BAB 4 PROPOSAL
BAB 4PROPOSAL4.1. PENDAHULUANSebuah proposal mempunyai 3 kegunaan, yaitu :1. Berisi perkiraan tim proyek, mulai dari biaya proyek sampaidengan tanggal pengiriman proyek.2. Untuk proyek eksternal, dokumen hukum formal menunjukkanoutline tim proyek untuk memberikan pelayanan yang diperlukan. 3. Sebagai alat penjualan. Proposal yang berisi usulan proyek akandijual untuk mendapatkan keuntungan.Kesalahan utama pada proposal dapat disebabkan 2 hal :1. Tidak menawar, yang mana seharusnya bisa ditawar.2. Ada tawaran, tetapi hilang dalam kompetisi.4.2. DUA FASE PROPOSAL PROYEK SOFTWAREAda 2 fase proses proposal, yaitu :1. Buat fase analisis sebagian kecil proyek, usulkan untuk dikerjakandalam Proposal Analisis (Analysis Porposal).2. Setelah analisis dikerjakan, usulkan sisanya dibangun dalamProposal Pengembangan (Development Proposal).4.3. MENULIS PROPOSALMenulis proposal itu sulit. Harus dilakukan dengan benar, selain dapat merusak reputasi anda dan mengubah masa depan bisnis anda dengan klien. Menulis proposal juga mahal, dibuat dengan mengumpulkan banyak sumber dan banyak hal, serta terkadang anda membayar orang untuk membuatnya.Jika anda menulis proposal gunakan word processor dan gunakan huruf-huruf unik untuk setiap proposal, tetapi pastikan penulisan tersebut dibenarkan untuk setiap klien. Kerjakan denganRequirement Document (RD), khususnya Request For a Proposal (RFP). Format proposal harus mengikuti RFP dan RD.Garis besar Proposal (Proposal Outline) :1. Cakupan Surat (Cover Letter)Sebuah surat yang ditujukan kepada pengambil keputusan, ditandatangani oleh Manajer Proyek (jika diwakili oleh seorang Akuntan, maka Akuntan tersebut dapat menandatangani surat ini bersama klien yang lain).♦Bentuk dimulai dengan teks pendahuluan, seperti : “Thank you for giving XYZ Software Co. the opportunity to propose …….For your computer system.”♦ Paragraf berikutnya memberikan penjelasan yang mudah dari sistem, seperti “ …….hardware anda software to handle ABC’Sregistration, finance and management information needs for thenext three years.”♦Paragraf berikutnya, jelaskan yang merupakan proposal analisis atau proposal pengembangan♦ Penutup, akhiri surat dengan pernyataan yang menunjukkan kecepatan anda membuat keputusan di surat. Bagian penutup disertai batas akhir penentuan harga (biasanya 30 hari), atau pernyataan seperti , “If we are given a go-ahead in 14 days wecan start January 1, otherwise we must do another project, andwe can only start yours on June 1.” Penutup surat ini dibuat sebagus mungkin.2. Halam Judul (Tittle Page)Halaman ini berisi “Proposal”, judul dari sistem, pembuat, tanggal, nomor revisi, logo perusahaan, dan sebagainya.3. Daftar Isi (Table of Contens)Bila klien anda tidak terbiasa dengan format proposal anda, beri penjelasan dari kegunaan setiap bagian.Berikut ini contoh formatnya :masalah bisnis yang Section 1 : TUJUAN Menggambarkandisertai penyelesaian XYZ, ukuran, tingkat danbatasan yang disarankan untuk sistempenyelesaiannya …………………………… halaman 3 Section 2 : Keuntungan ………………………………….. halaman 44. Ruang Lingkup (Scope)Lihat paragraf yang menjelaskan hal tersebut pada bagian ini langsung dari Requirement Documents.5. Keuntungan (Advantages)Jual proyek anda. Buktikan bagaimana perencanaan anda, kontrol dan 7 fase metodologi.6. Keuangan (Financial)Buat harga total dan tanggal pengiriman. Bila termasuk hardware, rinci harga hardware dan sistem operasinya.Buat daftar non material, seperti job satisfaction, good will, customer happiness, management happiness, etc.7. Rencana (Plan)Gambarkan langkah-langkah rencana anda untuk membangun proyek. Jika proposal analisis, rinci alasan-alasan untuk penggunaan metode 2 langkah. Jelaskan fase analisis yang dihasilkan tidak terhingga nilainya, dokumen Functional Specification yang akan digunakan oleh Klien dan Tim proyek untuk spesifikasi yang tepat mengenai apa yang dilakukan sistem.8. Kemampuan dalam penyampaian (Deliverablless)Daftar user yang akan merinci :♦ Hardware, sistem operasi, paket software: buat daftar secara rinci.Keadaan bagaimana yang anda pilih salah satu fungsi,kapasitas dan tanggal pengiriman.♦Custom software : sama seperti di atas.♦ Jaminan : berapa lama setelah pengiriman dan bagaimana anda akan memberikan dukungan.♦Dokumen : daftar manual (user, operator, manajer, maintenance) dengan penjelasan singkat dari pembaca.♦Pelatihan : daftar bagian (user, operator, manajer, maintenance) dengan penjelasan laporan singkat dari peserta.♦ Gambarkan metode pengiriman : kapan anda akan mengirim, dimana akan dikirimnya dan bagaimana itu dilakukan.9. Penerimaan (Acceptance)Salah satu masalah yang sering terjadi dalam industri komputer adalah sistem yang ditolak. User menolak untuk menerima sistem (dan untuk membayarnya), karena dia merasa tidak seperti apa yang disetujui Tim proyek pada awal pengiriman.10. Alternatif (Alternatives)Kadang-kadang kita menentukan RFP ditulis langsung oleh penjual (hardware / software) dalam pikiran kita. Ini baik, jika anda adalah penjual, tetapi apa yang anda lakukan bila anda bukan penjual ?. Anda harus merinci solusi penjual-penjual lain, seperti ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION dan buktikan mengapa solusinya berbeda.11. Istilah, Kondisi dan Pendapat(Terms, Conditions and Assumptions)Daftar yang ada disini adalah semua kondisi yang diinginkan untuk bekerja di dalam proyek internal. Daftarkan semua asumsi, jika asumsinya mempengaruhi biaya proyek, anda harus memproteksinya.Daftar semua asumsi selalu ada pertanyaan dimana user tidak dapat menjawab dengan tepat, dan hanya dapat menjawab yang bersifat sementara jika asumsi tersebut mempunyai pengaruh yang bernilai pada proyek. User harus melaksanakan sendiri pendapatnya.12. Istilah khusus (Terminologi)Setiap proposal harus ditulis dengan menggunakan bahasa user yang mungkin, beberapa istilah komputer mungkin berbeda. Jika anda merasa bahwa istilah khusus ini tidak lazim bagi user, buat definisinya.4.4. PROPOSAL INFORMALProposal tidak harus dibuat di ruang rapat. Proposal tersebut dapat dibuat menjadi informal melalui telepon, tempat latihan golf, bahkan di bar.Presentasi proposal secara formal yang dilakukan di ruang rapat akan selalu membutuhkan tempat, tetapi user sudah siap mengetahui hal-hal utama apa yang akan dikemukakan.4.5. PERSETUJUAN PROPOSAL INTERNALAda aturan di DEC Software Service yang menyatakan bahwa proposal tidak dapat keluar sebelum mendapat persetujuan dari manajemen tingkat tinggi. Persetujuan manajemen tingkat tinggi berhubungan dengan sejumlah hal yang diusulkan. Peraturan ini untuk menghindari hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan.4.6. PRESENTASI PROPOSALSelalu siapkan presentasi. Siapkan dan buatlah jadwal semua peralatan yang dibutuhkan, seperti transparansi, proyektor, layar, sebuah terminal dan modem untuk berhubungan ke dalam sistem yang mirip dengan yang anda usulkan.Buatlah presentasi di dalam ruangan yang tepat menurut anda, dimana menurut pandangan user akan lebih dapat diterima.Langkah-langkah presentasi :¾Buatlah ucapan pembuka. Perkenalkan tiap peserta, dan nyatakan tujuan pertemuan tersebut.¾Perkenalkan proposal anda secara garis besar.¾Bagikan proposal anda.¾Beri waktu pada tiap peserta untuk membaca proposal.¾Kemudian beri penekanan utama di setiap bagian yang penting.¾Terakhir, tutup – sarankan user untuk membeli dan membeli secepatnya.4.7. KESIMPULAN UNTUK PROPOSALPenulisan proposal dan mempresentasikannya merupakan sebuah seni.Anda mungkin beruntung dan tidak harus membuat proposal.Jangan membuat proposal asal jadi. Utamakan kualitas bukan kuantitas.Jangan janjikan sesuatu yang tidak diminta oleh klien : Siapa yang anda pikir akan membayar ini ?Rencanakan memberi solusi untuk semua masalah.Dan akhirnya, untuk sebuah proyek eksternal, sebuah proposal adalah kumpulan dokumen yang sah. Hal ini seharusnya dibuat sebaik mungkin seperti untuk proyek di dalam yang dengan resmi dibuat seperti jika melakukan kontrak eksternal.KASUSTidak menawarSebuah perusahaan minuman ringan mengundang seorang Analis dari Famous Minicomputer Manufacturing Company (FMMC), untuk mempelajari suatu kemungkinan pada suatu hal, jika ada sesuatu yang bermanfaat dari sistem komputerisasi pada pabrik minuman ringan tersebut. Si Analisis mempelajarinya, tetapi selama belajar dia menemui sedikit kesulitan dengan masalah akuntansi di perusahaan tersebut. Akuntan yang ada pada perusahaan tersebut takut kehilangan pekerjaan dengan adanya komputer, sehingga ia mempersulit Analis dengan menolak menjawab pertanyaan yang diajukan kepadanya.Hasil dari yang dipelajari : Analis menyarankan bahwa beberapa penggunaan sistem komputerisasi akan membantu pekerjaan. Sehingga Analis menyarankan agar sistem komputer yang ada dapat digunakan untuk menjalankan pekerjaan bagian keuangan yang meliputi : piutang, hutang, kontrol persediaan, dll. Analis juga menyarankan untuk mengimplementasikan sistem tersebut untuk menangani masalah gaji, pajak, dan sejenisnya, serta menangani masalah produksi minuman yang meliputi proses produksi pembuatan minuman dan pengawasan barang-barang di gudang secara ototmatis. Ketika ditanya mengenai perincian harga untuk sistem tersebut, berdasarkan konsentrasi waktu, Analis menjelaskan bahwa hanya untuk sistem keuangan diperlukan biaya $150.000. Reaksi dari user terlihat kasar. Singkatnya dia mengatakan bahwa $150.000 terlalu mahal untuk sistem komputer yang terlihat begitu sedikit kegunaannya. Dia mengatakan tidak akan membayar lebih dari $50.000 untuk sistem keuangan.Kesalahan fatal dilakukan oleh Manajer si Analis tersebut. Berdasarkan reaksi user (dan mungkin untuk alasan pribadi), Analis menyarankan kepada manajernya agar FMMC menarik kembali penawarannya. Analis merasa bahwa user akan sulit untuk ditangani, dan user tidak akan menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan dengan benar. Dan bahwa FMMC dan perusahaan minuman ringan tersebut tidak akan pernah mencapai kesepakatan. Sayangnya Manajer tersebut menyetujuinya dan membatalkan penawaran.Komentar : Semua user merasa bahwa harga sistem yang ditawarkan terlalu mahal. Mungkin user dapat saja menang dengan pendekatan lain yang berbeda. Analis dapat mengusulkan pembuatan sistem tersebut secara bertahap yaitu dengan membuat sistem dalam ukuran-ukuran yang lebih kecil, sehingga user tertarik. Mungin user memiliki uang, dan dia perlu bernegosiasi. Jangan pernah menyerah untuk menawar dalam pertemuan pertama. Mungkin saja ada masalah pribadi antara Akuntan yang takut kehilangan kedudukannya dengan Analis. Manajer harus mengetahui hal ini dan datang untuk membantu bernegosiasi.Situasi di atas dapat terjadi pada proyek internal dimana seorang user dan klien berada pada dua departemen dalam satu perusahaan. Usahakan reaksi pertama untuk mengurangi harga. Rencanakan negosiasi. Kadang-kadang lawan anda hanya menguji untuk mengetahui seberapa yakin anda pada proposal anda. Bila anda menarik kembali penawaran haga dengan tergesa-gesa, dia akan mengetahui bahwa anda tidak percaya diri.Penutup : Perusahaan minuman ringan tersebut menggunakan sistem komputerisasi dengan harga ditetapkan oleh Analis pertama, tetapi tidak oleh perusahaan FMMC.Kehilangan PenawaranSeorang pengarang buku terkenal “Software Project Management” (untuk proyek berukuran kecil) memulai karirnya memberi nasehat sebagai guru mikrokomputer. Dia berjalan-jalan di sekitar toko-toko mikrokomputer di kotanya dan memberi informasi pada pemilik toko bahwa ia dapat mengajar apapun pada siapapun. Sungguh meyakinkan, suatu hari ia mendapat panggilan dari departemen pemerintahan bagian pemeliharaan pesawat terbang. Tugas mereka adalah mengetahui siapa saja di negara tersebut yang sudah mendapat pelatihan mengenai jenis-jenis pesawat terbang.Enam bulan yang lalu seorang anggota departemen telah membeli sebuah mikrokomputer kuno, lengkap dengan program data base yang tidak terdokumentasikan (dengan harga yang luar biasa), tetapi ia telah meninggalkan departemen tersebut sebelum data basediimplementasikan. Tidak seorangpun dari pegawai di departemen itu memiliki pengalaman komputer. Maka guru itu dipekerjakan untuk melatih pegawai di departemen itu dengan cukup baik, untuk menjalankan program data base pada komputer. Guru tersebut memperoleh informasi yang tepat dan berhasil mengajak orang-orang bagaimana menggunakan komputer dan program data base. Sekitar satu bulan kemudian, guru itu menerima panggilan dari kepala departemen, yang menanyakan jika ia dapat mengajukan harga yang sebenarnya untuk menjalankan data base mereka. Guru tersebut mewawancarai pemakai data base yang berpotensi : ada 25 pemakai yang berpotensi dengan 50 pendapat yang berbeda tentang bagaimana menggunakan data base tersebut. Dengan catatan program data base tidak akan mengatasi semua kebutuhan mereka – program-program yang lainnya akan ditulis. Guru memperkirakan ini akan memakan waktu selama 3 bulan.Kesempatan pertama si guru harus mengajukan proposal pada rapat komisi tingkat manajer dari 8 manajer departemen. Semua berjalan lancar sampai pada waktu ia mengemukakan harganya : 3 bulan untuk membuat program dengan biaya $400 per-hari, totalnya $20.000. Para manajer terkejut. Selama ini mereka hanya menghabiskan $1000 untuk hardware dan paket software, dan sekarang seorang yang dungu memberitahukan mereka bahwa ia akan menghabiskan $20.000 lagi untuk menjalankannya.Komentar : Terkadang para pemakai tidak sadar akan harga software, khususnya pada mikrokomputer dimana harga hardware hanya sebagian kecil dari harga keseluruhannya. Pada kasus ini harapan para Manajer tidak ditetapkan dengan tepat untuk batasan harga tersebut.Penutup : Mikrokomputer ini tetap ada di sana bersama dengan debu.。
实用英语Unit 1 (Word Bank)(第1、2组)
51.convene开会
52.enclosed附上的
53.registration procedure报名手续
54.registration fee会务费
55.program程序
56.contact联系
57.in conjunction with连同
58.against such backdrop在此背景下
59.hospitality招待
60.coffee or tea break茶歇
7.full paper完整文章
8.in digital format以电子版形式
9.annual conference年会
10.reservation预定
11.allowance补贴
12.sponsor/host主办
13.co-sponsor协办
14.economic-class经济舱
15.practitioner从业者
27.affiliation附属（机构）
28.round trip往返旅程
29.forum论坛
30.implementation执行
31.call to order正式宣布开会
32.adjournment休会
33.protocol(网络)协议
34.rigorous peer review严格的同行评审
43.plenary session全体大会
44.poster session海报展示
45.vibrant exchange活跃的交流
46.case study个案研究
47.minutes会议记录
48.qualification of participant参会资格
离心式压缩机英文对照
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[hɔist]启动时间 start up time气动蝶阀 pneumatic ～[nju:'mætik]汽轮机steam turbine氢 hydrogen['haidrədʒən]千分表 dial gauge千斤顶 jack钎焊 braze weldingbrazing['breiziŋ]前视图 front end view强度试验 strength test强制油润滑 forced oillubrication[,lu:bri'keiʃən]切换阀 switch valvechangeover valve球阀 ball valve曲率 curvature['kə:vətʃə]取样 sample去毛刺、倒角 deburr全自动防喘振控制 Full automaticanti-surge control缺陷 defectR热电偶 thermocouple['θə:məu,kʌpl]热电偶插座～well热量heat capacity人孔 man wayMan hole容积流量 volume flow['vɔlju:m]保险丝 fuse[fju:z]入口，吸入suction软管hose [həuz]软管接头hose coupling锐边sharp edge锐角sharp corneracute angle润滑 lubrication润滑油 lube oil润滑油泵 lube oil pump润滑油加热器 lube oil heater润滑油冷却器 lube oil cooler润滑油站 lube oil console[kən'səul]S塞尺 feeler gauge三通阀门 three way valve三相电源 three phase power[feiz]设备 equipment示意图sketch[sketʃ]设备总布置图overall plantArrangement设备制造厂equipment manufacture 设计标准 design standard设计参数 design data设计技术规范 design/engineering Specification 设计书 design sheet设计条件～ condition设计图标 design chart设计值 design value设施、设备 facility[fə'siliti] 射线探伤检查 radiographic test[,reidiəu'græfik]申请 application生产、产量 production审查 review渗氮 nitriding['naitraidiŋ, -tri-]渗碳carbonizing['kɑ:bənaiz]渗透penetration [,peni'treiʃən] 声光报警 acoustical and optical alarm [ə'ku:stikəl]湿度humidity [hju:'midəti] 石化装置 petrochemical plant[,petrəu'kemikəl]石棉板asbestos sheet/board[æz'bestɔs]石棉垫片 asbestos gasket实际运行参数 actual operating Data使用寿命 service lifeworking life试车 test run手册 manual手套 gloves[ɡlʌv]疏水阀 drain valve数据表 data sheet甩油环 slinger ring['sliŋə]双面焊 double-sided welding水垢沉积 water fouling deposit['fauliŋ][di'pɔzit] 水击 water hammer ['hæmə]水平度levelness 水蒸汽water vapor['veipə]说明书instruction manual速度velocity [vi'lɔsəti]speed酸洗 pickling['pikliŋ]锁紧螺母lock-nut塑料的plasticT碳钢 carbon steel天车、行车overhead crane天然气natural gas调节阀regulating valve铁iron停车shut down通气孔air vent同轴度coaxality透平油 turbine oil凸面法兰 raised face flange图号 drawing numberW外观（质量） appearance外径 outside diameter[dai'æmitə]外壳outside shell外壳，罩housing外形尺寸overall dimension弯道、弯头bend弯头elbow['elbəu]维护方法maintenance procedure维护说明书maintenance manual维护需要空间～access spacing位移displacement温差differential temperature温度计thermometer[θə'mɔmitə]温升temperature rise文件document蜗壳spiral casingX现场安装filed installation现场安装管道site erection piping详图detail drawing橡胶rubber项目project项目经理project manager小齿轮pinion效率efficiency新鲜空气fresh water（过滤器）芯子cartridge['kɑ:tridʒ]型式 pattern性能 performance性能保证 characteristicGuarantee性能曲线 characteristic/performance Curve性能参数 performance parameter[pə'ræmitə]虚线 dashed line许可证 license蓄能器 heat accumulator[ə'kju:mjuleitə]旋塞阀 cock询价 inquiry[in'kwaiəri]Y压比pressure ratio['reiʃiəu]压差pressure difference压力变送器pressure transmitter压力表pressure gauge压力表接头～connection压力容器pressure vessel['vesəl]压缩机级compression stage烟道flue [flu:]烟雾 smoking验收acceptance [ək'septəns]验收标准 acceptance criteria原理principle ['prinsəpl]样品 sample遥控 remote control叶轮 impeller叶轮轮盘 impeller hub叶轮线速度 impeller tip speed液位计 liquid level gauge液压千斤顶 hydraulic jack[hai'drɔ:lik]液压着色检查 dye penetrant test['penətrənt]异步电机 ychronous motor异径管 reducer仪表 instrument仪表盘 instrument pannel溢流阀 overflow valve硬度 hardness。
The Study on Privilege in Administrative Contract
- 256-校园英语 / 大视野The Study on Privilege in Administrative Contract青岛大学/于韬文【Abstract】With the continuous development of management methods, as the implementation means of administrative policy and social management ideal, the administrative contract has been widely accepted. Administrative areas contract to become the focus of people's attention. Administrative priority in administrative contract is to distinguish between private rights contract with the most critical characteristics of administrative contracts. But there are many problems of administrative priority in practice. In this paper, writer begins from the content of administrative priority and put forward myself proposals for the improvement of power supervision.【Key words】administrative contract; priority; legal principles; perfect system1. The Connotation of Administrative PriorityAdministrative priority also known as Administrative priority of benefit, It refers to the qualification of unilateral coercive administrative body in the realization of the right to administrative tasks and to consider the public interest in accordance with law and the enjoyment of the office or on the physical condition of excellent benefits. It is statutory authority without prior agreement of the parties. The intention is to give the right to the administrative subject privilege in order to deal with conflicts of their national interests and personal interests in the administrative contract, to maximize the public interest.2. The Characteristics of Administrative priorityFirst of all, administrative priority has statutory. Statutory administrative priority mainly reflected that there are stringent requirements in the content and exercised, Administrative Priority in particular in the supervision of the executive body of the contract, the command of the changes and the unilateral right to terminate.Secondly, the Administrative Priority to Benefit is a special attribute of power. Specificity of Administrative Priority requires only the executive can exercise that right, and the other contract have no this right. Executive and others signed a contract during performance of the contract adjustment for changes in the needs of the public interest or national law, resulting in the need to modify or rescind the contract, the executive is entitled to exercise the power to unilaterally change or dissolve, thereby to contract losses caused counterpart, the executive should be given reasonable compensation. Such provisions, can avoid abuse of power occurs, the exercise also better able to standardize administrative superior usufruct.Finally, the administrative priority has unilateral and irreversible. Specificity requires administrative priority can only be exercised by the executive, occurrence not have the conditions to continue to fulfill the contract in the course of implementation of the contract, the others have no right to exercise superior usufruct.3. Improve administrative power proposalWith the transformation of government functions and social development, the administrative contract has become one of the main ways the government share of social and public services, the government as a national authority, the obligation to the legitimate exercise of the right superior benefits. However, due to excessive concentration of power, how to supervise the exercise of the rights management executive becomes particularly important. How to exercise supervision and management of this power, the author puts forward some suggestions as follows:Firstly, establish and improve laws and regulations on administrative principles gifted usufruct. Legal principles are fundamental principles of the law, through the law always. In China's current legal system, should be part of the legal principles governing the exercise increased oversight of control administrative priority. Such as the principle of proportionality, We should exercise the executive authority administrative priority “price” to keep within a certain range; Priority principle of public interest, Safeguarding the public interest regarded as superior benefits to exercise the right prerequisites, all to the public interest as a starting point.Secondly, improve the excellent usufruct counterpart compensation remedies. The executive in the exercise of administrative excellent benefits right, the other will cause some economic losses. We can develop policies to ensure that people can contract the relative litigation or arbitration to protect their legitimate rights and interests.参考文献：[1]李煜兴.行政合同制度比较、反思与重构[J].法学研究.2003.[2]王芳.行政优益权行使的正当性及限制[J].广西政法管理干部学院院报.2013.[3]杜冰.行政合同中的优益权研究[D].西南政法大学.2009.[4]余凌云.行政契约论[M].中国人民大学出版社.2000.[5]蒋吉才,付东年.行政合同中相对人权利救济制度研究.作者简介：于韬文，青岛大学法学院，研究生，研究方向：宪法学与行政法学。
建议学校图书馆与学生协商开放时间英语作文
Negotiating Library Hours: A Win-Win Proposal for Students and the LibraryIn today's fast-paced academic environment, the school library plays a pivotal role in supporting students' educational needs. However, with varying schedules and demands, traditional library hours may not always align with students' availability. This proposal aims to explore the benefits of negotiating library opening hours in collaboration with students, ensuring maximum utilization and satisfaction.**Current Scenario and Its Challenges**Currently, most school libraries adhere to a fixed schedule, often closing early in the evening and remaining closed during weekends. This arrangement may not cater to the needs of students who have extracurricular activities, part-time jobs, or those who prefer studying later into the night. The resulting low patronage during non-peak hours can lead to underutilization of library resources.**The Need for Change**Recognizing the diverse needs of the student population, it is imperative to consider more flexible opening hours. By collaborating with students, the library can ensure that it remains open when it is most needed, thus enhancing its value as a learning hub.**Proposal Details**1. **Survey and Consultation**: Conduct a survey among students to gather their preferences and suggestions regarding library hours. Hold consultation sessions to understand their study patterns andschedules.2. **Flexible Hours**: Based on the survey results, introduce flexible opening hours, including extended evening hours and weekend openings.3. **Student Involvement**: Encourage student representatives to sit on a committee that oversees the library's hours. This will ensure that student voices are heard and their needs are addressed.4. **Technology Integration**: Utilize technology to managebookings and reservations, allowing students to reserve study spaces or request specific opening hours. 5. **Regular Feedback**: Set up a feedback mechanism to gather student opinions on the new hours and make necessary adjustments.**Expected Benefits*** **Increased Utilization**: More students will have access to the library during convenient hours, leading to higher patronage and utilization. * **Enhanced Learning Experience**: Students will have a more comfortable and productive learning environment, supporting their academic pursuits. * **Better Resource Allocation**: Understanding student needs will help the library allocate resources more efficiently, meeting the demands of a diverse student body.**Conclusion**Negotiating library opening hours with students is a forward-thinking initiative that can transform the library into a more student-centered learning space. By embracing flexibilityand involving students in the decision-making process, we can create a win-win situation that benefits both the students and the library. This proposal aims to establish a more responsive and inclusive library system that caters to the unique needs of today's students.**与学生协商图书馆开放时间：双赢的建议**在当今快节奏的学习环境中，学校图书馆在支持学生的教育需求方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
应用文新题01：建议类+征询意见+研究性学习(2024年2月浙江省名校协作体高二英语应用文
【冲刺2024高考】高中英语应用文写作（创新话题命题类）新题速递审题+框架搭建+下水文+话题表达总结2024年2月浙江省名校协作体高二英语应用文创新点：建议信、征询意见、争辩性学习本篇题目在课本和课程标准的基础上，又有接地气的创新，一篇让人眼前一亮的好题！第一部分审题1. 文体：提议（类似建议信）2. 话题：偶像对高中生成长的影响3. 对象：学校英国交换生，学习搭子Jack4. 人称：第一、二人称为主5. 时态：一般现在时为主其次部分框架搭建首段：打招呼+背景+目的打招呼I hope this email finds you well.How’s everything going?写信目的– 直接提出选题在即将到来的假期里，我有一个好玩的争辩项目，我信任你会感爱好——偶像对高中生成长的影响。
I have an intriguing topic in mind for our research project in the upcoming holidays that I believe might interest you —The Influence of Idols on High School Students’ Growth.正文：选题理由+实施方案选题理由（选题本身质量很好&选题便利争辩）：理由1，现在很多高中生都是“追星一族”，这个是一个贴合高中生生活的选题；理由2：除了明星，还有很多其他的“偶像”，我们的争辩内容会很丰富实施方案：设计具体问题、线上采访调查、线上问卷调查、分析数据、撰写报告、得出结论主题句：引出理由The reason behind selecting this topic is that …理由之一偶像对青少年的价值观、抱负和行为产生了深远的影响。
偶像对年轻人的思想有着巨大的影响，塑造了他们的价值观、抱负和行为。
Idols exerted a profound influence on adolescents' values, aspirations, and behaviors. Idols wield significant influence over young minds, shaping their values, aspirations, and behaviors.实施方案我们的方法包括调查同龄人，分析数据，或许还会采访教育工作者以获得更深化的见解。
目标检测的原理
目标检测的原理目标检测是计算机视觉领域中的一个重要任务，旨在从图像或视频中识别和定位出感兴趣的目标。
目标检测可以应用于很多领域，例如自动驾驶、安防监控、智能机器人等。
随着深度学习的兴起，基于深度学习的目标检测方法取得了巨大的进展，取代了以前的传统方法。
本文将介绍目标检测的原理及常用方法。
一、目标检测的定义与挑战目标检测任务可以被定义为：给定一张图像或一段视频，通过算法自动找到并识别其中的目标物体，并给出物体的位置和类别。
目标检测是在目标识别的基础上进行的，区别在于目标检测需要确定目标的位置，而目标识别只需要确定目标的类别。
目标检测的挑战主要有以下几个方面：1. 视觉变化的挑战：物体在图像中的外观会受到光照条件、姿态、尺度变化等多种因素的影响，使得目标的外观表现出较大的变化。
2. 遮挡和遮蔽的挑战：目标可能被其他物体部分或完全遮挡，甚至在某些情况下，目标被不同类型的物体或背景完全遮挡，使得目标检测变得更加困难。
3. 尺度变化的挑战：目标物体在图像中的大小不固定，可能存在小目标和大目标的检测问题。
4. 实时性的挑战：某些应用场景需要目标检测算法在实时性的要求下运行，如无人驾驶中的行人检测。
5. 多目标检测的挑战：一张图像中可能存在多个目标，需要识别和定位它们，并正确分类。
以上挑战使得目标检测成为一个相当具有挑战性的问题，而解决这些问题需要考虑到目标检测方法的准确性、鲁棒性和效率等方面。
二、目标检测的一般流程目标检测的一般流程可以分为以下几个步骤：1. 图像预处理：首先对图像进行预处理，包括图像的缩放、裁剪、归一化等操作，以便后续的处理。
2. 目标候选框生成：通过不同的方法生成一组目标候选框，这些候选框可能包含图像中的目标。
3. 候选框分类：对于生成的目标候选框，使用分类器来判断每个候选框中是否包含目标。
4. 候选框优化：对于分类为目标的候选框，需要进行精细化的优化，包括边界框回归和非极大值抑制等操作。
insist on的用法总结 (2)
insist on的用法总结一、"insist on" 的基本含义说明二、"insist on" 的用法示例及解析1. 在提出要求方面的应用2. 在保持立场和观点方面的应用3. 在坚持做某事方面的应用三、与 "insist on" 相关的常见短语和类似表达方式分析四、总结一、"insist on" 的基本含义说明“insist on” 是一个代表坚决要求或强调某人或某事必须发生或进行等意思的英文短语。
它可以表示对自己意见或建议的坚定支持，也可以表示对别人行为或决策的要求。
该短语常用于口语和书面表达中，具有积极且坚定的色彩。
二、“insist on”的用法示例及解析1. 在提出要求方面的应用：a) I insist on a refund for the faulty product.（我坚决要求退回这个有问题的商品。
）在这个例句中，“I insist on...” 表达了对商家做出退款要求，并强调了自己在此问题上的立场。
使用“insist on” 可以有效加强表达者态度上的坚定。
b) The teacher insisted on strict discipline in the classroom.（老师坚持在课堂上要求严格的纪律。
）这个例子中，“insist on” 用于表达老师对学生在课堂上遵守纪律的强烈要求。
使用该短语可以突出主体对所要求事项的重视和决心。
2. 在保持立场和观点方面的应用：a) She insisted on her innocence throughout the trial.（她在整个审判过程中坚持自己的无罪。
）这个句子中，“insist on” 被用来表达被告人在整个审判过程中一直坚定地声称自己是无辜的态度。
通过使用该短语，可以向读者传递出她不断强调并维护自己立场的信息。
b) He insists on his right to freedom of speech.（他坚持他有言论自由的权利。
proposition用法 -回复
proposition用法-回复中括号内的内容为主题的文章是：[proposition用法]：一步一步解析如何正确使用“proposition”引言：在英语中，我们经常需要用上准确的词汇来表达我们的观点和论点。
其中一个非常重要的词汇是“proposition”。
在本文中，我们将逐步解析“proposition”的用法，以帮助读者正确地运用这一词汇。
一、“proposition”的基本定义词典中对“proposition”的基本定义是“一个陈述或建议，通常作为论证或行动的基础”。
在简单的表述中，它是你要传达给别人或提出的观点或主张。
二、“proposition”的用法示例为了更好地理解“proposition”的用法，以下是一些常见的例子。
1. "He made a proposition to invest in my business."（他提出了一个投资我的生意的主张。
）在这个例子中，“proposition”表示一个建议或提议。
2. "The proposition that all men are created equal is a fundamental principle of democracy."（所有人生来平等的主张是民主的根本原则。
）在这个例子中，“proposition”表示一个观点或主张。
3. "The research team tested the proposition that regular exercise improves cognitive function."（研究团队测试了经常锻炼能提高认知功能的观点。
）在这个例子中，“proposition”表示一个假设或论断。
三、“proposition”与其他相关词汇的区别在使用“proposition”时，需要注意它与其他类似词汇的区别，以确保使用合适的词汇来表达自己的意思。
Keys to Reading Course 3 泛读教程第三册(王守仁 著)(Unit1~Unit18) 参考答案
《泛读教程3》第三册上海外语教育出版社（王守仁著）(Unit1~Unit18) 参考答案Unit 1Section AWord PretestBCBBBAACCBReading SkillCBCABBAAVocabulary Building11 practicable practice practices practical practiced2worthless worthy worthwhile worth worth3vary variety variation various various4absorbing absorbed absorb absorption absorbent21effective efficient effective2technology technique3middle medium mediumClozegoing expectations questions answers predictions tell know end develop worth Section BTFTT CBCC TFF CAACCASection CFFTFFTTTUnit 2Section AWord PretestABACCABABCCReading SkillCBB FTFFTTVocabulary Building11mess 2preference 3aimlessly 4remarkable 5decisive 6shipment 7fiery 8physically 9action 10housing21aptitude attitude2account counted counted3talent intelligenceClozeother just has some than refuse see that without if ready wrongSection BACCCCCCCACBABASection CCCDDACUnit 3Section AWord PretestABCCBDCDCReading SkillBABCAACBCVocabulary Building1Admission admit admissible admissiblyReliance rely reliable reliablyDefinition define definite definitelyAssumption assume assumed assumedlyBehavior behave behavioral behaviorallyVariety vary various variouslyPart part partial partiallyManager manage managerial manageriallyCorrelation correlate correlative correlativelyAdaptation adapt adaptive adaptively21inspired aspired inspired2token badges token3contemporaries temporary contemporaryClozeCommunicate ways using in of message meet causes meaning to eyesSection BBABBAC FFTTTF CCBSection CBBDDBCCA FFTFFTUnit 4Section AWord PretestCACAABBBCCReading SkillBBACBCCAAVocabulary Building11moist 2betrayal 3exclusively 4inhumane 5amazed 6endangered 7marvels 8deadly21dessert deserted2favourite favorable favorable3awarded reward awardedClozeParents idea at seen landmarks instance migrate guide pole effect it if experimentsSection BCCB FTF BCACCBACCSection CFFTFFFTTFTUnit 5Section AWord PretestCAABCACCCReading SkillCABCB FFTFTTVocabulary Building1Assumption assume assumed assumedlyAcknowledgement acknowledge acknowledgedlyReflection reflect reflective reflectivelyDomination dominate dominant dominantlyCategory categorize categorical categoricallyImplication imply implicative implicativelyReassurance reassure reassuring reassuringlyDefinition define definite definitely21historical historic2rejected resist3test analyzedClozeExisted over head body found language use single passed ahead survival handlingSection BCABCBB TTTFTT CACSection CBBAAACBCUnit 6Section AWord PretestC ACBABACABABReading SkillCAACACCAVocabulary BuildingAvailability avail available availablyConquest conquer conquering conqueringlyLuxury luxuriate luxurious luxuriouslyOrgin orginate original originallyOccurrence occur occurrentSystem systematize systematical systematicallyPhonology （这个是没有动词形式的）phonological phonologicallyDecision decide decided decidedlyVariety vary various variouslySuperiority （这个是没有动词形式的）superior superiorlyPeculiar particular particularAssess access accessResources source sourcesClozeSex men differs compliment complimenting causes makes languages have outside understood have use circleSection BCBBBACBCCCCBACCBASection CBBCABBACCBUnit 7Section AWord PretestABABCBACReading SkillBBBCCBCBVocabulary BuildingDeduced behavior adhere replacement option delicacy enormous pursuit Inquired required inquire requiredCompatible comparable compatible comparableClozeSatellite some space asked life sort orbiting have living were believe own solar where likely living throughSection BFTFFTTTTTFFFBBCACCSection CBCBCCAEDEBAFDCUnit 8Section AWord PretestBCABCBBCCAReading SkillCBABCBCCCCVocabulary BuildingOccupation occupy occupational occupationallySegregation segregate segregated（这个没有副词）Discrimination discriminate discriminating discriminatinglyEnforcement enforce enforceable enforceablyExclusion exclude exclusive exclusivelyPerseverance persevere persevering perseveringlyConviction convict convictive convectivelyAmendment amend amendable（这个没有副词）Superficiality superficialize superficial superficiallySpectator spectate spectatorial （这个没有副词）Job career jobs careerPrincipal principles principal principleFeminine female feminineClozeAcceptable domestic property wages husband divorce claims legal suit permitted make excluded lacked belonged determinedSection BBACCCCACCCAABBACTTFSection CCCAACBUnit 9Section AWord PretestBAABCACBBABCReading SkillCACCBBBBBACBVocabulary BuildingTypifies dominant familial competitive vibrate descended departure boom countless symbolizesRecreation recreates recreationRhythm rhyme rhymes rhythmClozeSea within of divides built celebrated inside attract together whenSection BFTFTTCCBBCBAACCACSection CBAACABCCCCUnit 10Section AWord PretestCABCBBBBABReading SkillCBCACCCABBVocabulary BuildingConsequence（这个没有动词形式）consequent consequentlySophistication sophisticate sophisticated sophisticatedlyReference refer referable referablyConversation converse conversational conversationallySpace space spatial spatiallyDetachment detach detachable detachablyIntervention intervene intervening（这个没有副词）Type typify typical typicallyAssure ensure assured ensureArises raised rise raised arisenClue cues clue cueClozeWell separating is own close need look order respect follow prior sign help was elseSection BBBCTTFBCACACTFFSection CTFFTFFFFUnit 11Section AWord Pretest1---5 ACBCB 6---8 ABBReading Skill1---5 BCBAC 6---10 CCCCCVocabulary Building1.information inform informative informativelyspecification specify specific specificallyaddition add additional/additive additionally/additivelyspecialty specialize special speciallynarration narrate narrative narrativelyextension extend extensive extensivelyorigin originate original originallyexplosion explode explosive explosivelyambiguity ambiguous ambiguouslyestablishment establish established1.extension2. ambiguity3.original4.specified5. additional6.unambiguously7.explosionrmation9.specialized 10.narrative 11.establishment2.1.a.transform b.transferred c.transferred d.transformed2.a.lonely b.alone c.lonely d.aloneClozelibrary amounted own burned/destroyed by counties’ send suggestion/proposal librarySection B1---5 ACBCB 6---10 ACCAC 11---17 ABABBABSection C1---5 BCACC 6---10 CBCCCUnit 12Section AWord Pretest1---5 CCBBC 6---12 AACCCBAReading Skill1---5 CABBC 6---8 CBBVocabulary Building1.1.reaction2.mass3. polluting4.planetary5.suspicious6.alarming7.emitted8.emerged2.1.a.warned b.threatened2.a.spread b.spread c.sprayed3.a.emergency b.emergenceClozesolve communities creative preventiondisposal resources recycling wasteincrease place measures amountSection B1---5 FFTTB 6----10 CACFT11---15 FFABC 16---18 CBCSection C1---5 BCAAC 6---8 CBCUnit 13Section AWord Pretest1---5 ABAAC 6---10ABCBAReading Skill1---6 CCBABB 1---5 FTFTTVocabulary Building1.symptom symptomize symptomatic symptomatically longing long longing longinglyaddition add additional/additive additionally/additively manifestation manifest manifest manifestlydepression depress depressed/depressing depressedly/depressing invariability invariable invariablyseparation separate separate separately condemnation condemn condemnable condemnably imagination imagine imaginary imaginarilyaffection affect affecting affectingly2.1.a.remedies b.recipe c.remedy d.recipe2.a.alternate b.altered c.alternate d.alter3.a.acknowledged b.knowledge c.acknowledgedClozestep acknowledge prevent essentialphysician due physical psychosomaticdisease confidence symptoms thoroughemotional upsettingSection B1---5 CBCAB 6---10 CBBCB 11---15 ABCACSection C1---5 TFFFT 6----10 FTFFFUnit 14Section AWord pretest1---5 BCABA 6---8 CBAReading Skill1---4 CACC 1---4 TTFTVocabulary Building1.1.reluctant2.evolution3.attributed4.catastrophic5.associate6.indifferent7.emerged8.stir2.1.a.evolved b.revolves c.evolved2.a.dismay b.dismal c.dismal d.dismay3.a.contribute b.attributed c.contributed d.attributed Clozecharacteristic/trait/nature changed/had to longget/eat possessed/developed/had stretched/lengthened longer passed After have theoryeffect/influence notion/idea changeSection B1---5 DABFT 6---10 FTFDA 11---17 DBACFTF Section C1---8 TFTFTFTFUnit 15Section AWord Pretest1---5 BBADA 6---11 DBBDCCReading Skill1---5: A A C C C 6—10: B B A B BVocabulary Building1.prevention prevent preventive preventivelyfederation federate federal federallyinadequacy / inadequate inadequatelydeception deceive deceptive deceptivelyprosperity prosper prosperous prosperouslylife live live/living/alive /effect effect effective effectivelyevaluation evaluate evaluable/evaluative /resident reside residential residentiallyvision vision visional/visionary visionally/visionarily 1. evaluation 2. federal 3.prospertiy 4. residential5. effect6. are living7. deceptively8. preventive/effective 2.1.a.simile b.,metaphor2. a.ultimate b.unanimous c.ultimate d.unanimous Clozetransportation distance/away ground Stemtrains electric station/stop name train threetrains stairs/steps passengers/peopleSection B1---6 D C D C C C 7---12 C C A B C BSection C1--- 8 C C A C C C C CUnit 16Section AWord pretest1-8: C C B B B B B CReading skill1-6: B A C C B CVocabulary building1.1. identification2. arbitrary3. practical4. foundation5. logic6. dictatorial7.occurence8. revise2.1. a. presentation b. representation c. presentationd. representation2. a. base b. base c. basis d. basisClozeclocks wall pendulum ground/floor woodmakers names clocks/timepieces invented/created/madefake/false/imitatedSection B1.A2.A3.C4.F5.T6.F7.T8.T9.T 10.T 11.B 12.C 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.ASection C1-8: A B A D D D C AUnit 17Section AWord Pretest1---5 CCACA 6---10 BCCBCReading Skill1---3 CCC 1---7 TFTFFFTVocabulary Building1.contradiction contradict contradictory contradictorily center center central centrallyseduction seduce seductive seductivelynecessity necessitate necessary necessarilyvisibility visualize visible visiblymobilization mobilize mobilizable mobilizably function function functional functionally dominance dominate dominant dominantly selection select selective selectivelyvocality vocalize vocal vocally1.visibility2.necessities3.seductive4.mobilize5.central6.functioning7.vocal8.dominant9.contradictory 10.selected2.1.a.immersed b.emerged c.immersed d.emerged2.a.dormant b.dominant c.Dormant d.dominant Clozenumber happening house saidgraduates viewing TV schoolcases children reaches/draws imitatewatching practice face backSection B1---1 CBBCB 6---10 FFFTC 11---15 ACBBC Section C1---5 TTFTF 6---10 FFFTTUnit 18Questions on “If”1---5 AAABCQuestions on “The Rose Family”1---3 ABBQuestion on “My Candle Burns at Both Its Ends”1—3 BBCQuestions on “The Negro Speaks of Rivers”1---3 CBBQuestions on “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”1---5 ACCBC 6---7 BCQuestions on “Sonnet 29”1---5 ABBCBQuestions on “In School Days”1---4 ABBC。
人教版(2019)新教材高中英语必修第二册第一单元词汇学案
人教版(2019)新教材高中英语必修第二册第一单元词汇学案UNIT ONE世界遗产World Heritage世界遗产是指被联合国教科文组织UNESCO和世界遗产委员会确认的人类罕见的、无法替代的财富,是全人类公认的具有突出意义和普遍价值的文物古迹及自然景观。
世界遗产包括世界文化遗产(包含文化景观)、世界自然遗产、世界文化与自然双重遗产三类。
截至2019年7月10日,世界遗产总数达1121项，分布在世界167个国家,世界文化与自然双重遗产39项,世界自然遗产213项,世界文化遗产869项。
中国拥有世界遗产55项,总数和意大利并列位居世界第一。
截至2019年7月10日,中国已有55项世界遗产列入《世界遗产名录》,其中世界文化与自然双重遗产4项、世界自然遗产14项、世界文化遗产37项(其中包含世界文化景观5项)。
中国已有世界遗产项目总数为55项,与意大利并列位居世界第一。
1.heritage ['herɪtɪdʒ]: n. 遗产（指国家或社会长期形成的历史、传统和特色）1)There are 55 world heritages (including 37 cultural heritages) in China.2)The Great Wall is part of our national heritage.3)We are proud of our heritage.2.creatively [ kri'eɪtɪvli]: adv. 创造性地; 有创造力地1)If you want to succeed, you have to work hard and think creatively.2)We find solutions by thinking creatively.3)More and more young people are thinking creatively to make their dreams cometrue. 3.creative [kri'eɪtɪv]: adj. 创造性的;有创造力的;有创意的create [kriˈeɪt ]: v. 创造;创作;产生creation [kriˈeɪʃn]: n.创作; 创造; 作品1)She’s a creative painter and she has made great progress in painting.2)He is always trying to be creative.3)Her aunt is very creative ─ She writes poetry and paints.4. temple ['templ]: n. 庙;寺church: n. 教堂1)Students from different countries are working creatively to protect a temple in China.2)There used to be an old temple on the top of the hill.5.relic ['relik]: n. 遗物;遗迹1)If you find a cultural relic, what will you do with it?2)This stone tool is a relic of ancient times.6. mount [maʊnt]: n. 山峰(用于山名前)v. 爬上;骑上;爬; 登上Mount Tai: 泰山mountain [ˈmaʊntɪn]: n. 高山; 大山hill: n. 小山1)She is the first old woman to mount the hill.2)He mounted his horse and rode away.3)Youths from seven countries are working together to protect cultural relics on- 1 -Mount Tai.7. former ['fɔ:mə]: adj. 以前的;(两者中)前者的(your) former boss/teacher/wife:以前的老板/老师/妻子the former… the latter…：前者…,后者…form: n.形式; 表格; 类型; 种类v. (使)形成; (使)成形;组成1)By studying old photos of the former palace, they have made the new one lookexactly like the old one.2)She didn’t want to see her former boyfriend.3)The former president paid a visit to China last month.4)Lucy and Rose are twins. The former is a model; the latter is a teacher.8. clue [klu:]: n. 线索; 提示1)You can use context clues to guess the meaning of new words.2)We have got a clue to the apartment case.9. preserve [prɪˈzɜ:v]: v. 保存;保护;维持n. 保护区preserve/protect ... from...: 保护…免受/免遭...1)The purpose of the camp is to preserve Mount Tai by introducing it to youngpeople in a fun and easy way.2)You can see lots of beautiful birds in the preserve.10. cypress [ˈsaɪprəs]: n. 柏树pine: n. 松树tree: n. 树They planted plenty of cypress trees on the hill last spring.11.app [æp]: n. 应用程序; 应用软件（application的缩略形式）1)The International Youth Camp members have created Mount Tai App.2)Do you know how to download an app from the Internet?3)The Indian government will not permit its people to use over 100 apps from China.12. application [ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃn]: n. (app/APP) 申请(表/书);用途;运用;应用(程序)apply [əˈplaɪ]: v. 涂;敷;搽;应用;运用;申请apply for…: 申请apply to…: 运用; 适合apply... to...: 给...涂/敷...1)The application form is important. Sit down and write it out properly.2)He was unhappy because his application had been rejected.3)The application of new technology will make jobs easy to do.4)The Indian government will not permit its people to use over 100 applicationsfrom China.13. take part in...: 参与(某事); 参加(活动/运动会等) = join in...take (an active) part in...: 积极参加1)A group of high school students who are taking part in an international youthcamp at Mount Tai are creating an app about China’s most famous mountain.2)How many countries will take part in the Olympic Games?- 2 -14. give way to...: 让步;屈服;让路give in: 让步;屈服give up: 放弃; 投降1)There comes a time when the old must give way to the new, and it is not possibleto preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future.2)Excuse me, please give way to the passengers behind you.15.balance [ˈbæləns]: n. 平衡;均衡v.使平衡balanced : adj. 平稳的;平衡的lose one’s balance: 失去平衡keep balance :保持平衡keep the balance (between A and B): 保持( A和B之间的)平衡keep the balance of nature: 保持生态平衡1)Finding and keeping the right balance between progress and the protection ofcultural sites can be a big challenge.2)She tries to balance home life and work.16. lead to...: 导致; 通向(lead – led)result in...: 导致cause: v. 造成1)Big challenges, however, can sometimes lead to great solutions.2)Eating too much sugar can lead to health problems.3)All roads lead to Rome．(通向)17. dam [dæm]: n. 水坝;拦河坝1)In the 1950s, the Egyptian government wanted to build a new dam across theNile in order to control floods, produce electricity, and supply water to morefarmers in the area.2) A dam burst and flooded three villages.3) A huge dam has been built on the Yangtze River.18. proposal [prəˈpəʊzl]: n. 提议;建议propose [prəˈpəʊz]: v. 提议;建议make a proposal (for...): 提出(关于什么的)建议make a suggestion (for/about/on...): 提出建议a piece of advice: 一条建议/意见1)He made a proposal to build a new bridge.2)They then made a proposal for how the buildings could be saved.19. protest [ˈprəʊtest]: n. 抗议[prə'test]: v. (公开)反对;抗议protect: v. 保护protest about/against/at ...: 反对某事1)But the proposal led to protests.2)The building work will go ahead, despite protests from the farmers.3)Thousands of people protested against the new law.20. likely [ˈlaɪkli]: adj.可能的; 有希望的adv. 可能;或许Sb be likely to do ...: 可能做…It is likely that…: 很可能...1)Water from the dam would likely damage a number of temples and destroy- 3 -cultural relics that were an important part of Egypt’s cultural heritage.2) You are likely to see many beautiful girls in the city.3)It is likely that he will arrive tomorrow evening.21. turn to... : 向…求助; 翻书到; 转向turn to...for help : 向…求助1)After listening to the scientists who had studied the problem, and citizens wholived near the dam, the government turned to the United Nations for help in 1959.2)Please turn to page 112. Let’s read the words and expressions together.22. committee [kəˈmɪti]: n. 委员会The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CCCPC):中国共产党中央委员会1)The committee has/have decided to close the factory.2)The committee has no understanding of the situation.3)With out the chairman’s support, the committee can do nothing.23. establish [ɪˈstæblɪʃ ]: v. 建立;创立found --- founded: v. 建立; 创建find -- found: v. 找到; 发现1)The committee was established in 1912.2)The school has established a successful relationship with the soldiers.24. limit [ˈlɪmɪt]: n. 限度;限制v. 限制;限定limited : adj. 有限的limit... to...: 将…限制在...1)The highest speed limit on the road is 70 km an hour.2)The teacher limited her speech to ten minutes.25. prevent [prɪˈvent]: v. 阻止;阻碍;阻挠preve nt/stop/keep…from doing …:阻止/不准/防止...做...1)Nothing can prevent us from moving forward now.2)We must prevent the river from being polluted.3)China took active steps to prevent the spread of the disease.26. loss [lɒs]: n. 遗失;丧失;损失lose [lu:z]: v. 遗失; 丢失; 失去(lose --- lost --- lost)lost [lɒst]: adj. 失去的; 迷路的suffer a (great/heavy) loss: 遭受(重大)损失make up for the loss: 弥补损失1)A committee was established to limit damage to the Egyptian buildings andprevent the loss of cultural relics.2)She said his death was a great loss to our country.27.contribution [,kɒntrɪ'bjuːʃn]: n. 捐款;捐赠;贡献make a contribution to...: 为...作贡献make contributions to...: 为...作贡献1)The Chinese people make a great contribution to the world peace.2)She made positive contributions to the success of the concert.3)The money came from world-wide contribution.- 4 -28. contribute [kən'trɪbjuːt]: v. 捐献;捐助;贡献contribute to...: 为...作贡献1)We contributed a lot of money to the homeless people of the earthquake.2)A person can still contribute to society when he is old.29. department [dɪˈpɑːtmənt] : n.部; 司; 局; 处; (大学的)系; (医院的) 科; 部门apartment: n. 公寓; 套房the Department of Education: 教育部the English department: 英语系the department of mathematics: 数学系1)The information was passed on to another government department.2)This is one of the busiest times of the year for the department.30. fund [fʌnd] : n. 基金;专款money: n. 钱cash: n. 现金dollar: n. 美元($)pound: n. 英镑(£)1)The concert will raise funds for research into Aids.2)We contributed £ 9, 000 to the earthquake fund.31. within [wɪˈðɪn] : prep. /adv. 在(某段时间/距离/范围)之内within = in = inside + 时间段/地方1)The group asked for contributions from different departments and raised fundswithin the international community.2)You will receive a reply within six days.3)You mustn’t walk your dog within /in/inside the school. 32. investigate [ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt]: v. 调查; 研究1)The police are still investigating how the accident happened.2)An independent body has been set up to investigate the affair.3)This is not the first time he has been investigated by the police.4)Some scientists are investigating the effects of diet on fighting cancer.33. issue [ˈɪʃuː]:n. 重要议题;争论的问题v. 宣布;公布question: n. 问题; 疑问; 怀疑v. 问; 怀疑; 质询problem: n. 难题; 问题; 困难; (数学)题1)This is a big issue . We need more time to think about it.2)The government is expected to issue a statement(声明) about Covid-19.34. conduct [ˈkɒndʌkt]: n. 行为; 举止; 管理办法[kənˈdʌkt]: v. 组织; 安排; 带领conduct/do/make an experiment: 做实验1)Are you ashamed of your conduct?2)The guide conducted us around the ruins of the ancient city.3)Experts investigated the issue, conducted several tests, and then made aproposal for how the buildings could be saved.35.document [ˈdɒkjumənt]: n. 文件;公文;(计算机)文档v. 记录; 记载(详情)1)Finally, a document was signed and the work began in 1960.2)The parents documented every step of their child’s development.- 5 -3)When you are finished typing, remember to save your document.36. donate [dəʊˈneɪt]: v. (尤指向慈善机构)捐赠;赠送;献(血)donate...to...: 向…捐赠…give away...to...: 赠送; 捐赠1)Now some people agree to donate their organs(器官) after they die.2)I think it’s our duty to donate blood.3)Fifty countries donated nearly $80 million to the project.4)The boss donated seventy computers to the junior high school.37. disappear [ˌdɪsəˈpɪə(r)]: v. 消失;灭绝;消亡appear: v. 出现; 似乎appearance: n. 出现; 外表; 外貌1)Perhaps the best example is shown by UNESCO, which runs a programme thatprevents world cultural heritage sites around the world from disappearing.2)When did the dinosaurs disappear from the earth?38. attempt [əˈtempt]: v./n. 尝试;努力; 企图;试图attempt to do...: 努力/试图做什么make an attempt to do…: 努力/试图做什么at the first attempt: 第一次try to do…: 尽力做try doing…: 试着做make an effort to do…: 努力做…make no effort to do…: 不努力做…1)Why did the Egyptian government want to attempt the building of the dam?2) I will attempt to answer all your questions.3)She passed her driving test at the first attempt .39. make sure: 确保;设法保证make sure that…: 确信; 确保make sure of…: 确信; 确保make sure to do…: 确信; 确保1)We must protect the temples and make sure that no damage is done.2)Make sure that young children cannot get close to swimming-pools.【make sure的宾语从句中通常用一般现在时表将来】3)Make sure to meet them at the airport.40. worthwhile [,wə:θ'wail]: adj. 值得做的;值得花时间的Sth be worth sth: 值得;值多少钱be worth doing: 值得做It is worthwhile doing /to do ...: 做某事是值得的1)A lot of money was spent to protect the temples. Do you think it was worthwhile?2)It is worthwhile visiting/ to visit the Great Wall.3)The museum is worth visiting.41. download [,daʊn'ləʊd]: v.下载n. 下载;已下载的数据资料upload : v. 上传- 6 -1)I have downloaded that free app, but it doesn’t work well.2)He used to download information from the Internet and made good use of it.3)You may download such pictures to your computer or smart phone.4)The song has been downloaded 700 times.5)The download link may contain more game information.42. republic [rɪ'pʌblɪk]: n. 共和国public [ˈpʌblɪk]: adj. 公众的; 公共的; 公用的; 公开的in public: 公开地; 在公众场合The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. (PRC)43. professional [prəˈfeʃənl]: adj. 专业的;职业的n. 专业人员;职业选手profession: n. 职业;专业expert: n. 专家; 高手1)This kind of training is helpful to your professional development.2)This is a job for a real professional.44.archaeologist [ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒɪst]: n. 考古学家The archaeologist is gathering new evidence on the Beijing man.45. entrance [‘entrəns]: n. 入口;进入enter: v. 进入; 加入at the entrance to/of…: 在...入口The university/college entrance exam: 大学入学考试1)Although he failed in the entrance exam, he didn’t lose heart.2)I met my former teacher at the entrance to the museum. 3)The hero makes his entrance in Scene 4.46.pyram id [ˈpɪrəmɪd]: n. (古埃及的)金字塔;棱锥体1)We met a professional archaeologist at the entrance to the Great Pyramid.2)Bright and early in the morning they set off to see the pyramids.3)This pyramid is the oldest of the world’s Seven Wonders.47. process [ˈprəʊses] [ˈprɑːses]: n. 过程;进程;步骤[prəˈses]: v. 处理;加工in/during/over the course/process of: 在…的过程中1)He explained to us the process of building such a difficult structure.2)Most of the foods that we buy are processed in some way.48.overseas [ˌəʊvəˈsiːz]: adj. 海外的adv. 在海外go abroad/overseas: 出国at home and abroad/overseas: 在国内外live/work overseas: 在国外生活/工作an overseas market: 海外市场overseas students/visitors: 外国留学生/游客1)The documents about the cultural relics from overseas are under the desk.2)Our products are sold both at home and overseas.49.exit ['eksɪt]: n. 出口;通道;离开;退场v. 出去;离去at the exit from…: 在…的出口at the entrance to/of…: 在...入口- 7 -exist [ɪɡˈzɪst]: v. 存在; 生存1)An exit is the door where/through which you can leave a building.2)The emergency exit is at the back of the bus.3)They exited through a fire door.4)As the actors exited the stage, all the lights went on.50. sheet [ʃi:t]: n. 一张(纸);床单;被单a sheet of paper: 一张纸a piece of…: 一张/块/片/条…We change the sheet once a week.51.parade [pəˈreɪd]: n. 游行;检阅v. 游行庆祝,游行示威1)What will you do in the parade?2) The soldiers are on parade.3)The football team will parade through the city tomorrow morning.4)About 7,000 soldiers paraded along the street.52 . mirror [ˈmɪrə(r)]: n. 镜子look at oneself in the mirror: 照镜子1)She often looks at herself in the mirror when we have an English class.2)My mother told me a good friend is like a mirror.53.roof [ru:f]: n.顶部; 屋顶(复数: roofs)1)I see that you are looking at that carving on the roof.2)The roofs of the classrooms are made of grass.3)The roof of the car was not damaged in the accident.54.chiwen ['tʃəwən] : n. 鸱吻[chī wěn]鸱吻,又名螭( [chī ])、鸱尾,中国古代神话传说中的神兽,为鳞虫之长瑞兽龙之第九子。