Determination of alpha_s from Event Shapes and Power Corrections
应用MTPA确定手性仲醇绝对构型的研究进展_何玉玲
应用MTPA 确定手性仲醇绝对构型的研究进展何玉玲综述；杜曦1审校（泸州医学院：药化教研室；1化学教研室，四川泸州646000）中图分类号O621.1文献标识码Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2669.2013.03.028作者简介：何玉玲（1988-），女，硕士生实物与其镜像不能重合的现象称为手性。
手性是自然界的本质属性之一，多数药物都具有手性。
由于手性特征，手性药物分子与体内的药物靶点作用产生药理学效应时必然具有对应选择性，即往往产生不同甚至相反的药理学性，如沙利度胺(thalidomide)[1]和布洛芬(ibuprofen)[2]等。
因此，包括手性药物分子在内的手性分子绝对构型的确定必然成为一个极其重要的课题。
目前确定手性分子绝对构型的方法可以归纳为四类：①有机合成；②基于手性试剂化学反应和NMR 的Mosher 法；③X 射线单晶衍射；④光谱学方法。
其中，Mosher 法[3]是确定手性醇类化合物绝对构型最经典、最常用的方法之一。
本文就应用手性衍生试剂MTPA(α-甲氧基三氟甲基苯基乙酸)确定α-手性仲醇绝对构型的Mosher 法进行综述。
1Mosher 法1973年Mosher 首次报道了应用NMR 法确定仲醇的绝对构型。
将仲醇分别与(R)和(S)-MTPA 反应形成酯(Mosher 酯)后测定其NMR ，通过比较(R)和(S)-MTPA 酯的位移值δ得到△δ(△δ=δS-δR)，然后与Mosher 酯的构型关系模示图比较，根据△δ的符号来判断手性仲醇的绝对构型(图1)。
图1Mosher 酯的构型关系模示图MTPA 可以作为酸或酰氯参与反应，当(R)-MTPA 作为酸参与反应时生成的是(R)-MTPA 酯，而作为酰氯(R)-MT -PA-Cl 参与反应时，与醇反应则生成(S)-MTPA 酯[4,5]。
2012年，Ming Chen 等[6]利用改进的Mosher 法确定了一系列手性仲醇的绝对构型。
应用MTPA确定手性仲醇绝对构型的研究进展_何玉玲
应用MTPA 确定手性仲醇绝对构型的研究进展何玉玲综述；杜曦1审校（泸州医学院：药化教研室；1化学教研室，四川泸州646000）中图分类号O621.1文献标识码Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2669.2013.03.028作者简介：何玉玲（1988-），女，硕士生实物与其镜像不能重合的现象称为手性。
手性是自然界的本质属性之一，多数药物都具有手性。
由于手性特征，手性药物分子与体内的药物靶点作用产生药理学效应时必然具有对应选择性，即往往产生不同甚至相反的药理学性，如沙利度胺(thalidomide)[1]和布洛芬(ibuprofen)[2]等。
因此，包括手性药物分子在内的手性分子绝对构型的确定必然成为一个极其重要的课题。
目前确定手性分子绝对构型的方法可以归纳为四类：①有机合成；②基于手性试剂化学反应和NMR 的Mosher 法；③X 射线单晶衍射；④光谱学方法。
其中，Mosher 法[3]是确定手性醇类化合物绝对构型最经典、最常用的方法之一。
本文就应用手性衍生试剂MTPA(α-甲氧基三氟甲基苯基乙酸)确定α-手性仲醇绝对构型的Mosher 法进行综述。
1Mosher 法1973年Mosher 首次报道了应用NMR 法确定仲醇的绝对构型。
将仲醇分别与(R)和(S)-MTPA 反应形成酯(Mosher 酯)后测定其NMR ，通过比较(R)和(S)-MTPA 酯的位移值δ得到△δ(△δ=δS-δR)，然后与Mosher 酯的构型关系模示图比较，根据△δ的符号来判断手性仲醇的绝对构型(图1)。
图1Mosher 酯的构型关系模示图MTPA 可以作为酸或酰氯参与反应，当(R)-MTPA 作为酸参与反应时生成的是(R)-MTPA 酯，而作为酰氯(R)-MT -PA-Cl 参与反应时，与醇反应则生成(S)-MTPA 酯[4,5]。
2012年，Ming Chen 等[6]利用改进的Mosher 法确定了一系列手性仲醇的绝对构型。
核专业英语词汇
核专业英语词汇d d reaction d d反应d d reactor d d反应器d t fuel cycle d t燃料循环d t reactor d t反应堆daily fuel consumption 燃料日消耗量dalitz pair 达立兹对damage 损伤damage criteria 危害判断准则damp 湿气damp proof 防潮的damped oscillations 阻尼震荡damped vibration 阻尼震荡damped wave 阻尼波damper 减震器damping 衰减的damping factor 衰减系数danger coefficient 危险系数danger dose 危险剂量danger range 危险距离danger signal 危险信号dark current 暗电流dark current pulse 暗电瘤冲data 数据data acquisition and processing system 数据获得和处理系统data base 数据库data communication 数据通信data processing 数据处理data reduction equipment 数据简化设备dating 测定年代daughter 蜕变产物daughter atom 子体原子daughter element 子体元素daughter nucleus 子体核daughter nuclide 子体核素davidite 铈铀钛铁矿dc 直流dc amplifier 直僚大器dc generator 直立电机dc motor 直羚动机dc voltage 直羚压de broglie equation 德布罗意方程de broglie frequency 德布罗意频率de broglie relation 德布罗意方程de broglie wave 德布罗意波de broglie wavelength 德布罗意波长de excitation 去激发de exemption 去免除deactivation 去活化dead ash 死灰尘dead band 不灵敏区dead space 死区dead time 失灵时间dead time correction 死时间校正deaerate 除气deaeration 除气deaerator 除气器空气分离器deaquation 脱水debris 碎片debris activity 碎片放射性debuncher 散束器debye radius 德拜半径debye scherrer method 德拜谢乐法debye temperature 德拜温度decade counter tube 十进计数管decade counting circuit 十进制计数电路decade counting tube 十进管decade scaler 十进位定标器decagram 十克decalescence 相变吸热decalescent point 金属突然吸热温度decan 去掉外壳decanning 去包壳decanning plant 去包壳装置decantation 倾析decanter 倾析器decanting vessel 倾析器decarburization 脱碳decascaler 十进制定标器decatron 十进计数管decay 衰减decay coefficient 衰变常数decay constant 衰变常数decay factor 衰变常数decay heat 衰变热decay heat removal system 衰变热去除系统decay kinematics 衰变运动学decay out 完全衰变decay period 冷却周期decay power 衰减功率decay rate 衰变速度decay series 放射系decay storage 衰变贮存decay table 衰变表decay time 衰变时间decelerate 减速deceleration 减速decigram 分克decimeter wave 分米波decladding 去包壳decladding plant 去包壳装置decommissioning 退役decompose 分解decomposition 化学分解decomposition temperature 分解温度decontaminability 可去污性decontamination 净化decontamination area 去污区decontamination factor 去污因子decontamination index 去污指数decontamination plant 去污装置decontamination reagent 去污试剂decontamination room 去污室decoupled band 分离带decoupling 去耦解开decrease 衰减decrement 减少率dee d形盒dee gap d形盒间空隙dee lines d形盒馈线deep dose equivalent index 深部剂量当量指标deep irradiation 深部辐照deep therapy 深部疗deep underwater nuclear counter 深水放射性计数器deep water isotopic current analyzer 深海水连位素分析器defecation 澄清defect 缺陷defect level 缺陷程度defective fuel canning 破损燃料封装defective fuel element 破损元件defectoscope 探伤仪defence 防护deficiency 不足define 定义definite 确定的definition 分辨deflagration 爆燃deflecting coil 偏转线圈deflecting electrode 偏转电极deflecting field 偏转场deflecting plate 偏转板deflecting system 偏转系统deflecting voltage 偏转电压deflection 负载弯曲deflection angle 偏转角deflection plate 偏转板deflection system 偏转系统deflector 偏转装置deflector coil 偏转线圈deflector field 致偏场deflector plate 偏转板deflocculation 解凝defoamer 去沫剂defoaming agent 去沫剂defocusing 散焦deform 变形deformation 变形deformation bands 变形带deformation energy 变形能deformation of irradiated graphite 辐照过石墨变形deformed nucleus 变形核deformed region 变形区域degas 除气degassing 脱气degeneracy 简并degenerate configuration 退化位形degenerate gas 简并气体degenerate level 简并能级degenerate state 简并态degeneration 简并degradation 软化degradation of energy 能量散逸degraded spectrum 软化谱degree of acidity 酸度degree of anisotropic reflectance 蛤异性反射率degree of burn up 燃耗度degree of cross linking 交联度degree of crystallinity 结晶度degree of degeneration 退化度degree of dispersion 分散度degree of dissociation 离解度degree of enrichment 浓缩度degree of freedom 自由度degree of hardness 硬度degree of ionization 电离度degree of moderation 慢化度degree of polymerization 聚合度degree of purity 纯度dehumidify 减湿dehydrating agent 脱水剂dehydration 脱水deionization 消电离deionization rate 消电离率deionization time 消电离时间dejacketing 去包壳delay 延迟delay circuit 延迟电路delay line 延迟线delay line storage 延迟线存储器delay system 延迟系统delay tank 滞留槽delay time 延迟时间delay unit 延迟单元delayed alpha particles 缓发粒子delayed automatic gain control 延迟自动增益控制delayed coincidence 延迟符合delayed coincidence circuit 延迟符合电路delayed coincidence counting 延迟符合计数delayed coincidence method 延迟符合法delayed coincidence unit 延迟符合单元delayed critical 缓发临界的delayed criticality 缓发临界delayed fallout 延迟沉降物delayed fission neutron 缓发中子delayed gamma 延迟性射线delayed neutron 缓发中子delayed neutron detector 缓发中子探测器delayed neutron emitter 缓发中子发射体delayed neutron failed element monitor 缓发中子破损燃料元件监测器delayed neutron fraction 缓发中子份额delayed neutron method 缓发中子法delayed neutron monitor 缓发中子监测器delayed neutron precursor 缓发中子发射体delayed reactivity 缓发反应性delayedneutron 缓发中子delineation of fall out contours 放射性沉降物轮廓图deliquescence 潮解deliquescent 潮解的delivery dosedose 引出端delta electron 电子delta metal 合金delta plutonium 钚delta ray 电子demagnetization 去磁demagnetize 去磁dematerialization 湮没demineralization 脱盐demineralization of water 水软化demonstration 示范demonstration reactor 示范反应堆dempster mass spectrograph 登普斯特质谱仪denaturalization 变性denaturant 变性剂denaturation 变性denaturation of nuclear fuel 核燃料变性denature 变性denaturize 变性denitration 脱硝dense 稠密的dense plasma focus 稠密等离子体聚焦densimeter 光密度计densimetry 密度测定densitometer 光密度计densitometry 密度计量学density analog method 密度模拟法density bottle 密度瓶density effect 密度效应density gradient instability 密度梯度不稳定性density of electrons 电子密度deoxidation 脱氧deoxidization 脱氧departure from nucleate boiling 偏离泡核沸腾departure from nucleate boiling ratio 偏离泡核沸腾比dependability 可靠性dependence 相依dependency 相依dephlegmation 分凝酌dephlegmator 分馏塔depilation 脱毛depilation dose 脱毛剂量deplete uranium tail storage 贫化铀尾料储存depleted fraction 贫化馏分depleted fuel 贫化燃料depleted material 贫化材料depleted uranium 贫化铀depleted uranium shielding 贫铀屏蔽depleted water 贫化水depleted zone 贫化区域depletion 贫化;消耗depletion layer 耗尽层depolarization 去极化depolymerization 解聚合deposit 沉淀deposit dose 地面沉降物剂量deposited activity 沉积的放射性deposition 沉积depression 减压depressurization accident 失压事故depressurizing system 降压系统depth dose 深部剂量depth gauge 测深计depth of focus 焦点深度depthometer 测深计derby 粗锭derivant 衍生物derivate 衍生物derivative 衍生物derived estimate 导出估价值derived unit 导出单位derived working limit 导出工撰限desalinization 脱盐desalting 脱盐descendant 后代desensitization 脱敏desensitizer 脱敏剂desiccation 干燥desiccator 干燥器防潮器design 设计design basis accident 设计依据事故design basis depressurization accident 设计依据卸压事故design basis earthquake 设计依据地震design dose rate 设计剂量率design of the safeguards approach 保障监督方法设计design power 设计功率design pressure 设计压力design safety limit 设计安全限design temperature rise 设计温度上升design transition temperature 设计转变温度desmotropism 稳变异构desmotropy 稳变异构desorption 解吸desquamation 脱皮destruction test 破坏性试验destructive distillation 干馏detailed decontamination 细部去污detect 探测;检波detectable 可检测的detectable activity 可探测的放射性detection 探测detection efficiency 探测效率detection limit 探测限detection of neutrons from spontaneous fission 自发裂变中子探测detection of radiation 辐射线的探测detection probability 探测概率detection time 探测时间detector 1/v 1/v探测器detector 探测器敏感元件detector efficiency 探测僻率detector foil 探测骗detector noise 探测齐声detector shield 探测屏蔽detector tube 检波管detector with internal gas source 内气源探测器detergent 洗涤剂determination 确定deterrence of diversion 转用制止detonating gas 爆鸣气detonation 爆炸detonation altitude 爆炸高度detonation point 爆炸点detonation yield 核爆炸威力detoxifying 净化detriment 损害detted line 点线deuteride 氘化物deuterium 重氢deuterium alpha reaction 氘反应deuterium critical assembly 重水临界装置deuterium leak detector 重水检漏器deuterium moderated pile low energy 低功率重水慢化反应堆deuterium oxide 重水deuterium oxide moderated reactor 重水慢化反应堆deuterium pile 重水反应堆deuterium sodium reactor 重水钠反应堆deuterium target 氘靶deuterium tritium fuel 氘氚燃料deuterium tritium reaction 氘氚反应deuteron alpha reaction 氘核反应deuteron binding energy 氘核结合能deuteron induced fission 氘核诱发裂变deuteron neutron reaction 氘核中子反应deuteron proton reaction 氘核质子反应deuteron stripping 氘核涎deuterum moderated pile 重水反应堆deuton 氘核development 发展development of uranium mine 铀矿开发deviation 偏差deviation from the desired value 期望值偏差deviation from the index value 给定值偏差dew point 露点dewatering 脱水dewindtite 水磷铅铀矿dextro rotatory 右旋的di neutron 双中子di proton 双质子diagnostic radiology 诊断放射学diagnostics 诊断diagram 线图dial 度盘dialkyl phosphoric acid process 磷酸二烷基酯萃取法dialysis 渗析diamagnet 抗磁体diamagnetic effect 抗磁效应diamagnetic loop 抗磁圈diamagnetic substance 抗磁体diamagnetic susceptibility 抗磁化率diamagnetism 反磁性diamagnetism of the plasma particles 等离子体粒子反磁性diameter 直径diamond 稳定区;金刚石diaphanous 透媚diaphragm 薄膜diaphragm gauge 膜式压力计diaphragm type pressure gauge 膜式压力计diapositive 透谬片diascope 投影放影器投影仪diathermance 透热性diathermancy 透热性diatomic gas 双原子气体diatomic molecule 二原子分子dibaryon 双重子diderichite 水菱铀矿dido 重水慢化反应堆dido type heavy water research reactor 迪多型重水研究用反应堆dielectric 电介质dielectric after effect 电介质后效dielectric breakdown 绝缘哗dielectric constant 介电常数dielectric hysteresis 电介质滞后dielectric polarization 电介质极化dielectric strain 电介质变形dielectric strength 绝缘强度diesel engine 柴油机diesel oil 柴油difference ionization chamber 差分电离室difference linear ratemeter 差分线性计数率计difference number 中子过剩difference of potential 电压difference scaler 差分定标器differential absorption coefficient 微分吸收系数differential absorption ratio 微分吸收系数differential albedo 微分反照率differential control rod worth 控制棒微分价值differential cross section 微分截面differential discriminator 单道脉冲幅度分析器differential dose albedo 微分剂量反照率differential energy flux density 微分能通量密度differential galvanometel 差绕电疗differential particle flux density 粒子微分通量密度differential pressure 压差differential range spectrum 射程微分谱differential reactivity 微分反应性differential recovery rate 微分恢复率differential scattering cross section 微分散射截面differentiator 微分器diffraction 衍射diffraction absorption 衍射吸收diffraction analysis 衍射分析diffraction angle 衍射角diffraction grating 衍射光栅diffraction instrument 衍射仪diffraction pattern 衍射图diffraction peak 衍射峰值diffraction scattering 衍射散射diffraction spectrometer 衍射谱仪diffraction spectrum 衍射光谱diffractometer 衍射仪diffusate 扩散物diffuse 扩散diffuse band 扩散带diffuse reflection 漫反射diffuse scattering 漫散射diffused 散射的diffused junction semiconductor detector 扩散结半导体探测器diffuseness parameter 扩散性参数diffuser 扩散器diffusion 扩散diffusion approximation 扩散近似diffusion area 扩散面积diffusion barrier 扩散膜diffusion cascade 扩散级联diffusion chamber 扩散云室diffusion coefficient 扩散系数diffusion coefficient for neutron flux density 中子通量密度扩散系数diffusion coefficient for neutron number density 中子数密度扩散系数diffusion column 扩散塔diffusion constant 扩散常数diffusion cooling 扩散冷却diffusion cooling effect 扩散冷却效应diffusion cross section 扩散截面diffusion current 扩散电流diffusion current density 扩散淋度diffusion energy 扩散能diffusion equation 扩散方程diffusion factory 扩散工厂diffusion kernel 扩散核diffusion layer 扩散层diffusion length 扩散长度diffusion mean free path 扩散平均自由程diffusion plant 扩散工厂diffusion pump 扩散泵diffusion rate 扩散速率diffusion stack 务马堆diffusion theory 扩散理论diffusion time 扩散时间diffusivity 扩散系数digital analog converter 数模转换器digital computer 数字计算机digital data acquisition and processing system 数字数据获取与处理系统digital data handling and display system 数字数据处理和显示系统digital recorder 数字记录器digital time converter 数字时间变换器dilation 扩胀dilatometer 膨胀计diluent 稀释剂dilute 冲淡dilute solution 稀溶液dilution 稀释dilution analysis 稀释分析dilution effect 稀释效应dilution method 稀释法dilution ratio 稀释比dimension 尺寸dimensional change 尺寸变化diminishing 衰减dimorphism 双晶现象dineutron 双中子dingot 直接铸锭dip counter tube 浸入式计数管dipelt 双重线dipole 偶极子dipole dipole interaction 偶极子与偶极子相互酌dipole layer 偶极子层dipole moment 偶极矩dipole momentum 偶极矩dipole radiation 偶极辐射dipole transition 偶极跃迁dirac electron 狄拉克电子dirac equation 狄拉克方程dirac quantization 狄拉克量子化dirac theory of electron 狄拉克电子论direct action of radiation 辐射直接酌direct and indirect energy conversion 直接和间接能量转换direct contact heat exchanger 直接接触式换热器direct conversion reactor 直接转换反应堆direct conversion reactor study 直接转换反应堆研究direct current 直流direct current amplifier 直僚大器direct current resistance 直羚阻direct cycle 直接循环direct cycle integral boiling reactor 直接循环一体化沸水堆direct cycle reactor 直接循环反应堆direct digital control 直接数字控制direct energy conversion 能量直接转换direct exchange interaction 直接交换相互酌direct exposure 直接辐照direct fission yield 原始裂变产额direct interaction 直接相互酌direct isotopic dilution analysis 直接同位素稀释分析direct measurement 直接测量direct radiant energy 直接辐射能direct radiation 直接辐射direct radiation proximity indicator 直接辐射接近指示器direct reaction 直接反应direct use material 直接利用物质direct voltage 直羚压direct x ray analysis 直接x射线分析direction 方向directional 定向的directional correlation of successive gamma rays 连续射线方向相关directional counter 定向计数器directional distribution 方向分布directional focusing 方向聚焦directly ionizing particles 直接电离粒子directly ionizing radiation 直接电离辐射dirft tube 飞行管道dirt column 尘土柱dirty bomb 脏炸弹disadvantage factor 不利因子disagreement 不一致disappearence 消失disc operating system 磁盘操椎统discharge 放电discharge chamber 放电室discharge current 放电电流discharge in vacuo 真空放电discharge potential 放电电压discharge tube 放电管discharge voltage 放电电压discomposition 原子位移discontinuity 非连续性discontinuous 不连续的discrepancy 差异discrete 离散的discrete energy level 不连续能级discrete spectrum 不连续光谱discrete state 不连续态discrimination coefficient 甄别系数discriminator 鉴别器disinfectant 杀菌剂disintegrate 蜕衰disintegration 蜕变disintegration chain 放射系disintegration constant 衰变常数disintegration curve 衰变曲线disintegration energy 衰变能disintegration heat 衰变热disintegration of elementary particles 基本粒子衰变disintegration particle 衰变粒子disintegration probability 衰变概率disintegration product 蜕变产物disintegration rate 衰变速度disintegration scheme 蜕变图disintegration series 蜕变系disintegrations per minute 衰变/分disintegrations per second 衰变/秒disk source 圆盘放射源dislocation 位错dislocation edge 位错边缘dislocation line 位错线dismantling 解体disorder 无序disorder scattering 无序散射dispersal 分散dispersal effect 分散效应disperser 分散剂dispersing agent 分散剂dispersion 分散dispersion fuel 弥散体燃料dispersion fuel element 弥散体燃料元件dispersive medium 色散媒质displace 位移;代替displacement 替换displacement current 位移电流displacement kernel 位移核displacement law 位移定律displacement law of radionuclide 放射性核素位移定律displacement spike 离位峰disposal of radioactive effluents 放射性瘤液处置disposition 配置disproportionation 不均disruption 破坏disruptive instability 破裂不稳定性disruptive voltage 哗电压dissipation 耗散dissipation of energy 能消散dissociation 离解dissociation constant 离解常数dissociation energy 离解能dissociation pressure 离解压dissociative ionization 离解电离dissolution 溶解dissolver 溶解器dissolver gas 溶解气体dissolver heel 溶解泣滓distance control 遥控distant collision 远距离碰撞distillate 蒸馏液distillation 蒸馏distillation column 蒸馏塔distillation method 蒸馏法distillation tower 蒸馏塔distilled water 蒸馏水distiller 蒸馏器distilling apparatus 蒸馏器distilling flask 蒸馏瓶distorted wave 畸变波distorted wave impulse approximation 畸变波冲动近似distorted wave theory 畸变波理论distortion 畸变distortionless 不失真的distributed ion pump 分布式离子泵distributed processing 分布式处理distributed source 分布源distribution 分布distribution coefficient 分配系数distribution factor 分布因子distribution function 分布函数distribution law 分配定律distribution of dose 剂量分布distribution of radionuclides 放射性核素分布distribution of residence time 停留时间分布distribution ratio 分配系数distrubited constant 分布常数disturbance 扰动disturbation 扰动diuranium pentoxide 五氧化二铀divergence 发散divergence of ion beam 离子束发散divergence problem 发散问题divergent lens 发射透镜divergent reaction 发散反应diversing lens 发射透镜diversion 转向diversion assumption 转用假定diversion box 转换箱diversion hypothesis 转用假设diversion path 转用路径diversion strategy 转用战略divertor 收集器divider 分配器division 刻度division of operating reactors 反应堆运行部djalmaite 钽钛铀矿document information system 文献情报体系doerner hoskins distribution law 德尔纳霍斯金斯分配定律dollar 元domain 磁畴dome 圆顶水柱domestic receipt 国内接收domestic shipment 国内装货dominant mutation 显性突变donator 施止┨鬻donor 施止┨鬻donut 环形室doping control of semiconductors 半导体掺杂物第doppler averaged cross section 多普勒平均截面doppler broadening 多普勒展宽doppler coefficient 多普勒系数doppler effect 多普勒效应doppler free laser spectroscopy 无多普勒激光光谱学doppler shift method 多普勒频移法doppler width 多普勒宽度dosage 剂量dosage measurement 剂量测定dosage meter 剂量计dose 剂量dose albedo 剂量反照率dose build up factor 剂量积累因子dose commitment 剂量负担dose effect curve 剂量效应曲线dose effect relationship 剂量效应关系dose equivalent 剂量当量dose equivalent commitment 剂量当量负担dose equivalent index 剂量当量指标dose equivalent limit 剂量当量极限dose equivalent rate 剂量当量率dose fractionation 剂量分割dose limit 剂量极限dose measurement 剂量测量dose meter 剂量计dose modifying factor 剂量改变系数dose of an isotope 同位素用量dose prediction technique 剂量预报技术dose protraction 剂量迁延dose rate 剂量率dose rate meter 剂量率测量计dose ratemeter 剂量率表dose reduction factor 剂量减低系数dose response correlation 剂量响应相关dose unit 剂量单位dosifilm 胶片剂量计dosimeter 剂量计dosimeter charger 剂量计充电器dosimetry 剂量测定法dosimetry applications research facility 剂量测定法应用研究设施dotted line 点线double 双double beam 双射束double beta decay 双衰变double bond 双键double charged 双电荷的double clad vessel 双层覆盖容器double compton scattering 双康普顿散射double container 双层容器double contingency principle 双偶然性原理double decomposition 复分解double differential cross section 二重微分截面double focusing 双聚焦double focusing mass spectrometer 双聚焦质谱仪double ionization chamber 双电离室double precision 双倍精度double probe 双探针double pulse 双脉冲double resonance 双共振double resonance spectroscopy 双共振光谱学double scattering method 双散射法double walled heat exchanger 双层壁换热器doublet 电子对doublet splitting 双重线分裂doubling dose 加倍剂量doubling time 燃料倍增时间doubling time meter 倍增时间测量计doubly charged 双电荷的doubly closed shell nuclei 双闭合壳层核doughnut 环形室down time 停机时间downcomer 下降管downwards coolant flow 下行冷却剂流downwind fall out 下风放射性沉降物draft 通风drain tank 排水槽draught 通风drell ratio 多列尔比dressing 选矿dressing of uranium ore 铀矿石选矿drier 干燥器drift instability 漂移不稳定性drift mobility 漂移率drift speed 漂移速度drift transistor 漂移晶体管drift velocity 漂移速度drive voltage 控制电压driven magnetic fusion reactor 从动磁核聚变反应堆driver fuel 驱动燃料drop 点滴drop reaction 点滴反应dry active waste 干放射性废物dry analysis 干法分析dry box 干箱dry criticality 干临界dry distillation 干馏dry friction 干摩擦dry ice 干冰dry out 烧干dry reprocessing 干法再处理dry way process 干法过程dry well 干井dryer 干燥器drying 干燥drying oil 干性油drying oven 烘干炉dual cycle boiling water reactor system 双循环沸水反应堆系统dual cycle reactor 双循环反应堆dual decay 双重放射性衰变dual energy use system 能量双重利用系统dual purpose nuclear power station 两用核电站dual purpose reactor 两用反应堆dual temperature exchange 双温度交换dual temperature exchange separation process 双温度交换分离法duality 二重性duant d形盒duct 管ductile brittle transition temperature 延性脆性转变温度ductility 延伸性dummy load 仿真负载dumontite 水磷铀铅矿dump 烧毁元件存放处dump condenser 事故凝汽器dump tank 接受槽dump valve 事故排放阀dunkometer 燃料元件包壳破损探测器duplet 电子对duration 持续时间duration of a scintillation 闪烁持续时间dust chamber 集尘室dust cloud 尘埃云dust collector 集尘器dust cooled reactor 粉尘冷却反应堆dust monitor 灰尘监测器dust sampler 灰尘取样器dust trap 集尘器dye laser 染料激光器dynamic behaviour 动态dynamic characteristic 动特性dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡dynamic equilibrium ratio 动态平衡比dynamic pressure 动压dynamic process inventory determination 动态过程投料量测定dynamic stabilization 动力稳定dynamic viscosity 动力粘滞系数dynamical friction 动摩擦dynamitron 地那米加速器并激式高频高压加速器dynamo 发电机dynamometer 测力计dyne 达因dynode 倍增电极dysprosium 镝dystectic mixture 高熔点混合物e layer e 层e. m. f 电动势early fallout 早期放射性落下灰earth 接地earth metals 土金属earthquake proof site 抗地震试验场ebulliometer 沸点计ebullition 沸腾ecdysis 脱皮ecology 生态学economizer 节约器ecosystem 生态系eddy 涡流eddy current 涡电流eddy diffusion 涡俩散edge break 边缘裂缝edge crack 边缘裂缝edge dislocation 刃型位错edwardsite 独居石efd 电铃动力学effective 有效的effective absorption coefficient 有效吸收系数effective atomic charge 有效原子电荷effective atomic number 有效原子序数effective bohr magneton 有效玻尔磁子effective cadmium cut off 有效镉截止值effective capture cross section 有效俘获截面effective charge 有效电荷effective collision cross section 有效碰撞截面effective cross section 有效截面effective cross section for resonance 有效共振截面effective decontamination factor 有效去污因子effective delayed neutron fraction 有效缓发中子份额effective dose 有效剂量effective energy 有效能量effective full power days 有效满功率天数effective full power hours 有效满功率小时数effective half life 有效半衰期effective interaction 有效互酌effective ionic charge 有效离子电荷effective kilogram 有效公斤effective life 有效寿命effective macroscopic cross section 有效宏观截面effective mass 有效质量effective mass absorption coefficient 有效质量吸收系数effective mean pressure 平均有效压力effective multiplication constant 有效增殖系数effective multiplication factor 有效倍增系数effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷effective particle velocity 有效粒子速度effective power 有效功率effective radiation power 有效辐射功率effective radium content 有效镭含量effective radius of a control rod 控制棒有效半径effective range 有效范围effective relaxation length 有效张弛长度effective removal cross section 有效移出截面effective resonance integral 有效共振积分effective simple process factor 单级过程有效系数effective source area 有效源面积effective stack height 有效烟囱高度effective standard deviation 有效标准偏差effective target area 有效靶面积effective thermal cross section 有效热中子截面effective value 有效值effective voltage 有效电压effective wavelength 有效波长effectiveness 有效efficiency 效率efficiency of counter 计数颇效率effluent 瘤液effluent activity meter 瘤液放射性测量计efflux 瘤液effusion 喷出ehrenfest's adiabatic law 厄任费斯脱绝热定律eigenvalue 固有值eight electron shell l 层einstein de broglie formula 爱因斯坦德布罗意公式einstein transition probability 爱因斯坦跃迁几率einstein's equation 爱因斯坦光电方程einstein's mass energy formula 爱因斯坦质能公式einsteinium 锿ejected beam 出射束ejection 喷射ejector 喷射器ejector vacuum pump 喷射真空泵eka actinium 类锕eka cesium 钫eka iodine 砹eka neodymium 钷eka polonium 类钋eka radium 类镭eka radon 类氡elastic 弹性的elastic after effect 弹性后效elastic coefficient 弹性模量elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic fatigue 弹性疲劳elastic hysteresis 弹性后效elastic limit 弹性极限elastic modulus 弹性模量elastic range 弹性范围elastic recoil analysis 弹性反冲分析elastic scattering 弹性散射elastic scattering cross section 弹性散射截面elastic strain 弹性应变elastic thermal stress 弹性热应力elasticity 弹性elastomer 弹性体electric arc furnace 电弧炉electric charge 电荷electric circuit 电路electric conductance 电导率electric conductivity 电导率electric conductor 导电体electric current 电流electric dipole 电偶极子electric dipole moment 电偶极矩electric dipole radiation 电偶极辐射electric discharge 放电electric double layer 双电层electric field 电场electric field gradient 电场梯度electric field intensity 电场强度electric field strength 电场强度electric force 电力electric furnace 电炉electric heater 电热器electric hydraulic control system 电动液压控制系统electric line of force 电力线electric motor 电动机electric multipole radiation 电多极辐射electric oscillation 电振荡electric potential 电势electric power 电力electric power generating machinery 发电机electric power generation 发电electric power plant 发电站electric power reactor 发电动力堆electric power station 发电站electric power supply 电源electric precipitation 电集尘electric precipitator 静电滤尘器electric quadrupole moment 电四极矩electric resistance 电阻electric screening 电屏蔽electric shielding 电屏蔽electric station 发电厂electric susceptibility 电极化率electric vector 电场矢量electric wave 电波electric wire 电线electrical conductivity in a plasma 等离子体导电率electrical double layer 偶极子层electrical output 电输出electrical prospecting 电法勘探electricity 电electrification 带电electroanalysis 电分析electrochemical energy storage 电化学能量储存electrochemical equivalent 电化当量electrochemical power source 电化学动力源electrochemistry 电化学electroconductibility 电导率electrode 电极electrode potential 电极electrodeposition 电解沉淀electrodialysis 电渗析electrodisintegration 电致衰变electroendosmosis 电渗electrofluid dynamics 电铃动力学electrokinetic effects 电动效应electroluminescence 电致发光electrolysis 电解electrolysis method 电解法electrolyte 电解质electrolytic bath 电解槽electrolytic cell 电解槽electrolytic condenser 电解质电容器electrolytic conduction 电解导电electrolytic dissociation 电解离解electrolytic method 电解法electrolytic plating 电镀electrolytic polarization 电解极化electrolytic polishing 电解抛光electrolytic potential 电极electrolytic separation 电解分离electrolytic solution 电解溶液electrolyze 电解electrolyzer 电解槽electrom flow 电子流electromagnet 电磁铁electromagnetic cascade shower 电磁级联簇射electromagnetic field 电磁场electromagnetic flowmeter 电磁量计electromagnetic force 电磁力electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic interaction 电磁相互酌electromagnetic isotope separation unit 电磁同位素分离设备electromagnetic isotope separator 电磁同位素分离器electromagnetic lens 电磁透镜electromagnetic mass 电磁质量electromagnetic mass separator 电磁式质量分离器electromagnetic method of isotope separation 电磁同位素分离法electromagnetic oscillograph 电磁式示波器electromagnetic position measuring assembly 电磁位置测量装置electromagnetic pulse 电磁脉冲electromagnetic pulse hardening 电磁脉冲防护能力electromagnetic pump 电磁泵electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic safety mechanism 电磁安全机构electromagnetic scattering 电磁散射electromagnetic separation 电磁分离electromagnetic separation of isotopes 电磁同位素分离electromagnetic separation process 电磁分离法electromagnetic separator 电磁分离器electromagnetic uranium isotope enrichment method 电磁铀同位素浓缩法electromagnetic wave 电磁波electrometer 静电计electrometer dosimeter 静电计式剂量计electrometer tube 静电计管electromotive force 电动势electromotor 电动机electron 电子electron absorption coefficient 电子吸收系数electron accelerator 电子加速器electron affinity 电子亲和势electron asymmetry 电子不对称electron atomic mass 电子原子质量electron avalanche 电子雪崩electron beam 电子束electron beam controlled discharge 电子束控制放电electron beam density 电子束密度electron beam machining 电子束加工electron beam welding 电子束焊接electron capture 电子俘获electron catcher 电子捕集器electron charge mass ratio 电子荷质比electron cloud 电子云electron collection 电子收集electron collection time 电子收集时间。
帕金森病患者血清polo样激酶2活性升高促进α-突触核蛋白聚集
帕金森病患者血清polo样激酶2活性升高促进α-突触核蛋白聚集安俊言;安思训;王鹏【摘要】目的检测并比较帕金森病(PD)患者与正常人血液中polo样激酶2(PLK2)的活性差异,分析血液中PLK2活性变化与α-Syn寡聚体形成及其与PD病程进展的相关性.方法回顾性纳入2017年3至12月北华大学附属医院PD患者26例,另收集同期年龄和性别相匹配的26名体检中心的健康志愿者为对照组.采集患者和健康受试者抗凝血,分离血清.QuantiChrom TM Polo-like kinase检测试剂盒测试PLK2活性.ELISA法检测血清孵育的α-Syn寡聚体含量.结果 PD患者血液中PLK2的活性较正常人血液中高(P<0.05).在PD血清中孵育α-Syn,可使其发生磷酸化修饰(P<0.01),较之正常人血清可产生更多的寡聚体(P<0.05).血清PLK2活性越高,α-Syn越趋于聚集(P<0.01).PD患者血清中的PLK2的活性升高与患者年龄、性别无关(P>0.05),而与PD评分量表分期评分正相关(P<0.05).结论 PD患者血液中的PLK2活性增加,并随PD的进展而升高,进而促进α-Syn的聚集.这一现象对阐明PD的疾病进展具有重要意义.【期刊名称】《吉林医药学院学报》【年(卷),期】2019(040)003【总页数】4页(P171-174)【关键词】帕金森病;polo样激酶2;alpha-突触核蛋白;寡聚体【作者】安俊言;安思训;王鹏【作者单位】北华大学医学院临床医学系,吉林吉林 132013;北华大学医学院临床医学系,吉林吉林 132013;北华大学医学院人体解剖学教研室,吉林吉林 132013;北华大学医学院临床医学系,吉林吉林 132013;北华大学医学院人体解剖学教研室,吉林吉林 132013【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R74帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease，PD)是临床上常见的神经变性病，以静止性震颤、肌僵直和运动迟缓为典型的临床症状[1]。
Mutual fund performance and seemingly unrelated assets
Mutual Fund Performance andSeemingly Unrelated Assetsby*·Lubo·s P¶a storandRobert F.StambaughFebruary2001AbstractEstimates of standard performance measures can be improved by using returns on assets not used to de¯ne those measures.Alpha,the intercept in a regression of afund's return on passive benchmark returns,can be estimated more precisely by usinginformation in returns on non-benchmark passive assets,whether or not one believesthose assets are priced by the benchmarks.A fund's Sharpe ratio can be estimatedmore precisely by using returns on other assets as well as the fund.New estimatesof these performance measures for a large universe of equity mutual funds exhibitsubstantial di®erences from the usual estimates.JEL Classi¯cations:G11,G12,C11Keywords:performance evaluation,mutual funds*Graduate School of Business,University of Chicago(P¶a stor)and the Wharton School,University of Pennsylvania and the National Bureau of Economic Research(Stambaugh).Research support from the Center for Research in Security Prices and Dimensional Fund Advisors is gratefully acknowledged(P¶a stor). We are grateful to several anonymous referees,Chris Blake,Eugene Fama,Wayne Ferson,Anthony Lynch, Andrew Metrick,Dean Paxson,Toby Moskowitz,and seminar participants at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York,Northwestern University,Ohio State University,University of Chicago,University of Pennsylva-nia,University of Rochester,Vanderbilt University,the2000NBER Summer Institute,the2000Portuguese Finance Network Conference,and the2001AFA Meetings for helpful comments.This paper is based in part on the authors'earlier working paper,\Evaluating and Investing in Equity Mutual Funds."1.IntroductionA mutual fund's historical performance is often summarized by an estimate of its alpha or its Sharpe ratio.Alpha is de¯ned as the intercept in a regression of the fund's excess return on the excess return of one or more passive benchmarks,while the Sharpe ratio is the fund's expected excess return divided by the standard deviation of the fund's return. These measures are usually estimated with historical returns on the assets that de¯ne them. That is,alpha is estimated using excess returns on the fund and the benchmarks,and the Sharpe ratio is estimated using the excess returns on the fund.This study demonstrates that an estimate of either performance measure can typically be made more precise by using historical returns on\seemingly unrelated"assets not used in the de¯nition of that measure.Alpha,for example,is usually estimated by applying ordinary-least-squares(OLS)to the regressionr A;t=®A+¯0A r B;t+²A;t;(1) where r A;t is the fund's return in month t,r B;t is a k£1vector containing the benchmark returns,and®A denotes the fund's alpha.(Henceforth we use\returns"to denote rates of return in excess of a riskless interest rate or payo®s on zero-investment spread positions.)The choice of benchmarks is often guided by a pricing model,as in Jensen's(1969)pioneering use of the Capital Asset Pricing Model(CAPM)of Sharpe(1964)and Lintner(1965)to investigate mutual fund alphas relative to a single market-index benchmark.Other studies, beginning with Lehmann and Modest(1987),examine fund alphas with respect to a set of multiple benchmarks viewed as the relevant factors for pricing in a multifactor model,such as the Arbitrage Pricing Theory of Ross(1976).As one special case,assume that the benchmark assets used to de¯ne alpha do indeed exactly price other passive assets.Consider the regression of a non-benchmark passive return r n;t on the benchmark returns,r n;t=®n+¯0n r B;t+²n;t;(2)where the correlation between²A;t and²n;t is positive.If the benchmarks price other passive assets,then®n=0.Now suppose that over the same sample period used to obtain the OLS estimate of®A,the OLS estimate of®n is less than zero.Since the true value of®n is zero,the negative estimate of®n is fully attributed to sampling error.Given the positive correlation between²A;t and²n;t,the OLS estimate of®A is expected to contain negative sampling error as well,and this additional information can be used in estimating®A.As another special case,assume that the benchmarks used to de¯ne alpha have no pricing ability.To see how non-benchmark assets provide additional information about®A in this case,consider a fund whose available return history is shorter than the histories of r n;t and r B;t.The explosive growth of the mutual fund industry in recent years presents investors with many funds that have relatively short histories.Suppose that the OLS estimate of®n computed for the sample period of the fund's available history is less than the OLS estimate of®n computed for a longer sample period.Since the latter estimate is more precise,the¯rst estimate is more likely to be less than the true(unknown)value of®n.Given the positive correlation between²A;t and²n;t,the same can be said of the OLS estimate of®A relative to its true value,and this information can be used in estimating®A.The additional information comes not through a pricing model,as in the previous case,but through the longer histories of the passive asset returns.In the two special cases described above,®n is assumed to be either zero or completely unknown.One may well prefer an intermediate version in which the benchmarks are be-lieved to be relevant for pricing other passive assets,but not without error.In that general case,which we implement in a Bayesian framework,non-benchmark assets play a role that combines aspects of both previous cases.Additional information about®A is provided by the extent to which the short-history estimate of®n di®ers from zero as well as from its long-history estimate.If the prior distribution for®n is concentrated around zero,then most of the additional information is extracted from the di®erence of the short-history estimate from zero.As the prior spreads out,relatively more information is extracted from the di®erence between the short-and long-history estimates of®n.Similar arguments apply when estimating a fund's Sharpe ratio.That is,a more precise estimate can be obtained using historical returns on more than just the fund.Perhaps the simplest setting in which returns on other assets can help estimate the mean and standard deviation of the fund return is that of Stambaugh(1997),who shows how assets with longer histories provide information about the moments of short-history assets.That principle enters the methods developed here,but so does the role of a pricing model.Consider the expected return on the fund,which can be written asE A=®A+¯0A E B;(3)where E A and E B denote the means of r A;t and r B;t.The sample mean of the fund's return, the usual estimate of E A,can be obtained by replacing®A and¯A with their OLS estimates from(1)and by replacing E B with the sample mean of the benchmarks over the same sample period.To obtain a more precise estimate of E A,we essentially use(3)and couple a longer-history estimate of E B with the more precise estimate of®A discussed above.The estimate of®A,and hence the estimate of the fund's Sharpe ratio,relies on additional information provided by the return histories of the non-benchmark assets and incorporates beliefs about the degree to which those assets are priced by the benchmarks.Our study does not recommend a particular set of benchmarks for de¯ning alpha.Recent academic studies compute mutual fund alphas with respect to a single market benchmark (e.g.,Malkiel(1995))as well as sets of multiple benchmarks(e.g.,Carhart(1997)and Elton, Gruber,and Blake(1996)).We compute alphas in both single-benchmark and multiple-benchmark settings.Alphas de¯ned with respect to a single market benchmark may be of interest whether or not one believes in the CAPM.We o®er just two of many examples of their use in practice:Morningstar,the leading provider of mutual fund information,reports alphas computed with respect to one of several broad market indexes;Capital Resource Advisors,one of the largest providers of performance information to institutional clients, reports alphas computed with respect to the S&P500Index.Our approach allows one to estimate alpha under various assumptions about whether the benchmarks that de¯ne alpha price other passive investments.A common interpretation of alpha,one that implicitly places con¯dence in the benchmarks'pricing ability,is that it represents the skill of the fund's manager in selecting mispriced securities.A more general interpretation is that a positive alpha simply indicates that an investor can combine the fund and the benchmarks to obtain a Sharpe ratio higher than what can obtained by combining the benchmarks alone.We investigate the performance of a large sample of equity mutual funds and¯nd that the additional information about a fund's alpha and Sharpe ratio provided by seemingly unrelated assets can be substantial.Suppose,for example,that one has no con¯dence in the CAPM's pricing ability but nevertheless wishes to report a small-company growth fund's traditional alpha de¯ned with respect to a single market benchmark.The absolute di®erence between the OLS estimate and an alternative estimate that incorporates information in non-benchmark returns has a median value across such funds of8.3%per annum.If instead one has complete con¯dence in the CAPM's pricing ability,then the median absolute di®erence in estimates is7.2%.In both cases,the alternative estimate is about three times more precise than the OLS estimate for the median small-company growth fund.Across all funds in our sample,the median Sharpe ratio estimated the usual way,using the return history of just the fund,is0.68(annualized).When estimated using the additional information in seemingly unrelated passive assets,the median Sharpe ratio is no more than half that value.The new Sharpe-ratio estimates are typically four to¯ve times more precisethan the usual estimates.We also compare the rankings of funds based on the usual Sharpe-ratio estimates to the rankings based on the new estimates.Of the funds with return histories of at least three years,only about2%enter the top decile in both rankings.Of the funds that rank in the top decile based on the usual estimates,about30%fall into the bottom two-thirds of the rankings based on the new estimates.A number of studies observe that OLS estimates of mutual fund alphas are sensitive to the speci¯cation of the benchmarks that de¯ne those alphas.1When the estimation of a fund's alpha incorporates non-benchmark assets,the de¯nition of alpha typically becomes less important and,in some cases,even irrelevant.We estimate alphas de¯ned with respect to the CAPM and with respect to the three Fama and French(1993)benchmark factors, which include size and value factors in addition to the market factor.When estimated using OLS,the median di®erence in alphas between the two models is2.3%per annum for all funds and8.1%for small-company growth funds.When the estimation incorporates non-benchmark assets but does not rely on the benchmarks to price them,those values fall to 1.2%and2.0%.If the benchmarks are assumed to price the non-benchmarks exactly,the estimates of a fund's alpha are identical under the CAPM and Fama-French models,even though the de¯nitions of the alphas di®er.This illustrates a general result.If alphas are de¯ned with respect to di®erent benchmarks but estimated using the same set of passive assets(bench-mark and non-benchmark),then the estimates are identical if in each case the benchmarks are assumed to price the non-benchmark assets exactly.Loosely speaking,if you believe that some pricing model holds exactly and want a fund's alpha with respect to it,you need not identify the model.The appropriate estimate of alpha is then simply the estimated inter-cept in a regression of the fund's return on all of the passive assets.Such a regression can be likened to\style analysis,"(e.g.,Sharpe(1992)),in that the right-hand-side assets are included to capture multiple sources of variation(styles)in returns,regardless of whether only a subset of them might serve as the benchmarks in a pricing model.The intuition for the result is straightforward:adding to the right-hand side of the regression assets that are priced by others already included there lowers the residual standard deviation but leaves the true regression intercept unchanged.As in numerous previous studies,we¯nd that estimated alphas for the majority of equity mutual funds are negative.2For each investment objective and each age group,we¯nd a 1An early example is the study by Lehmann and Modest(1987).Roll(1978)provides a theoretical discussion of the potential sensitivity of alphas to benchmark speci¯cation.2Grinblatt and Titman(1995)review the literature on mutual fund performance.posterior probability near100%that the average of the funds'CAPM alphas is negative when the non-benchmark assets are excluded.Alphas for most funds remain negative when de¯ned with respect to multiple benchmarks as well as when the information in the non-benchmark assets is used the estimation.Section2discusses the econometric issues involved in obtaining our estimates of a fund's alpha and Sharpe ratio.Section3then reports results from computing alternative estimates of those measures for2,609equity mutual funds.Section4brie°y reviews our conclusions.2.Estimating performance measuresThis section begins with some basic concepts underlying the use of seemingly unrelated assets to estimate a fund's performance measures.We then describe the details of our methodology, including our selection of the seemingly unrelated assets.Although the Bayesian framework we develop can accommodate informative prior beliefs about a fund's performance,all of the estimates we report in the next section are obtained using prior beliefs about a fund's performance that are\di®use,"or completely non-informative.That is,to be consistent with most of the academic literature as well as current practice,we allow the fund's track record to determine its estimated performance without any adjustment for prior beliefs about what one might think to be reasonable magnitudes for the performance measures.Such an approach is maintained here in order to focus on the contribution of seemingly unrelated assets.When considering fund performance in the context of fund selection or investment, an informative prior about performance is a sensible alternative.Baks,Metrick,and Wachter (2001)investigate the degree to which informative priors can preclude at least one actively managed fund from having a positive posterior mean for alpha and thereby looking attractive to an investor who can also invest in the passive benchmarks.P¶a stor and Stambaugh(2000b) investigate the role of informative priors about fund performance,as well as pricing models, in selecting a portfolio of mutual funds.2.1.The role of seemingly unrelated assetsLet r N;t denote the m£1vector of returns in month t on m non-benchmark passive assets, so the multivariate version of the regression in(2)is written asr N;t=®N+B N r B;t+²N;t;(4)where the variance-covariance matrix of²N;t is denoted by§.Let¾2²denote the variance of the disturbance²A;t in(1).Also de¯ne the regression of the fund's return on all p(=m+k) passive assets,r A;t=±A+c0AN r N;t+c0AB r B;t+u A;t;(5) where the variance of u A;t is denoted by¾2u.Substituting the right-hand side of(4)for r N;t in(5)givesr A;t=±A+c0AN®N|{z}®A +(c0AN B N+c0AB)|{z}¯0Ar B;t+c0AN²N;t+u A;t|{z}²A;t:(6)That is,using(1)and the fact that r B;t is uncorrelated with both²N;t and u A;t gives®A=±A+c0AN®N;(7)and¯A=B0N c AN+c AB:(8)As explained below,the equality in(7)provides the key to understanding how additional information about®A is provided by the m non-benchmark assets,which are seemingly unrelated to®A in that they are not required for its de¯nition.Additional information about E A and S A is then provided,using(3),by the information about®A as well as additional information about the expected returns of the k benchmark assets,which are seemingly unrelated to S A.rmation about alpha:IntuitionTo see how additional information about®A is provided by non-benchmark assets,consider initially a simpli¯ed setting in which the second-moment parameters¯A,c AN,and c AB are viewed as known.Let S denote the number of observations in the the fund's return history, and de¯ne estimators of the intercepts in(1),(4),and(5)as¹®A=(1=S)SXt=1(r A;t¡¯0A r B;t);(9)¹®N=(1=S)SXt=1(r N;t¡B N r B;t);(10)and¹±A =(1=S)SXt=1(r A;t¡c0AN r N;t¡c0AB r B;t):(11)Note using(8)that¹®A is also equal to the result from substituting¹±A and¹®N into the right-hand side of(7):¹±A +c0AN¹®N=(1=S)SXt=1(r A;t¡(B0N c AN+c AB)0r B;t)=¹®A:(12)Suppose¯rst that®N is treated as a vector of unknown parameters,so that the bench-marks have no assumed pricing ability.Then®N can be estimated more precisely than in (10)if the available history of r N;t and r B;t is longer than the S observations in the fund's history.Substituting¹®N and¹±A into the right-hand side of(7)gives¹®A as an estimator of ®A.Substituting the more precise estimator of®N(along with¹±A)produces a more precise estimator of®A,since¹±A is uncorrelated with either estimator of®N.(Note that,by con-struction,u A;t is uncorrelated with²N;t.)Suppose instead that the benchmarks are assumed to price the non-benchmark assets exactly,so®N=0and thus®A=±A.Then both¹®A and ¹±Aare unbiased estimators of®A,but the sampling variance of¹±A,¾2u=S,is less than or equal to the sampling variance of¹®A,¾2²=S.In this case,the non-benchmark asset returns explain additional variance of the fund's return and thereby provide a more precise estimator of its alpha.The basic idea is that a more precise estimator of®A is obtained by evaluating the right-hand side of(7)at¹±A and a more precise estimator of®N than¹®N.A more precise estimator of®N can be obtained by using a longer sample period,as in the case where the benchmarks are not assumed to have any pricing ability,or by simply setting®N=0,as in the case where the benchmarks are assumed to price the non-benchmark assets perfectly.When²A;t is correlated with the elements of²N;t(i.e.when c AN6=0),then the di®erence between ¹®N and a more precise estimator of®N supplies information about the likely di®erence between¹®A and®A.When the more precise estimator of®N relies on a longer history,the additional information about®A is provided in essentially the same way that sample means of long-history assets provide information about expected returns on short-history assets,as in Stambaugh(1997).2.1.2.Estimating alpha:General methodological issuesA Bayesian approach permits a range of prior beliefs about the ability of the k benchmark assets to price the m non-benchmark assets.A Bayesian setting is not required,however, to understand the basic issues governing the role of non-benchmark assets in estimating®A.We discuss here a number of those issues in the special cases where®N is either restricted to be zero or left totally unrestricted.Much of the intuition developed above when the slope coe±cients¯A,c AN,and c AB are known extends to the actual setting in which those parameters must be estimated.Equation (7)also holds when all quantities are replaced by OLS estimators based on the sample of S observations.That is,^®A=^±A+^c0AN^®N;(13) where^®A,^®N,and^±A are the OLS estimates of the intercepts in(1),(4),and(5),respectively, and^c AN is the OLS estimate in(5).As before,the information in non-benchmark assets is incorporated by replacing^®N with a more precise estimator based either on a longer history or some degree of belief in a pricing model.When all parameters are unknown,substituting a more precise estimator of®N can in some cases produce an estimator of®A that is less precise than the usual estimator of the fund's alpha,^®A.For example,if one assumes that ®N=0and substitutes that value into(13)in place of^®N,the resulting alternative estimator of®A is simply^±A.The mean of^±A is®A,but the variance of^±A can exceed that of^®A.Since c AN must be estimated and^±A and the elements of^c AN are correlated,replacing^®N with a lower-variance quantity need not lower the variance of^®A.Such an outcome is most likely to occur as the number of non-benchmark assets increases without a su±cient increase in the R-squared in(5).In essence,the degrees-of-freedom e®ect can outweigh the additional explanatory power.We use between¯ve and seven non-benchmark assets,depending on the number of benchmarks,and we¯nd that the information provided by those assets produces a more precise estimate of®A for most funds in our sample.In the Bayesian framework explained below,we also apply a moderate degree of shrinkage to the slope coe±cients in (5)to increase their precision and thereby enhance the information provided by the non-benchmark assets.A potential direction for future research is the use of higher frequency data to increase the precision of the slope coe±cients.Suppose two researchers agree on an overall set of p passive assets to include when estimating®A,but they disagree about the subset of those passive assets to designate as benchmarks for de¯ning®A.Their chosen benchmark subsets might not even have any members in common.Moreover,suppose each researcher believes his benchmarks price the remaining passive assets perfectly.Then those researchers'estimates of®A will be identical, even though their de¯nitions of®A are not.That is,the de¯nition of®A is irrelevant to its estimation if,for whatever benchmarks might be designated for de¯ning®A,the remaining non-benchmark assets would be assumed to be priced exactly by those benchmarks.Perhaps ironically,if the benchmarks are not assumed to have perfect pricing ability,their designationbecomes relevant not only for de¯ning®A but also for estimating it.To understand the above statements,consider¯rst the maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE)of®A under the restriction that®N=0.If all regression disturbances are assumed to be normally distributed,independently and identically across t,then that estimator is given by^±A,the OLS estimator of the intercept in(5),which does not depend on which of the p assets are designated as the benchmarks.To see this,note that the disturbances²N;t and u A;t are uncorrelated and,given the normality assumption,independent.The likelihood function can therefore be expressed as a product of two factors,one for each regression. The restriction on®N does not a®ect the MLE of±A,which is^±A,since®N appears in the other factor.Substituting±A along with the restricted MLE of®N(the zero vector)into the functional relation in(7)gives^±A as the MLE of®A as well.It can also be veri¯ed that^±A arises as the restricted estimator in a seemingly-unrelated-regression model,or SURM.3That is,let regressions(1)and(4)jointly constitute a SURM, and consider the estimation of the model subject to the restriction®N=0.The restricted coe±cient estimator requires the unknown joint covariance matrix of(²A;t²0N;t).If that matrix is replaced by the sample covariance matrix of the residuals from the¯rst-pass unrestricted OLS estimation,the resulting\feasible"restricted SURM estimator of®A is again simply ^±A.With no restriction on®N,then of course both the MLE and SURM estimator of®A is simply the usual estimator^®A.When shrinkage is applied to the slope coe±cients in(5), as in the Bayesian setting described below,the same type of result obtains.That is,the assumption®N=0implies that the posterior mean of®A is equal to the posterior mean of ±A,which doesn't depend on the designation of the benchmarks.The principles governing the role of non-benchmark assets also apply when®A is esti-mated by the generalized method of moments(GMM)of Hansen(1982).Let the parameter vector°contain the elements of±A,c AN,c AB,®N,and B N.The GMM estimator of°is obtained by minimizing g(°)0W g(°),where g(°)denotes the vector of(1+m+k)+m(1+k) moment conditions,g(°)´0B B BB B B@1S P t2F(r A;t¡±A¡c0AN r N;t¡c0AB r B;t)B@1r N;tr B;t1C Avec(1T P T t=1(r N;t¡®N¡B N r B;t)Ã1r B;t!0)1C C CC C CA;(14)and F denotes the subset of the periods f1;:::;T g representing the fund's return history of 3Zellner(1962)introduces methods for estimating seemingly unrelated regressions.For a textbook treat-ment,including estimation under linear restrictions,see Theil(1971).length S.The¯rst set of moment conditions in(14)corresponds to the regression in(5), and the second set corresponds to the regression in(4).The weighting matrix W is block diagonal,since the disturbance in(4)is uncorrelated with that in(5).Consider the GMM estimates of the fund's alpha under the two cases discussed earlier.In the¯rst case,with no restriction on®N,the above moment conditions exactly identify°.Using the GMM estimate ·°,the fund's estimated alpha is then·®A=·±A+·c0AN·®N.Observe that·®N is based on the data for all T periods,whereas·±A and·c AN are based on only the observations corresponding to the fund's history.In the second case,with the pricing restriction®N=0,the second set of moment conditions can be dropped and the fund's alpha is estimated simply as·®A=·±A.2.1.3.Estimating the Sharpe ratioThe k benchmark assets as well as the m non-benchmark assets are seemingly unrelated to a fund's Sharpe ratio,S A,in that neither set of assets is related to the de¯nition or usual estimate of S A.The sample mean return on the fund obeys the relation,¹r A=^®A+^¯0A¹r B;(15)where the OLS estimators^®A and^¯A and the sample mean vector of the benchmarks,¹r B, are computed using observations for the same S periods used to estimate¹r A.A more precise estimator of E A can be obtained by replacing^®A with the more precise estimator of®A described above and by replacing¹r B with the sample mean computed over a longer sample period.For example,when®N is restricted to be zero,a simple alternative estimator of E A is^±A+^¯0A^E B,where^E B is the sample mean vector of the benchmarks over a longer sample period of length T.In that case,additional information about E A,and thus S A,is provided both by the application of the pricing relation to the non-benchmark assets as well as by the longer history of the benchmark returns.This alternative estimator of E A di®ers somewhat from the Bayesian estimator we actually use,which uses shrinkage techniques to obtain a more precise estimator of¯A,but it illustrates simply the main sources of additional precision in estimating E A.When no restriction is placed on®N,then the longer histories of both the benchmark and non-benchmark assets provide additional information about E A in the same manner as in Stambaugh(1997),with the additional feature that shrinkage techniques are again applied to slope coe±cients.The denominator of a fund's Sharpe ratio is¾A,the standard deviation of the fund's return.The seemingly unrelated assets provide additional information about that parameter as well.As in Stambaugh(1997),the longer histories of those assets provide information。
USP 通用章节目录
USP29-通用章节指导目录(附录)Guide to General Chapters 通用章节指导目录中此颜色并且带有“***”的为新增内容。
General Requirements for Test and Assays检查与含量分析的一般要求＜1＞INJECTIONS……2455注射剂＜11＞USP REFERENCE STANDARDS……2458USP对照品Apparatus for Test and Assays用于检查与含量分析的器具＜16＞AUTOMATED METHODS OF ANAL YSIS……2491自动化分析方法＜21＞THERMOMETERS……2497温度计＜31＞VOLUMETRIC APPARATUS……2497容量器具＜41＞WEIGHTS AND BALANCES……2499砝码与天平Microbiological Tests 微生物检查法＜51＞ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS TESTING……2499抗菌剂有效性检查法＜55＞BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS—RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE TESTS (2501)生物指示剂－耐药性实验＜61＞MICROBIAL LIMIT TESTS……2503微生物限度检查法＜71＞STERILITY TESTS……2508无菌检查法Biological tests and assays生物检查法与测定法＜81＞ANTIBIOTICS—MICROBIAL ASSAYS……2513抗生素－微生物测定＜85＞BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS TEST……2521细菌内毒素检查法＜87＞BIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY TESTS, IN VITRO……2525体外的生物反应性检查法＜88＞BIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY TESTS, IN VIVO……2526体内的生物反应性检查法＜91＞CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE ASSAY……2530泛酸钙测定法＜111＞DESIGN AND ANAL YSIS OF BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS……2531 生物测定法的设计与分析＜115＞DEXPANTHENOL ASSAY……2543右泛醇（拟胆碱药）测定法＜121＞INSULIN ASSAYS……2544胰岛素测定法＜141＞PROTEIN—BIOLOGICAL ADEQUACY TEST……2546蛋白质－生物适应性试验＜151＞PYROGEN TEST……2546热原检查法＜161＞TRANSFUSION AND INFUSION ASSEMBLIES AND SIMILAR MEDICAL DEVICES (2547)输血输液用具以及相类似的医疗器械＜171＞VITAMIN B12 ACTIVITY ASSAY……2548维生素B12活性测定法Chemical Tests and assays化学实验与测定法＜181＞IDENTIFICATION—ORGANIC NITROGENOUS BASES (2549)鉴别－有机氮碱？＜191＞IDENTIFICATION TESTS—GENERAL……2550鉴别实验－通用＜193＞IDENTIFICATION—TETRACYCLINES……2551鉴别－四环素＜197＞SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION TESTS......2552分光光度计鉴别实验＜201＞THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION TEST.. (2553)薄层色谱鉴别实验Limit Test 限度检查法＜206＞ALUMINUM……2554铝＜211＞ARSENIC……2554砷＜221＞CHLORIDE AND SULFATE……2555氯和硫＜223＞DIMETHYLANILINE……2555二甲基苯胺＜226＞4-EPIANHYDRO-TETRACYCLINE……25564－？－四环素＜231＞HEA VY METALS……2556重金属＜241＞IRON……2557铁＜251＞LEAD……2558铅＜261＞MERCURY……2558汞＜271＞READIL Y CARBONIZABLE SUBSTANCES TEST……2560易碳化物检查法＜281＞RESIDUE ON IGNITION……2560灼烧残渣＜291＞SELENIUM……2560硒Other Tests and Assays 其它检查法与测定法＜301＞ACID-NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY……2561酸中和容量＜311＞ALGINATES ASSAY……2562藻酸盐测定法＜331＞AMPHETAMINE ASSAY……2562苯丙胺测定法<341> ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS—CONTENT……2563 抗菌剂－含量<345> Assay for Citric Acid/Citrate and Phosphate……2565 柠檬酸/柠檬酸盐和磷酸盐的测定＜351＞ASSAY FOR STEROIDS……2565类固醇（甾类化合物）测定法＜361> BARBITURATE ASSAY……2565 巴比妥类药物测定法＜371＞COBALAMIN RADIOTRACER ASSAY……2566钴铵素放射性跟踪剂测定法＜381＞ELASTOMERIC CLOSURES FOR INJECTIONS……2567 注射剂的弹性密封件＜391＞EPINEPHRINE ASSAY……2567肾上腺测定法＜401＞FATS AND FIXED OILS……2568脂肪与混合油＜411＞FOLIC ACID ASSAY……2571叶酸测定法＜425＞IODOMETRIC ASSAY—ANTIBIOTICS……2572碘量检查法－抗生素＜429＞LIGHT DIFFRACTION MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE SIZE (2572)粒子尺寸的光衍射测量＜431＞METHOXY DETERMINA TION……2575甲氧基测定法＜441＞NIACIN OR NIACINAMIDE ASSAY……2576烟酰或烟酰胺测定法＜451＞NITRITE TITRATION……2578亚硝酸盐滴定＜461＞NITROGEN DETERMINA TION……2578氮测定法＜466＞ORDINARY IMPURITIES……2579一般杂质＜467＞ORGANIC VOLATILE IMPURITIES……2580有机的易挥发杂质＜471＞OXYGEN FLASK COMBUSTION……2590氧瓶燃烧法＜481＞RIBOFLAVIN ASSAY……2590核黄素测定法＜501＞SALTS OF ORGANIC NITROGENOUS BASES……2591有机氮盐＜511＞SINGLE-STEROID ASSAY……2591单一的类固醇测定法＜521＞SULFONAMIDES……2592磺胺制剂＜531＞THIAMINE ASSAY……2593硫胺素测定法＜541＞TITRIMETRY……2593滴定法＜551＞ALPHA TOCOPHEROL ASSAY……2596α－维生素E测定法＜561＞ARTICLES OF BOTANICAL ORIGIN……2596植物起源的药品＜563＞IDENTIFICATION OF ARTICLES OF BOTANICAL ORIGIN……2603植物药品的鉴别＜565＞BOTANICAL EXTRACTS……2609植物提取＜571＞VITAMIN A ASSAY……2611维生素A的测定法＜581＞VITAMIN D ASSAY……2612维生素D的测定法＜591＞ZINC DETERMINATION……2616锌的测定法Physical Test and Determinations物理检查与测定法INHALERS, AND DRY POWDER ＜601＞AEROSOLS, NASAL SPRAYS,USP28METERED-DOSEINHALERS……2617气溶胶，鼻用喷雾剂，定量吸入器与干粉吸入器＜611＞ALCOHOL DETERMINATION……2637乙醇测定法＜616＞BULK DENSITY AND TAPPED DENSITY……2638堆密度与拍实密度＜621＞CHROMATOGRAPHY…….2639色谱法＜631＞COLOR AND ACHROMICITY……2651呈色与消色＜641＞COMPLETENESS OF SOLUTION……2652完全溶解＜643＞TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON……2652总有机碳＜645＞WA TER CONDUCTIVITY……2653水电导率＜651＞CONGEALING TEMPERA TURE……2654凝点温度＜661＞CONTAINERS……2655容器＜671＞CONTAINERS—PERMEATION……2663容器－渗透＜691＞COTTON……2664棉花＜695＞CRYSTALLINITY……2665结晶性＜696＞Crystallinity Determination By Solution Calorimetry……2666 通过溶液量热学测定结晶性＜698＞DELIVERABLE VOLUME……2667可转移的体积＜699＞DENSITY OF SOLIDS……2669固体密度＜701＞DISINTEGRATION……2670崩解时限***＜701＞Disintegration (Harmonized Chapter, Official April 1,2006)………..2671崩解时限（协调的章节，法定日期，2006.4.1）＜711＞DISSOLUTION……2673 溶出度***＜711＞Dissolution (Harmonized Chapter, Official April 1,2006)………..2675 溶出度（协调的章节，法定日期，2006.4.1）＜721＞DISTILLING RANGE……2682馏程＜724＞DRUG RELEASE……2682药物释放度***＜724＞Drug releasee (Harmonized Chapter, Official April 1,2006)………..2690药物释放度（协调的章节，法定日期，2006.4.1）＜726＞ELECTROPHORESIS……2694电泳＜727＞CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS……2696毛细管电泳法***＜730＞Plasma Spectrochemistry….2700 血浆光谱化学＜731＞LOSS ON DRYING……2704干燥失重＜733＞LOSS ON IGNITION……2704灼烧失重＜736＞MASS SPECTROMETRY……2705 质谱＜741＞MELTING RANGE OR TEMPERATURE……2708熔距或熔点＜751＞METAL PARTICLES IN OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS……2709眼用软膏中的金属粒子＜755＞MINIMUM FILL……2710最低装填量＜761＞NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE……2710核磁共振＜771＞OPHTHALMIC OINTMENTS……2715眼用软膏＜776＞OPTICAL MICROSCOPY……2716光学显微镜＜781＞OPTICAL ROTATION……2718旋光＜785＞OSMOLALITY AND OSMOLARITY……2718同渗重摩与同渗容摩＜786＞PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION ESTIMATION BY ANAL YTICAL SIEVING (2720)通过筛分法估算粒子分布＜788＞PARTICULATE MATTER IN INJECTIONS……2722注射剂中的颗粒＜789＞PARTICULATE MATTER IN OPHTHALMIC SOLUTIONS……2729眼用溶液中的颗粒＜791＞pH (2730)＜795＞PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDING—NONSTERILE PREPARATIONS (2731)药物混合－非无菌制剂＜797＞PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDING—STERILE PREPARATIONS (2735)药物混合－无菌制剂＜801＞POLAROGRAPHY……2752极谱法＜811＞POWDER FINENESS……2754粉剂细度＜821＞RADIOACTIVITY……2755放射性＜823＞RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS FOR POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY —COMPOUNDING……2763用于正电子发射断层摄影术的放射性药物＜831＞REFRACTIVE INDEX……2766折光率＜841＞SPECIFIC GRA VITY……2766比重＜846＞SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA……2767 比表面积＜851＞SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND LIGHT-SCA TTERING……2770分光光度计与光散射＜861＞SUTURES—DIAMETER…2775缝线－直径＜871＞SUTURES—NEEDLE ATTACHMENT……2775缝线－穿孔实验＜881＞TENSILE STRENGTH…..2776张力＜891＞THERMAL ANAL YSIS……2776热分析＜905＞UNIFORMITY OF DOSAGE UNITS……2778制剂单位的含量均匀度＜905＞UNIFORMITY OF DOSAGE UNITS (Harmonized Chapter, Official April 1,2006)……2780制剂单位的含量均匀度（协调的章节2006.4.1）＜911＞VISCOSITY……2785粘度＜921＞WA TER DETERMINA TION……2785水测定法＜941＞X-RAY DIFFRACTION……2788X光衍射General Information通用信息＜1010＞ANAL YTICAL DATA—INTERPRETA TION AND TREATMENT (2790)分析数据－解释与处理＜1015＞AUTOMA TED RADIOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS APPARATUS (2801)放射性自动合成装置＜1031＞THE BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS USED IN DRUG CONTAINERS, MEDICAL DEVICES, AND IMPLANTS (2802)用于药物容器、医疗设施和植入剂的材料的生物相容性＜1035＞BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS FOR STERILIZATION……2811灭菌用生物指示剂＜1041＞BIOLOGICS……2814生物制剂***＜1043＞Ancillary Material for Cell, Gene, and Tissue-Engineered Products…….2814 细胞，基因与组织设计产品的辅助材料＜1045＞BIOTECHNOLOGY-DERIVED ARTICLES……2821生物技术提取产品＜1046＞CELL AND GENE THERAPY PRODUCTS……2831细胞与基因治疗产品＜1047＞BIOTECHNOLOGY-DERIVED ARTICLES—TESTS……2858生物技术产品－检查法＜1048＞QUALITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: ANAL YSIS OF THE EXPRESSION CONSTRUCT IN CELLS USED FOR PRODUCTION OF r-DNA DERIVED PROTEIN PRODUCTS1 (2883)生物产品质量：从蛋白质产品中提取的r-DNA产品在细胞中表达结构的分析＜1049＞QUALITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: STABILITY TESTING OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS1 (2884)生物技术产品的质量：生物技术/生物产品的稳定性实验＜1050＞VIRAL SAFETY EV ALUA TION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM CELL LINES OF HUMAN OR ANIMAL ORIGIN (2887)从人或动物细胞中提取的生物技术产品的病毒安全性评估＜1051＞CLEANING GLASS APPARATUS……2896玻璃容器的清洗＜1061＞COLOR—INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENT……2896显色－仪器测量***＜1065＞Ion Chromatography………2898 离子色谱法＜1074＞EXCIPIENT BIOLOGICAL SAFETY EV ALUA TION GUIDELINES (2900)赋形剂（辅料）生物安全性评估指导＜1075＞GOOD COMPOUNDING PRACTICES……2903好的混合操作＜1078＞GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES FOR BULK PHARMACEUTICAL EXCIPIENTS (2906)批药品赋形剂的生产管理规范***＜1079＞Good Storage and Shipping Practices……2915 良好的贮存与船运规范＜1081＞GEL STRENGTH OF GELATIN……2920白凝胶的凝胶强度＜1086＞IMPURITIES IN OFFICIAL ARTICLES……2920药典物品中的杂质＜1087＞INTRINSIC DISSOLUTION……2923内部的溶出度＜1088＞IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EV ALUA TION OF DOSAGE FORMS (2924)体内与体外的剂型的评估＜1090＞IN VIVO BIOEQUIV ALENCE GUIDANCES……29291体内生物等效性指导＜1091＞LABELING OF INACTIVE INGREDIENTS……2968非活性成分的标示＜1101＞MEDICINE DROPPER……2969医用滴管＜1111＞MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF NONSTERILE PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS (2969)非无菌药品中的微生物分布＜1116＞MICROBIOLOGICAL EV ALUA TION OF CLEAN ROOMS AND OTHER CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS……2969洁净的房间与其它可控环境的微生物评估＜1118＞MONITORING DEVICES—TIME, TEMPERATURE, AND HUMIDITY (2976)监控装置－时间、温度与湿度＜1119＞NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROPHOTOMETRY……2979近红外分光光度测定法***＜1120＞Raman Spectrophotometry……..2983 Raman分光光度测定法＜1121＞NOMENCLATURE……2988命名***＜1136＞Packaging－Unit-of-Use……2989包装－单元使用＜1146＞PACKAGING PRACTICE—REPACKAGING A SINGLE SOLID ORAL DRUG PRODUCT INTO A UNIT-DOSE CONTAINER……2990 包装操作－将单一固体口服药品产品再包装成单元剂量＜1150＞PHARMACEUTICAL STABILITY……2994药物稳定性＜1151＞PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS……2996药物剂型＜1160＞PHARMACEUTICAL CALCULATIONS IN PRESCRIPTION COMPOUNDING (3006)按处方混合的药物的计算＜1171＞PHASE-SOLUBILITY ANAL YSIS……3016相溶解分析***＜1174＞Powder Flow….3017 粉末流动性＜1176＞PRESCRIPTION BALANCES AND VOLUMETRIC APPARATUS….3020 处方天平与容量器具***＜1177＞Good Packaging Practices….3021 良好的包装操作***＜1178＞Good Repackaging Practices….3023 良好的再包装操作＜1181＞SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY……3025扫描电子显微镜＜1191＞STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS IN DISPENSING PRACTICE……3029 分装操作中稳定性考察＜1196＞PHARMACOPEIAL HARMONIZATION……3031药典的一致性＜1207＞STERILE PRODUCT PACKAGING—INTEGRITY EV ALUATION (3035)无菌产品包装－完整性评估＜1208＞STERILITY TESTING—V ALIDATION OF ISOLATOR SYSTEMS (3037)无菌实验－隔离系统的验证＜1209＞STERILIZATION—CHEMICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL INDICATORS AND INTEGRATORS……3040灭菌－化学与物理化学的指示剂以及二者的综合＜1211＞STERILIZATION AND STERILITY ASSURANCE OF COMPENDIAL ARTICLES (3041)药典物品中的灭菌与灭菌保证＜1216＞TABLET FRIABILITY……3046片剂的脆碎度＜1221＞TEASPOON……3047茶匙＜1222＞TERMINALL Y STERILIZED PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS—PARAMETRIC RELEASE……3047最终灭菌产品－放行参数＜1225＞V ALIDATION OF COMPENDIAL METHODS……3050药典方法的验证＜1227＞V ALIDATION OF MICROBIAL RECOVERY FROM PHARMACOPEIAL ARTICLES (3053)从药物中回收微生物的验证＜1230＞W ATER FOR HEALTH APPLICATIONS……3055健康用水＜1231＞W ATER FOR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES……3056制药用水＜1241＞W ATER–SOLID INTERACTIONS IN PHARMACEUTICAL SYSTEMS (3074)在药物系统中水与固体的相互作用＜1251＞WEIGHING ON AN ANAL YTICAL BALANCE……3076关于分析天平的称重***＜1265＞Written Prescription Drug Information－Guidelines……….3078 书面的处方药信息－指南Dietary Supplements营养补充剂General Tests and Assays 一般检查法与测定法＜2021＞MICROBIAL ENUMERATION TESTS—NUTRITIONAL AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS (3080)微生物数量实验－营养与食品添加剂＜2022＞MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES FOR ABSENCE OF SPECIFIED MICROORGANISMS—NUTRITIONAL AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS (3083)不得检出特定微生物的程序－营养与营养补充剂＜2023>MICROBIOLOGICAL A TTRIBUTES OF NONSTERILE NUTRITIONAL AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS……3087非无菌的营养与食品添加剂中的微生物分布<2040>DISINTEGRATION AND DISSOLUTION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS (3089)食品添加剂的崩解与溶出<2091>WEIGHT VARIATION OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS……3092食品添加剂的重量差异<2750>MANUFACTURING PRACTICES FOR DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS (3093)食品添加剂的生产操作。
AlphaLISA Progesterone Detection Kit说明书
AlphaLISA Progesterone Detection KitProduct number: AL335 HV/C/FCaution: For Laboratory Use. A research product for research purposes only.o Contentso Product Information (2)o Quality Control (2)o Analyte of Interest (3)o Description of the AlphaLISA Assay (3)o Precautions (3)o Kit Content: Reagents and Materials (4)o Recommendations (4)o Assay Procedure (5)o Data Analysis (Direct) (8)o Data Analysis (Normalized) (9)o Assay Performance Characteristics (10)o Troubleshooting Guide (11)o Product InformationApplication:This kit is designed for the quantitative determination of Progesterone, using a homogeneous AlphaLISA assay (no wash steps). The assay shows negligible cross-reactivity with other biomolecules of similar structure. Sensitivity: Lower Detection Limit (LDL): 0.59 nM IC 50: 5.9 nMDynamic range: 0.59 – 1 000 nM (Figure 1).Figure. 1. Typical sensitivity curves in AlphaLISA buffer The data was generated using a white Optiplate TM-384 microplateand the EnVision ®Multilabel Plate Reader 2103 with Alpha option.Storage: Store kit in the dark at +4˚C.Stability:This kit is stable for at least 6 months from the manufacturing date when stored in its original packaging and the recommended storage conditions.o Quality ControlLot to lot consistency is confirmed in an AlphaLISA assay. Maximum and minimum signals, IC 50 and LDL were measured on the EnVision Multilabel Plate Reader with Alpha option using the protocol described in this technical data sheet. We certify that these results meet our quality release criteria. Maximum counts may vary between bead lots and the instrument used, with no impact on LDL measurement.o Analyte of InterestProgesterone is a steroid hormone that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. Progesterone directs pregnancy in a multitude of ways through changes in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. Most progesterone is produced in the corpus luteum. This hormone plays an important role in the nervous system as a neurosteroid, where it serves as a precursor to allopregnanolone. Progesterone serves as a metabolic intermediate for many of the corticosteroids and sex hormones.o Description of the AlphaLISA AssayAlphaLISA technology allows the detection of molecules of interest in buffer, cell culture media, serum and plasma in a highly sensitive, quantitative, reproducible and user-friendly mode. In an AlphaLISA competition assay, a Biotinylated analog of the analyte of interest, the tracer, binds to the Streptavidin-coated Alpha Donor beads, while the Anti-Analyte Antibody is conjugated to AlphaLISA Acceptor beads. In the presence of low analyte, the beads come into close proximity. The excitation of the Donor beads provokes the release of singlet oxygen molecules that triggers a cascade of energy transfer in the Acceptor beads, resulting in a sharp peak of light emission at 615 nm (Figure 2). In the presence of high analyte, the beads are separated resulting in lower emission.Figure 2. AlphaLISA Assay principle.o Precautions∙The Alpha Donor beads are light-sensitive. All the other assay reagents can be used under normal light conditions. All Alpha assays using the Donor beads should be performed under subdued laboratory lighting (< 100 lux). Green filters (LEE 090 filters (preferred) or Roscolux filters #389 from Rosco) can be applied to light fixtures.∙All blood components and biological materials should be handled as potentially hazardous.∙Some analytes are present in saliva. Take precautionary measures to avoid contamination of the reagent solutions.o Kit Content: Reagents and Materials** The number of assay points is based on an assay volume of 100 µL in 96-well or 50 µL 384-well assay plates using the kit components at the recommended concentrations.Sodium azide should not be added to the stock reagents. High concentrations of sodium azide (> 0.001 % final in the assay) might decrease the AlphaLISA signal.Specific additional required reagents and materials:The following materials are recommended:o Recommendations∙The volume indicated on each tube is guaranteed for single pipetting. Multiple pipetting of the reagents may reduce the theoretical amount left in the tube. To minimize loss when pipetting beads, it is preferable not to pre-wet the tip.∙Centrifuge all tubes (including solid analyte) before use to improve recovery of content (2000g, 10-15 sec).Re-suspend all reagents by vortexing before use.∙When diluting the standard or samples, change tips between each standard or sample dilution. When loading reagents in the assay microplate, change tips between each standard or sample addition and after each set of reagents.∙When reagents are added to the microplate, make sure the liquids are at the bottom of the well. It is recommended to the spin the microplate (1000 rpm; 1 min) prior to incubations.∙Small volumes may be prone to evaporation. It is recommended to cover microplates with TopSeal-A Adhesive Sealing Films to reduce evaporation during incubation. Microplates can be read with the TopSeal-A Film.∙The AlphaLISA signal is detected with an EnVision Multilabel Reader equipped with the Alpha option using the AlphaScreen standard settings (e.g. Total Measurement Time: 550 ms, Laser 680 nm Excitation Time: 180 ms, Mirror: D640as, Emission Filter: M570w, Center Wavelength 570 nm, Bandwidth 100 nm, Transmittance 75%).∙AlphaLISA signal will vary with temperature and incubation time. For consistent results, identical incubation times and temperature should be used for each plate.∙The standard curves shown in this technical data sheet are provided for information only. A standard curve must be generated for each experiment. The standard curve should be performed in a similar matrix as the samples (e.g.charcoal stripped serum for serum samples).∙AlphaLISA assays can be performed in cell culture medium with or without phenol red, with the following recommendations: if possible, avoid biotin-containing medium (e.g. RPMI medium) as lower counts and lower sensitivity are expected. Add at least 1% FBS or 0.1% BSA to cell culture medium.o Assay ProcedureIMPORTANT: PLEASE READ THE RECOMMENDATIONS BELOW BEFORE USE∙The protocol described below is an example for generating one standard curve in a 50 µL final assay volume (48 wells, triplicate determinations). The protocols also include testing samples in 452 wells. If a different amount of samples are tested, the volumes of all reagents have to be adjusted accordingly, as shown in the table below. These calculations do not include excess reagent to account for losses during transfer of solutions or dead volumes.∙The standard dilution protocol is provided for information only. As needed, the number of replicates or the range of concentrations covered can be modified.∙Use of four MAX points in triplicate (12 wells) is recommended when LDL is calculated. One MAX point in triplicate (3 wells) can be used when LDL is not calculated∙Use of null (MIN) points in triplicate (12 wells) is recommended when normalizing data. Analyzing true signal data does not require null pointsStandard protocol (2 incubation steps) – Dilution of standards in 1X AlphaLISA Immunoassay Buffer, cell culture media or Charcoal Stripped SerumThe protocol described below is recommended for generating one standard curve in a 50 µL final assay volume (48 wells, triplicate determinations with manual pipetting) and 452 sample wells. If a different amount of samples are tested, the volumes of all reagents have to be adjusted accordingly.1) Preparation of 1X AlphaLISA ImmunoAssay Buffer:a. Add 2 mL of 10X AlphaLISA ImmunoAssay Buffer to 18 mL H2O.2) Preparation of Progesterone analyte standard dilutions:a. Progesterone analyte standard is provided as 100 μM stock solution in DMSO.The first point of the curve is10 μM so a 10-fold dilution of the solution is required.b. Prepare standard dilutions as follows (change tip between each standard dilution) in 1X AlphaLISAImmunoassay Buffer (change tip between each standard dilution):c. Prepare standard dilutions as follows (change tip between each standard dilution) in 1X AlphaLISAImmunoAssay Buffer, cell culture medium, or charcoal stripped serum:* Dilute standards in diluent (e.g. 1X AlphaLISA ImmunoAssay Buffer, cell culture medium, charcoal stripped serum).At low concentrations of analyte, a significant amount of analyte can bind to the vial. Therefore, load the analyte standard dilutions in the assay microplate within 60 minutes of preparation.** Four background points in triplicate (12 wells) are used when LDL is calculated. These represent the MAX signal in the assay. If LDL does not need to be calculated, one background point in triplicate can be used (3 wells).*** Four null points in triplicate (12 wells) are used to determine the MIN signal of the assay (lowest possible counts).These wells contain anti-Progesterone Acceptor Bead, SA-Donor Bead, and Buffer.3) Preparation of 5X AlphaLISA Anti-Progesterone Acceptor beads (100 µg/mL):a. Prepare just before useb. Add 100 µL of 5 mg/mL AlphaLISA Anti-Progesterone Acceptor beads to 4900 µL of 1X AlphaLISAImmunoAssay Buffer.4) Preparation of 2.5X MIX Biotinylated Progesterone-Tracer (250 nM) + SA-Donor Beads (50 μg/mL):a. Add 25 μL of Biotinylated Progesterone-Tracer(100 μM) in 9875 μL AlphaLISA Immunoassay Bufferb. Vortex wellc. Add 100 μL of SA-Donor beads to solutiond. Vortex welle. Incubate 30 minutes in the dark before use.5) Preparation of 2.5X Streptavidin (SA) Donor beads (50 µg/mL): FOR NULL POINTSa. Prepare just before use.b. Keep the beads under subdued laboratory lighting!c. Add 5 µL of 5 mg/mL SA-Donor beads to 495 µL of 1X AlphaLISA ImmunoAssay Buffer.6) Samples:∙If applicable, dilute samples to be tested in diluent (e.g. 1X AlphaLISA ImmunoAssay Buffer).7) In a 96- or 384-well micro plate (It is recommended to spin the plate before incubations, 1000 rpm; 1 min):o Data Analysis (Direct)∙ Calculate the average count value for the background wells.∙ Generate a standard curve by plotting the AlphaLISA counts versus the concentration of analyte. A log scale can be used for either or both axes. No additional data transformation is required.∙ Analyze data according to a nonlinear regression using the 4-parameter logistic equation (sigmoidal dose-responsecurve with variable slope) and a 1/Y 2data weighting (the values at maximal concentrations of analyte after the hook point should be removed for correct analysis).∙ The LDL is calculated by interpolating the average MAX counts (12 wells without analyte) - 3 x standard deviation value (average MAX counts - (3xSD)) on the standard curve.∙ Read from the standard curve the concentration of analyte contained in the samples.∙If samples have been diluted, the concentration read from the standard curve must be multiplied by the dilution factor.Read using EnVision Alpha ReaderAdd 20 µL of each Progesterone analyte standard dilution or 20 µL of sample Add 10 µL of 5X anti-Progesterone Acceptor Beads (20 μg/mL final)Incubate 30 minutes at 23 ˚CAdd 20 µL of 2.5X MIX: Biotinylated Proegsterone-Tracer (100 nM final)+ SA-Donor Beads (50 μg/mL final)OR 20 μL of 2.5X SA-Donor Bead (50 μg/mL final) to null point wellsIncubate 4 hours at 23 ˚C in the darko Data Analysis (Normalized)∙The Progesterone AlphaLISA Competition Assay is strongly dependent on tracer concentration. Small changes in concentration can strongly affect top and bottom counts.∙It is recommended to convert data to normalized response. This requires a set of “null points” Thes e wells contain only AlphaLISA Anti-Progesterone Acceptor Bead AlphaLISA SA-Donor Bead and buffer made up to a volume consistent with the standard curve.∙Calculate the average count value for the “null points” (12 wells without analyte or tracer).∙Generate a standard curve by plotting the AlphaLISA counts versus the concentration of analyte. A log scale can be used for the X-axis∙Normalize the data using the following equation (1-((sample counts – Avg (null points))/ Avg (MAX)))*100∙Analyze data according to a nonlinear regression using the 4-parameter logistic equation (sigmoidal normalized dose-response curve with variable slope) *Do not weight this data*∙Data will be presented as % inhibition (percentage of tracer inhibited by analyte).∙The LDL is calculated by interpolating the average normalized MAX counts (12 wells without analyte) + 3 x standard deviation value (average normalized MAX counts + (3xSD)) on the standard curve.∙Read from the standard curve the concentration of analyte contained in the samples.∙If samples have been diluted, the concentration read from the standard curve must be multiplied by the dilution factor.o Assay Performance CharacteristicsAlphaLISA assay performance described below was determined using the standard protocol.Sensitivity:The LDL was calculated as described above. The values correspond to the lowest concentration of analyte that can be detected in a volume of 20 µL using the recommended assay conditions.Assay precision:The following assay precision data were calculated from the three independent assays using two different kit lots. In each lot, the analytes were prepared in AlphaLISA Immunoassay Buffer (IAB) and charcoal stripped serum. Each assay consisted of one standard curve comprising 12 data points (each in triplicate) and 12 background wells (no analytes). The assays were performed in 384-well format using AlphaLISA ImmunoAssay Buffer.∙Intra-assay precision:The intra-assay precision was determined using a total of 10 independent determinations in triplicate. Shown CV%.∙Inter-assay precision:The inter-assay precision was determined using a total of 6 independent determinations. Shown CV%.11∙ Spike and Recovery:Independent samples were tested against standard curves prepared in the respective media. Shown as %Recovery∙ Specificity:Cross-reactivity of the AlphaLISA Progesterone Kit was tested using the following biomolecules at 30 nM in AlphaLISA Immunoassay Buffer:o Troubleshooting GuideYou will find detailed recommendations for common situations you might encounter with your AlphaLISA Assay kit at:/in/resources/technicalresources/applicationsupportknowledgebase/alphalisa-alphascreen-no-washassays/alpha_troubleshoot.xhtmlFOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR USE IN DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE This product is not for resale or distribution except by authorized distributors.LIMITED WARRANTY: PerkinElmer BioSignal Inc. warrants that, at the time of shipment, the products sold by it are free from defects in material and workmanship and conformto specifications which accompany the product. PerkinElmer BioSignal Inc. makes no other warranty, express or implied with respect to the products, including any warranty of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Notification of any breach of warranty must be made within 60 days of receipt unless otherwise provided in writing by PerkinElmer BioSignal Inc. No claim shall be honored if the customer fails to notify PerkinElmer BioSignal Inc. within the period specified. The sole and exclusive remedy of the customer for any liability of PerkinElmer BioSignal Inc. of any kind including liability based upon warranty (express or implied whether contained herein or elsewhere), strict liability contract or otherwise is limited to the replacement of the goods or the refunds of the invoice price of goods. PerkinElmer BioSignal Inc. shall not in any case be liable for special, incidental or consequential damages of any kind.PerkinElmer, Inc. 940 Winter StreetWaltham, MA 02451 USA P: (800) 762-4000 or (+1) 203-925-4602 For a complete listing of our global offices, visit /ContactUsCopyright © 2012, PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. PerkinElmer ® is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.。
统计学专业名词·中英对照
统计学专业名词·中英对照Lansexyhttp：//hi。
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com/new/lansexy我大学毕业已经多年,这些年来,越发感到外刊的重要性.读懂外刊要有不错的英语功底，同时,还需要掌握一定的专业词汇。
掌握足够的专业词汇，在国内外期刊的阅读和写作中会游刃有余。
在此小结，按首字母顺序排列。
这些词汇的来源，一是专业书籍，二是网上查找，再一个是比较重要的期刊。
当然,这些仅是常用专业词汇的一部分，并且由于个人精力、文献查阅的限制，难免有不足和错误之处，希望读者批评指出.Aabscissa 横坐标absence rate 缺勤率Absolute deviation 绝对离差Absolute number 绝对数absolute value 绝对值Absolute residuals 绝对残差accident error 偶然误差Acceleration array 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential 切向加速度Acceleration vector 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis 可接受假设Accumulation 累积Accumulated frequency 累积频数Accuracy 准确度Actual frequency 实际频数Adaptive estimator 自适应估计量Addition 相加Addition theorem 加法定理Additive Noise 加性噪声Additivity 可加性Adjusted rate 调整率Adjusted value 校正值Admissible error 容许误差Aggregation 聚集性Alpha factoring α因子法Alternative hypothesis 备择假设Among groups 组间Amounts 总量Analysis of correlation 相关分析Analysis of covariance 协方差分析Analysis of data 分析资料Analysis Of Effects 效应分析Analysis Of Variance 方差分析Analysis of regression 回归分析Analysis of time series 时间序列分析Analysis of variance 方差分析Angular transformation 角转换ANOVA （analysis of variance）方差分析ANOVA Models 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta 分组计算方差分析Arcing 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation 反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve 曲线面积AREG 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper 算术格纸Arithmetic mean 算术平均数Arithmetic weighted mean 加权算术均数Arrhenius relation 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit 拟合的评估Associative laws 结合律Assumed mean 假定均数Asymmetric distribution 非对称分布Asymmetry coefficient 偏度系数Asymptotic bias 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency 渐近效率Asymptotic variance 渐近方差Attributable risk 归因危险度Attribute data 属性资料Attribution 属性Autocorrelation 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals 残差的自相关Average 平均数Average confidence interval length 平均置信区间长度average deviation 平均差Average growth rate 平均增长率BBar chart/graph 条形图Base period 基期Bayes’ theorem Bayes 定理Bell—shaped curve 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution 伯努力分布Best—trim estimator 最好切尾估计量Bias 偏性Biometrics 生物统计学Binary logistic regression 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution 二项分布Bisquare 双平方Bivariate Correlate 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population 双变量正态总体Biweight interval 双权区间Biweight M-estimator 双权M 估计量Block 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs) BMDP 统计软件包Box plot 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound 崩溃界/崩溃点CCanonical correlation 典型相关Caption 纵标目Cartogram 统计图Case fatality rate 病死率Case—control study 病例对照研究Categorical variable 分类变量Catenary 悬链线Cauchy distribution 柯西分布Cause-and—effect relationship 因果关系Cell 单元Censoring 终检census 普查Center of symmetry 对称中心Centering and scaling 中心化和定标Central tendency 集中趋势Central value 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector 卡方自动交互检测Chance 机遇Chance error 随机误差Chance variable 随机变量Characteristic equation 特征方程Characteristic root 特征根Characteristic vector 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces 切尔诺夫脸谱图chi—sguare(X2) test 卡方检验卡方检验/χ2 检验Choleskey decomposition 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart 圆图Class interval 组距Classification 分组、分类Class mid-value 组中值Class upper limit 组上限Classified variable 分类变量Cluster analysis 聚类分析Cluster sampling 整群抽样Code 代码Coded data 编码数据Coding 编码Coefficient of contingency 列联系数Coefficient of correlation 相关系数Coefficient of determination 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression 回归系数Coefficient of skewness 偏度系数Coefficient of variation 变异系数Cohort study 队列研究Collection of data 资料收集Collinearity 共线性Column 列Column effect 列效应Column factor 列因素Combination pool 合并Combinative table 组合表Combined standard deviation 合并标准差Combined variance 合并方差Common factor 共性因子Common regression coefficient 公共回归系数Common value 共同值Common variance 公共方差Common variation 公共变异Communality variance 共性方差Comparability 可比性Comparison of bathes 批比较Comparison value 比较值Compartment model 分部模型Compassion 伸缩Complement of an event 补事件Complete association 完全正相关Complete dissociation 完全不相关Complete statistics 完备统计量Complete survey 全面调查Completely randomized design 完全随机化设计Composite event 联合事件Composite events 复合事件Concavity 凹性Conditional expectation 条件期望Conditional likelihood 条件似然Conditional probability 条件概率Conditionally linear 依条件线性Confidence interval 置信区间Confidence level 可信水平，置信水平Confidence limit 置信限Confidence lower limit 置信下限Confidence upper limit 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research 证实性实验研究Confounding factor 混杂因素Conjoint 联合分析Consistency 相合性Consistency check 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate 相合估计Constituent ratio 构成比，结构相对数Constrained nonlinear regression 受约束非线性回归Constraint 约束Contaminated distribution 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution 污染正态分布Contamination 污染Contamination model 污染模型Continuity 连续性Contingency table 列联表Contour 边界线Contribution rate 贡献率Control 对照质量控制图Control group 对照组Controlled experiments 对照实验Conventional depth 常规深度Convolution 卷积Coordinate 坐标Corrected factor 校正因子Corrected mean 校正均值Correction coefficient 校正系数Correction for continuity 连续性校正Correction for grouping 归组校正Correction number 校正数Correction value 校正值Correctness 正确性Correlation 相关，联系Correlation analysis 相关分析Correlation coefficient 相关系数Correlation 相关性Correlation index 相关指数Correspondence 对应Counting 计数Counts 计数/频数Covariance 协方差Covariant 共变Cox Regression Cox 回归Criteria for fitting 拟合准则Criteria of least squares 最小二乘准则Critical ratio 临界比Critical region 拒绝域Critical value 临界值Cross—over design 交叉设计Cross-section analysis 横断面分析Cross—section survey 横断面调查Crosstabs 交叉表Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross—tabulation table 复合表Cube root 立方根Cumulative distribution function 分布函数Cumulative frequency 累积频率Cumulative probability 累计概率Curvature 曲率/弯曲Curvature 曲率Curve Estimation 曲线拟合Curve fit 曲线拟和Curve fitting 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression 曲线回归Curvilinear relation 曲线关系Cut—and—try method 尝试法Cycle 周期Cyclist 周期性DD test D 检验data 资料Data acquisition 资料收集Data bank 数据库Data capacity 数据容量Data deficiencies 数据缺乏Data handling 数据处理Data manipulation 数据处理Data processing 数据处理Data reduction 数据缩减Data set 数据集Data sources 数据来源Data transformation 数据变换Data validity 数据有效性Data—in 数据输入Data—out 数据输出Dead time 停滞期Degree of freedom 自由度degree of confidence 可信度，置信度degree of dispersion 离散程度Degree of precision 精密度Degree of reliability 可靠性程度degree of variation 变异度Degression 递减Density function 密度函数Density of data points 数据点的密度Dependent variableDepth 深度Derivative matrix 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods 无导数方法Design 设计design of experiment 实验设计Determinacy 确定性Determinant 行列式Determinant 决定因素Deviation 离差Deviation from average 离均差diagnose accordance rate 诊断符合率Diagnostic plot 诊断图Dichotomous variable 二分变量Differential equation 微分方程Direct standardization 直接标准化法Direct Oblimin 斜交旋转Discrete variable 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT 判断Discriminant analysis 判别分析Discriminant coefficient 判别系数Discriminant function 判别值Dispersion 散布/分散度Disproportional 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape 分布形状Distribution—free method 任意分布法Distributive laws 分配律Disturbance 随机扰动项Dose response curve 剂量反应曲线Double blind method 双盲法Double blind trial 双盲试验Double exponential distribution 双指数分布Double logarithmic 双对数Downward rank 降秩Dual-space plot 对偶空间图DUD 无导数方法Duncan’s new multiple range method 新复极差法/Duncan 新法EError Bar 均值相关区间图Effect 实验效应Effective rate 有效率Eigenvalue 特征值Eigenvector 特征向量Ellipse 椭圆Empirical distribution 经验分布Empirical probability 经验概率单位Enumeration data 计数资料Equal sun-class number 相等次级组含量Equally likely 等可能Equation of linear regression 线性回归方程Equivariance 同变性Error 误差/错误Error of estimate 估计误差Error of replication 重复误差Error type I 第一类错误Error type II 第二类错误Estimand 被估量Estimated error mean squares 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance 欧式距离Event 事件Exceptional data point 异常数据点Expectation plane 期望平面Expectation surface 期望曲面Expected values 期望值Experiment 实验Experiment design 实验设计Experiment error 实验误差Experimental group 实验组Experimental sampling 试验抽样Experimental unit 试验单位Explained variance （已说明方差) Explanatory variable 说明变量Exploratory data analysis 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize 探索-摘要Exponential curve 指数曲线Exponential growth 指数式增长EXSMOOTH 指数平滑方法Extended fit 扩充拟合Extra parameter 附加参数Extrapolation 外推法Extreme observation 末端观测值Extremes 极端值/极值FF distribution F 分布F test F 检验Factor 因素/因子Factor analysis 因子分析Factor Analysis 因子分析Factor score 因子得分Factorial 阶乘Factorial design 析因试验设计False negative 假阴性False negative error 假阴性错误Family of distributions 分布族Family of estimators 估计量族Fanning 扇面Fatality rate 病死率Field investigation 现场调查Field survey 现场调查Finite population 有限总体Finite—sample 有限样本First derivative 一阶导数First principal component 第一主成分First quartile 第一四分位数Fisher information 费雪信息量Fitted value 拟合值Fitting a curve 曲线拟合Fixed base 定基Fluctuation 随机起伏Forecast 预测Four fold table 四格表Fourth 四分点Fraction blow 左侧比率Fractional error 相对误差Frequency 频率Freguency distribution 频数分布Frequency polygon 频数多边图Frontier point 界限点Function relationship 泛函关系GGamma distribution 伽玛分布Gauss increment 高斯增量Gaussian distribution 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment 高斯-牛顿增量General census 全面普查Generalized least squares 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models) 广义线性模型Geometric mean 几何平均数Gini’s mean difference 基尼均差GLM （General liner models）通用线性模型Goodness of fit 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square 希腊拉丁方Grand mean 总均值Gross errors 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity 大错敏感度Group averages 分组平均Grouped data 分组资料Guessed mean 假定平均数HHalf—life 半衰期Hampel M-estimators 汉佩尔M 估计量Happenstance 偶然事件Harmonic mean 调和均数Hazard function 风险均数Hazard rate 风险率Heading 标目Heavy-tailed distribution 重尾分布Hessian array 海森立体阵Heterogeneity 不同质Heterogeneity of variance 方差不齐Hierarchical classification 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method 系统聚类法High—leverage point 高杠杆率点High-Low 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects，高阶交互作用HILOGLINEAR 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge 折叶点Histogram 直方图Historical cohort study 历史性队列研究Holes 空洞HOMALS 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance 方差齐性Homogeneity test 齐性检验Huber M-estimators 休伯M 估计量Hyperbola 双曲线Hypothesis testing 假设检验Hypothetical universe 假设总体IImage factoring 多元回归法Impossible event 不可能事件Independence 独立性Independent variable 自变量Index 指标/指数Indirect standardization 间接标准化法Individual 个体Inference band 推断带Infinite population 无限总体Infinitely great 无穷大Infinitely small 无穷小Influence curve 影响曲线Information capacity 信息容量Initial condition 初始条件Initial estimate 初始估计值Initial level 最初水平Interaction 交互作用Interaction terms 交互作用项Intercept 截距Interpolation 内插法Interquartile range 四分位距Interval estimation 区间估计Intervals of equal probability 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature 固有曲率Invariance 不变性Inverse matrix 逆矩阵Inverse probability 逆概率Inverse sine transformation 反正弦变换Iteration 迭代JJacobian determinant 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function 分布函数Joint probability 联合概率Joint probability distribution 联合概率分布KK-Means Cluster 逐步聚类分析K means method 逐步聚类法Kaplan—Meier 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart Kaplan-Merier 图Kendall's rank correlation Kendall 等级相关Kinetic 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test 柯尔莫哥洛夫—斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test Kruskal 及Wallis 检验/多样本的秩和检验/H 检验Kurtosis 峰度LLack of fit 失拟Ladder of powers 幂阶梯Lag 滞后Large sample 大样本Large sample test 大样本检验Latin square 拉丁方Latin square design 拉丁方设计Leakage 泄漏Least favorable configuration 最不利构形Least favorable distribution 最不利分布Least significant difference 最小显著差法Least square method 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion，最小二乘方准则Least-absolute—residuals estimates 最小绝对残差估计Least—absolute—residuals fit 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute—residuals line 最小绝对残差线Legend 图例L—estimator L 估计量L—estimator of location 位置L 估计量L—estimator of scale 尺度L 估计量Level 水平Leveage Correction，杠杆率校正Life expectance 预期期望寿命Life table 寿命表Life table method 生命表法Light—tailed distribution 轻尾分布Likelihood function 似然函数Likelihood ratio 似然比line graph 线图Linear correlation 直线相关Linear equation 线性方程Linear programming 线性规划Linear regression 直线回归Linear Regression 线性回归Linear trend 线性趋势Loading 载荷Location and scale equivariance 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance 位置同变性Location invariance 位置不变性Location scale family 位置尺度族Log rank test 时序检验Logarithmic curve 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation 对数变换Logic check 逻辑检查Logistic distribution 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation Logit 转换LOGLINEAR 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution 对数正态分布Lost function 损失函数Low correlation 低度相关Lower limit 下限Lowest—attained variance 最小可达方差LSD 最小显著差法的简称Lurking variable 潜在变量MMain effect 主效应Major heading 主辞标目Marginal density function 边缘密度函数Marginal probability 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution 边缘概率分布Matched data 配对资料Matched distribution 匹配过分布Matching of distribution 分布的匹配Matching of transformation 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation 数学期望Mathematical model 数学模型Maximum L—estimator 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method 最大似然法Mean 均数Mean squares between groups 组间均方Mean squares within group 组内均方Means (Compare means）均值-均值比较Median 中位数Median effective dose 半数效量Median lethal dose 半数致死量Median polish 中位数平滑Median test 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator 最小方差估计量MINITAB 统计软件包Minor heading 宾词标目Missing data 缺失值Model specification 模型的确定Modeling Statistics 模型统计Models for outliers 离群值模型Modifying the model 模型的修正Modulus of continuity 连续性模Morbidity 发病率Most favorable configuration 最有利构形MSC(多元散射校正）Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL）多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison 多重比较Multiple correlation 复相关Multiple covariance 多元协方差Multiple linear regression 多元线性回归Multiple response 多重选项Multiple solutions 多解Multiplication theorem 乘法定理Multiresponse 多元响应Multi—stage sampling 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution 多元T 分布Mutual exclusive 互不相容Mutual independence 互相独立NNatural boundary 自然边界Natural dead 自然死亡Natural zero 自然零Negative correlation 负相关Negative linear correlation 负线性相关Negatively skewed 负偏Newman—Keuls method q 检验NK method q 检验No statistical significance 无统计意义Nominal variable 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics 非参数统计Nonparametric test 非参数检验Nonparametric tests 非参数检验Normal deviate 正态离差Normal distribution 正态分布Normal equation 正规方程组Normal P-P 正态概率分布图Normal Q—Q 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges 正常范围Normal value 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis 无效假设Numerical variable 数值变量OObjective function 目标函数Observation unit 观察单位Observed value 观察值One sided test 单侧检验One—way analysis of variance 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial 开放型序贯设计Optrim 优切尾Optrim efficiency 优切尾效率Order statistics 顺序统计量Ordered categories 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable 有序变量Orthogonal basis 正交基Orthogonal design 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions 正交条件ORTHOPLAN 正交设计Outlier cutoffs 离群值截断点Outliers 极端值OVERALS 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot 迭代过度PPaired design 配对设计Paired sample 配对样本Pairwise slopes 成对斜率Parabola 抛物线Parallel tests 平行试验Parameter 参数Parametric statistics 参数统计Parametric test 参数检验Pareto 直条构成线图（佩尔托图）Partial correlation 偏相关Partial regression 偏回归Partial sorting 偏排序Partials residuals 偏残差Pattern 模式PCA（主成分分析)Pearson curves 皮尔逊曲线Peeling 退层Percent bar graph 百分条形图Percentage 百分比Percentile 百分位数Percentile curves 百分位曲线Periodicity 周期性Permutation 排列P—estimator P 估计量Pie graph 构成图饼图Pitman estimator 皮特曼估计量Pivot 枢轴量Planar 平坦Planar assumption 平面的假设PLANCARDS 生成试验的计划卡PLS(偏最小二乘法）Point estimation 点估计Poisson distribution 泊松分布Polishing 平滑Polled standard deviation 合并标准差Polled variance 合并方差Polygon 多边图Polynomial 多项式Polynomial curve 多项式曲线Population 总体Population attributable risk 人群归因危险度Positive correlation 正相关Positively skewed 正偏Posterior distribution 后验分布Power of a test 检验效能Precision 精密度Predicted value 预测值Preliminary analysis 预备性分析Principal axis factoring 主轴因子法Principal component analysis 主成分分析Prior distribution 先验分布Prior probability 先验概率Probabilistic model 概率模型probability 概率Probability density 概率密度Product moment 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace 截面迹图Proportion 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate 成比例Proportionate sub—class numbers 成比例次级组含量Prospective study 前瞻性调查Proximities 亲近性Pseudo F test 近似F 检验Pseudo model 近似模型Pseudosigma 伪标准差Purposive sampling 有目的抽样QQR decomposition QR 分解Quadratic approximation 二次近似Qualitative classification 属性分类Qualitative method 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot 分位数-分位数图/Q—Q 图Quantitative analysis 定量分析Quartile 四分位数Quick Cluster 快速聚类RRadix sort 基数排序Random allocation 随机化分组Random blocks design 随机区组设计Random event 随机事件Randomization 随机化Range 极差/全距Rank correlation 等级相关Rank sum test 秩和检验Rank test 秩检验Ranked data 等级资料Rate 比率Ratio 比例Raw data 原始资料Raw residual 原始残差Rayleigh's test 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z 雷氏Z 值Reciprocal 倒数Reciprocal transformation 倒数变换Recording 记录Redescending estimators 回降估计量Reducing dimensions 降维Re—expression 重新表达Reference set 标准组Region of acceptance 接受域Regression coefficient 回归系数Regression sum of square 回归平方和Rejection point 拒绝点Relative dispersion 相对离散度Relative number 相对数Reliability 可靠性Reparametrization 重新设置参数Replication 重复Report Summaries 报告摘要Residual sum of square 剩余平方和residual variance （剩余方差)Resistance 耐抗性Resistant line 耐抗线Resistant technique 耐抗技术R-estimator of location 位置R 估计量R-estimator of scale 尺度R 估计量Retrospective study 回顾性调查Ridge trace 岭迹Ridit analysis Ridit 分析Rotation 旋转Rounding 舍入Row 行Row effects 行效应Row factor 行因素RXC table RXC 表SSample 样本Sample regression coefficient 样本回归系数Sample size 样本量Sample standard deviation 样本标准差Sampling error 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system ) SAS 统计软件包Scale 尺度/量表Scatter diagram 散点图Schematic plot 示意图/简图Score test 计分检验Screening 筛检SEASON 季节分析Second derivative 二阶导数Second principal component 第二主成分SEM （Structural equation modeling) 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph 半对数图Semi—logarithmic paper 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis 贯序分析Sequence 普通序列图Sequential data set 顺序数据集Sequential design 贯序设计Sequential method 贯序法Sequential test 贯序检验法Serial tests 系列试验Short-cut method 简捷法Sigmoid curve S 形曲线Sign function 正负号函数Sign test 符号检验Signed rank 符号秩Significant Level 显著水平Significance test 显著性检验Significant figure 有效数字Simple cluster sampling 简单整群抽样Simple correlation 简单相关Simple random sampling 简单随机抽样Simple regression 简单回归simple table 简单表Sine estimator 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate 单值估计Singular matrix 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution 偏斜分布Skewness 偏度Slash distribution 斜线分布Slope 斜率Smirnov test 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation 变异来源Spearman rank correlation 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor 特殊因子Specific factor variance 特殊因子方差Spectra 频谱Spherical distribution 球型正态分布Spread 展布SPSS（Statistical package for the social science) SPSS 统计软件包Spurious correlation 假性相关Square root transformation 平方根变换Stabilizing variance 稳定方差Standard deviation 标准差Standard error 标准误Standard error of difference 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate 标准估计误差Standard error of rate 率的标准误Standard normal distribution 标准正态分布Standardization 标准化Starting value 起始值Statistic 统计量Statistical control 统计控制Statistical graph 统计图Statistical inference 统计推断Statistical table 统计表Steepest descent 最速下降法Stem and leaf display 茎叶图Step factor 步长因子Stepwise regression 逐步回归Storage 存Strata 层(复数）Stratified sampling 分层抽样Stratified sampling 分层抽样Strength 强度Stringency 严密性Structural relationship 结构关系Studentized residual 学生化残差/t 化残差Sub-class numbers 次级组含量Subdividing 分割Sufficient statistic 充分统计量Sum of products 积和Sum of squares 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression 偏回归平方和Sure event 必然事件Survey 调查Survival 生存分析Survival rate 生存率Suspended root gram 悬吊根图Symmetry 对称Systematic error 系统误差Systematic sampling 系统抽样TTags 标签Tail area 尾部面积Tail length 尾长Tail weight 尾重Tangent line 切线Target distribution 目标分布Taylor series 泰勒级数Test（检验)Test of linearity 线性检验Tendency of dispersion 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses 假设检验Theoretical frequency 理论频数Time series 时间序列Tolerance interval 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit 容忍上限Torsion 扰率Total sum of square 总平方和Total variation 总变异Transformation 转换Treatment 处理Trend 趋势Trend of percentage 百分比趋势Trial 试验Trial and error method 试错法Tuning constant 细调常数Two sided test 双向检验Two—stage least squares 二阶最小平方Two—stage sampling 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test 双侧检验Two—way analysis of variance 双因素方差分析Two—way table 双向表Type I error 一类错误/α错误Type II error 二类错误/β错误UUMVU 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data 不分组资料Uniform coordinate 均匀坐标Uniform distribution 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit 单元Unordered categories 无序分类Unweighted least squares 未加权最小平方法Upper limit 上限Upward rank 升秩VVague concept 模糊概念Validity 有效性V ARCOMP （Variance component estimation）方差元素估计Variability 变异性Variable 变量Variance 方差Variation 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation 方差最大正交旋转V olume of distribution 容积WW test W 检验Weibull distribution 威布尔分布Weight 权数Weighted Chi—square test 加权卡方检验/Cochran 检验Weighted linear regression method 加权直线回归Weighted mean 加权平均数Weighted mean square 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square 加权平方和Weighting coefficient 权重系数Weighting method 加权法W—estimation W 估计量W-estimation of location 位置W 估计量Width 宽度Wilcoxon paired test 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point 野点/狂点Wild value 野值/狂值Winsorized mean 缩尾均值Withdraw 失访X此组的词汇还没找到YYouden's index 尤登指数ZZ test Z 检验Zero correlation 零相关Z—transformation Z 变换。
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a r X i v :he p-ph/9708467v 1 26 A u g 19971Determination of αs from Event Shapes and Power CorrectionsDaniel Wicke aaFachbereich Physik,Bergische Universit¨a t GH,Gaußstr.20,42097Wuppertal;wicke@cern.chThe size of non-perturbative corrections to event shape observables is predicted to fall like a power of the inverse centre of mass energy.These power corrections are investigated for different observables from e +e −-anni-hilation and compared to the theoretical ing the latest DELPHI high energy data advantages of determining αs from these predictions are discussed and compared to conventional methods.1.IntroductionThe upgrade of LEP to run at energies above the Z -peak induced new possibilities in measur-ing the running of αs .Due to asymptotic free-dom,non-perturbative effects become less im-portant at higher energies.Different theoretical frameworks suggest that for event shapes the non-perturbative corrections reduce like the inverse power of the centre of mass energy [1,2].Theo-retical predictions for this decrease can be used in the measurement of αs independent of event by event hadronization models.2.αs from Mean Event Shapes using Power Corrections The analytical power ansatz for non-perturba-tive corrections by Dokshitzer and Webber [2,3]can be used to determine αs from mean event shapes [4–6].This ansatz provides an additive term to the perturbative O (α2s )QCD prediction f pert : f =1dσdσ= f pert + f pow(1)The power correction is given by f pow =a f ·µIµ2I+K¯α0±stat.±scale1−T 42/23M 2h /E 2vis4.0/142 Table2αs as obtained from means with the Eqs.(1–2) by averaging the 1−T and M2h/E2vis results.E cm133GeV0.1047±0.0069±0.0034±0.0043 172GeVσtotdσ3a)0.50.60.70.80.912345678910cm O b s e r v a b l e (a r b i t r a r i l y n o r m a l i s e d)b)0.070.080.090.10.110.120.130.14E cm /GeVαs (E c m)c)0.070.080.090.10.110.120.130.14E cm /GeVs c m Figure 2.a)Measured mean values of 1−T and M 2h /E 2visas a function of the centre of mass energy.The solid lines present the results of the fits with Eqs.(1–2),the dashed lines show the perturbative part.b)Energy dependence of αs .The errors shown are statistical only.The band shows the QCD expectation of extrapolating the world average to other energies.c)αs determined using Dokshitzer and Webber power corrections with 1−T distribution.moved from the fit,because the shifted QCD pre-diction was no longer defined at the lower end of the fit range.To compare the quality of these fits to a hadronization model based description,a simul-taneous fit of αs to these data using the JETSET PS based hadronization correction is done.The results are plotted in Fig.3b,d and summarized in Tab.4.Using these ¯α0results to determine αs from individual high energy 1−T distributions lead to systematic deviations from the QCD expectation (See Fig.2c).The deviation is different for NLLA and O (α2s )(which use different fit ranges)and opposite in sign.To investigate this problem,the Dokshitzer and Webber power correction term was replaced by a simple ansatz:δf =C 1E 2cm(4)A combined fit of C 1,C 2to the complete setof distributions probes the need of the quadratic power correction term.αs was fixed to 0.120here.It is found,that for the fit ranges used in O (α2s )and NLLA fits of Thrust the correction arising from the quadratic power term is not negligable (See Tab.5).The small result of C 2for the com-bined result thus may be accidental.4.Summary/ConclusionsSeveral methods of determining αs at high en-ergies from event shapes were discussed.The results from means using power corrections are compatible with those from distributions us-ing standard hadronization corrections.Results from power corrections yield smaller scale errors.Power corrections to event shape distributions are more tricky.4101101010101010101010101010101/N d N /d (1-T ) (s c a l e d )Power Correction 101101010101010101010101010 h vis1/N d N /d (M h /E v i s )2(s c a l e d )JETSETh visFigure 3.O (α2s )fit of αs (and ¯α0)to 1−T and M 2h /E 2vis distributions measured at different energies.In plot a,c the power ansatz Eq.3,in b,d JETSET PS based correction is used to include non-perturbative contributions.The distributions including dotted lines were not included in the fit.5Table3αs as obtained from distributions using JETSET.133GeVO(α2s)0.1196±0.0129±0.005 Combinedαs(E cm)±stat.±sys.±scale0.1084±0.0088±0.0049±0.006NLLA0.1120±0.0074±0.0032±0.006172GeVO(α2s)0.0976±0.0097±0.0046±0.005 Combined¯α0O(α2s)120/107NLLA81/26Combined377/137M2h/E2visχ2/ndf0.698±0.0140.480±0.0120.554±0.005C1[GeV]O(α2s)−10.4±1.3NLLA+10.0±0.6Combined−0.48±0.61M2h/E2vis C2[GeV2]0.27±0.09not convergingCombined−4.5±6.9REFERENCES1.V.I.Zakharov.In these proceedings.2.Y.L.Dokshitzer and B.R.Webber.Phys.Lett.B352(1995)451.3. 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