2018高考英语语法专题 名词

语法部分第二部分语法专题讲析专题一名词考点一名词的固定搭配①[2016·天津]The dictionary is out of date：many words have been added to the language since it was published.这本词典过时了：自从它出版以来，这种语言已经增加了许多单词。

②[2015·江苏]Some schools will have to make adjustments in agreement with the national soccer reform.这些学校将不得不作出一些调整来和国家足球改革保持一致。

1．动词have，keep，take，make，get，pay，play，give，put等加名词构成的短语have a good reputation有个好的名声have an idea of了解have a sense of有……意识have a feeling of有……感觉have access to可以获得have an advantage over胜过，优于keep a balance保持平衡take...into account考虑……take advantage of利用；趁……之机make fun of取笑，嘲弄make the best of充分利用；妥善处理get/lose contact with与……取得/失去联系get relief得到缓解give a solution给出解决方案put...into practice将……付诸行动2．介词后加名词构成的短语in great demand需求量很大in quantity大量，大批in progress在进行中in production在产量方面out of one's reach某人够不到out of touch失去联系out of sight看不见beyond recognition辨认不出来without permission未经允许考点二名词的单复数①[2015·江苏]—Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave.—I'd like to，but I'm afraid she won't be happy with my apology/apologies.——戴夫，去向你妈妈道歉。

——我想去，但是我怕她对我的道歉并不会感到满意。

②Leaves turn green in spring.春天树叶变绿了。

1．单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则一般情况加－s，以s，x，sh，ch等结尾，加－es，例如：buses，boxes，dishes，watches等(stomachs例外)。

(1)以辅音字母加－y结尾的名词，将－y变为－i再加－es，例如：families，butterflies，dictionaries，stories等。

(2)以－o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加－s，但中学英语中下列名词要加－es，它们是：黑人英雄．．．，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，．．、西红柿．．．．在回声．．中吃土豆potatoes，tomatoes。

但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。

(3)以－f或－fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加－s，例如：roofs和believes等。

但下列以－f或－fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它们是：为了自己．．站在架子．．上，把狼．劈成．．和树叶．．活命．，小偷．．和他的妻子．．手里拿着刀子两半．，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。

但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，它们是：handkerchiefs(handkerchieves)手帕，scarfs (scarves)围巾。

(4)合成名词变成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数。

如：sons－in－law女婿；passers－by 过路人；story－tellers讲故事的人；breakfasts早餐；housewives家庭主妇。

2．常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人；Japanese日本人；sheep绵羊；deer鹿；series系列；means 方式；works工厂；fish鱼；fruit水果；crossroads十字路口；horsepower马力；jin斤等。

其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。

2018高考一轮总复习教师用书·英语第二部分语法专题讲析考点三抽象名词具体化①[2014·辽宁]Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。

②—The hero bus driver in Hangzhou died yesterday.—Yes，news came as a shock to me.——杭州英雄司机昨天去世了。

——是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。

考点总结单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success 成功成功的人或事pleasure 乐趣令人高兴的事attraction 吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty 美；美丽美丽的人或美好的事物comfort 安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger 危险危险的人或因素delight 高兴令人高兴的事failure 失败失败的人或事物surprise 惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock 震惊令人震惊的事情pride 骄傲令人骄傲的事情◆名词与语法填空在语法填空中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词类变换。

[典题试做1]用括号内所给词的正确形式填空1．[2016·全国Ⅰ]But for tourists like me，pandas are its top ________(attract)．2．[2016·全国Ⅰ]The nursery team switches him every few ________(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle－fed...3．[2016·全国Ⅱ]Then，handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of ________ (achieve)．4．[2016·全国Ⅱ]Recent ________ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.5．[2016·四川]Any smell might attract natural ________ (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.答案：4．studies[应对策略1]首先要弄清数与格，即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词类转换。

这就要求考生要搞清楚名词在句中作什么成分，近几年常考名词作主语、宾语、表语的情况。

◆名词与短文改错短文改错中对于名词的考查最可能考查名词的数与格。

汉语中的名词在形式上没有复数变化，而是通过在其前加数词或量词等方式来表示。

而英语则不同，除了在名词前加数词外，如果是可数名词，还须用其名词复数形式，而不可数名词没有复数形式。

其次名词的考查还会涉及词性转换方面的错误。

[典题试做2]单句改错(每小题1处错误)1．[2016·全国Ⅰ]My uncle tells me that the key to his success is2．[2016·全国Ⅱ]If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from3．[2016·全国Ⅲ]The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for 4．[2016·四川]Mom has a full－time job，but she has to do most of the答案：→honesty→knowledge3．year→years→housework[应对策略2]遇到名词首先注意区分它是可数名词还是不可数名词；其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。

此外，还要注意名词的所有格以及名词的句法功能，判断是否存在词性转换方面的错误。

◆书面表达中名词易错点聚焦1．写作中对于复数名词易疏漏－s或－es，如：(误)I'd love to make friend with you.(误)All the picture displayed are of geat value.2．部分名词的复数变化错误，如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。

3．部分词性易混作名词，如：4.suggestionstake exercise eye exercisesmake progressinformationⅠ.单句语法填空1．[2017·广东汕头二模]Without the proper treatment，minor________(injury) or burns could lead to more suffering and even loss of lives.2．[2017·山东青岛一模]They were the kind that I did not have in my________(collect) so I placed them carefully in my bag.3．[2017·山东烟台3月诊断]Three months later，Zejd was able to communicate happily with all his classmates about regular things like homework and________(game)．4．[2017·江苏泰兴质检]For sustainable development，the government has decided to give________(prefer) to those energy－conserving and environment－friendly businesses in many aspects.5．[2017·江苏运河中学一调]—Mr Wang is a man of few words，but quick in mind.—A still tongue makes a wise________，you know.答案：解析：句意：如果得不到妥善治疗，轻伤或轻度烧伤可能会导致更大的痛苦甚至死亡。