文献翻译英文原文
英文文献翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Sodium Polyacrylate:Also known as super-absorbent or “SAP”(super absorbent polymer), Kimberly Clark used to call it SAM (super absorbent material). It is typically used in fine granular form (like table salt). It helps improve capacity for better retention in a disposable diaper, allowing the product to be thinner with improved performance and less usage of pine fluff pulp. The molecular structure of the polyacrylate has sodium carboxylate groups hanging off the main chain. When it comes in contact with water, the sodium detaches itself, leaving only carboxylions. Being negatively charged, these ions repel one another so that the polymer also has cross-links, which effectively leads to a three-dimensional structure. It has hige molecular weight of more than a million; thus, instead of getting dissolved, it solidifies into a gel. The Hydrogen in the water (H-O-H) is trapped by the acrylate due to the atomic bonds associated with the polarity forces between the atoms. Electrolytes in the liquid, such as salt minerals (urine contains 0.9% of minerals), reduce polarity, thereby affecting superabsorbent properties, especially with regard to the superabsorbent capacity for liquid retention. This is the main reason why diapers containing SAP should never be tested with plain water. Linear molecular configurations have less total capacity than non-linear molecules but, on the other hand, retention of liquid in a linear molecule is higher than in a non-linear molecule, due to improved polarity. For a list of SAP suppliers, please use this link: SAP, the superabsorbent can be designed to absorb higher amounts of liquids (with less retention) or very high retentions (but lower capacity). In addition, a surface cross linker can be added to the superabsorbent particle to help it move liquids while it is saturated. This helps avoid formation of "gel blocks", the phenomenon that describes the impossibility of moving liquids once a SAP particle gets saturated.History of Super Absorbent Polymer ChemistryUn til the 1980’s, water absorbing materials were cellulosic or fiber-based products. Choices were tissue paper, cotton, sponge, and fluff pulp. The water retention capacity of these types of materials is only 20 times their weight – at most.In the early 1960s, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was conducting work on materials to improve water conservation in soils. They developed a resin based on the grafting of acrylonitrile polymer onto the backbone of starch molecules (i.e. starch-grafting). The hydrolyzed product of the hydrolysis of this starch-acrylonitrile co-polymer gave water absorption greater than 400 times its weight. Also, the gel did not release liquid water the way that fiber-based absorbents do.The polymer came to be known as “Super Slurper”.The USDA gave the technical know how several USA companies for further development of the basic technology. A wide range of grating combinations were attempted including work with acrylic acid, acrylamide and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).Since Japanese companies were excluded by the USDA, they started independent research using starch, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), acrylic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and isobutylene maleic anhydride (IMA).Early global participants in the development of super absorbent chemistry included Dow Chemical, Hercules, General Mills Chemical, DuPont, National Starch & Chemical, Enka (Akzo), Sanyo Chemical, Sumitomo Chemical, Kao, Nihon Starch and Japan Exlan.In the early 1970s, super absorbent polymer was used commercially for the first time –not for soil amendment applications as originally intended –but for disposable hygienic products. The first product markets were feminine sanitary napkins and adult incontinence products.In 1978, Park Davis (d.b.a. Professional Medical Products) used super absorbent polymers in sanitary napkins.Super absorbent polymer was first used in Europe in a baby diaper in 1982 when Schickendanz and Beghin-Say added the material to the absorbent core. Shortly thereafter, UniCharm introduced super absorbent baby diapers in Japan while Proctor & Gamble and Kimberly-Clark in the USA began to use the material.The development of super absorbent technology and performance has been largely led by demands in the disposable hygiene segment. Strides in absorption performance have allowed the development of the ultra-thin baby diaper which uses a fraction of the materials – particularly fluff pulp – which earlier disposable diapers consumed.Over the years, technology has progressed so that there is little if any starch-grafted super absorbent polymer used in disposable hygienic products. These super absorbents typically are cross-linked acrylic homo-polymers (usually Sodium neutralized).Super absorbents used in soil amendments applications tend to be cross-linked acrylic-acrylamide co-polymers (usually Potassium neutralized).Besides granular super absorbent polymers, ARCO Chemical developed a super absorbent fiber technology in the early 1990s. This technology was eventually sold to Camelot Absorbents. There are super absorbent fibers commercially available today. While significantly more expensive than the granular polymers, the super absorbent fibers offer technical advantages in certain niche markets including cable wrap, medical devices and food packaging.Sodium polyacrylate, also known as waterlock, is a polymer with the chemical formula [-CH2-CH(COONa)-]n widely used in consumer products. It has the ability to absorb as much as 200 to 300 times its mass in water. Acrylate polymers generally are considered to possess an anionic charge. While sodium neutralized polyacrylates are the most common form used in industry, there are also other salts available including potassium, lithium and ammonium.ApplicationsAcrylates and acrylic chemistry have a wide variety of industrial uses that include: ∙Sequestering agents in detergents. (By binding hard water elements such as calcium and magnesium, the surfactants in detergents work more efficiently.) ∙Thickening agents∙Coatings∙Fake snowSuper absorbent polymers. These cross-linked acrylic polymers are referred to as "Super Absorbents" and "Water Crystals", and are used in baby diapers. Copolymerversions are used in agriculture and other specialty absorbent applications. The origins of super absorbent polymer chemistry trace back to the early 1960s when the U.S. Department of Agriculture developed the first super absorbent polymer materials. This chemical is featured in the Maximum Absorbency Garment used by NASA.译文聚丙烯酸钠聚丙烯酸钠，又可以称为超级吸收剂或者又叫高吸水性树脂，凯博利克拉克教授曾经称它为SAM即：超级吸收性物质。
英文文献整篇翻译
英文文献整篇翻译Title: The Impact of Climate Change on BiodiversityClimate change is a pressing issue that has significant impacts on biodiversity worldwide. Changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events are altering ecosystems and threatening the survival of many species. The loss of biodiversity not only affects the natural world but also has implications for human societies.One of the major impacts of climate change onbiodiversity is the shifting of habitats. As temperatures rise, many species are forced to move to higher latitudesor elevations in search of suitable conditions. This can disrupt ecosystems and lead to the decline or extinction of species that are unable to adapt to the new conditions.In addition to habitat loss, climate change is also causing changes in the timing of biological events such as flowering, migration, and reproduction. These changes can disrupt the delicate balance of ecosystems and lead to mismatches between species that depend on each other for survival.Furthermore, climate change is exacerbating otherthreats to biodiversity such as habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation. The combination of these factors is putting immense pressure on many species and pushing them closer to extinction.It is essential that we take action to mitigate the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, protecting and restoring habitats, and implementing conservation measures to safeguard vulnerable species. By addressing the root causes of climate change and protecting biodiversity, we canensure a sustainable future for both the natural world and human societies.气候变化对生物多样性的影响气候变化是一个紧迫的问题，对全球的生物多样性产生重大影响。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈：关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例：IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例：Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例：Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
液压系统外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Hydraulic systemW Arnold1 IntroductionThe hydraulic station is called a hydraulic pump station and is an independent hydraulic device. It is step by step to supply oil. And control the direction of hydraulic oil flow, pressure and flow, suitable for the host and hydraulic equipment can be separated on the various hydraulic machinery.After the purchase, the user only needs to connect the hydraulic station and the actuator (hydraulic or oil motor) on the mainframe with different tubings. The hydraulic machine can realize various specified actions and working cycles.The hydraulic station is a combination of manifolds, pump units or valve assemblies, electrical boxes, and tank electrical boxes. Each part function is:The pump unit is equipped with a motor and an oil pump, which is the power source of the hydraulic station and can convert mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure energy.V alve combination - its plate valve is mounted on the vertical plate, and the rear plate is connected with the same function as the manifold.Oil manifolds - assembled from hydraulic valves and channel bodies. It regulates hydraulic oil pressure, direction and flow.Box--a semi-closed container for plate welding. It is also equipped with an oil screen, an air filter, etc., which is used for cooling and filtering of oil and oil.Electrical box - divided into two types: one is to set the external lead terminal board; one is equipped with a full set of control appliances.The working principle of the hydraulic station: The motor drives the oil pump to rotate, then the pump sucks oil from the oil tank and supplies oil, converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure energy, and the hydraulic oil passes through the manifold (or valve assembly) to adjust the direction, pressure and flow and then passes through the external tube. The way to the hydraulic cylinder or oil motor in the hydraulic machinery, so as to control the direction of the hydraulic motor, the strength of the speed and speed, to promote all kinds of hydraulic machinery to do work.(1) Development history of hydraulic pressureThe development history of hydraulics (including hydraulic power, the same below), pneumatics, and seals industry in China can be roughly divided into three stages, namely: the starting stage in the early 1950s to the early 60s; and the professional in the 60s and 70s. The growth stage of the production system; the 80-90's is a stage of rapid development. Among them, the hydraulic industry began in the early 1950s with thedevelopment of hydraulic machines such as Grinding Machines, broaching machines, and profiling lathes, which were produced by the machine tool industry. The hydraulic components were produced by the hydraulic workshop in the machine tool factory, and were produced for self use. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology was gradually promoted from the machine tool to the agricultural machinery and engineering machinery. The original hydraulic workshop attached to the main engine plant was independent and became a professional manufacturer of hydraulic components. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the continuous development of mechanization of production, particularly in the provision of highly efficient and automated equipment for the second automobile manufacturing plant, the hydraulic component manufacturing industry witnessed rapid development. The batch of small and medium-sized enterprises also began to become specialized manufacturers of hydraulic parts. In 1968, the annual output of hydraulic components in China was close to 200,000 pieces. In 1973, in the fields of machine tools, agricultural machinery, construction machinery and other industries, the professional factory for the production of hydraulic parts has grown to over 100, and its annual output exceeds 1 million pieces. Such an independent hydraulic component manufacturing industry has taken shape. At this time, the hydraulic product has evolved from the original imitation Su product intoa combination of imported technology and self-designed products. The pressure has been developed towards medium and high pressures, and electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems have been developed. The application of hydraulics has been further expanded. The pneumatic industry started a few years later than hydraulics, and it was only in 1967 that it began to establish a professional pneumatic components factory. Pneumatic components began to be manufactured and sold as commodities. Its sealing industry including rubber seals, flexible graphite seals, and mechanical seals started from the production of common O-rings, oil seals, and other extruded rubber seals and asbestos seal products in the early 1950s. In the early 1960s, it began to develop and produce flexible products. Graphite seals and mechanical seals and other products. In the 1970s, a batch of batches of professional production plants began to be established one after another in the systems of the former Ministry of Combustion, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Agricultural Machinery, formally forming the industry, which laid the foundation for the development of the seal industry.In the 1980s, under the guidance of the national policy of reform and opening up, with the continuous development of the machinery industry, the contradiction between the basic components lags behind the host computer has become increasingly prominent and caused the attention of all relevant departments. To this end, the former Ministry of Machinesestablished the General Infrastructure Industry Bureau in 1982, and unified the original pneumatic, hydraulic, and seal specialties that were scattered in the industries of machine tools, agricultural machinery, and construction machinery, etc. The management of a piece of office, so that the industry in the planning, investment, the introduction of technology and scientific research and development and other aspects of the basic parts of the bureau's guidance and support. This has entered a period of rapid development, it has introduced more than 60 foreign advanced technology, of which more than 40 hydraulic, pneumatic 7, after digestion and absorption and technological transformation, are now mass production, and has become the industry's leading products . In recent years, the industry has intensified its technological transformation. From 1991 to 1998, the total investment of national, local, and corporate self-raised funds totaled about 2 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion were hydraulic. After continuous technological transformation and technological breakthroughs, the technical level of a group of major enterprises has been further improved, and technological equipment has also been greatly improved, laying a good foundation for forming a high starting point, specialization, and mass production. In recent years, under the guidance of the principle of common development of multiple ownership systems in the country, various small and medium-sized enterprises with different ownership have rapidly emerged and haveshown great vitality. With the further opening up of the country, foreign-funded enterprises have developed rapidly, which plays an important role in raising industry standards and expanding exports. So far China has established joint ventures with famous manufacturers in the United States, Germany, Japan and other countries or directly established piston pumps/motors, planetary speed reducers, hydraulic control valves, steering gears, hydraulic systems, hydrostatic transmissions, and hydraulic components. The company has more than 50 manufacturing enterprises such as castings, pneumatic control valves, cylinders, gas processing triplets, rubber seals, and mechanical seals, and has attracted more than 200 million U.S. dollars in foreign capital.(2) Current statusBasic profileAfter more than 40 years of hard work, China's hydraulics, pneumatics and seals industry has formed a complete industrial system with a certain level of production capacity and technical level. According to the statistics of the third n ational industrial census in 1995, China’s state-owned, privately-owned, cooperative, village-run, individual, and “funded enterprises” have annual sales income of more than 1 million yuan in hydraulic, pneumatic, and seal industrial townships and above. There are a total of more than 1,300 companies, including about 700 hydraulics, and about 300 pneumatic and sealing parts. According to thestatistics of the international industry in 1996, the total output value of the hydraulic industry in China was about 2.448 billion yuan, accounting for the 6th in the world; the total output value of the pneumatic industry was about 419 million yuan, accounting for the world’s10 people.2. Current supply and demand profileWith the introduction of technology, independent development and technological transformation, the technical level of the first batch of high-pressure plunger pumps, vane pumps, gear pumps, general hydraulic valves, oil cylinders, oil-free pneumatic components and various types of seals has become remarkable. Improve, and can be stable mass production, provide guarantees for all types of host to improve product quality. In addition, certain achievements have also been made in the aspects of CAD, pollution control, and proportional servo technology for hydraulic pneumatic components and systems, and have been used for production. So far, the hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products have a total of about 3,000 varieties and more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are about 1,200 types of hydraulic pressure, more than 10,000 specifications (including 60 types of hydrodynamic products, 500 specifications); about 1350 types of pneumatic, more than 8,000 specifications; there are also 350 types of rubber seals, more than 5000 The specifications are now basically able to adapt to the general needs ofvarious types of mainframe products. The matching rate for major equipment sets can reach more than 60%, and a small amount of exports has started.In 1998, the domestic production of hydraulic components was 4.8 million pieces, with sales of about 2.8 billion yuan (of which mechanical systems accounted for 70%); output of pneumatic components was 3.6 million pieces, and sales were about 550 million yuan (including mechanical systems accounting for about 60%) The production of seals is about 800 million pieces, and the sales volume is about 1 billion yuan (including about 50% of mechanical systems). According to the statistics of the annual report of the China Hydraulic and Pneumatic Sealing Industry Association in 1998, the production and sales rate of hydraulic products was 97.5% (101% of hydraulic power), 95.9% of air pressure, and 98.7% of seal. This fully reflects the basic convergence of production and sales.Although China's hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industries have made great progress, there are still many gaps compared with the development needs of the mainframe and the world's advanced level, which are mainly reflected in the variety, performance and reliability of products. . Take hydraulic products as an example, the product varieties are only 1/3 of the foreign country, and the life expectancy is 1/2 of that of foreign countries. In order to meet the needs of key hosts, imported hosts, and majortechnical equipment, China has a large number of imported hydraulic, pneumatic, and sealing products every year. According to customs statistics and relevant data analysis, in 1998, the import volume of hydraulic, pneumatic and seal products was about 200 million U.S. dollars, of which the hydraulic pressure was about 140 million U.S. dollars, the pneumatics were 30 million U.S. dollars, and the seal was about 0.3 billion U.S. dollars. The year is slightly lower. In terms of amount, the current domestic market share of imported products is about 30%. In 1998, the total demand for hydraulic parts in the domestic market was about 6 million pieces, and the total sales volume was 4 billion yuan; the total demand for pneumatic parts was about 5 million pieces, and the total sales volume was over 700 million yuan; the total demand for seals was about 1.1 billion yuan. Pieces, total sales of about 1.3 billion yuan. (3) Future developments1. The main factors affecting development(1) The company's product development capability is not strong, and the level and speed of technology development can not fully meet the current needs for advanced mainframe products, major technical equipment and imported equipment and maintenance;(2) Many companies have lagged behind in manufacturing process, equipment level and management level, and their sense of quality is not strong, resulting in low level of product performance, unstable quality,poor reliability, and insufficiency of service, and lack of user satisfaction. And trusted branded products;(3) The degree of professional specialization in the industry is low, the power is scattered, the duplication of the low level is serious, the product convergence between the region and the enterprise leads to blind competition, and the prices are reduced each other, thus the efficiency of the enterprise is reduced, the funds are lacking, and the turnover is difficult. Insufficient investment in development and technological transformation has severely restricted the overall level of the industry and its competitive strength.(4) When the degree of internationalization of the domestic market is increasing, foreign companies have gradually entered the Chinese market to participate in competition, coupled with the rise of domestic private, cooperative, foreign-funded, and individual enterprises, resulting in increasing impact on state-owned enterprises. .2. Development trendWith the continuous deepening of the socialist market economy, the relationship between supply and demand in the hydraulic, pneumatic and sealed products has undergone major changes. The seller market characterized by “shortage” has basically become a buyer’s market characterized by “structured surplus”. Replaced by. From the perspective of overall capacity, it is already in a trend of oversupply, and in particular,general low-grade hydraulic, pneumatic and seals are generally oversupply; and like high-tech products with high technological content and high value and high value-added products that are urgently needed by the host, Can not meet the needs of the market, can only rely on imports. After China's entry into the WTO, its impact may be greater. Therefore, during the “10th Five-Y ear Plan” period, the growth of the industry’s output value must not only rely on the growth of quantity. Instead, it should focus on the structural contradiction of the industry and intensify efforts to adjust the industrial structure and product structure. It should be based on the improvement of quality. Product technology upgrades in order to adapt to and stimulate market demand, and seek greater development.2. Hydraulic application on power slide(1) Introduction of Power Sliding TableUsing the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to analyze and study the sliding effect and the smoothness of the sliding table of the combined machine tool, the dynamics of the hydraulic drive system of the sliding table—the self-regulating back pressure regulating system are established. mathematical model. Through the digital simulation system of the computer, the causes and main influencing factors of the slide impact and the motion instability are analyzed. What kind of conclusions can be drawn from those, if we canreasonably design the structural dimensions of hydraulic cylinders and self-regulating back pressure regulators ——The symbols used in the text are as follows:s 1 - flow source, that is, the flow rate of the governor valve outlet;S el —— sliding friction of the sliding table;R - the equivalent viscous friction coefficient of the slide;I 1 - quality of slides and cylinders;12 - self-adjusting back pressure valve core quality;C 1, c 2 - liquid volume without cylinder chamber and rod chamber;C 2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve spring compliance;R 1, R2 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve damping orifice fluid resistance;R 9 - Self-adjusting back pressure valve valve fluid resistance;S e2——initial pre-tightening force of self-adjusting back pressure valve spring;I 4, I5 - Equivalent liquid sense of the pipeline;C 5, C 6 - equivalent liquid capacity of the pipeline;R 5, R7 - Equivalent liquid resistance of the pipeline;V 3, V4 - cylinder rodless cavity and rod cavity volume;P 3, P4—pressure of the rodless cavity and rod cavity of the cylinder;F - the slide bears the load;V - speed of slide motion;In this paper, the power bond diagram and the state space splitting method are used to establish the system's motion mathematical model, and the dynamic characteristics of the slide table can be significantly improved.In the normal operation of the combined machine tool, the magnitude of the speed of the slide, its direction and the load changes it undergoes will affect its performance in varying degrees. Especially in the process of work-in-process, the unsteady movement caused by the advancing of the load on the slide table and the cyclical change of the load will affect the surface quality of the workpiece to be machined. In severe cases, the tool will break. According to the requirements of the Dalian Machine Tool Plant, the author used the binding force curve diagram and the state space analysis method to establish a dynamic mathematical model of a self-adjusting back pressure and speed adjustment system for the new hydraulic drive system of the combined machine tool slide. In order to improve the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table, it is necessary to analyze the causes and main influencing factors of the impetus and movement of the sliding table. However, it must pass the computer's digital simulation and the final results obtained from the research.(2) Dynamic Mathematical ModelThe working principle diagram of the self-adjusting back pressure speedregulation system of the combined machine tool slide hydraulic drive system is shown in the figure. This system is used to complete the work-cycle-stop-rewind. When the sliding table is working, the three-position four-way reversing valve is in the illustrated position. The oil supply pressure of the oil pump will remain approximately constant under the effective action of the overflow valve, and the oil flow passes through the reversing valve and adjusts the speed. The valve enters the rodless chamber of the cylinder to push the slide forward. At the same time, the pressurized oil discharged from the rod chamber of the cylinder will flow back to the tank through the self-regulating back pressure valve and the reversing valve. During this process, there was no change in the operating status of both the one-way valve and the relief valve. The complex and nonlinear system of the hydraulic drive system of the self-adjusting back pressure governor system is a kind of self-adjusting back-pressure governor system. To facilitate the study of its dynamic characteristics, a simple and reasonable dynamic mathematical model that only considers the main influencing factors is established. Especially important [1][2]. From the theoretical analysis and the experimental study, we can see that the system process time is much longer than the process time of the speed control valve. When the effective pressure bearing area of the rodless cavity of the fuel tank is large, the flow rate at the outlet of the speed control valve is instantaneous. The overshoot is reflected in thesmall change in speed of the slide motion [2]. In order to further broaden and deeply study the dynamic characteristics of the system so that the research work can be effectively performed on a miniature computer, this article will further simplify the original model [2], assuming that the speed control valve is output during the entire system pass. When the flow is constant, this is considered to be the source of the flow. The schematic diagram of the dynamic model structure of this system is shown in Fig. 2. It consists of a cylinder, a sliding table, a self-adjusting back pressure valve, and a connecting pipe.The power bond graph is a power flow graph. It is based on the transmission mode of the system energy, based on the actual structure, and uses the centralized parameters to represent the role of the subsystems abstractly as a resistive element R, a perceptual element I, and a capacitive element. Three kinds of role of C. Using this method, the physical concept of modeling is clear, and combined with the state-space analysis method, the linear system can be described and analyzed more accurately. This method is an effective method to study the dynamic characteristics of complex nonlinear systems in the time domain. According to the main characteristics of each component of the self-adjusting back pressure control system and the modeling rules [1], the power bond diagram of the system is obtained. The upper half of each key in the figure represents the power flow. The two variables that makeup the power are the force variables (oil pressure P and force F) and the flow variables (flow q and velocity v). The O node indicates that the system is connected in parallel, and the force variables on each key are equal and the sum of the flow variables is zero; 1 The nodes represent the series connection in the system, the flow variables on each key are equal and the sum of the force variables is Zero. TF denotes a transformer between different energy forms. The TF subscripted letter represents the conversion ratio of the flow variable or the force variable. The short bar on the key indicates the causal relationship between the two variables on the key. The full arrow indicates the control relationship. There are integral or differential relationships between the force and flow variables of the capacitive and perceptual elements in the three types of action elements. Therefore, a complex nonlinear equation of state with nine state variables can be derived from Fig. 3 . In this paper, the research on the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table starts from the two aspects of the slide's hedging and the smoothness of the motion. The fourth-order fixed-length Runge-Kutta is used for digital simulation on the IBM-PC microcomputer.(3) Slide advanceThe swaying phenomenon of the slide table is caused by the sudden disappearance of the load acting on the slide table (such as drilling work conditions). In this process, the table load F, the moving speed V, and thepressure in the two chambers of the cylinder P3 and P4 can be seen from the simulation results in Fig. 4. When the sliding table moves at a uniform speed under the load, the oil pressure in the rodless cavity of the oil cylinder is high, and a large amount of energy is accumulated in the oil. When the load suddenly disappears, the oil pressure of the cavity is rapidly reduced, and the oil is rapidly reduced. When the high-pressure state is transferred to the low-pressure state, a lot of energy is released to the system, resulting in a high-speed forward impact of the slide. However, the front slide of the sliding table causes the pressure in the rod cavity of the oil cylinder to cause the back pressure to rise, thereby consuming part of the energy in the system, which has a certain effect on the kicking of the slide table. We should see that in the studied system, the inlet pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is subject to the comprehensive effect of the two-chamber oil pressure of the oil cylinder. When the load suddenly disappears, the pressure of the self-adjusting back pressure valve rapidly rises and stably exceeds the initial back pressure value. It can be seen from the figure that self-adjusting back pressure in the speed control system when the load disappears, the back pressure of the cylinder rises more than the traditional speed control system, so the oil in the rod cavity of the cylinder absorbs more energy, resulting in the amount of forward momentum of the slide It will be about 20% smaller than traditionalspeed control systems. It can be seen from this that the use of self-adjusting back-gear speed control system as a drive system slider has good characteristics in suppressing the forward punch, in which the self-adjusting back pressure valve plays a very large role.(4) The smoothness of the slideWhen the load acting on the slide changes periodically (such as in the case of milling), the speed of the slide will have to fluctuate. In order to ensure the processing quality requirements, it must reduce its speed fluctuation range as much as possible. From the perspective of the convenience of the discussion of the problem, assume that the load changes according to a sine wave law, and the resulting digital simulation results are shown in Figure 5. From this we can see that this system has the same variation rules and very close numerical values as the conventional speed control system. The reason is that when the change of the load is not large, the pressure in the two chambers of the fuel tank will not have a large change, which will eventually lead to the self-regulating back pressure valve not showing its effect clearly.(5) Improvement measuresThe results of the research show that the dynamic performance of a sliding table with self-regulating back pressure control system as a drive system is better than that of a traditional speed control system. To reduce the amount of kick in the slide, it is necessary to rapidly increase the backpressure of the rod cavity when the load disappears. To increase the smoothness of the sliding table, it is necessary to increase the rigidity of the system. The main measure is to reduce the volume of oil. From the system structure, it is known that the cylinder has a large volume between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe, as shown in Fig. 6a. Its existence in terms of delay and attenuation of the self-regulating back pressure valve function, on the other hand, also reduces the rigidity of the system, it will limit the further improvement of the propulsion characteristics and the smoothness of the motion. Thus, improving the dynamic characteristics of the sliding table can be handled by two methods: changing the cylinder volume or changing the size of the self-regulating back pressure valve. Through the simulation calculation of the structural parameters of the system and the comparison of the results, it can be concluded that the ratio of the volume V4 between the rod cavity and the oil discharge pipe to the volume V3 between the rodless cavity and the oil inlet pipe is changed from 5.5 to 5.5. At 1 oclock, as shown in the figure, the diameter of the bottom end of the self-adjusting back pressure valve is increased from the original 10mm to 13mm, and the length of the damper triangle groove is reduced from the original lmm to 0.7mm, which will enable the front of the slide table. The impulse is reduced by 30%, the transition time is obviously shortened, and the smoothness of the slide motion will also be greatly improved.中文译文液压系统W Arnold1. 绪论液压站称液压泵站,是独立的液压装置。
英文文献原文及对应翻译
Adsorption char acter istics of copper , lead, zinc and cadmium ions by tourmaline(环境科学学报英文版) 电气石对铜、铅、锌、镉离子的吸附特性JIANG Kan1,*, SUN Tie-heng1,2 , SUN Li-na2, LI Hai-bo2(1. School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China. jiangkan522@; 2. Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering of Shenyang University, Shenyang 110041, China)摘要：本文研究了电气石对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的吸附特性，建立了吸附平衡方程。
研究四种金属离子的吸附等温线以及朗缪尔方程。
结果表明电气石能有效地去除水溶液中的重金属且具有选择性：Pb2+> Cu2+> Cd2+> Zn2+。
电气石对金属离子吸附量随着介质中金属离子的初始浓度的增加而增加。
电气石也可以增加金属溶液的pH值；发现电气石对Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的最大吸附量为78.86、154.08、67.25和66.67mg/g；温度在25-55℃对电气石的吸附量影响很小。
此外研究了Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+和Cd2+的竞争吸附。
同时观察到电气石对单一金属离子的吸附能力为Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd，在两种金属系统中抑制支配地位是Pb>Cu，Pb>Zn，Pb>Cd，Cu>Zn，Cu>Cd，和Cd>Zn。
关键字：吸附；重金属含量；朗缪尔等温线；电气石介绍重金属是来自不同行业排出的废水，如电镀，金属表面处理，纺织，蓄电池，矿山，陶瓷，玻璃。
文献翻译-英文原版
Information Geometry and Its Applications:Shun-ichi Amarirmation geometry emerged from studies on invariant properties of a manifold of probability distributions. It includes convex analysis and its duality as a special but important part. Here, we begin with a convex function, and construct a dually flat manifold. The manifold possesses a Riemannian metric, two types of geodesics, and a divergence function. The generalized Pythagorean theorem and dual projections theorem are derived there from. We construct alpha-geometry,extending this convex analysis. In this review, geometry of a manifold of probability distributions is then given, and a plenty of applications are touched upon. Appendix presents an easily under stable introduction to differential geometry and its duality.Keywords:Information geometry, convex function, Riemannian geometry, dual affineconnections, dually flat manifold, Legendre transformation, generalized Pythagorean theorem.1 IntroductionInformation geometry emerged from a study on the invariant geometrical structure of a family of probability distributions. We consider a family S = {p (x, θ)} of probability distributions, where x is a random variable and θis an n -dimensional vector parameter. This forms a geometrical manifold where θplays the role of a coordinate system.We searched for the invariant structure to be introduced in S , and found a Riemannian structure together with a dual pair of affine connections (see Chentsov, 12; Amari and Nagaoka, 8). Such a structure has scarcely been studied in traditional differential geometry, and is still not familiar.Typical families of probability distributions, e.g., exponential families and mixture families, are dually flat together with non-trivial Riemannian metrics.Some non-flat families are curved sub manifolds of flat manifolds. For example,the family of Gaussian distributionswhere μis the mean and σ2 is the variance, is a flat 2-dimensional manifold.However, when σ2= μ2holds, the family of distributionsis a curved 1-dimensional sub manifold (curve) embedded in S . Therefore, it is important to study the properties of a dually flat Riemannian space.A dually flat Riemannian manifold possesses dual convex potential functions,and all thegeometrical structure can be derived from them. In particular, a Riemannian metric, canonical divergence, generalized Pythagorean relation and projection theorem are their outcomes. Conversely, given a convex function, we can construct a dually-flat Riemannian structure, which is an extension and foundation of the early approach by(Bregman, 10) and a geometrical foundation of the Legendre duality. The present paper focuses on a convex function, and reconstructs dually-flat Riemannian structure therefrom. See (Zhang, 28) for details.Applications of information geometry are expanding, and we touch upon some of them. See Appendix for an understandable introduction to differential Geometry.3 Information Geometry of Probability DistributionsLet us consider a family of probability distributions S = { p (x, ξ)} ,where x is a random variable andξis an n-dimensional vector parameter to specify a distribution. This is considered as an n -dimensional manifold, where ξis coordinates,and a pointξis regarded as a probability distribution p (x, ξ).In order to introduce an invariant geometrical structure to M ,we require the following criterion:Invariance Criterion: The geometry should be invariant under coordinate transformations ofξand also under one-to-one transformations of random variable x.When we transform x to y bythe probability density function is changed from p (x, ξ)toThe above criterion requires that the geometrical structure is the same for M ={p (x, ξ)} and¯M = { ¯p (y, ξ)}.Based on the criterion, we have the only invariant Riemannian metric, which is given by the Fisher information matrix (Chentsov, 12). We also have a one-parameter family of invariant affine connections.Theorem 5. The invariant Riemannian metric is given byand the invariant affine connection parameterized by αiswhere [ij ; k ] is the Christoffel symbol calculated from gij Andis an invariant tensor symmetric with respect to three indices.The α-and −α-affine connections are dual, in the sense that the two covariant derivatives ∇αand ∇−αSatisfyfor three vector fields X, Y and Z . We do not go into details here. See Appendix and (Amari and Nagaoka, 8).It is also proved that, when the manifold is flat with respect to one affine connection, it is also flat with respect to the dual affine connection. Hence, we have a dually flat manifold. When a manifold is flat, we have a geodesic coordinate system θin whichSuch a manifold has a convex potential function ψ(θ), by which two tensors are given byWe also have a dual coordinate system, a dual potential function, and an invariant canonical divergence function D (P : Q ). An important family of probability distributions is the exponential family represented in the following form by taking an adequate dominating measure,In this case, the parameter θis called the canonical or natural parameter, and the function ψ(θ) is the cumulant generating function (in physics it is called the free energy), which is convex. The manifold of an exponential family is dually flat, given by the convex function ψ(θ). The dual coordinates are t he expectation parameters, ηWe have the dual structure explained in Section 2.Another important dually flat manifold is a mixture family, which is written aswhere pi(x) are fixed probability distributions.There are many probability distributions which are sub manifolds of an exponential family. They are called curved exponential families. Other families exist which are not embedded in an exponential family. They also have a dual structure.When random variable x is discrete, taking a finite number of values, x =0 , 1 , 2 , ···,n, the set of all such distributions form an exponential family. This is Because we havewhere θi=log pi is the log probability of x = i and δi(x) is the delta functionThis implies any parameterized family of probability distributions over discrete random variables is a curved exponential family, and is hence a sub manifold in a dually flat manifold. This is the reason why a dually flat manifold is important.Procedures of statistical inference, such as estimation and testing statistical hypothesis is well founded in the framework of information geometry.Semipaametric statistical inference has been established in the fibre bundle theory of statistical inference (Amari and Kawanabe, 6).4 Applications of Information GeometryPlenty of applications of information geometry have been widely prevailing in many fields and are growing. Here, we mention only a simple list of applications.1) Applications to statistical inferenceHigher-order evaluation of statistical inference, including estimation and hypothesis testing, is the oldest applications (Amari, 1). Here, both of the primale-curvature and dual m-curvature play a fundamental role. Other applications are given in the area of EM algorithm, semiparametric estimation and robust Estimation.2) Control theory and time series analysisA linear system and a nonlinear system can be identified by the probability distribution of the system output when white noise is applied to its input. This gives one-to-one correspondence of a family of probability distributions and a family of systems. Hence, the geometrical structure of the manifold of systems can be studied by in format ion geometry (Amari, 2).3) Applications to neural networks and systemsOne application is found in multilayer perceptrons, where a set of perceptrons forms a Riemannian space. However, due to the symmetric structure of neurons in the hidden layer, the manifold is singular, and the Riemannian metric degenerates in symmetry regions (Amari, Park and Ozeki, 9). This causes serious difficulty in learning behaviors. We can overcome this difficulty by taking the Riemannian structure into account and modifying a learning algorithm to fit the Riemannian structure (the natural gradient method, Amari, 1998).Another application is analysis of spike trains in a pool of neurons, where their firing is correlated. We can decompose correlated structure orthogonally in a sum of firing rates, pairwise correlations, third-order and higher-order correlations(Nakahara and Amari, 21). Dual geodesic foliations of information geometry plays a fundamental role in this decomposition.4) Machine learningMachine learning deals with stochastic situations and extracts necessary information from examples. In the case of a graphical model, the belief propagation algorithm uses e- and m-projections effectively (Ikeda, Tanaka and Amari, 16).Another application is in the analysis of the boosting method of combining weak learners (Lebanon and Lafferty, 18; Murata et al., 20; Lebanon, 17). We can use the geometric idea of conformal transformation for improving the kernel function in the area of support vector machines (Wu and Amari, 27).5) Convex programmingIn the case of convex programming such as linear programming and semi-definite programming, the inner method can be used effectively. A convex potential function is given from the convexregion as a barrier function from which the dual structure is introduced. The m-curvature plays a fundamental role in evaluating the complexity of the algorithm (Ohara, 23; Ohara and Tsuchiya, 24).6) Signal processing and ICA (independent component analysis)Independent component analysis is a technique to extract hidden signals from their mixtures. Here, the geometry of the manifold of mixing and unmixing matrices plays a fundamental role, together with the manifold of joint probability distributions which includes the submanifold of independent distributions in its inside (Cichocki and Amari, 13).7) Other applicationsWe can find many applications in mathematics, physics and information theory.4.1 ConclusionsInformation geometry, I-projection, and alternative procedure of dual projections are important tools of frequent use. The present review paper constructs a dually flat manifold starting from a convex function. We have elucidated its dualistic differential-geometrical structure without going into details of differential geometry. This is possible because the manifold is dually flat. However, deeper mathematical framework would be required when we go further, and the present paper plays a role of introduction to information geometry.It is also useful to point out the relation of information geometry to affine differential geometry (Nomizu and Sasaki, 22). A potential function ψ(θ)is regarded as an n -dimensional sub manifold defined by θ0= ψin thee x tended space Then, affine differential geometry studies the geometry of this surface, where the space is regarded as an affine space. We may note that the R´enyi entropy (R´enyi, 25) and Tsallis entropy (Tsallis, 26) are closely related to the α-geometry.Applications of information geometry are expanding. One can see some of them in the present monograph, e.g., applications to signal processing, vision analysis, shape analysis and others.ReferencesAmari, S.: Differential-Geometrical Methods in Statistics. Lecture Notes in Statistics,vol. 28. Springer, Heidelberg (1985)Amari, S.: Differential geometry of a parametric family of invertible linear systems-Riemannian metric, dual affine connections and divergence. Mathematical Systems Theory 20, 53–82 (1987) Amari, S.: Information geometry of the EM and em algorithms for neural networks.Neural Networks 8-9, 1379–1408 (1995)Amari, S.: Natural gradient works efficiently in learning. Neural Computation 10, 251–276 (1998)Amari, S.: Information geometry on hierarchy of probability distributions. IEEE Trans-actions on Information Theory 47, 1701–1711 (2001)Amari, S., Kawanabe, M.: Information geometry of estimating functions in semi parametricstatistical models. Bernoulli. 3(1), 29–54 (1997)Amari, S., Kurata, K., Nagaoka, H.: Information geometry of Boltzmann machines.IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 3, 260–271 (1992)Amari, S., Nagaoka, H.: Methods of Information Geometry. Translations of Mathematical Monographs, vol. 191. AMS & Oxford University Press (2000)Amari, S., Park, H., Ozeki, T.: Singularities affect dynamics of learning in neuromanifolds. Neural Computation 18, 1007–1065 (2006)Bregman, L.M.: The relaxation method of finding the common point of convex sets and its application to the solution of problems in convex programming. USSR Computational Mathematics and Physics 7, 200–217 (1967)。
数据采集外文文献翻译中英文
数据采集外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Txomin Nieva. DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS [J]. Computers in Industry, 2013, 4(2):215-237.英文原文DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMSTxomin NievaData acquisition systems, as the name implies, are products and/or processes used to collect information to document or analyze some phenomenon. In the simplest form, a technician logging the temperature of an oven on a piece of paper is performing data acquisition. As technology has progressed, this type of process has been simplified and made more accurate, versatile, and reliable through electronic equipment. Equipment ranges from simple recorders to sophisticated computer systems. Data acquisition products serve as a focal point in a system, tying together a wide variety of products, such as sensors that indicate temperature, flow, level, or pressure. Some common data acquisition terms are shown below.Data collection technology has made great progress in the past 30 to 40 years. For example, 40 years ago, in a well-known college laboratory, the device used to track temperature rises in bronze made of helium was composed of thermocouples, relays, interrogators, a bundle of papers, anda pencil.Today's university students are likely to automatically process and analyze data on PCs. There are many ways you can choose to collect data. The choice of which method to use depends on many factors, including the complexity of the task, the speed and accuracy you need, the evidence you want, and more. Whether simple or complex, the data acquisition system can operate and play its role.The old way of using pencils and papers is still feasible for some situations, and it is cheap, easy to obtain, quick and easy to start. All you need is to capture multiple channels of digital information (DMM) and start recording data by hand.Unfortunately, this method is prone to errors, slower acquisition of data, and requires too much human analysis. In addition, it can only collect data in a single channel; but when you use a multi-channel DMM, the system will soon become very bulky and clumsy. Accuracy depends on the level of the writer, and you may need to scale it yourself. For example, if the DMM is not equipped with a sensor that handles temperature, the old one needs to start looking for a proportion. Given these limitations, it is an acceptable method only if you need to implement a rapid experiment.Modern versions of the strip chart recorder allow you to retrieve data from multiple inputs. They provide long-term paper records of databecause the data is in graphic format and they are easy to collect data on site. Once a bar chart recorder has been set up, most recorders have enough internal intelligence to operate without an operator or computer. The disadvantages are the lack of flexibility and the relative low precision, often limited to a percentage point. You can clearly feel that there is only a small change with the pen. In the long-term monitoring of the multi-channel, the recorders can play a very good role, in addition, their value is limited. For example, they cannot interact with other devices. Other concerns are the maintenance of pens and paper, the supply of paper and the storage of data. The most important is the abuse and waste of paper. However, recorders are fairly easy to set up and operate, providing a permanent record of data for quick and easy analysis.Some benchtop DMMs offer selectable scanning capabilities. The back of the instrument has a slot to receive a scanner card that can be multiplexed for more inputs, typically 8 to 10 channels of mux. This is inherently limited in the front panel of the instrument. Its flexibility is also limited because it cannot exceed the number of available channels. External PCs usually handle data acquisition and analysis.The PC plug-in card is a single-board measurement system that uses the ISA or PCI bus to expand the slot in the PC. They often have a reading rate of up to 1000 per second. 8 to 16 channels are common, and the collected data is stored directly in the computer and then analyzed.Because the card is essentially a part of the computer, it is easy to establish the test. PC-cards are also relatively inexpensive, partly because they have since been hosted by PCs to provide energy, mechanical accessories, and user interfaces. Data collection optionsOn the downside, the PC plug-in cards often have a 12-word capacity, so you can't detect small changes in the input signal. In addition, the electronic environment within the PC is often susceptible to noise, high clock rates, and bus noise. The electronic contacts limit the accuracy of the PC card. These plug-in cards also measure a range of voltages. To measure other input signals, such as voltage, temperature, and resistance, you may need some external signal monitoring devices. Other considerations include complex calibrations and overall system costs, especially if you need to purchase additional signal monitoring devices or adapt the PC card to the card. Take this into account. If your needs change within the capabilities and limitations of the card, the PC plug-in card provides an attractive method for data collection.Data electronic recorders are typical stand-alone instruments that, once equipped with them, enable the measurement, recording, and display of data without the involvement of an operator or computer. They can handle multiple signal inputs, sometimes up to 120 channels. Accuracy rivals unrivalled desktop DMMs because it operates within a 22 word, 0.004 percent accuracy range. Some data electronic automatic recordershave the ability to measure proportionally, the inspection result is not limited by the user's definition, and the output is a control signal.One of the advantages of using data electronic loggers is their internal monitoring signals. Most can directly measure several different input signals without the need for additional signal monitoring devices. One channel can monitor thermocouples, RTDs, and voltages.Thermocouples provide valuable compensation for accurate temperature measurements. They are typically equipped with multi-channel cards. Built-in intelligent electronic data recorder helps you set the measurement period and specify the parameters for each channel. Once you set it all up, the data electronic recorder will behave like an unbeatable device. The data they store is distributed in memory and can hold 500,000 or more readings.Connecting to a PC makes it easy to transfer data to a computer for further analysis. Most data electronic recorders can be designed to be flexible and simple to configure and operate, and most provide remote location operation options via battery packs or other methods. Thanks to the A/D conversion technology, certain data electronic recorders have a lower reading rate, especially when compared with PC plug-in cards. However, a reading rate of 250 per second is relatively rare. Keep in mind that many of the phenomena that are being measured are physical in nature, such as temperature, pressure, and flow, and there are generallyfewer changes. In addition, because of the monitoring accuracy of the data electron loggers, a large amount of average reading is not necessary, just as they are often stuck on PC plug-in cards.Front-end data acquisition is often done as a module and is typically connected to a PC or controller. They are used in automated tests to collect data, control and cycle detection signals for other test equipment. Send signal test equipment spare parts. The efficiency of the front-end operation is very high, and can match the speed and accuracy with the best stand-alone instrument. Front-end data acquisition works in many models, including VXI versions such as the Agilent E1419A multi-function measurement and VXI control model, as well as a proprietary card elevator. Although the cost of front-end units has been reduced, these systems can be very expensive unless you need to provide high levels of operation, and finding their prices is prohibited. On the other hand, they do provide considerable flexibility and measurement capabilities.Good, low-cost electronic data loggers have the right number of channels (20-60 channels) and scan rates are relatively low but are common enough for most engineers. Some of the key applications include:•product features•Hot die cutting of electronic products•Test of the environmentEnvironmental monitoring•Composition characteristics•Battery testBuilding and computer capacity monitoringA new system designThe conceptual model of a universal system can be applied to the analysis phase of a specific system to better understand the problem and to specify the best solution more easily based on the specific requirements of a particular system. The conceptual model of a universal system can also be used as a starting point for designing a specific system. Therefore, using a general-purpose conceptual model will save time and reduce the cost of specific system development. To test this hypothesis, we developed DAS for railway equipment based on our generic DAS concept model. In this section, we summarize the main results and conclusions of this DAS development.We analyzed the device model package. The result of this analysis is a partial conceptual model of a system consisting of a three-tier device model. We analyzed the equipment project package in the equipment environment. Based on this analysis, we have listed a three-level item hierarchy in the conceptual model of the system. Equipment projects are specialized for individual equipment projects.We analyzed the equipment model monitoring standard package in the equipment context. One of the requirements of this system is the ability to use a predefined set of data to record specific status monitoring reports. We analyzed the equipment project monitoring standard package in the equipment environment. The requirements of the system are: (i) the ability to record condition monitoring reports and event monitoring reports corresponding to the items, which can be triggered by time triggering conditions or event triggering conditions; (ii) the definition of private and public monitoring standards; (iii) Ability to define custom and predefined train data sets. Therefore, we have introduced the "monitoring standards for equipment projects", "public standards", "special standards", "equipment monitoring standards", "equipment condition monitoring standards", "equipment project status monitoring standards and equipment project event monitoring standards, respectively Training item triggering conditions, training item time triggering conditions and training item event triggering conditions are device equipment trigger conditions, equipment item time trigger conditions and device project event trigger condition specialization; and training item data sets, training custom data Sets and trains predefined data sets, which are device project data sets, custom data sets, and specialized sets of predefined data sets.Finally, we analyzed the observations and monitoring reports in the equipment environment. The system's requirement is to recordmeasurements and category observations. In addition, status and incident monitoring reports can be recorded. Therefore, we introduce the concept of observation, measurement, classification observation and monitoring report into the conceptual model of the system.Our generic DAS concept model plays an important role in the design of DAS equipment. We use this model to better organize the data that will be used by system components. Conceptual models also make it easier to design certain components in the system. Therefore, we have an implementation in which a large number of design classes represent the concepts specified in our generic DAS conceptual model. Through an industrial example, the development of this particular DAS demonstrates the usefulness of a generic system conceptual model for developing a particular system.中文译文数据采集系统Txomin Nieva数据采集系统, 正如名字所暗示的, 是一种用来采集信息成文件或分析一些现象的产品或过程。
激励机制英文文献及翻译
英文文献及翻译1. One of the p ri nciple s: i nce ntives to vary fro m perso n to pe rso n Because o f the differe nt needs of diffe re nt s ta ff, the refo re, the same i nce nti ve effec ts of po lic y inc e nti ves will pla y a differe nt. Eve n wi th a s ta ff, at differe nt ti mes or circ ums ta nces, wi ll ha ve diffe re nt needs. Beca use of i nce nti ves depe ndi ng o n the internal and the s ubjec ti ve fee li ngs of the sta ff a re, there fo re, i nce ntive to va ry from perso n to pers o n.In the fo rmula tio n a nd imp le me ntatio n of i nce nti ve po licies, we must firs t i nves tiga te ea c h e mp lo yee clearly wha t is rea llyreq uired. Req uired to orga ni ze, cla ssify, a nd the n to formulate appropria te policies to he lp mo ti vate e mplo yees to me et these needs.2. Two pri ncip les: app rop riate ince nti vesAppropria te i nce nti ves a nd pe na lties wi ll no t affec t the i nce nti ve effe ct, whi le i nc reasi ng the cos t of i nce ntives. A ward o ve rweig ht emplo yees wo uld ha ve to meet the mood of p ride a nd lost the desire to further e nha nce their o wn; re wa rd ince nti ves too lig ht wi ll no t a c hie ve the effec t, o r s o e mplo yees do not ha ve a se nse of atte ntio n. Hea vy pe na lties a re unfair to make emp lo ye es, o r loss of the comp a ny's ide nti ty, o r e ve n s lo w down o r da mage arisi ngfro m the emo tio ns; le nie nc y erro r will undere stimate theserio us ness o f the sta ff, whic h will prob ably make the sa me mistake.3. The p rinciple of three: fairnessThe fai rness of the ma nage me nt s ta ff are a very importa nt principle, e mp lo yees are a ny unfair trea tme nt wi ll a ffe ct his mood and wo rk e fficienc y, a nd e ffecti ve ness o f the i mpact o f i nce ntives. Emplo ye es to obtai n the sa me sco re, we mus t recei ve the sa me le ve l o f ince nti ve s; the sa me toke n, emp lo ye es c ommitted the same e rror, b ut also s ho uld be s ub jec t to the sa me le ve l o fpunis hme nt. If yo u ca n no t do this, ma nage rs wo uld pre fe r no t to rewa rd or p unis hme nt.Ma nagers dea l wi th emp lo yees a t iss ue, mus t ha ve a fair mi nd, sho uld no t ha ve a ny p rejudices a nd p refe re nce s. Altho ug h so me staff ma y a llow yo u to e njo y, some yo u do not e njo y, b ut at work, must be trea ted eq ually a nd s ho uld not ha ve a ny o f the wo rds a nd acts of i njustice.1. S timulate the tra nsfe r o f sta ff fro m the res ults o f eq ua l to eq ual opportuni ties a nd s trive to crea te a le ve l pla yi ng field.For e xa mp le, Wu S hi ho ng at IB M from a clea n s tart wi th the people, s tep b y step to the sa les c lerk to the district perso n i n cha rge, Ge nera l Ma nage r o f Chi na, wha t a re the reaso ns for this? In addi tion to i ndi vidual effo rts, b ut a lso said tha t IB M s ho uld be a good co rpora te c ulture to a stage o f d e velopme nt, that is,eve ryo ne has unlimited oppo rtuni ties fo r de velop me nt, as lo ng a s there is capacity there will be space fo r the de ve lopme nt ofself-imp le me nta tio n, whic h is to do a lot o f co mpa nies are not, this syste m will undo ub ted ly ins pire a g reat role o f the s taff.2. Inspire the best time to grasp.- Take s aim a t p re-orde r i nce nti ve the mis sion to ad va nceince nti ves.- Ha ve Diffic ulties e mp lo yees, desire to ha ve s tro ng de ma nd, to give the ca re a nd time ly e nco urageme nt.3. Wa nt a fai r a nd acc ura te i nce nti ve, re ward- So und, perfec t pe rforma nce appraisa l s ys tem to e ns ure appropria te assess me nt sc ale, fair a nd re aso nab le.- Ha ve to o ve rco me the re is thi nni ng of the huma n pro-wind.- In re fere nc e sa la ry, p romo tio ns, a wa rds, e tc.评优i nvo lve thevi tal i nte res ts of emp lo yees o n ho t i s s ues i n order to be fai r.4. The imp le me nta tio n of Emp lo yee Sto ck Owners hip P la n.Worke rs a nd e mp lo yees i n o rder to do uble the c apacity o finves tors, mo re co nce rned a bo ut the o utco me of b usi nessoperatio ns a nd imp ro ve the i nitiati ve.Modern huma n reso urces ma nag eme nt e xperie nce a nd re searc h sho ws that emp lo ye es a re involved i n mode rn ma nage me ntreq uire me nts a nd aspira tio ns, a nd c rea te a nd p ro videopportuni ties fo r all emplo yees is to mobi li ze the m to pa rticipa te in the ma nage me nt o f a n e ffecti ve wa y to e nthusiasm. There is no doub t tha t very few peop le participate d i n the disc ussio ns o f the act a nd i ts o wn witho ut i nce nti ves. There fore, to a llow tradeunio ns to participate i n the ma nage me nt o f p rope rly, ca n mo ti vate work ers, b ut a lso the s ucce ss of the e nterp rise to ob tain va luab le kno wledge. Thro ug h participatio n, the fo rmatio n of trade unio nson the e nterprise a s e nse of be lo ngi ng, ide nti ty, se lf-e stee m a nd can further mee t the ne eds o f s elf-rea li zatio n. Se t up a nd impro ve emplo yee p articipatio n i n ma nageme nt, the ra tio nali za tio n of the proposed s ys tem a nd the E mplo yee S tock Owne rs hip a ndstre ng the ni ng leaders hip a t a ll le ve ls a nd the e xc ha nge of communica tio n a nd e nha nce the a ware ne ss o f staff to participate in o wne rs hip.5. Ho no r i nce nti veStaff a ttitude a nd co ntrib ution o f labo r to ho nor rewa rds, s uc h as recog nitio n of the mee ting, iss ued certifica te, ho nor ro ll, i n the compa ny's i nterna l a nd e xte rna l p ublicity o n the media repo rts, ho me visi ts co ndo le nces, vi sit sig htseei ng, co nva lesce nce,trai ni ng o ut o f trai ni ng, ac cess to recomme nd ho nor socie ty, selec ted sta rs mode l, s uc h as clas s.6. Co nce rned abo ut the ince nti vesThe staff co ncerned abo ut work a nd li fe, s uc h as the sta ff se t up the birthda y tab le, birthda y ca rds, ge nera l ma nage r of the iss ue of staff, c are s taff or diffic ult a nd p rese nted a sma ll gi ft s ympathy. 7. Co mpeti ti veThe pro mo tion o f e nte rprise amo ng e mp lo yees, de partme nts compete o n a n eq ua l foo ting be twee n the ord erly a nd the s urvi val of the fi ttes t.8. The mate rial i nce nti vesIncrea se their wages, we lfa re, i ns ura nce, b o nuses, i nce nti veho use s, daily ne cessities, wage s p romo tio n.9. Informatio n i nce ntivesEnterp rises to communica te o fte n, i nformatio n amo ng e mplo yees, the idea of co mmunica tio n, i nfo rma tio n s uc h as co nfere nc es, field relea se, e nterp rises repo rte d that the repo rti ng s ys tem, the associatio n ma nage r to re cei ve the s ys tem da te.附录二：翻译1. 原则之一：激励要因人而异由于不同员工的需求不同，所以，相同的激励政策起到的激励效果也会不尽相同。
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/finance/company/consumer.html
Consumer finance company
The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations.
The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata.
The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations.
AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world.
Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs.
GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand.
GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world。