a design on ultrasonic high-speed data acquisition system
基于AD9228的超声数据采集电路的设计
生物医学工程研究Journal of Bi om edical Engi neering R es earch2008,27(4):240～2423基金项目:国家自然科学基金资助项目(60471057)。
△通信作者 @;y @基于AD9228的超声数据采集电路的设计3李粤得,张雷刚,余胜康,彭虎△(中国科学技术大学电子科学与技术系,合肥230027)摘要:介绍了数字超声成像系统中数据采集电路的设计方案和功能特性。
该电路以ADI 公司的高速A ΠD 转换芯片A D9228为基础,可以实现最高达65MSPS 的模数转换速率,并使用FPG A 实现LV DS 信号的电平转换,以及串并转换,最后实现数字信号的并行输出。
测试结果表明:该系统的12位数字化输出只在最后1位有抖动,可满足实际设计要求。
关键词:超声成像;数据采集;高速A ΠD 转换;LVDS 信号;串并转换中图分类号:R318 文献标识码:A 文章编号:167226278(2008)0420240203The Design of U ltrasonic Data Acquisition Circuits based on A D9228L I Yuede ,ZH ANG Leigang ,YU Shengkang ,PENG H u(Department o f Electronic Science and Techno log y ,Un iv ersity o f Scien ce and Techn ology o f China ,Hefei 230027,Ch ina)A bstr act :W e describ ed th e design of data acquisition circuit in u ltras onic imag ing sys tem.T he des ign was bases on high speed A ΠD conv erter AD 9228,wh ich can reach th e highest converter rate at 65MSPS.In th e circuits ,FPG A w as used to conv ert LV DS data in to LVCO MS data ,and converted s erial data into parallel data ,finally accom plish ed the parallel d ig ital s ig nal ou tput.It is tes ted that on ly the las t one of tw elve bits ou tput data have jittered.T he result meets the design requirements.K ey w or ds :Ultras on ic imagin g ;Data acqu isition ;High speed A ΠD conv erter ;LV DS data ;Deserializer1 引 言随着计算机、现代信号处理技术的不断发展,超声成像系统逐渐向全数字化方向发展。
基于FPGA和USB接口的超声波信号高速采集卡
基于FPGA和USB接口的超声波信号高速采集卡许西宁;余祖俊【摘要】An AD acquisition card with a sampling rate up to 100 MS/s is needed in the ultrasonic rail flaw detection system, so the high speed ultrasonic signal acquisition card based on FPGA and USB interface is designed. FPGA-based hardware design and programming method, firmware and driver design based on CY7C68013 USB 2.0 chip are introduced in detail. Analog signal acquisition frequency up to 100 MHz, the maximum data transfer rate of 20 MB/s, the acquisition card can acquire ultrasonic signals in real-time without missing data.%在超声波钢轨缺陷检测系统中,需使用采集频率大于100 MHz的AD采集卡,为此设计了应用现场可编程门阵列(Field-Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)和基于USB 2.0接口的超声波信号高速采集卡.文中论述了硬件电路设计方案及程序设计方法,在基于CY7C68013的USB 2.0通用接口芯片上实现了大量数据传输的固件程序设计、驱动程序设计.该采集卡模拟信号采集频率可达100 MHz,数据传输速率大于20 Mb/s,可实时采集超声波信号,运行稳定,无丢包现象.【期刊名称】《北京交通大学学报》【年(卷),期】2011(035)006【总页数】4页(P89-92)【关键词】现场可编程门阵列;USB 2.0;中触发;驱动程序【作者】许西宁;余祖俊【作者单位】北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院,北京100044;北京交通大学机械与电子控制工程学院,北京100044【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP274.2随着我国高速铁路的飞速发展,无缝线路技术得到了广泛的应用.无缝钢轨在外界温度发生变化时,其内部将产生极大的温度应力,如果在钢轨内部存在伤损缺陷点,很容易发生钢轨折断.对于高速铁路无缝线路,实时监测钢轨内部缺陷状态,及时预警维修,是提高高速铁路运行安全的重要保障.目前,在钢轨缺陷检测技术中,超声波无损检测技术应用广泛,超声波接收探头输出的模拟信号中心频率高达2.5 MHz,需使用采集频率大于100 MHz的AD采集卡.目前国内还没有此类产品,国外高速采集卡价格普遍较高,在5万元(人民币)以上.为此我们实验室自主研发了基于FPGA和USB的超声波信号高速采集卡,主要应用在超声波无损检测装置中,采集超声波接收探头输出的信号.1 硬件设计1)AD转换芯片.系统AD转换芯片采用Analog Devices公司的AD9433,它是12位单通道模拟信号采样转换器,具有片上跟踪和保持电路,该产品转换速率高达125MSPS[1],具有优异的动态性能.模拟信号输入至AD9433之间的通道采用了变压器交流耦合电路,这样实现有几个优点:①易于实现模拟信号输入端的阻抗匹配;②可隔离直流分量;③可将单端模拟输入信号转换为差分信号,直接接入AD9433的AIN+、AIN-端.AD9433的编码时钟支持差分或单端输入,为了获得最佳的时钟性能,采用差分输入模式.由FPGA的PLL时钟输出作为AD9433的编码时钟输入,这样能很方便实现数据采集的同步.FPGA的PLL时钟输出为 LVTTL电平信号,AD9433的编码时钟可兼容LVPECL信号,需要进行电平转换,系统采用SY10EPT8L实现.SY10EPT8L可实现LVT TL到差分 LVPECL的信号转换,延时小于600 ps.SY10EPT8L的差分LVPECL信号输出端经电容耦合后,可直接接入AD9433的ENCODE+和ENCODE-管脚.AD9433的AD转换及数据结果输出需要在编码时钟驱动下进行,每个时钟周期启动AD转换一次、输出转换结果一次,启动一次AD转换到输出当前结果之间有8个时钟周期的延时.2)FPGA.AD转换输出结果需要同步读取,系统使用的编码时钟为100 MHz,如此高的同步传输速率采用一般的MCU无法实现,与通用MCU相比,FPGA内部集成锁相环,通过倍频,核心频率可以到几百兆,FPGA的不同逻辑可以并行执行,一个时钟周期可以同时处理不同任务,因此,FPGA具有高速的数据处理能力.系统选用了ALTERA公司的Cyclone系列FPGA——EP1C12,该FPGA有12 060个逻辑单元,52个 M4K RAM,总 RAM位数239 616 bit,2个锁相环,249个用户可用IO管脚[2].FPGA主要完成AD数据高速同步读取、数据缓存、数据传输等任务.3)USB.AD数据采集采用中触发模式,只采集超声波信号中心区域附近的有用信息,每检测到一次超声波信号,采集2 KB的数据,设超声波发射频率为1 kHz,每秒钟有效数据量为2 MB.计算机串口波特率最高可设置为128 000 b/s,采用串口传输模式,每秒钟可输出数据只有12.5 KB,无法满足系统需求.目前,USB 2.0接口在PC的采集系统中得到了广泛的应用,USB 2.0在每个上微帧中最大可传输13个块传输包,每个传输包512 B,每个微帧长固定为125 μ s,其最高传输速率可达 53 MB/s.系统选用Cypress公司推出的USB 2.0控制器CY7C68013,向下完全兼容流行的USB 1.1协议,是USB 2.0的完整解决方案.该芯片包括带8.5 KB片上RAM的高速8051单片机、4 KB FIFO存储器及通用可编程接口(GPIF)、串行接口引擎(SIE)和USB 2.0收发器,无需外加芯片即可完成高速USB传输,性价比较高[3].4)硬件总体结构.FPGA经PLL输出同步时钟至AD9433,在同步时钟驱动下,AD9433进行AD转换,AD9433输出的AD转换结果直接送入FPGA内部FIFO,由FPGA内部接口控制模块控制内部FIFO的写入、读出,通过CY7C68013将采集的数据经USB接口发送给PC机.系统硬件总体结构如图1所示.图1 硬件总体框图Fig.1 Hardware general structure2 FPGA程序设计FPGA程序主要完成读取AD转换结果、数据缓存、通过USB接口将数据发送至PC机等任务.对超声波接收信号的数据采集采用中触发模式[4],从检测到有效信号时刻起,记录当前时刻前后各1 KB的数据,如图2所示.FPGA内部时钟和AD9433编码时钟采用同一时钟源,由FPGA的内部PLL产生,以保证数据同步[5].AD9433输出的AD转换结果,直接送入FPGA内部FIFO,由FPGA内部接口控制模块,控制内部FIFO的写入、读出,当采集到有效数据信号后,再由接口控制模块控制FIFO读出并写入CY7C68013的内部FIFO中.其程序设计原理见图3.整个程序流程分为5个阶段,如图4所示.Stage1:每个CLK的上升沿将一组AD转换结果写入FIFO,共写入2 KB数据. Stage2:每个CLK的上升沿将一组AD转换结果写入FIFO,同时读出一组数据,保持FIFO内部有2 KB的数据,同时检测是否有达到阈值的数据.Stage3:当检测到有效的超声波信号后,边读出边写入,继续存储1 KB的AD转换结果.Stage4:停止将AD结果写入FIFO,并将2 KB的有效数据写入USB接口芯片.图2 中触发采集模式Fig.2 Middle trigger acquisition mode图3 FPGA程序设计原理框图Fig.3 Block diagram of FPGA programming图4 FPGA程序时序图Fig.4 FPGA programming timing diagramStage5:等待USB接口将数据送出.FPGA将FIFO中的数据写入到USB接口芯片的操作比较简单,将CS信号置低,用ADR选通所使用的USB端点号,数据在每个WR的下降沿被写入到该端点的FIFO.3 USB芯片固件程序设计固件程序在CY7C68013内部运行,主要完成USB接口配置、处理USB驱动程序的请求.为了简化固件编程,CYPRESS提供了固件编程框架,只需在此基础上添加少量代码就可以完成固件编程.CYPRESS的固件编程框架主要包括:dscr.a51,FW.C,PERIPH.C等文件[6].其中:Fw.c是固件框架源文件;Periph.c是用户调度函数;Dscr.a51是USB描述符列表. 复位上电时,固件先初始化一些全局变量,接着调用初始化函数TD-Init()初始化设备,循环1 s后重枚举,直到端点0接收到SETUP包退出循环,进入循环语句while,执行任务函数,函数包括:a.TD-POLL()用户任务调度函数;b.如果发现 USB设备请求,则执行对应的USB请求;c.如果发现 USB空闲置位,则调用TD-Suspend()挂起函数,调用成功则内核挂起,直到出现USB远程唤醒信号,调用TD-Resume(),内核唤醒重新进入while循环. FPGA采集的AD数据经过CY7C68013的EP6端点送入USB接口,在固件程序开发时,主要修改Dscr.a51中的USB描述符列表及Periph.c中TD-Init()函数.1)修改Dscr.a51中的USB描述符列表.端点6描述符设置如下:db 7; 描述符长度db 5; 描述符类型5:端点db 86H; 端点6方向:INdb 2; 端点类型:Bulkdb 00H; 最大包长度(LSB)db 02H; 最大包长度(MSB)db 00H;2)修改 TD-Init()函数.程序如下:完成以上修改后,将USB固件程序编译后下载到CY7C68013,程序运行后,CY7C68013工作在Slave FIFO模式,FPGA根据相应ADR将AD转换结果写入EP6的FIFO,PC机应用程序调用驱动程序就可以从EP6中读出AD转换数据.4 USB驱动程序开发USB设备驱动程序的设计是基于WDM(WindowsDriver Model,驱动程序模型)的,主要任务是建立应用程序和CY7C68013的通信通道,将FPGA获取的AD有效数据从相应通道读入PC机.程序使用DriverStudio中的DriverWizards驱动程序向导生成,按照向导进行配置:设定Device ID、Vender ID的值;新建端点 6(m-Endpoint6IN);设置端点6的方向为IN;传输模式为BULK.在基于DriverStudio开发的驱动程序中,向存储器空间读写大量数据一般选用Write/Read函数,Read()函数对应着Win32 API函数中的 ReadFile(),其中参数通过KIrp I传递进来,使用 I.Mdl()声明内存空间,并映射到用户读取数据的缓存区地址,使用I.ReadSize()函数来获取读取数据的长度.在Read()函数中添加以下程序:在编写的应用程序中的调用ReadFile(hDevice,buf,n,&nRead,NULL)函数,可将USB端点6中的数据读入PC机中.5 实验与结论在京沪高速铁路先导段试验现场,安装了此次研制的超声波信号采集卡,在列车高速通过时,采集到的超声波信号脉冲如图5所示.图5 现场采集超声波信号Fig.5 Ultrasonic signal collecting on-site基于FPGA和USB的超声波信号采集卡实现了100 MHz高速模拟信号的采集,并能将有效信号实时传输至PC机显示、存储,便于后续数字信号处理,为钢轨裂纹、断轨检测提供了大量的数据样本.该采集卡还具有较好的推广应用价值,可广泛应用于高频小信号模拟信号的采集系统中.参考文献(References):[1]ANALOG DEVICES Inc.AD9433 device handbook[Z].ANALOG DEVICES Inc,Rev.A,2009.[2]ALTERA.Cyclone device handbook[Z].ALTERA,Volume 1,2005.[3]CYPRESS.EZ-USB FX2 Technical reference manual[Z].CYPRESS,Version 2.1,2001.[4]林莉,李喜孟.超声波频谱分析技术及其应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009:1-25.LIN Li,LI Ximeng.Ultrasonic spectrum analysis andapplication[M].Beijing:China Machine Press,2009:1-25.(in Chinese)[5]黄正谨,徐坚,章小丽,等.CPLD系统设计技术入门与应用[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002:93-159.HUANG Zhengjin,XU Jian,ZHANG Xiaoli,et al.CPLD system design technology and application[M].Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry,2002:93-159.(in Chinese)[6]王成儒,李英伟.USB 2.0原理与工程开发[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2004:295-340.WANG Chengru,LI B 2.0 principles and engineeringdevelopment[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2004:295-340.(in Chinese)。
超声波浆液密度测量的方法研究
摘要作为评价灌浆工艺的一项重要指标，浆液密度的高精度实时测量具有重要意义。
传统的浆液密度测量方法多与整个灌浆系统的工艺设计配合使用，创新性不足，浆液密度测量精度也有待提高。
本文提出一种新的测量方法，将超声波测量技术与基于FPGA的高速信号处理系统结合起来，共同实现分辨率优于0.01kg/m3的浆液密度测量。
利用超声波的传播速度与介质密度之间存在的函数关系来实现密度测量，即通过检测超声波波速的变化来获得介质的密度信息，完成密度的精密测量。
当超声波传播距离一定时，精密测量超声波在介质中的传输时间就可得出超声波的速度，再根据传播速度间接求得密度值。
文中系统分析了超声波浆液密度测量原理，完成了超声波浆液密度测量方案的设计，并结合实验验证了该方法的可行性。
超声波浆液密度测量的核心技术体现在多声道测量结构、稳定可靠的超声波信号、高速信号处理系统和特殊软件算法等四个方面。
完成基于FPGA的高速硬件电路设计和基于Verilog HDL的软件设计，是实现浆液密度精密测量的关键。
硬件设计以FPGA为核心，主要包括超声波换能器驱动电路设计和超声波回波信号采集、处理电路设计，FPGA的功能主要体现在三个方面：与DDS技术相结合完成超声波换能器的驱动设计，产生超声波信号；与高分辨率的A/D转换电路结合起来，完成超声波回波信号的高速采样、存储设计；其内部构建的处理器能够对存储在RAM区的采样数据进行处理。
软件设计包括回波数据采集设计、特征波查找算法和超声波传输时间精密算法。
回波数据采集设计针对换能器接收端输出的回波信号制定采集方案。
采集完成的数据存储于FPGA内构建的RAM中，特征波查找算法分析、比较这些采样数据，以便找出回波信号中幅值最大的特征波。
高精度传输时间精密算法在精确确定传输时间起点、终点位置后，利用软件细分算法计算出传输时间的终点时刻。
实验研究部分，以纯净水作为被测介质，验证超声波密度测量方案的可行性。
实验结果表明超声波传输时间的测量精度达到纳秒级，为研制超声波浆液密度计，实现高精度浆液密度测量奠定了基础。
机床专业术语相关英语词汇
机床行业英汉对照3-Jaws indexing spacers 三爪、分割工具头A.T.C.system 加工中心机刀库Aluminum continuous melting holding furnaces 连续溶解保温炉Balancing equipment 平衡设备Bayonet 卡口Bearing fittings 轴承配件Bearing processing equipment 轴承加工机Bearings 轴承Belt drive 带传动Bending machines 弯曲机Blades 刀片Blades,saw 锯片Bolts,screws nuts 螺栓,螺帽及螺丝Boring heads 搪孔头Boring machines 镗床Cable making tools 造线机Casting,aluminium 铸铝Casting,copper 铸铜Casting,gray iron 铸灰口铁Casting,malleable iron 可锻铸铁Casting,other 其他铸造Casting,steel 铸钢Chain drive 链传动Chain making tools 造链机Chamfer machines 倒角机Chucks 夹盘Clamping/holding systems 夹具/支持系统CNC bending presses 电脑数控弯折机CNC boring machines 电脑数控镗床CNC drilling machines 电脑数控钻床CNC EDM wire-cutting machines 电脑数控电火花线切削机CNC electric discharge machines 电脑数控电火花机CNC engraving machines 电脑数控雕刻机CNC grinding machines 电脑数控磨床CNC lathes 电脑数控车床CNC machine tool fittings 电脑数控机床配件CNC milling machines 电脑数控铣床CNC shearing machines 电脑数控剪切机CNC toolings CNC刀杆CNC wire-cutting machines 电脑数控线切削机Conveying chains 输送链Coolers 冷却机Coupling 联轴器951Crimping tools 卷边工具Cutters 刀具Cutting-off machines 切断机Diamond cutters 钻石刀具Dicing saws 晶圆切割机Die casting dies 压铸冲模Die casting machines 压铸机Dies-progressive 连续冲模Disposable toolholder bits 舍弃式刀头Drawing machines 拔丝机Drilling machines 钻床Drilling machines bench 钻床工作台Drilling machines,high-speed 高速钻床Drilling machines,multi-spindle 多轴钻床Drilling machines,radial 摇臂钻床Drilling machines,vertical 立式钻床drills 钻头Electric discharge machines(EDM) 电火花机Electric power tools 电动刀具Engraving machines 雕刻机Engraving machines,laser 激光雕刻机Etching machines 蚀刻机Finishing machines 修整机Fixture 夹具Forging dies 锻模Forging,aluminium 锻铝Forging,cold 冷锻Forging,copper 铜锻Forging,other 其他锻造Forging,steel 钢锻Foundry equipment 铸造设备Gear cutting machines 齿轮切削机Gears 齿轮Gravity casting machines 重力铸造机Grinder bench 磨床工作台Grinders,thread 螺纹磨床Grinders,tools & cutters 工具磨床Grinders,ultrasonic 超声波打磨机Grinding machines 磨床Grinding machines,centerless 无心磨床Grinding machines,cylindrical 外圆磨床Grinding machines,universal 万能磨床Grinding tools 磨削工具Grinding wheels 磨轮952Hand tools 手工具Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant 硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组Heat preserving furnaces 保温炉Heating treatment funaces 熔热处理炉Honing machines 搪磨机Hydraulic components 液压元件Hydraulic power tools 液压工具Hydraulic power units 液压动力元件Hydraulic rotary cylinders 液压回转缸Jigs 钻模Lapping machines 精研机Lapping machines,centerless 无心精研机Laser cutting 激光切割Laser cutting for SMT stensil 激光钢板切割机Lathe bench 车床工作台Lathes,automatic 自动车床Lathes,heavy-duty 重型车床Lathes,high-speed 高速车床Lathes,turret 六角车床Lathes,vertical 立式车床Lubricants 润滑液Lubrication Systems 润滑系统Lubricators 注油机Machining centers,general 通用加工中心Machining centers,horizontal 卧式加工中心Machining centers,horizontal & vertical 卧式及立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical 立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical double-column type 立式双柱加工中心Magnetic tools 磁性工具Manifolds 集合管Milling heads 铣头Milling machines 铣床Milling machines,bed type 床身式铣床Milling machines,duplicating 仿形铣床Milling machines,horizontal 卧式铣床Milling machines,turret vertical 六角立式铣床Milling machines,universal 万能铣床Milling machines,vertical 立式铣床Milling machines,vertical & horizontal 立式及卧式铣床Mold & die components 模具单元Mold changing systems 换模系统Mold core 模芯Mold heaters/chillers 模具加热器/冷却器Mold polishing/texturing 模具打磨/磨纹953Mold repair 模具维修Molds 模具Nail making machines 造钉机Oil coolers 油冷却器Overflow cutting machines for aluminium wheels 铝轮冒口切断机P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant P型PVC高分子防水PCB fine piecing systems 印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统Pipe & tube making machines 管筒制造机Planing machines 刨床Planing machines vertical 立式刨床Pneumatic hydraulic clamps 气油压虎钳Pneumatic power tools 气动工具Powder metallurgic forming machines 粉末冶金成型机Presses,cold forging 冷锻冲压机presses,crank 曲柄压力机Presses,eccentric 离心压力机Presses,forging 锻压机Presses,hydraulic 液压冲床Presses,knuckle joint 肘杆式压力机Presses,pneumatic 气动冲床Presses,servo 伺服冲床Presses,transfer 自动压力机Pressing dies 压模Punch formers 冲子研磨器Quick die change systems 速换模系统Quick mold change systems 快速换模系统Reverberatory furnaces 反射炉Rollers 滚筒Rolling machines 辗压机Rotary tables 转台Sawing machines 锯床Sawing machines,band 带锯床Saws,band 带锯Saws,hack 弓锯Saws,horizontal band 卧式带锯Saws,vertical band 立式带锯shafts 轴Shapers 牛头刨床Shearing machines 剪切机Sheet metal forming machines 金属板成型机Sheet metal working machines 金属板加工机Slotting machines 插床spindles 主轴Stamping parts 冲压机Straightening machines 矫直机954Switches & buttons 开关及按钮Tapping machines 攻螺丝机Transmitted chains 传动链Tube bending machines 弯管机Vertical hydraulic broaching machine 立式油压拉床Vises 虎钳Vises,tool-maker 精密平口钳Wheel dressers 砂轮修整器Woven-Cutting machines 织麦激光切割机Wrenches 扳手离心压力机Presses,eccentric六角立式铣床Milling machines,turret vertical六角车床Lathes,turret螺栓,螺帽及螺丝Bolts,screws & nuts螺纹磨床Grinders,thread冷却机Coolers冷锻Forging,cold冷锻冲压机Presses,cold forging立式双柱加工中心Machining centers,vertical double-column type立式铣床Milling machines,vertical立式油压拉床Vertical hydraulic broaching machine立式刨床Planing machines vertical立式车床Lathes,vertical立式带锯Saws,vertical band立式加工中心Machining centers,vertical立式及卧式铣床Milling machines,vertical & horizontal立式钻床Drilling machines,vertical联轴器Coupling连续溶解保温炉Aluminum continuous melting & holding furnaces连续冲模Dies-progressive链传动Chain drive切断机Cutting-off machinesCNC刀杆CNC toolings曲柄压力机presses,crank修整机Finishing machines舍弃式刀头Disposable toolholder bits润滑系统Lubrication Systems润滑液Lubricants熔热处理炉Heating treatment funaces三爪、分割工具头3-Jaws indexing spacers伺服冲床Presses,servo输送链Conveying chains手工具Hand tools砂轮修整器Wheel dressers955蚀刻机Etching machines外圆磨床Grinding machines,cylindrical搪磨机Honing machines搪孔头Boring heads卧式铣床Milling machines,horizontal卧式带锯Saws,horizontal band卧式加工中心Machining centers,horizontal卧式及立式加工中心Machining centers,horizontal & vertical万能铣床Milling machines,universal万能磨床Grinding machines,universal镗床Boring machines弯曲机Bending machines弯管机Tube bending machines通用加工中心Machining centers,general铜锻Forging,copper铣头Milling heads铣床Milling machines无心磨床Grinding machines,centerless无心精研机Lapping machines,centerless压模Pressing dies压铸冲模Die casting dies压铸机Die casting machines油冷却器Oil coolers造链机Chain making tools造线机Cable making tools造钉机Nail making machines印刷电器板油压冲孔脱料系统PCB fine piecing systems摇臂钻床Drilling machines,radial硬(软)板(片)材及自由发泡板机组Hard/soft and free expansion sheet making plant辗压机Rolling machines液压元件Hydraulic components液压冲床Presses,hydraulic液压动力元件Hydraulic power units液压工具Hydraulic power tools液压回转缸Hydraulic rotary cylindersP型PVC高分子防水P type PVC waterproof rolled sheet making plant刨床Planing machines牛头刨床Shapers其他铸造Casting,other其他锻造Forging,other模芯Mold core模具Molds模具维修Mold repair模具打磨/磨纹Mold polishing/texturing956模具单元Mold & die components模具加热器/冷却器Mold heaters/chillers磨轮Grinding wheels磨削工具Grinding tools磨床Grinding machines磨床工作台Grinder bench平衡设备Balancing equipment气油压虎钳Pneumatic hydraulic clamps气动冲床Presses,pneumatic气动工具Pneumatic power tools轴shafts轴承Bearings轴承配件Bearing fittings轴承加工机Bearing processing equipment肘杆式压力机Presses,knuckle joint铸铝Casting,aluminium铸铜Casting,copper铸造设备Foundry equipment铸钢Casting,steel铸灰口铁Casting,gray iron织麦激光切割机Woven-Cutting machines重力铸造机Gravity casting machines重型车床Lathes,heavy-duty主轴spindles扳手Wrenches 拔丝机Drawing machines保温炉Heat preserving furnaces插床Slotting machines齿轮Gears齿轮切削机Gear cutting machines冲压机Stamping parts冲子研磨器Punch formers超声波打磨机Grinders,ultrasonic车床工作台Lathe bench磁性工具Magnetic tools传动链Transmitted chains床身式铣床Milling machines,bed type带传动Belt drive带锯Saws,band带锯床Sawing machines,band电脑数控镗床CNC boring machines电脑数控弯折机CNC bending presses电脑数控铣床CNC milling machines电脑数控线切削机CNC wire-cutting machines电脑数控磨床CNC grinding machines957电脑数控车床CNC lathes电脑数控电火花线切削机CNC EDM wire-cutting machines电脑数控电火花机CNC electric discharge machines电脑数控雕刻机CNC engraving machines电脑数控机床配件CNC machine tool fittings电脑数控剪切机CNC shearing machines电脑数控钻床CNC drilling machines电动刀具Electric power tools电火花机Electric discharge machines(EDM)雕刻机Engraving machines刀片Blades刀具Cutters倒角机Chamfer machines多轴钻床Drilling machines,multi-spindle锻铝Forging,aluminium锻压机Presses,forging锻模Forging dies仿形铣床Milling machines,duplicating粉末冶金成型机Powder metallurgic forming machines反射炉Reverberatory furnaces钢锻Forging,steel高速车床Lathes,high-speed高速钻床Drilling machines,high-speed管筒制造机Pipe & tube making machines滚筒Rollers工具磨床Grinders,tools & cutters攻螺丝机Tapping machines弓锯Saws,hack虎钳Vises换模系统Mold changing systems夹盘Chucks夹具Fixture夹具/支持系统Clamping/holding systems剪切机Shearing machines加工中心机刀库A.T.C.system激光切割Laser cutting激光雕刻机Engraving machines,laser激光钢板切割机Laser cutting for SMT stensil集合管Manifolds矫直机Straightening machines金属板成型机Sheet metal forming machines金属板加工机Sheet metal working machines锯片Blades,saw锯床Sawing machines958卷边工具Crimping tools晶圆切割机Dicing saws精密平口钳Vises,tool-maker精研机Lapping machines可锻铸铁Casting,malleable iron快速换模系统Quick mold change systems卡口Bayonet开关及按钮Switches & buttons钻石刀具Diamond cutters钻头drills钻模Jigs钻床Drilling machines钻床工作台Drilling machines bench自动压力机Presses,transfer959。
超特克（Supertex）MD1812和MD1813芯片应用说明书
Supertex inc.AN-H56Application NoteIntroductionThe MD1812 and the MD1813 are two unique composite return-to-zero (RTZ) pulser drivers for ultrasound applications. The ICs have built-in level shifters that provide negative P-MOS gate DC bias and fast AC coupled gate drivesignals. They enable the fast damping functions necessary to generate return-to-zero bipolar pulses, and are also able to keep the zero-state to as long as needed, even to infinity. These kinds of fast return-to zero and DC coupled features are very useful for medical ultrasound imaging equipment, piezoelectric transducer drivers, material flaw detection, ultrasonic NDT detection, and sonar ranger applications, especially for those that need to launch ultrasound in pseudo-random codes. Designing a Pulser with the MD1812/13This a pplication n ote d escribes h ow t o u se M D1812 o r M D1813 to design the basic channel of an ultrasound transmitter with the RTZ feature. The circuit is a single channel ultrasound transmitter using the MD1812 or MD1813 to drive TC6320 & TC2320 MOSFETs. It can generate fast return to zero waveforms. The output of high voltage to transducer has ±2A source and sink current capability. A CPLD programmable logic circuit and on-board 40MHz crystal oscillator generate a fast logic signal to control the pulse circuit. The CPLD hasa six-pin JTAG connection for Xilinx’s USB or a convenient parallel-port programming link cable. The circuit consists of one MD1812K6 or MD1813K6 in a 16-lead 4x4x0.9mm QFN package, driving TC6320FGs and TC2320FGs, two complementary high-voltage P and N- channel MOSFETs in one single SO-8 package. The input stage of the MD1812/13 is a high-speed level translator that is able to operate with logic input signals of 1.2V to 5.0V amplitude. In this circuit, the CPLD output logic is typically 3.3V. An adaptive threshold circuit is used with the OE pininside of the MD1812 to set the level translator threshold to the middle of the input logic 0 and logic 1 levels. The OE pin serves a dual purpose. First, its logic 1 level is used to compute the threshold voltage level for the channel input level translators. Second, when OE is low, the outputs are disabled, with the A and C outputs high and the B and Doutputs low (for MD1812 only). This assists in properly pre-charging the coupling capacitors that may be used in series in the gate drive circuit of external PMOS and NMOS FETs. The MD1812/13 level translator uses a proprietary composite drive circuit, which provides DC coupling, together with high-speed operation. The output pin, OUT C , is designed to drive the return-to-zero PMOS FET through a capacitor as fast as an AC coupling gate driver, and OUT G provides delayed DC coupling negative biased gate control to the same PMOS FET. The OUT C swings between V H and V L voltages, while OUT G is within V SS or V NEG levels. Note that the OUT C and OUT G pins of one chip are designed to drive together forone PMOS FET, and that the PMOS FET source is typicallyconnected to the same potential of the MD1812/13 V SS voltage. Each of the output stages of OUT A , OUT B , OUT C & OUT D of MD1812/13 are capable of peak currents of up to ±2.0A, depending on the supply voltages used and load capacitance. But a 2kΩ resistor, R36, must be between OUT G and the gate of the PMOS FET, which is driven by the OUT C through a capacitor. This configuration provides the optimal series resistance value of the gate DC bias driver circuit.The output stage of the MD1812/13 has separate power connections enabling the output signal high and low levels to be chosen independently from the driver supply voltages. As an example, the input logic levels may be 0V and 1.8V, the control logic may be powered by +5V and –5V, and the output high and low levels may be varied anywhere over the range of +5V to -5V. In this design example, MD1812/13’s V DD and V H are both powered by +10V, V SS and V L are grounded, and V NEG is –10V. The source pin of the RTZ PMOS FET driven by the OUT C and OUT G pins is connected to ground.PCB Layout TechniquesIt is very important that the slab at the bottom of the IC package, which is the IC substrate “pin”, be externally connected to the V NEG pin to make sure it always has the lowest potential in any condition.Designing An Ultrasound Pulser with MD1812/MD1813 Composite DriversBy Ching Chu, Sr. Application EngineerUse high-speed PCB trace design practices that are compatible with the circuit’s operating speed. The internal circuitry of the MD1812/13 can operate at up to 100MHz, with the primary speed limitation being due to load capacitance. Because of this high speed and the high transient currents that result when driving capacitive loads, the supply voltage bypass capacitors should be as close to the supply pins as possible. The V SS and V L pins should have low inductance feed-through connections that are connected directly to a solid ground plane. If these voltages are not zero, they will require bypass capacitors similar to the positive power supplies. The V DD and V H supplies determine the output logic levels. These two pins can draw fast transient currents of up to 2.0A, so they should be provided with a low-impedance bypass capacitor at the chip’s pins. A ceramic capacitor of up to 1.0µF may be appropriate. Minimize the trace length to the ground plane, and insert a ferrite bead in the power supply lead to the capacitor to prevent resonance in the power supply lines. A common voltage source and local decoupling capacitor may be used for the V DD and V H pins, which should always have the same DC level applied to them. For applications that are sensitive to jitter and noise, insert another ferrite bead between V DD and V H and decouple each pin separately.Pay particular attention to minimizing trace lengths and using sufficient trace width to reduce inductance. Surfacemount components are highly recommended. Since the output impedance of this driver is very low, in some cases it may be desirable to add a small value resistor in series with the output to obtain better waveform integrity at the load terminals. This will, of course, reduce the output voltage slew rate at the terminals of a capacitive load. Pay particular attention to the parasitic coupling from the driver’s output to the input signal terminals. This feedback may causeoscillations or spurious waveform shapes on the edges of signal transitions. Since the input operates with signals down to 1.2V, even small coupling voltages may cause problems. Use of a solid ground plane and good power and signal layout practices will prevent this problem. Also ensure that the circulating ground return current from a capacitive load cannot react with common inductance to create noise voltages in the input logic circuitry.Testing the Ultrasound Pulser The MD1812 RTZ pulser design example is tested with the following power supply voltage and current limiting: V PP 0 to +100V 5mA, V NN 0 to -100V 5mA, V DD = +10V 50mA, V NEG -10V 5mA, V CC +3.3V, 90mA.The HV OUT signal appears at the SMA connector J6. There is a 5:1 attenuation of the signal, due to the value of resistor R11. When driving a real transducer load, the value of this resistor should be reduced in value to match the load impedance.The HV OUT signal passes through jumper J5, which can be used to terminate the HV OUT signal in a dummy load, comprising a 220pF capacitor in parallel with a 1kΩ resistor. When an external load is connected, the dummy load is not required, and J5 can be configured to pass the signals straight through to the output connector J6.All the on-board test points are designed to work with an active oscilloscope probe, such as the Tektronix P6243 1MΩ active probe. Because TP7 is connected to the HV OUT , where potentially damaging voltages could be present, make sure that V PP /V NN does not exceed the probe limit. If using another type of high impedance oscilloscope probe for the test points, ensure that the ground lead connections to the circuit board ground plane are as short as possible.There are multiple frequency and waveform combinations that can be selected as bipolar pulses, PW or CW waveforms. An external clock input can be used if the on-board 40MHz-oscillator is disabled. The external trigger input can be used to synchronize the output waveforms. There are five push buttons for selecting demo waveform, frequency, phase, and MD1812 chip enable functions. Color LEDs indicate the demo selection states. The CH1 output allows the monitoring of one of the 5 inputs (IN A , IN B , IN C , IN D or O E ) of the MD1812/13 via the select button. The MD1812 and the MD1813 are very similar in function. The only differences between them are the control of the OE (MD1812) vs VLL (MD1813) pin and their logic functions. Please read their data sheets for the details. In this design example, the CPLD program is using an on-board solder jumper, R34, to sense the difference and works accordingly. The example MD1812/13 pulser circuit schematic, detailsignals definitions, and some measured waveforms areshown below.Waveform C, 20MHz, 8 cycles Load: 220pF//1kPulser Circuit SchematicWaveform AWaveform CWaveform BWaveform DOE INA INB INC INDHV OUTV PPV NNOE INA INB INC INDHV OUTV PPV NNOE INAINBINC INDHV OUTV PPV NNOEINAINBINC IND HV OUTV PPV NNNote: The duty cycle of the PW burst is set about 0.2% for limitedpower dissipationNote: The duty cycle of the PW burst is set about 25% at ≤5.0MHz forlimited power dissipation.AN-H56MD1812/13 Reference DesignJ 6X D C RJ E X = L oFig. 1 Waveform of 2.5MHz Fig. 2 Waveform of 5MHzFig. 3 Waveform of 10MHz Fig. 4 Waveform of 10MHz InvertingFig. 5 Waveform of 20MHz 8 Cycles Fig. 6 Waveform of 5mHz & Delay ReadingsFig. 7 Waveform of 10MHz(at IN C , OUT C , OUT G , and P- Gate, V DD = 12V, V NEG = -10V)Fig. 8 Waveform of 5MHz(at IN C , OUT C , OUT G , and P- Gate, V DD = 5V, V NEG = -10V)Supertex inc. does not recommend the use of its products in life support applications, and will not knowingly sell them for use in such applications unless it receives an adequate “product liability indemnification insurance agreement.” Supertex inc. does not assume responsibility for use of devices described, and limits its liability to the replacement of the devices determined defective due to workmanship. No responsibility is assumed for possible omissions and inaccuracies. Circuitry and specifications are subject to change without notice. For the latest product specifications refer to the Supertex inc. (website: http//)©2013 Supertex inc.All rights reserved. Unauthorized use or reproduction is prohibited.Supertex inc.。
(机械制造行业)机械专业中英文对照翻译大全
（机械制造行业）机械专业中英文对照翻译大全机械专业英语词汇中英文对照翻译一览表陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center 车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine 拉孔broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics 流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor 集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC 电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal陶瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts孔加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几何descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity内力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve范成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant 逆矩阵inverse matrix线性方程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态方程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed 变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross 槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism 串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes 动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics 反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism 复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism 刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment 公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design 共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling 滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation 技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions 计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturingsystem, CIMS计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment 计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism 减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair 空间运动链spatial kinematic chain 空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action 隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon。
超声流量计说明书
This flowmeter is a clamp-on type ultrasonic flow meter based on transit-time measuring method.Making full use of the latest electronics and digital signal processing technologies, we realized a compact and light-weight design, and improved the accuracy and easiness to use while keeping with anti-bubble performance.The communication function (MODBUS: Option) is also applicable.)($785(61. Compact and light-weightThanks to the adoption of the latest electronics the flow transmitter size and mass are 1/3 of our traditional instrument.2. Full variety of sensorsThe flowmeter can be used with various types of sensors applicable for wide range of pipe size (ø13 to ø6000mm) and fluid temperature (-40 to +200°C).3. High accuracyThe flowmeter is designed for high accurary (better than ±1.0% of rate) by dynamic correction of fully-developed flow profile. Reynolds Number is calculated and a meter factor (K) is automatically applied for best accuracy at all flow velocities. Further, the adoption of new sound velocity measurement system permits measurements of fluids of unknown sound velocity. Moreover, affection from fluid temperature and pressure is negligible (Auto-Temp./Press. compensation).4. Excellent resistance against aerated flowFuji's unique ABM feature improves measurement reli-ability for different flow like slurries, sludge, raw sewage and bubble-contained flow (acceptable up to air bubble of 12% volume at 1m/s velocity).5. Quick responseWith the use of high-speed micro-processor suitedfor digital signal processing, the fast response time is realized.6. Multi-lingualThe following languages are supported for display:Japanese (Katakana), E nglish, German French, and Spanish.7. Excellent performance and easy operationLCD and function keys are allowing easy configuration and trouble shooting.− LCD with back light− Easy mounting of sensor− Trouble shooting− E asy operation with keypad on the front surface of the flow transmitter (FSV···S)63(&,),&$7,216Operational specificationsSystem configuration:Single-path system of a flow transmit-ter (Model FSV) and a detector (ModelFLS/FSG/FSD)Applicable fluid: Homogenous liquid where the ultra-sonic signal can be transmittedBubble quantity: 0 to 12vol% (for pipesize 50A, water, velocity 1m/s)Fluid turbidity: 10000mg/L max.Type of flow: Fully-developed turbulentor laminar flow in a full-filled pipeFlow velocity range:0 to ±0.3 ... ±32m/s6(5,(68/75$621,& )/2:0(7(5Detector (FSD32)Flow transmitter (FSV···S)Detector(FLSE12)(FLSE22)Detector (FSG)Detector (FSD22)Power supply: 100 to 240V AC +10%/-15%, 50/60Hz;or 20 to 30V DCSignal cable (between detector and converter):Coaxial cable (5m standard, 300m (60mfor popular detector (FLS)) max.)Heat resistance: 80°CInstallation environment:Non-explosive area without direct sun-light, corrosive gas and heat radiation. Ambient temperature:Flow transmitter: -20 to +55°CDetector: -20 to +60°C-20 to +80°C(for FLSE 2 2-A only) Ambient humidity:95%RHmax.Grounding: Class D (100 Ω)Arrester:Provided as standard at output andpower supplyApplicable piping and fluid temperature:Note 1: If the pipe material is PP or PVDF, select FSGS31, FSGS41 or FSGS5.Note that the wall thickness is 15mm or less for PP, and 9mm or less for PVDF. Note 2: For cast iron pipe, lining pipe, old steel pipe or others through which the ultrasonic signal could not be transmitted easily, select FSGS31,FSGS41 or FSGS50.Lining material: Tar epoxy, mortar, rubber, etc.* In case the lining is not glued to a pipe, the measurement may be impossible.Straight pipe length: Typically 10D for upstream and 5D for dowstream.(D: Pipe inner diameter)Refer to conditions on straight pipe for details(Japan Electric Measuring Instruments Manufacturers'Association Standard JEMIS-032).Note 3: If silicone-free grease is used as acoustic coupler, the fluid temperature range is0 to 60°C regardless of the detector.Note 4: When the 9th digit in the code symbol is “A”, the applicable piping diameter is up t o 150mm.Performance specificationsResponse time: 0.5s (standard mode)0.2s as selected (quick response mode)Power consumption:15VA max. (AC power supply)6W max. (DC power supply)Functional specificationsAnalog signal: 4 to 20mA DC (1 point)Load resistance: 1 kΩ max.Digital output:Forward total, reverse total, alarm,acting range, flow switch, total switchassignable arbitrarily(1) Mechanical relay contact (isolated,socket provided, arrester incorpo-rated)• Output: 1 point• Normal: Open/Close selectable• Contact capacity: 240V AC, 30V DC, 1A• Output frequency: 1P/s max. (pulsewidth: 50, 100, 200ms)(2) Transistor contact (isolated, open col-lector, arrester incorporated)• Outputs: 2 points• Normal: ON/OFF selectable• Contact capacity: 30V DC, 0.1A• Output frequency: 1000P/s max. (pulsewidth: 5, 10, 50, 100, 200ms)Digital input: 1 point (no-voltage contact) (option)/Set zero, Preset total assignableSerial communication (option):RS-232C equivalent or RS-485, isolated,arrester incorporatedConnectable quantity: 1 unit (RS-232C)/upto 31 units (RS-485: MODBUS)Baud rate: 9600, 19200, 38400bpsParity: None/Odd/Even selectableStop bits: 1 or 2 bits selectableCable length: 15m max. (RS-232C)/1km max. (RS-485)Data: Flow velocity, flow rate, forwardtotal, reverse total, status, etc.Display device: 2-color LED (Normal: green, Extraordi-nary: red)LCD with 2 lines of 16 characters andback lightIndication language: Japanese (Katakana)/English/French/German/Spanish (changeable)Flow velocity/flow rate indication: Instantaneous flow velocity, instantaneousflow rate indication (minus indication for reverse flow)Numerals: 8 digits (decimal point iscounted as 1 digit)Unit: Metric/Inch system selectableMetric systemInch system Velocitym/sft/sFlow rate L/s, L/min, L/h, L/d, kL/d, ML/d, m 3/s, m 3/min, m 3/d, km 3/d, Mm 3/d, BBL/s, BBL/min, BBL/h, BBL/d, kBBL/d, MBBL/d gal/s, gal/min, gal/h,gal/d, kgal/d, Mgal/d, ft 3/s, ft 3/min, ft 3/d, Kft 3/d, Mft 3/d, BBL/s, BBL/min, BBL/h, BBL/d, kBBL/d, MBBL/dNote: The ”gal” means USgal.Total indication: Forward or reverse total value indica-tion (negative indication for reverse direction)Numerals: 8 digits (decimal point iscounted as 1 digit)Unit: Metric/Inch system selectableMetric systemInch systemTotalmL, L, m 3, km 3, Mm 3, mBBL, BBL, KBBL gal, kgal, ft 3, kft 3, Mft 3,mBBL, BBL, kBBL,ACRE-ftConfiguration:Fully configurable from the 4-key pad (ESC, , , ENT)Zero adjustment: S et zero/Clear available External zero adjustment: Set zero available upon digital inputsettingDamping: 0 to 100s (every 0.1s) for analog outputand flow velocity/flow rate indicationLow flow rate cutoff: 0 to 5m/s in terms of flow velocity Alarm: Digital output available for Hardwarefault or Process faultBurnout: Analog output: Hold/Overscale/Under-scale/Zero selectable Flow rate total: Hold/Count selectable Burnout timer: 0 to 100s (every 1s)Bi-directional range: Forward and reverse ranges configu-rable independently. Hysteresis: 0 to 10% of working range Working range applicable to digitaloutputAuto-2 range: 2 forward ranges configurable indepen-dentlyHysteresis: 0 to 10% of working range Working range applicable to digitaloutputFlow switch:Lower limit, upper limit configurableindependentlyDigital output available for status atactuated pointTotal switch: Forward total switching point configu-rable Digital output available when actuated External total preset: Preset total settable upon contact inputsettingPhysical specificationsType of enclosure: Flow transmitter: FSV···S: IP66 FSV···H: IP67 (With large LCD) Detector: FLS (popular type): IP65 (When waterproot BNC con-nector is provided) FSG (common type): IP67 (Silicone compound is filledon the terminal part when wiring)FSG (submersible type): IP68 (submersible in water for 5days)FSD (small diameter and high tempera-ture type): IP52Mounting method:Flow transmitter: Mounted on wall or by2B pipeDetector: Clamped on pipe surfaceAcoustic coupler: Silicone rubber, silicone grease or silicone-free greaseNote: The acoustic coupler is a mediumthat eliminates a gap between detector and pipeProcure silicone grease (G40M), if necessary, as an optional accessory.Material: Flow transmitter: Aluminum alloy Detector:DetectorSensor housing Sensor cover SUS304Guide railPBT FLSE1SUS304PBT FLSE2Aluminum alloy + plasticPBT FSD22SUS304–PBT FSGS41FSGS5SUS304SUS304 + plasticPBT FSGS3––––SUS304 + aluminum alloySUS304FSD320($685,1* 35,1&,3/(With ultrasonic pulses propagated diagonally between the upstream and downstream sensors, flow rate is measured by detecting the time difference obtained by the flow offluid.Detector02817,1* 2) '(7(&725&21),*85$7,21 ',$*5$0(1) Single-path system (V method)Signal cable:FLY3 (applicable detector: FLS)• S tructure: Heat-resisting high-frequencycoaxial cable (3D2V)• S heath: Flame-resisting PVC• O uter diameter: ø5mm• T ermination: M3 amp terminal (flowtransmitter side) and BNC connector(sensor side)FLY8, FLY9 (applicable detector: FSG,FSD)• S tructure: High frequency coaxial cable(double shield)• S heath: Black flame-resisting PVC• O uter diameter: ø7.3mm• T ermination: M3 amp terminal (flowtransmitter side) and M4 amp terminal(FLY8).Note, however, that the detecterside of FSD22 and FSD32 is providedwith BNC connector (FLY9).• M ass: Approx. 90g/mDimensions: Flow transmitter FSV···S (IP66):H170×W142×D70mmFlow transmitter FSV···H (IP67):H277×W244×D95mmDetector:H50×W228×D34mm (FLSE1)H50×W348×D34mm (FLSE2)H90×W320×D53mm (FSD22)H46×W410×D50mm (FSGS3)H46×W54×D37mm (FSGS41)H67×W78×D84mm (FSGS5)H205×W530×D52mm(FSD32)Mass: Flow transmitter (indoor type):1.5kgFlow transmitter (outdoor type):4.5kgDetector:0.3kg(FLSE1)0.4kg(FLSE2)0.6kg(FSD22)0.6kg(FSGS3)0.3kg(FSGS4)1.2kg(FSGS5)1.6kg(FSD32)Provided as standard•Compatible model is PC/AT compatible instrument.•Operation is undefined for PC98 series (NEC).•Main functions: Software for Main unit parameter set-ting/change on PC•OS: Windows 2000/XP•Memory requirement: 125MB min.•Disk unit: CD-ROM drive compatible with Windows2000/XP•Hard disk capacity: Minimum vacant capacity of 52MBor moreNote: Optional communication board (specified at the5th digit of code symbols) and loader cable (ModelZZP*TK4J1236) are additionally necessary for RS232Cserial communication.Note: USB-RS232C converterFor PC that does not support RS-232C serial interface,a converter is necessary for connecting the PC andmain unit.USB-RS232C converter should be combined with theabove loader cable.<Recommendation>USB-CVRS9 (manufactured by Sanwa Supply)'(7(&725 6(/(&7,21 *8,'(Note: The ultrasonic signal cannot be transmitted easily when the classification of piping material is Px or the turbidity is high. In such a case, a preliminary check by a portable ultrasonic flowmeter is recommended.Px : PP , PVDFP : Plastic (PVC, etc.)M : Msetallic piping (steel pipe, copper pipe, aluminum, etc.)Classification ofpiping materials&2'( 6<0%2/<Flow transmitter>1YF S VY Description1234567891011121314(Destination) (4th digit)Standard (English)(Communication) (5th digit)NoneRS232C+DI RS485+DI(Use) (6th digit)Single measuring path (Power supply) (7th digit)AC100 to 240V 50/60Hz DC20 to 30V(Case structure) (9th digit)IP66IP67(Wire connection port) (10th digit)Weatherproof gland provided[G1/2 and G3/8 (internal threads)]Union (for pilica) with gland [G1/2 female screw](when "H" is specified 9th digit)(Combination with explosion-proof detector) (11th digit)None(Parameter setting) (12th digit)NoneSetting providedSetting provided + tag Tag(Mounting method) (13th digit)Pipe mount (if the 9th digit is S)Wall mountPipe mount (if the 9th digit is H)(Area) (14th digit)AmericaEurope, Middle East, Africa AsiaE Y AS H 14Y Y A BYY A B C A B CN E A<Detector, small diameter/high temperature type>112345678Small diameter sensor (ø13 to ø100) V method High-temperature sensor *1 (ø50 to ø400)V or Z method220S 1320F S D F S D Y *1:Note: As standard acoustic coupler, silicone rubber (KE-348W) isprovided for small diameter sensor, or grease for high temperature (KS62M) for high-temperature sensor.For turbid fluid or old pipe, cast iron pipe, mortar lining pipe orothers through which the ultrasonic signal could not betransmitted easily, use an optional guide rail (TK4C6164C1), and carry out mounting by Z method.Applicable diameter range V method: ø50 to ø250 Z method: ø150 to ø400&2'( 6<0%2/<Detector, popular type><Detector, common type>DescriptionType (5th and 6th digits)Small sensor 2MHz (ø50 to ø300)Small sensor 1MHz (ø50 to ø300)*2Middle sensor 1MHz (ø200 to ø1200)Large sensor 1MHz (ø200 to ø6000)Large sensor 0.5KHz (ø200 to ø6000)*2Acoustic coupler (10th digit)None *5Silicon rubber (KE348)Silicone-free grease (HIGH-Z) (Note 2)Silicone grease (G40M) (Note 2)Additional specification (11th digit)None Tag plateWire rope for mounting (12th digit)Specify it in the case of FSGS41 or FSGS5.NoneNominal diameter: up to ø500mm Nominal diameter: up to ø1000mm Nominal diameter: up to ø1500mmNominal diameter: up to ø3000mm Nominal diameter: up to ø6000mm 1F S G SY Y 112345678910111213Y A B C 3231415150Y AY A B C D EV methodV or ZmethodCan be specified only for FSGS5*2:*3:*5:For aging pipes, cast iron pipes or mortar-lined pipes that interruptsthe propagation of ultrasonic signals, select FSGS31 or FSGS50.Procure type FLY for the signal cable.Silicone rubber (KE-348W) is provided as a standard accessory to fillthe wiring mold. (It can also be used as an acoustic coupler.)If an additional acoustic coupler is required, select one among A, B and C.<Detector, submersible type>Description1F S G SA 112345678910111213A CBCDEFGH J K L M N P Q R Z3231415150Y AY A B C D EDedicated signal cable (9th digit)10m 20m 30m 40m 50m 60m 70m 80m 90m 100m 110m 120m 130m 140m 150mSpecified length(Contact us if length is more than 150m. Max. length is 300m.)Type (5th and 6th digits)Small sensor 2MHz (ø50 to ø300)Small sensor 1MHz (ø50 to ø300)*2Middle sensor 1MHz (ø200 to ø1200)Large sensor 1MHz (ø200 to ø6000)Large sensor 0.5KHz (ø200 to ø6000)*2Acoustic coupler (10th digit)Silicon rubber (KE348)Silicone grease (G40M) (Note 2)Additional specification (11th digit)None Tag plateWire rope for mounting (12th digit)Specify it in the case of FSGS41 or FSGS5.NoneNominal diameter: up to ø500mm Nominal diameter: up to ø1000mm Nominal diameter: up to ø1500mmNominal diameter: up to ø3000mm Nominal diameter: up to ø6000mm V methodV or ZmethodCan be specified only for FSGS5*2:For aging pipes, cast iron pipes or mortar-lined pipes that interruptsthe propagation of ultrasonic signals, select FSGS31 or FSGS50.3F L S EDescription12345678910Type (4th, 5th and 6th digits)Small diameter sensor, 2MNz (ø25 to ø100mm)Small sensor, 2MHz(ø50 to ø225mm) (Note 1)Acoustic coupler (7th digit) (Note 2)NoneSilicone rubberSilicone-free grease1222Y A BY A Optional specification (10th digit)None TagY BFluid temperature range (9th digit)-20 to +100°C 0 to +120°CV methodNote 2:Normally select silicone rubber as acoustic coupler. Siliconerubber in tube (100g) is furnished. If you place an order for several units, 1 tube may suffice for every 5 units.Select silicone-free grease for semiconductor manufacturing equipment or the like that is vulnerable to silicone. Thesilicone-free grease is water-soluble and, therefore, cannot be used in environment exposed to water or on piping subjected to a condensation. Since the grease does not set, a periodic maintenance (cleaning, refilling every about 6 months at normal temperature) is necessary.Note 1: When the 9th digit in the code symbol is “A”,the applicable piping diameter is up to 150mm.&2'( 6<0%2/<Signal cable>• For detector FLSF 1DescriptionL Y12345678F 1DescriptionL Y12345678Type of sensor (4th digit code) (for FLS)Cable length (5, 6 and 7th digit) 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m 40 m 50 m 60 mOthers (contact us)005010015020025030040050060Z Z Z3 Type of sensor (4th digit)Small and large sensor (for FSG)Small dia and hight temp sensor (for FSD) Cable length (5,6 and 7th digit) 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m 35 m 40 m 45 m 50 m 55 m 60 m 65 m 70 m 75 m 80 m 85 m 90 m 95 m 100 m 110 m 120 m 130 m 140 m 150 mOthers (contact us)005010015020025030035040045050055060065070075080085090095100110120130140150Z Z Z89Note: Must be procured unless the sensor is a submersible type.• For detector FSG and FSDConditions on straight pipe(Note) The source : JEMIS-032( D : Inside diameter of pipe)287/,1( ',$*5$0 (Unit:mm)Flow transmitter : FSV···S (IP66)Flow transmitter : FSV···H (IP67)Detecter (type : FLSE 2) (popular type)U bolt (M8)(option)U bolt (M8)& output cable (PF1/2)cable (PF1/2)287/,1( ',$*5$0 (Unit:mm)Detector FSD22 (Small diameter sensor)D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t w o Detector FSGS5 (Large sensor)Detector FSGS3 (Small sensor)Detector FSD32 (High-temperature sensor)(Common type)(Submersible type)(Common type)(Submersible type)287/,1( ',$*5$0 (Unit:mm)Signal cable : FLY3 (For FLS)Signal cable : FLY8 (For FSG)Signal cable : FLY9 (For FSD)Loader cable : ZZP*TK4J1236Detector FSGS41 (Middle sensor)(Common type)(Submersible type)&211(&7,21 ',$*5$0NameDrawing No.123456789ZZP*TK4C6164C1ZZP*TK4J1236C1ZZP*45231N5ZZP*45735N2ZZP*TK7M0981P1ZZP*TK7G7983C1ZZP*TK7N3827P8ZZP*TK7J1005P1ZZP*TK745007P1ZZP*TK464686C1ZZP*TK464686C2ZZP*TK464686C3ZZP*TK464686C6ZZP*TK464686C13Guide rail for high-temperature sensor PC Loader cable Silicon grease (G40M)Silicone rubber (KE 348W)Silicone-free grease (HIGH Z)High-temperature grease (KS62M)Fuse for AC power Fuse for DC powerWire rope for mounting the sensor Spring Wire ropeNomal diameter: up to ø500mm Nomal diameter: up to ø1000mm Nomal diameter: up to ø1500mm Nomal diameter: up to ø3000mm Nomal diameter: up to ø6000mmtransmitter432N 1L 43−21+DC20 to 30V4TXDR1321SHILD RS-485TXDR24TXD321DI1GND RXD RS-232CDI1Status input(DI)AC power supplyDC power supplyOptionStatus input(DI)Earth terminal (M4)AC100 to 240V50/60Hz*1) Only for double shield coaxial cable (type FLY8, 9)<Flow transmitter><Detector>6&23( 2) '(/,9(5<•Flow transmitter (provided with U-bolt and nuts for pipe mount)•Detector (provided with mounting fixture and acoustic coupler)*The acoustic coupler is option for popular type detec-tors.•Signal cable•CD-ROM (contains instruction manual, loader software),7(06 '(6,*1$7(' 25'(5,1*1. Detector code symbols2. Flow transmitter code symbols3. Signal cable code symbols4. For large sensor: Mounting pipe size5. Tag No. as necessary6. If parameter setting is specified, send back the attached parameter specification table duly filled.237,21$/ $&&(6625,(6Printed in JapanCaution on Safety*Before using this product, be sure to read its instruction manual in advance.Information in this catalog is subject to change without notice.Note1: When total pulse output has been selected for DO1, DO2 or DO3 specify total pulse value and total pulse width so that conditions 1 and 2 shown below are satisfies.* In the case of 2 ranges, perform calculations using either flow span-1 or flow span-2, whichever is greater.Condition 1 :1000 [In the case of DO1 and DO2]1 [In the case of DO3]Flow span-1*[m 3/s]total pulse value*[m 3]Condition 2 :Flow span-1*[m 3/s]total pulse value*[m 3]10002 × total pulse width [ms]。
机电一体化中英文互译
机械专业中英文对照英语词汇瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin 滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes 齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine 动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram 工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design 机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation 技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS 计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism 减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point 节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank轮系gear train螺杆screw螺距thread pitch螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear螺钉screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead 螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺旋密封spiral seal螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line绿色设计green design design for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross脉动无级变速pulsating stepless speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circulating stress脉动载荷fluctuating load铆钉rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component密封装置sealing arrangement面对面安装face-to-face arrangement面向产品生命期设计design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular system模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion wear; scratching末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance耐磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flexible elements挠性转子flexible rotor齿轮internal gear齿圈ring gear力internal force圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)啮出engaging-out啮合engagement, mesh, gearing啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifying point扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏( 心) 距offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass偏距圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller follower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-edge follower偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and decision频率frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width平分线bisector 平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diameter平均速度average velocity平衡balance平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality平衡平面correcting plane平衡质量balancing mass平衡重counterweight平衡转速balancing speed平面副planar pair, flat pair平面机构planar mechanism平面运动副planar kinematic pair平面连杆机构planar linkage平面凸轮planar cam平面凸轮机构planar cam mechanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanism in common use起动阶段starting period启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanism奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact , beginning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff`s law曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker mechanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature曲面从动件curved-shoe follower曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion曲轴crank shaft驱动力driving force驱动力矩driving moment (torque)全齿高whole depth。
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Chapter175
A Design on Ultrasonic High-Speed Data Acquisition System Beitao Guo
Abstract A high-speed data acquisition system for the ultrasonic test is presented in this chapter.In order to overcome the shortages that were limited by data storage capacity and MCU running speed,the structure scheme of the ultrasonic testing system based on the MCU and CPLD is designed as shown in Fig.175.1.In sequence. The MCU control module and data acquisition system has some advantages such as high efficiency,and lower power consumption.
Keywords Ultrasonic Data acquisition.MCU CPLD
Introduction
The ultrasonic signal is a kind of high-frequency signal from30to100MHz required by the high-speed data acquisition system.The real-time data acquisition with the MCU is limited by its storage capacity and running speed.In this chapter,a test system based on the MCU and CPLD is discussed,which could overcome the aforementioned shortages.This ultrasonic high-speed data acquisition system for the ultrasonic test has the characteristics of high efficiency,reliability,and lower power consumption.
The Structure of the Ultrasonic Test System
The ultrasonic test system includes four functional modules,which are the MCU control module,data acquisition module,man-machine conversation module,and communication interface module as shown in Fin.175.1.The MCU control module takes the charge of cooperating with each module.The main modules related with high-speed data acquisition,which conclude the MCU control module and data acquisition module,are discussed in this chapter.
________________________
B.Guo()
Shenyang University of Chemical Technology,Shenyang,Liaoning,China
e-mail:guobabt@
R.Chen(ed.),2011International Conference in Electrics,Communication And Automatic Control Proceedings.
DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-8849-2_175,©Springer Science+Business Media,LLC2012
MCU C ontrol Module
As the core of the whole system,the MCU takes the charge of controlling each module and processing data,for example,controlling the work parameter of the ultrasonic transmitting circuit or trigging A/D converter in data acquisition module, etc.
The AT89C55chip,which is cheap and used widely,was selected as the nucleus control device.It has low voltage and high performance and is produced by ATMEL Company.The EPROM,which has20KB capacity and the RAM,which has256 bytes are in the AT89C55chip.It has the same instruction system and compatible pins as the standard80C51and80C52.The powerful AT89C55chip,which has a universal 8bits central processing unit and flash storage unit,is adapted to many complex embedded control and test system.
The control procedure of the MCU is described as follows:at first,connecting A/D with storage and a reset signal was sent to reset address counter.Once the trigger pulse came,the data acquisition would be carried on.At the end of the data acquisition procedure,the system was reset again,the connection of A/D and storage was broken,and data in storage were readied out.
D ata Acquisition Module
The data acquisition module had the function of analog-digital conversion for the ultrasonic signals that are stored and carrying on the data processing by the MCU.。