National Accumulated Electricity Generation by Province in 2007 (as of April)
科技英语阅读李健版
Unit 1 EnvironmentEarth’s Health in Sharp Decline, Massive Study Finds大规模研究发现：地球的“健康”每况愈下The report card has arrived from the largest ever scientific Earth analysis, and many of the planet’s ecosystems are simply not making the grade.有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明，地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。
The UN-backed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report found that nearly two-thirds of Earth’s life-supporting ecosystems, including clean water, pure air, and stable climate, are being degraded by unsustainable use.由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出，由于不可持续的使用，地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统（包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候）正遭受破坏。
Human has caused much of this damage during the past half century. Soaring demand for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel have led to dramatic environmental changes, from deforestation to chemical pollution, the report says. The already grim situation may worsen dramatically during the first half of the 21st century, the report’s authors warn.以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。
静电接地线标准及方法
静电接地线标准及方法英文回答：Static grounding wire is an essential safety measure used to prevent the buildup of static electricity and discharge it safely to the ground. It is commonly used in industries where static electricity poses a risk, such as in oil and gas, chemical, and manufacturing plants.There are several standards and methods for static grounding wire installation and usage. One widely recognized standard is the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 77, which provides guidelines for the control of static electricity in hazardous areas. It specifies the requirements for grounding systems, including the use of static grounding wires.To install a static grounding wire, you need to follow certain steps. First, identify the equipment or structure that needs to be grounded. This could be a storage tank, avehicle, or a piece of machinery. Next, select the appropriate grounding wire based on the conductivity requirements and the specific application. The wire should be made of a conductive material, such as copper or aluminum, and should have a low resistance to ensure efficient grounding.Once you have the grounding wire, you need to connectit to the equipment or structure that needs to be grounded. This can be done by attaching one end of the wire to a designated grounding point on the equipment, such as a metal lug or a grounding clamp. The other end of the wire should be securely connected to a grounding electrode, such as a metal rod driven into the ground. It is important to ensure a low-resistance connection between the wire and the grounding point to ensure effective grounding.In addition to proper installation, it is important to regularly inspect and maintain the static grounding wire to ensure its effectiveness. This includes checking for any damage or corrosion, ensuring proper connections, and verifying the resistance of the wire using a groundingresistance meter. Regular maintenance helps to identify any issues and address them promptly to prevent potentialsafety hazards.Static grounding wire is crucial for preventing static electricity-related accidents, such as sparks or explosions. For example, in a flammable gas storage facility, static electricity can be generated when transferring ordispensing fuel. Without a static grounding wire, the accumulated static charge can ignite the flammable gas, leading to a catastrophic explosion. By properly installing and maintaining a static grounding wire, the risk of such accidents can be significantly reduced.中文回答：静电接地线是一种重要的安全措施，用于防止静电积聚并安全地将其释放到地面。
《普通照明用荧光灯能效限定值及能效等级》国家标准解读
114《普通照明用荧光灯能效限定值及能效等级》国家标准解读梁秀英（中国标准化研究院）摘 要：本文介绍了国家标准《普通照明用荧光灯能效限定值及能效等级》的修订背景，对标准的主要技术内容进行了阐释和说明，并与欧盟法规（EU）2019/2020中的荧光灯能效要求进行了比对，结合《关于汞的水俣公约》修正案对荧光灯市场趋势进行了分析。
关键词：荧光灯，能效限定值，能效等级，欧盟法规，水俣公约DOI编码：10.3969/j.issn.1674-5698.2024.01.016Interpretation of National Standard Minimum allowable values of energy efficiency and energy efficiency grades of fluorescent lamps for general lightingLIANG Xiu-ying（China National Institute of Standardization ）Abstract: This paper introduces the background of the revision of the national standard, Minimum allowable values ofenergy efficiency and energy efficiency grades of fluorescent lamps for general lighting, explains main technical contents of the national standard, makes a comparative analysis of energy efficiency requirements for fluorescent lamps with Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2020, and analyzes the market trend of fluorescent lamps in the context of Minamata Convention on Mercury.Keywords: fluorescent lamps, minimum allowable values of energy efficiency, energy efficiency grades, (EU) 2019/2020, Minamata Convention作者简介：梁秀英，研究员，硕士，研究方向为节能标准化、节能政策以及资源综合利用与可持续发展等领域的研究与管理实践。
金属材料实验室加速腐蚀环境谱等效加速关系的确定方法
第20卷第12期装备环境工程2023年12月EQUIPMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING·63·金属材料实验室加速腐蚀环境谱等效加速关系的确定方法王长凯1，张腾1，何宇廷1，张天宇1，王明军2，孙庆3（1.空军工程大学，西安 710038；2.空军装备部驻西安地区第二军事代表室，西安 710021；3.空装驻景德镇地区军事代表室，江西 景德镇 333000）摘要：目的解决现有实验室加速环境谱等效加速关系确定方法的不足。
方法提出一种针对航空金属材料实验室加速腐蚀环境谱与实际大气间等效关系的“双桥连接式”快速确定方法。
结果该方法以金属材料在腐蚀环境下的质量损失情况作为腐蚀当量，通过基于“环境因素加权浓缩”的方法编制实验室加速环境谱、基于“电量（电流）等效桥”获得实际大气环境长年累积腐蚀电量、基于“质量损失等效桥”确定等效加速关系3个步骤，计算获得了实际大气长年监测数据对应的材料累积腐蚀电荷量和腐蚀质量损失大小。
通过将金属材料在实际大气下和实验室加速环境下的腐蚀质量损失速率相比，获得了金属材料的等效加速关系。
结论该方法能够有效克服现有研究中由于缺少实地长时间大气暴晒件，以及当量参数选取不当引入误差，导致无法获取实验室加速腐蚀环境谱和实际大气环境间等效加速关系（或当量加速关系）的不足，为金属材料实验室加速腐蚀试验提供了方法支撑。
关键词：金属材料；等效加速关系；加速腐蚀；海洋大气环境；腐蚀质量损失；腐蚀电量中图分类号：TG172 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-9242(2023)12-0063-07DOI：10.7643/ issn.1672-9242.2023.12.008Method for Determining the Equivalent Acceleration Relationship of AcceleratedCorrosion Environmental Spectra of Metal MaterialsWANG Chang-kai1, ZHANG Teng1, HE Yu-ting1, ZHANG Tian-yu1, WANG Ming-jun2, SUN Qing3(1. Air Force Engineering University, Xi′an 710038, China; 2. The Second Military Representative Office of the Air ForceEquipment Department in Xi′an, Xi′an 710021, China; 3. Air Equipment MilitaryRepresentative Office in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Jingdezhen 333000, China)ABSTRACT: The determination of the equivalent acceleration relationship is an important prerequisite for conducting acceler-ated corrosion tests in metal materials laboratories. However, the current determination method is greatly limited by experimen-tal conditions and requires a lot of time and labor costs. To address the shortcomings of existing methods for determining the收稿日期：2023-10-30；修订日期：2023-12-03Received：2023-10-30；Revised：2023-12-03基金项目：国家科技重大专项（J2019-I-0016-0015）；国家自然科学基金（52005507，52175155）；陕西省高校科协青年人才托举计划项目（20230431）Fund：National Science and Technology Major Special Funding (J2019-I-0016-0015); The National Natural Science Foundation of China (52005507, 52175155); Shaanxi University Science Association Young Talent Support Program Project (20230431)引文格式：王长凯, 张腾, 何宇廷, 等. 金属材料实验室加速腐蚀环境谱等效加速关系的确定方法[J]. 装备环境工程, 2023, 20(12): 63-69. WANG Chang-kai, ZHANG Teng, HE Yu-ting, et al. Method for Determining the Equivalent Acceleration Relationship of Accelerated Corrosion Environmental Spectra of Metal Materials[J]. Equipment Environmental Engineering, 2023, 20(12): 63-69.·64·装备环境工程 2023年12月equivalent acceleration relationship of accelerated environmental spectra in laboratories, the work aims to propose a “double bridge connection” rapid determination method for the equivalent relationship between accelerated corrosion environmental spectra in aviation metal materials laboratories and the actual atmosphere. The weight loss of metal materials in corrosive envi-ronments was taken as the corrosion equivalent, and laboratory accelerated environmental spectra was compiled based on the method of “weighted concentration of environmental factors”. Based on the “equivalent bridge of electricity (current)”, the ac-tual accumulated corrosion electricity in the atmospheric environment over the years was obtained. Through the three steps of determining the equivalent acceleration relationship based on the “weightlessness equivalent bridge”, the cumulative corrosion charge and corrosion weight loss of materials corresponding to actual atmospheric long-term monitoring data were calculated.By comparing the corrosion weight loss rate of metal materials in actual atmospheric and laboratory accelerated environments, the equivalent acceleration relationship of metal materials was obtained. This method can effectively overcome the shortcomings of existing research in obtaining the equivalent acceleration relationship (or equivalent acceleration relationship) between the laboratory accelerated corrosion environment spectrum and the actual environment due to the lack of on-site long-term atmos-pheric exposure samples and improper selection of equivalent parameters, providing support for accelerated corrosion test of metal materials in the laboratory.KEY WORDS: metal materials; equivalent acceleration relationship; accelerated corrosion; marine atmospheric environment;corrosion weightlessness; corrosiveelectric quantity飞行器工作环境存在多气候、多地域的特征，尤其在高盐、高湿的海洋大气环境下工作时，其材料和结构性能易受极端环境腐蚀的影响而发生大幅退化，进而对飞行器的工作安全造成威胁[1-4]。
世界各国电力认证简介
世界各国认证简介1. 新加坡PSB认证2. 瑞士SEV3. 匈牙利（Hungary）4. 土耳其(Turkey)5. 北欧四国认证6. BEAB英国电器及电器设备安全质量认证标志7. 俄罗斯GOST、ＰＣＴ认证- -8. 美国FDA认证- -9. 美国FCC认证- -10. 美国ETL认证11. 美国UL认证- -12. CSA国际认证- -13. /e Mark14. 日本VCCI认证14-1. 日本PSE认证- -15. 韩国EK-MARK认证-16. 沙特SASO认证- -17. 台湾BSMI认证 - -18. 澳大利亚c-tick认证 - -19. SAA 认证- -20. 墨西哥NOM认证- -21. 阿根廷(Argentina)认证- -22. 韩国EMC及MIC认证介绍23. 荷兰电工材料协会（ KEMA认证 ）24. 尼日利亚SONCAP认证- -25. 印度产品认证制度- -26. 阿根廷认证（"Ｓ"标志或ＩＲＡＭ）- -27. 充电器及电源的PSE认证- -28. 俄罗斯（GOST）认证介绍- -29. 欧盟指令的基本内容(ROHS和WEEE)- -30. 荷兰电工材料协会（ KEMA认证 ）- -31. GS认证工厂检查要求- -32. CB体系33. ISO9000简介1. 新加坡PSB 认证新加坡消费品保护法规1991指定新加坡标准，生产力和创新委员作为产品安全职能机构，负责对消费者保护（安全要求）注册方案（CPS）涉及的产品进行许可和注册。
只有带“SAFETY”标志的注册产品才能在新加坡销售。
目前新加坡只要求安全而对EMC 只是自愿原则。
安全要求：在IEC 标准要求下，产品还要符合热带条件测试。
新加坡电压：AC 230V\ 50Hz验厂：一般需要（如果通过莱茵CB 去申请有莱茵的工厂检查报告可以不再工厂检查）。
说明书：要求英文证书有效期：证书有效期为一年。
中国新时代的能源英语文章
中国新时代的能源英语文章The New Era of Energy in ChinaChina, a country with rich energy resources and a rapidly developing economy, is at the forefront of global energy transformation. As the world's largest energy consumer, China's energy policies and strategies hold significant global influence. In the new era, China is committed to a sustainable energy path, focusing on both meeting its growing energy needs and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.The shift towards renewable energy in China is marked by impressive growth in solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. China has become a global leader in solar panel production and installation, with vast solar farms now a common sight across the country. Wind power, too, is making significant inroads, with offshore wind farms sprouting up along the coastlines. Hydroelectric power, a reliable and sustainable source, remains an important part of the energy mix.However, the transition to renewable energy is not without challenges. Ensuring energy security and stability is a key concern, especially as the share of renewable energy increases. Additionally, integrating these new sources into the existing energyinfrastructure requires innovative solutions. China is investing heavily in research and development to address these challenges.Another aspect of China's energy strategy is energy efficiency. The country has made significant progress in improving energy efficiency in both industry and transportation. Energy-saving technologies and policies that encourage efficiency are key components of China's strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.In addition, China is actively promoting international cooperation in energy development. It has entered into numerous agreements and partnerships with other countries to share knowledge, technologies, and resources in the field of renewable energy. This approach not only benefits China but also contributes to global efforts to combat climate change.In conclusion, China's energy policies in the new era reflect a commitment to sustainable development that is both visionary and practical. The country's experiences and approach hold valuable lessons for other nations facing similar energy challenges. As China continues to lead the way.。
英国电力市场
电力紧缺 发电成本升高 :天然气 禁止长期合同
加州电力危机原因
电力公司财务危机
市场规则的缺陷 母公司故意操纵
交易形式
双边交易和多边交易（SC） PX中的交易 期货交易
2019年6月：6个月以内 2019年10月：12个月。同时建立了输电权市
场
加州电力危机概况
时间:2019年1月 现象:
严重缺电,大片区域的轮流停电
硅谷的心脏地带 , Intel公司 二战以来首次导致轮流停电的三级警报
2019/12/20
8
英国电力市场
联营体中的清算方法举例
Limit: 150/10
A
B
L1 : 50
~
~
G1 : 0.1×70 G2 : 0.25×90
L2 : 100
~
G3 : 0.3×100
2019/12/20
9
英国电力市场
联营体中的清算方法举例
Limit: 150/80
A
B
L1 : 50
~
加州2019年9月首先颁布了进行改革 的法令，从2019年开始实施
市场管理者与参与者
管理者：新建（非盈利的机构）
PX：交易中心，负责组织公开的电力拍卖。 ISO：系统调度，保证系统的安全稳定
一个小型的ISO，职能最小
市场参与者
原来的电力公司
分为发电公司和配电公司
SC（Scheduling Coordinator） ：组织多边交易 独立发电厂 售电商 用户
独立的发电商，将电力卖给电力公司
电力公司受到政府严格的管制，必须保证 向用户供电，并控制其利润率和供电电价
【策马口译培训】能源环保
【策马翻译培训】能源环保口译讲义能源（energy source）（1:00-17:30）政府机构、国际组织、团体单位、企业市场、练习案例-国家能源局（/）、国家能源委员会（93年国家能源工业部撤掉）、中国能源协会、中国节能协会、中国风能协会、中国能源经济研究院、华北电力大学（NCEPU）、中国石油大学（CUP）、国家安全生产监督管理总局（SAWS），国家煤矿安全监察局（SACMS）；国际原子能组织（IAEA）、世界能源委员会（WEC）、国际能源署（IEA）、联合国开发计划署（UNDP）、-石油输出国组织（OPEC）、美国能源部（DOE）-定义：20种，“自然界赋存的已经查明和推定的能够提供热、光、动力和电能等各种形式的能量来源。
包括一次能源和二次能源。
”-能源分类：按照来源、基本形态、性质、是否造成污染、使用类型、形态特征、是否商业、是否可再生可有七大类方式。
按照来源可分三类- 来自地球外部天体的能源（主要是太阳能）；地球本身蕴藏的能量（如原子核能、地热能）；地球和其他天体相互作用而产生的能量（如潮汐能等）。
按照基本形态可分成一次能源（煤炭、原油、天然气、煤层气、水能、核能、风能、太阳能、地热能、生物质能等天然能源）；二次能源（电力、热力、成品油等一次能源转化加工而成，如煤气、汽油、柴油、焦炭、洁净煤、激光和沼气methane等）。
-企业市场：中国能源网（）、央企（几桶油、中石油、中石化、中海油、国家电力）、外企（施耐德电气、必和必拓公司、阿尔斯通）、民企（皇明太阳能（黄鸣）集团、英利集团）-练习/讲解案例：2011年第六届中部博览会资源型经济转型综合配套改革试验论坛2008年淮南矿业集团煤矿瓦斯防治技术国际研讨会环保（Environmental protection）（18:40-20:50）政府机构、国际组织、团体单位、企业市场、练习案例-国家环保部（部长周生贤，1949年生；纪检组组长傅雯娟，49年生）、中国环保产业协会、联合国环境规划署、联合国工业发展组织（UNEP、UNIDO）、世界环保组织（International Union forConservation of Nature and Natural Resources，缩写为IUCN）、世界自然基金会（WWF）、全球环境基金（GEF）、国际绿色和平、地球之友（Friends of Earth）、环保概念内涵（污染控制–电子、汽车、空调、航空、香烟、噪音）、环保与发展之间的矛盾与协调-企业市场：法国威立雅集团-练习/讲解案例：2009年9月11日大自然保护协会总裁一行拜会国家环保部副部长李干杰2007年9月27日法国阿尔斯通公司武锅新址奠基仪式招待酒会，武汉2004年2月13日全国人大副委员长程思远、娄部长接见印度塔塔集团董事长一行2003年10月30日信产部王部长会见沃达丰集团公司首席执行官。