨文化对比研究商务信函的体裁分析阅读中增强衔接机制意识与中国英语专业学生写作水平的提高广告中的模糊词批评言语行为分析中文广告英译中的文化迁移初探庞德与许渊冲中诗英译比较研究图尔明模式及其应用研究外资企业中礼貌的跨文化对比交际策略研究及教材分析英语广告语篇的修辞格文化特定的指示语研究英语广告语篇中人际意义的多维思考后现代文本偏离现象的文体研究大学生英语学习中焦虑问题的研究从美学角度看广告语言的说服功能心理域内的述谓结构(Predication Structures in Mental Domain)中式英语及其成因浅析不同篇章类型的广告语篇中的会话含义和体现网上新闻语篇中的主位推进广告中的预设物质域的述谓结构论符号语言在电视新闻中的运用理工科学生英语听力学习策略初探小说的语码转换。
用英语介绍著名华裔作文
用英语介绍著名华裔作文A Celebration of Chinese-American Literary Voices The tapestry of American literature is woven with threads from countless cultures, and the contributions of Chinese-American authors have significantly enriched its texture and depth. From early immigrant narratives to contemporary explorations of identity, these writers have carved a unique space, offering invaluable insights into the complexities of the Chinese-American experience. Their work, often traversing the chasms between two cultures, resonates with universal themes of belonging, displacement, and the enduring power of the human spirit. One of the earliest and most influential figures is Maxine Hong Kingston, whose 1976 memoir, “The Woman Warrior,” shattered literary conventions. Interweaving Chinese folklore with personal history, Kingston’s wor k delved into the immigrant experience with unflinching honesty, exploring themes of female empowerment, cultural dissonance, and the weight of ancestral legacy. Her innovative blend of fiction and reality, myth and autobiography, paved the way for a generation of writers to experiment with form and voice, pushing the boundaries of traditional storytelling. Amy Tan, another iconic figure, achieved widespread recognition with her 1989 novel “The Joy Luck Club.” This poignant tale, narrated through the inter woven stories of four Chinese immigrant mothers and their American-born daughters, delved into the intricate dynamics of family, communication, and the cultural gulf that can exist between generations. Tan’s lyrical prose and nuanced portrayal of complex m other-daughter relationships resonated deeply with readers, catapulting her to literary stardom and solidifying her place as a leading voice in Asian-American literature. Beyond these pioneers, a diverse array of Chinese-American authors have continued to captivate readers with their unique perspectives and captivating narratives. Gish Jen, in novels like “Typical American” and “Mona in the Promised Land,” masterfully captures the nuances of assimilation, exploring the often-humorous clashes between Chinese tradition and American ideals. Her characters grapple with questions of identity, ambition, and the allure of the American Dream, offering a nuanced perspective on the immigrant experience that is both insightful and deeply human. Ha Jin, a Pulitzer Prize winner, brings a distinct voice to the literary landscape with his poignant stories of Chinese immigrants navigating life in a newland. His novels, including “Waiting” and “War Trash,” delve into the emotional complexities of displacement, exploring themes of love, loss, and the enduring resilience of the human spirit in the face of adversity. Through his stark prose and unflinching portrayal of human vulnerability, Jin offers a window into the struggles and triumphs of those seeking a foothold in a foreign land. The rise of a new generation of Chinese-American authors further enriches the literary landscape. Celeste Ng, with her bestselling novel "Everything I Never Told You," tackles themes of family secrets, racial prejudice, and the weight of unspoken expectations. Weike Wang, in her critically acclaimed debut novel "Chemistry," offers a fresh perspective on the complexities of identity, ambition, and the challenges faced by young Chinese Americans navigating academic pressures and cultural expectations. These contemporary voices continue to push boundaries, exploring themes of identity, belonging, and the ever-evolving nature of the Chinese-American experience. The contributions of Chinese-American writers extend beyond fictional narratives. Memoirs like “The Making of Asian America” by Erika Lee offer insightful historical analyses of the Chinese-American community,tracing their journey from early immigration to contemporary struggles. Poets such as Marilyn Chin and Li-Young Lee weave evocative verses that explore themes of cultural identity, displacement, and the search for belonging, enriching the poetic landscape with their unique voices and perspectives. The tapestry of American literature is continuously enriched by the voices of Chinese-American authors. Their unique perspectives, compelling narratives, and insightful exploration of the complexities of cultural identity have earned them a prominent place in the literary landscape. Through their words, they offer a window into the Chinese-American experience, fostering greater understanding, empathy, and appreciation for the diverse voices that contribute to the richness of American culture. As new generations of writers emerge, their contributions will continue to shape and redefine the literary landscape, ensuring that the voices of Chinese-Americans continue to resonate for generations to come.。
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浅析美国早期移民文化On Early American Immigration CulturesContents Abstract (I)Key Words (I)摘要 (Ⅱ)关键词 (Ⅱ)Introduction (1)I.Background Information of American Immi gration Cultures (2)A. A Brief Introduction of Early American Immigration (2)B. A Brief Introduction of Early American Immigration Cultures (2)II. The Spirits and Values of American Immigration Cultures (4)A. Emphasis on Freedom, Independence a nd Cooperation (4)1. Freedom, Independence and Individualism (4)2. Cooperation (5)B. Emphasis on Pioneering, Innovative and Adventurous Spirit (6)C. Emphasis on Equality and Competition (7)1. Equality (7)2. Competition (8)D. Emphasis on Pragmatism (9)E. Materialism and Money Supremacy (9)F. Tolerance (10)III. Religion in America (11)Conclusion (13)Acknowledgements (14)Bibliography (15)Abstract : The main contents of American culture are the pursuit of democracy and freedom, the advocating of pioneering and competition and the stress on practicalities especially on individual value. As we know, unlike most other countries in the world, America is primarily a nation of immigrants. The ancestors of Americans emigrated from many parts of the globe. The formation of American culture has close relation with these immigrants. These immigrants took their own culture to the rich North America. The mixed culture and the life of American form a unique American immigration culture. Early immigration culture laid a solid foundation for the formation and development of the main stream of American culture.Key Words：Immigrant, immigration culture, American culture摘要: 美国文化的主要内容强调的是追求民主自由，崇尚开拓竞争，讲究理性和实用，尤其强调的是个人的价值。
众所周知，美国是一个移民国家，他的祖先来自世界各地。
美国文化的形成就与这些移民有着密切的关系。
这些来自世界各地的移民带着自己的文化传统来到北美这片肥沃的土地。
各种文化的交融和北美的生活的叠加创造了美国独特的移民文化，而早期的移民文化为当今美国主流文化的形成奠定了坚实的基础。
关键词：移民, 移民文化, 美国文化IntroductionThe main contents of this paper will discuss the formation of early American immigration culture. The population of the United States includes a large variety of ethnic groups coming from many races, nationalities and religions. People around the world refer to the United States as a “melting pot”. In history, people from different countries in the world rushed to America. Immigrants brought with them their native cultural, political, and social patterns and attitudes, varied academic and religious backgrounds, as well as their ethnic arts, sports, holidays, festivals, and foods to the United States of America. They have greatly enriched American life. After these immigrants settled down in the northeast part of America, they found the environment there was very rough. But the wise immigrants continued to move to the west and found much richer land. Finally, they found a land of dream and a land of freedom and a land of democracy and a land of …… The mixed culture and the life in th e North America created a unique culture－American immigration culture. What’s the American immigration culture? How is it formed? The detailed Classification and process of the formation of American immigration culture will be listed in this paper.Ⅰ.Background Information of American Immigration CulturesA Brief Introduction of Early American ImmigrationThe “first Americans” were the American Indians; no one knows exactly how or when they got to the place which is now called the United States. Some scientists think that they crossed from Asia on the land bridge which connects Siberia and Alaska to the North America Continent. It probably happened about 30,000 or 40,000 years ago. Before the discovery of the New World, American Indians had already inhabited there for thousands of years. They lived on the land by hunting, gathering, fishing and farming.In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, thought he could reach the Far East by sailing west. Supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean with three ships in 1492.on the morning of Oct.12, 1492, Christopher Columbus stopped ashore on an island in what has since become known as the Americas. The arrival of his ships in the Western Hemisphere was one of the pivotal events in the history. It opened up a new world for Europeans and initiated the spread of Western civilization to a new world.The period of exploration and discovery that began with Columbus in 1492 soon became an international race to plant colonies around the world. The major European states England, France, Spain, Portugal, and Holland vied with one another for nearly four centuries to gain economic advantages in the overseas territories.The 17th century witnessed the arrival of Germans, Bohemians, Irish, Poles, Scots, Jews, Dutch, French, Finns, Italians Swedes, Danes, Slaves, and othernationalities. Slave ships also brought blacks from the west coast of Africa to America.B. A Brief Introduction of Early American Immigration CulturesThese immigrants brought with them their native cultural, political, and social patterns and attitudes, varied academic and religious backgrounds, as well as their ethnic arts, sports, holidays, festivals, and foods, immigrants from all part of the world have greatly enriched American life. The United States is a "melting pot" in which the foreigners have sometimes remained culturally and linguistically what they were in their native lands even as they move toward becoming citizens of the United States, and it is still a country whose people share a common cultural outlook and set of values which are included in the American immigration culture.American culture were not a mere transportation from England or Europe .Large number of immigrants, not only from England, but also from Germany, Switzerland, France and many other countries, poured in. they all adopted the English language but their own culture did not disappear completely. These immigrants joined together and created American culture which was a blending of European cultures under new circumstances.As we know most of the early immigrants were not really happy about what they had experienced in their home countries. They wanted to try some new ideas and carry out reforms, although they could not be completely independent of the old traditions. Hard conditions forced them to give up part of what had been desirable and traditions in the Old World. They had to adapt themselves to the new environment andbecame less formal but more pragmatic. They grew less conservative and more outspoken. Large tracts of virgin soil promoted the development of competition and cultivated a stronger sense for liberty and variety. The formation of a new nation by people of different national origins forced social life to show more elasticity. Compromise and tolerance became a necessity. Religion thus gradually became a private affair. American liberty and democracy could not be understood properly without talking into consideration the colonial time and the different back ground of the early immigrants.Ⅱ. The Spirits and Values of American Immigration Culturesn the process of formation of a new nation, these early immigrants shared common outlooks of the spirits and values of American immigration cultures. Gradually, emphasis on freedom, independence and cooperation, pursuits for democracy, individualism, etc. became the spirits and important values in the American immigration cultures.A. Emphasis on Freedom, Independence and CooperationMost of the immigrants came to the America just look for freedom and independence because the religion persecution. After these early immigrants settled down in the northeast part of America, they found the environment there was very rough. It is difficult for one single man to live in this wild and hard environment, so cooperation is the only way to choose.1. Freedom, Independence and IndividualismThe early adventurers were for the most part intensely religious people, andthough religion was not the only source of inspiration for their enterprise, it was an important element in a set of motives in which one can see signs of consistency. Many wanted to escape from the oppressive religious and social atmosphere of the England which they left behind. Most of them were Protestants not ready to accept the structure of the early adventurers were for the most part intensely religious people, and though religion was not the only source of inspiration for their enterprise, it was an important element in a set of motives in which one can see signs of consistency. Most of them were Protestants not ready to accept the structure of doctrine and religious practice of the Church of England which had been involved from the religious Reformation. In England their beliefs caused them inconvenience and sometime danger. Freedom and independence were the pursuit of the early immigrants.The pursuit of freedom and independence was reflected not only in religion but also in economic and social field. When the early immigrant crossed to America, they brought with them a combination of English attitudes and a criticism of those attitudes, leading to a determination to build a new society which was free of the bad elements of the old, while preserving those which seemed to them good. On one hand, they wanted a strong government to keep peace and order, so as to ensure private ownership of property; On the other hand, they wanted the greatest possible freedom for Individualism thus became their principle and belief.Through the hardship of life in a wild, new land, the immigrants gained strength and firm belief in the rights and liberties of the individual man. They wanted to get ridof the European social power and aristocratic politics and to create an independent and free colony. Their dreams were finally realized with the issue of The Declaration of Independence and the victory of the war of Independence. In the Constitution adopted in 1789, the immigrants were in favor of the separation of religion and the government, limit the church’s right to interference in government affairs. The decision made by these early immigrants had a far-reaching impact on the formation of the early social identity. Because of the restriction of Church and government’s right and the abolition of the feudal aristocracy they built a free society. The establishment of the United States of America has closely linking with the concept of individual freedom. Individual freedom was one of the most basic and important values to the early American immigrants. Some foreign scholars and researchers often call it individualism. Liberal-Americans think that everyone may determine their fate, in accordance with their wishes and the ability which will never be affected by any outside forces including the government, church, the aristocratic class, or any other authority control, etc.2. CooperationAs a country created from the wilderness, the United States has many opportunities to develop in the early years of the exploration because of the abundant of natural resources. It is difficult for one single man to live in this wild and hard environment. The early immigrants knew clearly that cooperation is the only way for them to live in this bad condition. They did a lot of team work to explore the farm land and build the houses. Corporative spirit became one of the most important valuesof American immigration cultures.B. Pioneering, Innovative and Adventurous spiritOpportunity is a kind of magic strength that drew people to America. It not only attracted Europe nobles who dreamed of establishing great new estates out of the wilderness to come to America, but also carpenters bakers, tailors and other skilled cook men who could not find job in their home county. Most of all, it attracted the poor and the homeless from the farmlands and villages of Europe, it offered people a chance to live a better life than they could hope in the Old World.As everyone knows that the great success is behind the big risk. From the time of the first British immigrants setting foot on the North America continent to the time of the establishment of the Unite States of America, half century passed. The wild natured condition of North America continent stimulated the immigrants to work hard. Gradually, they formed a kind of character of bearing hardship and standing hard work. And the utilization of the rich resources and development of North America bred America’s pioneering spirit and the spirit of adventure.From the perspective of culture, in some extent, early America has been a culture vacuum. A great number of immigrants who were tired about traditional system of culture came to America with rebellious spirit dominated their mind. Most of them were rarely found in traditional conservative thinking, because the dangerous and wild environment forces them to give up part of what had been desirable and traditional in the Old World. Adventure is the way for them to change their way of life. Gradually this adventurous spirit of the American people has become the tradition. Theyregarded a journey of adventure as the opportunity for their development and life as a journey of adventure to explore the opportunities. This adventurous spirit has permeated the American people in all aspects of life. Americans stressed the spirit of innovation; they believe that the chance exists everywhere; Apart from legislation, the Americans think that most of the traditions are the barriers for the development. They are willing to challenge tradition and precedent. The United States is unlike China, India, the United Kingdom and some other countries in the world which boast long history and splendid civilization, therefore, American people would like to accept the new ideas as quickly as they can. American has the courage to challenge the tradition and the authority. They always think that "I am expert or authority” This is th e American character.C. Equality and CompetitionBecause America was never ruled over by King or Queen, no one has privilege in this New World. Only one’s ability could decide the wealth under the condition of equal opportunity. So equality and competition are the pursuits of early America immigrants.1. EqualityIt is well known that America was never ruled over by kings, queens and big feudal nobles. Land was plentiful and labor was scarce in colonial America, and every free man had an opportunity to achieve economic independence. Many immigrants from European continent took the thought of bourgeois freedom to America. They believed that only one’s ability could decide the wealth under the condition of equalopportunity. Generally, Americans do not envy the wealth of others but praise and appreciate wealthy man. American believes in the dictum: the extent of one’s wealth shows one’s ability.In the Early history of the United States, many immigrants came from Europe to settle down in the United States because they thought there would be more chance of success. In their original countries, their personal success mainly depended on social background, but in American society, there was no hereditary class of nobles; the success depends entirely on individual’s struggle.Most of the early immigrants’ hopes and dreams were realized in the New World. These tens of millions of migrants have successfully established a personal belief in equality. Every body was deeply attracted by this new phenomenon in the new country. The more they knew the depth of American society, the more they found that the individual equality is the basic faith of this country. People coming from different background keep it unswervingly.To understand the true meaning of America’s equalit y of opportunity is very important. Everyone has equal opportunity to succeed. Equality means equal opportunities for everyone to participate in this contest and finally win. That’s the "fair play" fair competition . It is the key to understand the fundamental values of equality of opportunity. In 1860, the 16th president of America, Abraham Lincoln explained the belief like this: we hope that even the most humble people can have a chance to become rich. Like other people. A person may initially be poor, but in a free society he can improve his situation. In the course of his life, he knows there isnothing that can not be changed.2. CompetitionTruly, equal opportunity is very important for one’s success. In order to get equal opportunity, one has to pay prices. One of the prices is the fierce competition. If we take life as a marathon race, we clearly know that every contestant has to compete with others, including the stronger and weaker and some talents .only when one went all out to run can he finally win. A person must compete with others, including those with their considerable talents of peer competition. Those who finally won in the competition were referred to as "heroes" and respected by people; while, those who were afraid of the competition and lost in the competition were looked upon as “losers", and despised by peopleIn the United States, the pressure of competition began from childhood and extended to retirement. Facing all kind of competitions is a part of their growth. Competitive pressures make the Americans more vital, but they also make people anxious and nervous all the time. When they retire, they can be freed from the pressure of competition. However, a new problem has emerged. They feel that they have become useless in a society and they feel lost. That is why the elderly people in the United States can not get the same respect as they get in other countries.D. PragmatismWhen the first group of settlers came to the North America, they found the natural environment there was so tough, and they were isolated from the European civilization. In order to adapt themselves to the new circumstances, they became lessformal but more pragmatic. The pragmatism became the philosophy of American. Because the United States has no long and splendid ancient culture, the creation of culture was in the development of North America continent. To develop this wealthy virgin, it is necessary for immigrants to break all the rules and subject to the solution of practical problems. In this historical background, the national philosophy of pragmatism was gradually formed in the United States .They expressed the belief that usefulness, effectiveness and benefit are the truth." Under the influence of the philosophy of pragmatism, Americans do not like the formal, abstract philosophy. In the eyes of the Americans, practicality is the truth, success is the truth.E. Materialism and Money supremacyAmerican culture is based on the material. American people believe that comfortable standard of living is their pursuit. They have a sense of superiority to those whose living condition is not better than them. When Americans talk about a person's value, they mainly refer to material values as the ordinary standard. One of the main reasons for early immigrants to flood into the United States is that they want to live a better life, which perhaps is the most fundamental reason. Of course, most of the immigrants did not become rich overnight, and a considerable part lived a dismal life. But generally speaking, compared with the past, the overwhelming majority of Americans have improved the quality of life. People are passionate, progressive in American society. They must work hard to pursue the material wealth. When early immigrants came to this virgin territory, they were surprised by the rich natural resources of North America. Only work hard is the only way for them to survive innew world. And only by working hard can they realize their dreams. To some extent material wealth is the rewards or returns of the hard work. Wealth is one of important way to prove one’s ability. In the late of the 18th century, the Constitution of the United States claimed that the number of material wealth reflects the ability of the individual differences. Many people are tried to seek career development at all costs. It almost became an American creed for an inferior person to change into a millionaire. And it was the dominant value in American society. Entrepreneurs were generally respected; the businessman became a popular hero. Everyone wanted to run enterprises to become rich.F. ToleranceThe United States is a country of immigrants. Its ancestors were from around the world. When People immigrated to the United States, they not only shifted in geographical position but also changed the old customs and cultures of their host countries to adapt themselves to a new environment. People have their differences obviously. Because of the difference, people will not pay special attention to uniformity. Day by day, Americans developed a high degree of cultural tolerance. They tolerate the different opinions, different attitudes, different customs and different cultures.Politically speaking, this tolerance is in the pursuit of freedom and in the protection of freedom. In religion, it is embodied in the harmonious coexistence of different faiths. In living areas, it is presented as different ethnic groups living together peacefully. In the United States, each person can choose different ideas,beliefs, lifestyles and traditions basically. To some extent, people can maintain their traditional customs. For example, Jews celebrate their religious festivals, Christians also celebrate their festivals. Another example is that the Chinese-Americans speak Chinese living and working in Chinatown. Vietnamese immigrants living in "Saigon" do business and various activities in their own ways.In addition to the diverse presentations of American tolerance, American tolerance is also related with frequent movement of Americans. As we know, the westward development is an important part of American history. At that time, the early pioneers either trekked or rode, from east to west, from south to north. Where there are opportunities, where they just moved. The Continuous and high frequency of relocation make people be always in a "flow" state. They have stronger ability to tolerate and accept the variety of temporary phenomenon. In addition, the movement can also help people expand their horizons, know more about different customs. Gradually, people began sympathize the different customs, understand the diversity of customs and finally accept the different customs.?Americans are tolerant; very few Americans would like to impose their will on other people. For instance, a husband may be a Republican, but he never forces his wife to change her political viewpoint to support of the Democratic Party's position. Similarly, the mother may be a Catholic but she never forces her son to convert his belief into Muslims. In the daily time, this spirit of tolerance is not uncommon.Ⅲ. Religion in AmericaMany people came to America to search for religious freedom.? Their hope wasto escape the religious persecution they were facing in their countries.? The one thing they did not want to do was to establish a church like the Church of England.? The colonists wanted a chance to worship freely and have an opportunity to choose which religion they wanted to take part in.? Upon arriving in America the Pilgrims being the first to arrive in 1620 , the journey began for the search of the "perfect" religion that could satisfy the needs of the peopleModern Americans are inclined to look back especially to the Pilgrim Fathers who sailed in the mayflower in 1620, for a symbol of the origin of their new country. Because of the troubles and religious persecution in England, a group of puritans from eastern England tried to go to Holland in 1607 in search of religious freedom. But their attempt to leave England was unsuccessful, they were arrested. Until 1620 they finally sailed to their promising land. After that, more and more people who wanted to get rid of religious persecution arrived in the shore of America. They brought with them their old beliefs and had the right to choose the new religious beliefs.Religion is a very important component of American immigration culture. Religion is national. Over 90 percent of Americans say they believe in God. America is a multi-religious country. A recent encyclopedia cites 12,000 religious groups in America, but the mainstream is the Protestant denominations. On the whole, it is a Christian country because Christianity is the dominant religion there.Overall, religion was an important aspect in the colonization of America.? It became a dominant part of the lives of the colonists and continued to grow over the years.? Events such as the Salem Witchcraft Trials of the 1690's and the GreatAwakening of the 1730's only increased the influence of religion in America.? America had become a refuge for those who wanted religious freedom and became a home to the many people that had the chance to improve their lives.ConclusionThe formation of American immigration culture is closely related with the development of the United States of America. American immigration culture made a great contribution to the development of the American history. Native America or immigrants from overseas held the same dream of changing their social class and desired to make their life time dream come true through their own efforts. In order to adapt themselves to the new environments, they became less formal but more pragmatic. They grew less conservative and more outspoken. Large tracts of virgin soil promoted the development of competition and cultivated a stronger sense for liberty and variety. The formation of a new nation by people of different national origins forced social life to show more elasticity. Compromise and tolerance became a necessity. Religion thus gradually became a private affair. When the immigrants came to the American continent, they brought with them their native traditions, customs and living patterns. The immigrants from all part of the world have greatly enriched American life. The United States is a "melting pot" in which the foreigners have sometimes remained culturally and linguistically what they were in their native lands even as they move toward becoming citizens of the United States, and it is still a country whose people share a common cultural outlook and set of values which are included in the American immigration cultures.AcknowledgementsFinally, I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to those who spend their precious time in reading this thesis. My idea for the thesis sprang from the enlightenment of Mrs. Huang Tianhong, my tutor, to whom I owed great gratitude and appreciation. She gave me invaluable instructions and encouragement.Moreover, I am deeply grateful to those teachers who gave me much help in the four years, such as Mr. Deng Xingyi, Mr. Zhang Chun, Mr. Zhou Ronghui, Mrs. LiaoHong, and Mr. Liu Youlong. 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