Research on Program-controlled Power Source Based on DDS
2023年-2024年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力精选试题及答案二
2023年-2024年教师资格之中学英语学科知识与教学能力精选试题及答案二单选题（共45题）1、What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.?A.referenceB.speech actC.practical usageD.context【答案】 D2、Tom said he would go to Hong Kong for winter vacation and he______ go.A.DidB.hadC.DoesD.will【答案】 A3、请阅读短文，完成此题。
A.SubjectiveB.ExaggeratedC.SarcasticD.Objective4、Liberia，the oldest independent Negro state in West Africa，has been struggling for survival ever since its foundation in 1822．Progress has been hampered by constant hostility between the AmericanA.1822B.1910C.1920D.1920s【答案】 B5、 Which teaching method combines form-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching?A.PPPB.TBLTC.CLTD.TPR【答案】 B6、Passage 1A.Bertha von SuttnerB.Ascanio SobreroC.Alfred NobelD.Immanuel Nobel7、Body language is a powerful communication system,__________it can signal very different things.A.butB.soC.forD.then【答案】 C8、Everyone knows that English departments are in trouble, but you can't appreciate just howmuch trouble until you read the new report from the Modern Language Association. The report is about Ph.D. programs, which have been in decline since 2008. These programs have gotten both more difficult and less rewarding: today, it can take almost a decade to get a doctorate, and, at the end of your program, you're unlikely to find a tenure-track job.A.The job openings for newly-graduated Ph.D.s are incredibly promisingB.It seems impossible for newly-graduated Ph.D.s to find a tenure-track joBC.The M.L.A. report has overestimated the number of tenure-track jobs on the job listD.s【答案】 C9、请阅读Passage 2，完成第小题。
ResearchObjectives
Research ObjectivesThe MILC Collaboration is engaged in a broad research program in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD).This research addresses fundamental questions in high energy and nuclear physics,and is directly related to major experimental programs in thesefields.It includes studies of the mass spectrum of strongly interacting particles,the weak interactions of these particles,and the behavior of strongly interacting matter under extreme conditions.The Standard Model of High Energy Physics encompasses our current knowledge of the funda-mental interactions of subatomic physics.It consists of two quantumfield theories:the Weinberg-Salaam theory of electromagnetic and weak interactions,and QCD,the theory of the strong interac-tions.The Standard Model has been enormously successful in explaining a wealth of data produced in accelerator and cosmic ray experiments over the past thirty years;however,our knowledge of it is incomplete because it has been difficult to extract many of the most interesting predictions of QCD,those that depend on the strong coupling regime of the theory,and therefore require non-perturbative calculations.At present,the only means of carrying out non-perturbative QCD calculations fromfirst principles and with controlled errors,is through large scale numerical sim-ulations within the framework of lattice gauge theory.These simulations are needed to obtain a quantitative understanding of the physical phenomena controlled by the strong interactions,to de-termine a number of the fundamental parameters of the Standard Model,and to make precise tests of the Standard Model’s range of validity.Despite the many successes of the Standard Model,it is believed by high energy physicists that to understand physics at the shortest distances,a more general theory,which unifies all four of the fundamental forces of nature,will be required.The Standard Model is expected to be a limiting case of this more general theory,just as classical mechanics is a limiting case of the more general quantum mechanics.A central objective of the experimental program in high energy physics,and of lattice QCD simulations,is to determine the range of validity of the Standard Model,and to search for new physics beyond it.Thus,QCD simulations play an important role in efforts to obtain a deeper understanding of the fundamental laws of physics.QCD is formulated in the four-dimensional space-time continuum;however,in order to carry out numerical calculations one must reformulate it on a lattice or grid.It should be emphasized that the lattice formulation of QCD is not merely a numerical approximation to the continuum formu-lation.The lattice regularization of QCD is every bit as valid as continuum regularizations.The lattice spacing a establishes a momentum cutoffπ/a that removes ultraviolet divergences.Stan-dard renormalization methods apply,and in the perturbative regime they allow a straightforward conversion of lattice results to any of the standard continuum regularization schemes.Lattice QCD calculations proceed in two steps.In thefirst,one uses importance sampling tech-niques to generate gauge configurations,which are representative samples from the Feynman path integrals that define QCD.These configurations are saved,and in the second step they are used to calculate a wide variety of physical quantities.It is necessary to generate configurations with a range of lattice spacings,and then perform extrapolations to the zero lattice spacing limit.Fur-thermore,the computational cost of calculations rises as the masses of the quarks,the fundamental constituents of strongly interacting matter,decrease.Until recently,it has been too expensive to carry out calculations with the masses of the two lightest quarks,the up and the down,set to their physical values.Instead,one has performed calculations for a range of up and down quark masses, and extrapolated to their physical values guided by chiral perturbation theory,an effectivefield theory that determines how physical quantities depend on the masses of the lightest quarks.The extrapolations in lattice spacing(continuum extrapolation)and quark mass(chiral extrapolation) are the major sources of systematic errors in QCD calculations,and both must be under control in order to obtain trustworthy results.In our current simulations,we are,for thefirst time,working at or near the physical masses of the up and down quarks.The gauge configurations produced in these simulations greatly reduce,and will eventually eliminate,the systematic errors associatedwith the chiral extrapolation.A number of different formulations of QCD on the lattice are currently in use by lattice gauge theorists,all of which are expected to give the same results in the continuum limit.In recent years, major progress has been made in thefield through the development of improved formulations(im-proved actions)which reducefinite lattice spacing artifacts.Approximately twelve years ago,we developed one such improved action called asqtad[1],which significantly increased the accuracy of our simulations for a given amount of computing resources.We have used the asqtad action to generate an extensive library of gauge configurations with small enough lattice spacings and light enough quark masses to perform controlled calculations of a number of physical quantities. Computational resources provided by the DOE and NSF have enabled us to complete our program of generating asqtad gauge configurations.These configurations are publicly available,and have been used by us and by other groups to study a wide range of physical phenomena of importance in high energy and nuclear physics.Ours was thefirst set of full QCD ensembles that enabled control over both the continuum and chiral extrapolations.We have published a review paper describing the asqtad ensembles and the many calculations that were performed with them up to2009[2]. Over the last decade,a major component of our work has been to use our asqtad gauge config-urations to calculate quantities of importance to experimental programs in high energy physics. Particular emphasis was placed on the study of the weak decays and mixings of strongly interact-ing particles in order to determine some of the least well known parameters of the standard model and to provide precise tests of the standard model.The asqtad ensembles have enabled the calcu-lation of a number of physical quantities to a precision of1%–5%,and will enable many more quantities to be determined to this precision in the coming years.These results are already having an impact on experiments in high energy physics;however,in some important calculations,partic-ularly those related to tests of the standard model,higher precision is needed than can be provided by the existing asqtad ensembles.In order to obtain the required precision,we are now working with the Highly Improved Staggered Quark(HISQ)action developed by the HPQCD Collabora-tion[3].We have performed tests of scaling in the lattice spacing using HISQ valence quarks with gauge configurations generated with HISQ sea quarks[4].We found that lattice artifacts for the HISQ action are reduced by approximately a factor of2.5from those of the asqtad action for the same lattice spacing,and taste splittings in the pion masses are reduced by approximately a factor of three,which is sufficient to enable us to undertake simulations with the mass of the Goldstone pion at or near the physical pion mass.(“Taste”refers to the different ways one can construct the same physical particle in the staggered quark formalism.Although particles with different tastes become identical in the continuum limit,their masses can differ atfinite lattice spacing).More-over,the improvement in the quark dispersion relation enables us to include charm sea quarks in the simulations.The properties of the HISQ ensembles are described in detail in Ref.[5],and the first physics calculations using the physical quark mass ensembles in Refs.[6,7,8].The current status of the HISQ ensemble generation project is described at the link HISQ Lattice Generation and some initial calculations with them at Recent Results.The HISQ action also has major advan-tages for the study of QCD at high temperatures,so we have started to use it in our studies of this subject.Projects using the HISQ action will be a major component of our research for the next several years.Our research is currently focused on three major areas:1)the properties of light pseudoscalar mesons,2)the decays and mixings of heavy-light mesons,3)the properties of strongly interacting matter at high temperatures.We briefly discuss our research in each of these areas at the link Recent Results.References[1]The MILC Collaboration:C.Bernard et al.,Nucl.Phys.(Proc.Suppl.),60A,297(1998);Phys.Rev.D58,014503(1998);G.P.Lepage,Nucl.Phys.(Proc.Suppl.),60A,267(1998);Phys.Rev.D59,074501(1999);Kostas Orginos and Doug Toussaint(MILC),Nucl.Phys.(Proc.Suppl.),73,909(1999);Phys.Rev.D59,014501(1999);Kostas Orginos,Doug Tou-ssaint and R.L.Sugar(MILC),Phys.Rev.D60,054503(1999);The MILC Collaboration:C.Bernard et al.,Phys.Rev.D61,111502(2000).[2]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov et al.,Rev.Mod.Phys.82,1349-1417(2010)[arXiv:0903.3598[hep-lat]].[3]The HPQCD/UKQCD Collaboration: E.Follana et al.,Phys.Rev.D73,054502(2007)[arXiv:hep-lat/0610092].[4]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov al.,Phys.Rev.D82,074501(2010)[arXiv:1004.0342].[5]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov al.,Phys.Rev.D87,054505(2013)[arXiv:1212.4768].[6]The MILC Collaboration: A.Bazavov et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.110,172003(2013)[arXiv:1301.5855].[7]The Fermilab Lattice and MILC Collaborations:A.Bazavov,et al.,Phys.Rev.Lett.112,112001(2014)[arXiv:1312.1228].[8]The MILC Collaboration:A.Bazavov et al.,Proceedings of Science(Lattice2013)405(2013)[arXiv:1312.0149].。
赛默飞世尔实验室炉子操作标准操作程序说明书
Laboratory Furnaces SOPSummary•There are various types of laboratory furnaces, including Tube, Box, and Muffle.•Because each unit is different, read the manual, complete safety training provided by your PI or trained senior colleagues. Only use a furnace that you fully understand how to operate.•Furnaces present electrical, fire, and burn hazards, and the insulation can pose a health hazard.Furnaces can also create inhalation health hazards if they malfunction and are not stored inappropriate containment, like a fume hood.•Regularly inspect your furnace for any loose or damaged wiring, physical defects, and water or heat damage.•Follow the safety guidelines outlined in this document, and contact the manufacturer if you have questions regarding specific use or servicing of your furnace.What are Laboratory Furnaces?There are many furnace varieties used in the laboratory. They are useful for chemical synthesis, curing ceramics, and are essential in materials science, engineering, food science, and geological research. Three of the most common units are Tube, Box, and Muffle furnaces. Of note, furnaces are similar to ovens, but they can operate at much higher temperatures (typically higher than 500⁰C).A Tube Furnace (Figure 1) consists of cylindrical chambers surrounded by heating elements, which enable rapid heat up, recovery, and cool down. It is typically suited for smaller (and inorganic) samples and heating in an inert atmosphere. Common applications include the purification, coating, drying, hardening, or ageing of samples. A tube furnace can also be used for annealing, brazing, calcination, degassing, sintering, soldering, sublimation, synthesis, and tempering. It is generally a good idea to place tube furnaces in a fume hood, however, the need for local exhaust is process dependent and should be determined through an appropriate risk assessment. EH&S generally recommends keeping furnaces in a fume hood or to provide some other form of local exhaust in case the units malfunction, which can produce burnt wiring and other inhalation hazards.A Box Furnace (Figure 2) features a vertical lift or swing out door allowing the various sized product(s) to be easily placed in the furnace. Box Furnaces are utilized for heat-treating, calcining, curing, annealing, stress relieving, preheating, tempering, and other high temperature thermal processes. The volatile material in a sample is burned off and escapes as a gas; therefore, these furnaces MUST be placed in a fume hood or containment must be provided by some other type of appropriate local exhaust (i.e., a canopy or snorkel hood).Muffle furnaces (Figure 3) are a subclass of Box Furnace: they are compact countertop heating sources with insulated firebrick walls to maintain high temperatures. They allow rapid high-temperature heating,recovery, and cooling in self-contained, energy-efficient cabinets. This is ideal for ashing samples, heat-treating applications, and materials research. Muffle furnaces use mechanical convection to direct airflow out of an exhaust muffle, and typically do not require placement in a fume hood (though it is recommended if possible in case the unit malfunctions).Figure 1. Tube Furnace. Figure 2. Box Furnace. Figure 3. Muffle Furnace.What are the Hazards?Extreme Temperature HazardsHigh voltage is needed to generate temperatures greater than 500°C. With high voltage comes inherent dangers of electrocution, fire, and severe burns. Make sure the furnace is properlygrounded and no loose wires are connected to the furnace, and wear all necessary protectiveclothing while operating (as outlined later in this document).The furnace program should be stopped, or the furnace shut off before opening the furnace door.Note that material will not always glow or appear hot, but will cause severe burns with improper handling.The elements for the furnaces may be exposed and can be easily damaged if bumped or scraped.They are very expensive to replace. The furnace elements are operated at a high current and can be dangerous if touched.Health HazardsMany laboratory furnaces contain refractory ceramic insulation, which can produce respirable fibers or dust with crystalline silica when handled. Crystalline silica may cause chronic lung injury (silicosis) after prolonged exposure or a heavy exposure in a short time. Silicosis is a form of disablingpulmonary fibrosis which can be progressive and may lead to death. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reports sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity of crystalline silica tohumans. IARC classifies ceramic fiber as 2B (possible carcinogenic to humans). Older furnaces typically had insulation which contained asbestos. As such, it is also important to appropriately dispose of furnaces once they have passed their useful lifetime.What Activities Could Pose a Risk?•Using a box furnace that sits outside of a fume hood.•Opening/servicing your furnace unit without specified training.•Altering wiring, and altering or disabling the safety features, such as safety interlocks, sensors, etc.•Using common oven mitts, cryogenic gloves, or no gloves instead of thermal-rated glove protection.•Heating materials beyond their melting or decomposition points. Melting points (and occasionally decomposition points) can be found on a material’s SDS.•Using a malfunctioning furnace or having a furnace malfunction.•Heating sealed vessels in a furnace may result in an explosion if the vessels are not rated for the increased pressure or temperature.•Heating hazardous materials: Do not heat samples or glassware with chemicals that pose respiratory hazards. Evaporation in the furnace will release vapors into the atmosphere, where yourself or other lab members may breathe the toxic materials if the units are not appropriately contained in fume hood or provided with other appropriate local exhaust ventilation.How Can Exposures be Minimized?When working with any hazardous material orprocess, always conduct a thorough riskassessment and employ the hierarchy of controlsto minimize risk. Specific applications of thehierarchy of controls to the unique hazards oflaboratory furnaces are listed below. Apply thecontrols in the order of most effective to leasteffective (see graphic at right), and apply asmany controls as possible to reduce the risk tothe lowest achievable level.Elimination/Substitution•Avoid using a furnace for the sole purpose of cleaning glassware. Towel dry, air dry, or blow dry if possible.•Heat materials to the lowest possible temperature to reduce the severity of potential burns and furnace failure.•When purchasing a furnace, please consider purchasing those with safety features if possible.Engineering Controls•Work in a well-ventilated area. If heating hazardous materials and if the unit fits, put the furnace in a fume hood to ensure sufficient ventilation of escaping fumes. EH&S generally recommends that furnaces are operated in fume hoods or with other appropriate local exhaust ventilation in case the unit malfunctions, which can release hazardous gases into the occupied lab space.Administrative Controls•Before Use:o All furnace operators must complete safety training specific to the furnace they will work with.o Read the instrument’s manual thoroughly, and understand the oven’s capabilities, limitations, safety features and safety protocol. Always follow manufacturer protocoland recommendations.o Consult with the manufacturer and your PI to ensure that your planned experiments are appropriate for the unit. For instance, never overheat the materials or their containers:Borosilicate glass should not be heated above 400°C for short-term service, and Pyrexnot above 300°C. Always check the manufacturer’s recommended usable temperaturerange of containers prior to use in a furnace, and do not use containers for applicationsoutside of the range.o Though lab furnaces have internal safety circuits, consider attaching an external temperature controlled power circuit that would cut the power to the unit in the eventof elevated temperatures. Companies like McMaster Carr and Omega Engineeringprovide thermocouples and controllers that could be used to fabricate a cost-effectivecircuits of this kind.•Keep the furnace’s wiring tidy and away from other heat-generating sources. Damaged wiring could result in an electrical fire.•Never disable safety features. Only service units if permitted by the manufacturer.•Never heat a furnace to its maximum temperature.•Do not heat samples or glassware with chemicals that pose respiratory hazards unless the units are contained in a fume hood or provided with other appropriate local exhaust. Evaporation in the furnace will release vapors into the atmosphere, where yourself or other lab members may breathe the toxic materials if these are not appropriately contained.•Keep the area around the furnace decluttered. Items beside the furnace may get hot and melt, catch fire, boil, or explode.•Always place and remove items from the furnace with thermal-rated tongs or forceps.•Regularly inspect your furnace for any loose or damaged wiring, water and heat damage, or other visual defects. Contact the manufacturer or vendor directly for repairs and servicing.•Dispose of furnace units that are beyond their usable lifetime. Follow the process for laboratory equipment disposal described on the EH&S website.Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)•When working with a furnace, always wear long pants, closed-toe shoes, a lab coat, and safety glasses.•ALWAYS wear the appropriate thermal gloves, and regularly check them for rips, holes, or tears.All-cotton terrycloth gloves are sufficient protection for temperatures up to 232°C (i.e. autoclave use), but heat- or flame-resistant gloves are required when using furnaces at highertemperatures. It is recommended that a pair of such gloves is always available near a labfurnace, even when working with lower temperatures, in the case of thermal runaway. Visit the EH&S guide to glove selection for more information. If you need additional assistance inselecting appropriate gloves, please contact EH&S at ****************.Service RecommendationsRegularly inspect your furnace for any loose or damaged wiring, water damage, heat damage, or other visual defects. If something appears damaged, worn, or is malfunctioning, DO NOT begin/continue using the furnace – power off immediately. Contact the manufacturer or vendor directly for repairs and servicing. Dispose of units beyond their useable lifetime.Exposure and Spill ProcedureIn the event of a furnace incident or malfunction, immediately turn off and unplug the furnace if it is safe to do so. Evacuate the room and notify EH&S (413-545-2682) for assistance.After any emergency or near-miss circumstance, notify EH&S (413-545-2682) as soon as possible and complete the lab incident form.For an exposure:1.Dermal Exposure: In the event that exposed skin touches the hot oven or its contents,immediately rinse affected area with copious amounts of cool water for at least 15 minutes toreduce further tissue damage. For serious burns, call 911 (report the building name, roomnumber, and street address) or 413- 545-3111 (or simply 5-3111 from a campus line) to report the incident and request medical help. For minor burns, immediately go to UHS.2.Inhalation: If an individual inhales fumes from a malfunctioning furnace or materials placedinside the furnace, immediately seek medical attention. If the person is unconscious orexperiencing acute breathing difficulties, call 911 (report the building name, room number, and street address) or 413- 545-3111 (or simply 5-3111 from a campus line) to report the incidentand request medical help. Never enter a room with an unconscious person to provide assistance to avoid exposing yourself as well. For inhalation exposures without acute health effects,immediately go to UHS for evaluation. Health effects from inhalation can be delayed by hoursfor exposure to some materials, and can be very serious, so it is important to be evaluated bymedical professionals. If it is possible to do so, provide the SDS (or whatever information isavailable in the absence of an SDS) for any materials involved to the medical personnel.3.Electrical Fire: If the unit is on fire, immediately evacuate the room, close the door behind you,and activate the fire alarm. Follow your lab’s evacuation route and meet in your designatedlocation outside of the building. Call 911 or 413- 545-3111 once outside to report the incidentand provide information, such as locations of the fire and materials involved.References and Sources1.Box Furnace SOP: Oregon State University:https:///content/sop-high-temperature-box-furnace2.Box, Muffle, and Tube Furnaces: Laboratory Equipment: https://boratory-/blog/box-muffle-tube-laboratory-furnaces/3.Extinguishing Electrical Fires: https:///blog/how-to-put-out-an-electrical-fire4.Fisher Scientific Tube Furnaces: https:///us/en/browse/90088045/tube-furnaces5.Gilson Muffle Furnace: https:///muffle-furnaces6.IARC: silica carcinogenic:https:///21834268/#:~:text=The%20panel%20remarked%20that%20cr ystalline,causes%20lung%20cancer%20in%20humans.&text=Silicosis%20and%20lung%20cancer %20in,protect%20persons%20at%20high%2Drisk.7.Insulation Elements SDS:https:///images/MSDS/Kerr_Furnace_Insulation_Elements.pdf8.ThermCraft Ashing Furnace: https:///what-is-ashing-furnace/#:~:text=In%20the%20food%20science%20industry,in%20a%20flow%20of%20oxygen.9.Thermo Scientific Furnaces: https:///TFS-Assets/LED/brochures/LED-FurnacesBrochure-BRFURNACE0316-EN.pdf。
research findings雅思听力真题
research findings雅思听力真题Academic ReadingWind Power in the USPrompted by the oil crises of the s, a wind-power industry flourishedbriefly in the United States. But then world oil prices dropped, and fundingfor research into renewable energy was cut. By the mid s US interest in wind energy as a large-scale source of energy had almost disappeared. The development of wind power at this time suffered not only from badly designed equipment, but also from poor long-term planning, economic projections that were too optimistic and the difficulty of finding suitable locations for the wind turbines.Only now are technological advances beginning to offer hope that windpower will come to be accepted as a reliable and important source ofelectricity. There have been significant successes in California, inparticular, where wind farms now have a capacity of megawatts, comparable toa large nuclear or fossil-fuelled power station, and produce 1.5 per cent ofthe state’s electricity.Nevertheless, in the US, the image of wind power is still distorted byearly failures. One of the most persistent criticisms is that wind power isnot a significant energy resource. Researchers at the Battelle Northwest Laboratory, however, estimate that today wind turbine technology could supply 20 per cent of the electrical power the country needs. As a local resource, wind power has even greater potential. Minnesota’s energy commissioncalculates that a wind farm on one of the state’s south western ridges could supply almost all that state’s electricity. North Dakota alone has enoughsites suitable for wind farms to supply more than a third of all electricity consumed in the continental US.The prevailing notion that wind power is too costly results largely from early research which focused on turbines with huge blades that stood hundredsof metres tall. These machines were not designed for ease of production or maintenance, and they were enormously expensive. Because the major factors influencing the overall cost of wind power are the cost of the turbine and its supporting systems, including land, as well as operating and maintenance costs,it is hardly surprising that it was thought at the time that wind energy could not be supplied at a commercially competitive price.More recent developments such as those seen on California wind farms have dramatically changed the economic picture for wind energy. These systems, like installations in Hawaii and several European countries, have benefited from the economies of scale that come through standardised manufacturing and purchasing. The result has been a dramatic drop in capital costs: theinstalled cost of new wind turbines stood at $ per kilowatt in , down from about $ per kilowatt in , and continues to fall.Design improvements and more efficient maintenance programs for large numbers of turbines have reduced operating costs as well. The cost of electricity delivered by wind farm turbines has decreased from about 30 cents per kilowatt-hour to between 7 and 9 cents, which is generally less than the cost of electricity from conventional power stations. Reliability has also improved dramatically. The latest turbines run more than 95 per cent of the time, compared with around 60 per cent in the early s.Another misconception is that improved designs are needed to make wind power feasible. Out of the numerous wind turbine designs proposed or built by inventors or developers, the propeller-blade type, which is based on detailed analytical models as well as extensive experimental data, has emerged as predominant among the more than 20,000 machines now in commercial operation world-wide. Like the gas-driven turbines that power jet aircraft, these are sophisticated pieces of rotating machinery. They are already highly efficient, and there is no reason to believe that other configurations will produce major benefits.Like other ways of generating electricity, wind power does not leave the environment entirely unharmed. There are many potential problems, ranging from interference with telecommunications to impact on wildlife and natural habitats. But these effects must be balanced against those associated with other forms of electricity generation. Conventional power stations impose hidden costs on society, such as the control of air pollution, the management of nuclear waste and global warming.As wind power has been ignored in the US over the past few years, expertise and commercial exploitation in the field have shifted to Europe. The European Union spends 10 times as much as the US government on research and development of wind energy. It estimates that at least 10 per cent ofEurope’s electrical power could be supplied by land-based wind-turbines using current technology. Indeed, according to the American Wind Energy Association, an independent organisation based in Washington, Denmark, Britain, Spain and the Netherlands will each surpass the US in the generating capacity of wind turbines installed during the rest of the decade.Glossaryfossil fuel: coal, oil and natural gaskilowatt: 1,000 watts; a watt is a unit of powerkilowatt-hour: one kilowatt for a period of one hourmegawatt: one million wattswind farm: a group of wind turbines in one location producing a large amount of electricitywind turbine: a machine which produces energy when the wind turns its bladesQuestions 1 - 5Complete the summary below.Choose your answers from the box below the summary and write them in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.NB There are more words or phrases than you will need to fill the gaps.You may use any word or phrase more than once.ExampleThe failure during the late s and early s of an attempt toestablish a widespread wind power industry in the United States resulted largely from the ...(1) ... in oil prices during this period. The industry is now experiencing a steady ...(2)... due to improvements in technology and an increased awareness of the potential in the power of wind. The wind turbines that are now being made, based in part on the ...(3)... of wide-ranging research in Europe, are easier to manufacture and maintain than their predecessors. This has led wind-turbine makers to be able to standardise andthus minimise ...(4)... . There has been growing ...(5)... of the importance of wind power as an energy source.criticism successdesign costs production costsfailure stabilityoperating costs fallgrowth recognitionscepticism decisionseffects declineresultsQuestions 6 - 10Look at the following list of issues (Questions 6-10) and implications (A-C).Match each issue with one implication.Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.Example AnswerThe current price of one wind-generated kilowatt...A6. The recent installation of systems taking advantage of economies of scale ...7. The potential of meeting one fifth of current US energy requirements by wind power ...8. The level of acceptance of current wind turbine technology ...9. A comparison of costs between conventional and wind power sources ...10. The view of wind power in the European Union ...IMPLICATIONSA provides evidence against claims that electricity produced from wind power is relatively expensive.B supports claims that wind power is an important source of energy.C opposes the view that wind power technology requires further development.。
PERCLOS
Introduction
Driver fatigue is a significant risk factor in commercial transportation. Fatigue from combinations of sleep loss, night driving, and prolonged work time contributes substantially to the number of motor vehicle crashes. Over the past decade, driver drowsiness/fatigue has been the subject of intensified Department of Transportation interest and activity; one major initiative has been to explore technology that will enhance commercial motor vehicle (CMV) driver fatigue management.
Of the drowsiness-detection measures பைடு நூலகம்nd technologies evaluated in this study, the measure referred to as “PERCLOS” was found to be the most reliable and valid determination of a driver’s alertness level. PERCLOS is the percentage of eyelid closure over the pupil over time and reflects slow eyelid closures (“droops”) rather than blinks. A PERCLOS drowsiness metric was established in a 1994 driving simulator study as the proportion of time in a minute that the eyes are at least 80 percent closed. (Wierwille et al., 1994) Based on research by Wierwille and colleagues (1994), FWHA and NHTSA consider PERCLOS to be among the most promising known real-time measures of alertness for in-vehicle drowsiness-detection systems.
Instant Pot电子压力锅说明书
How Instant Pot® is Changing the Way We Eat Ottawa, Ontario –The game-changing multi-functional electric pressure cookers by the Instant Pot®Company were invented with the objectives of being safe, convenient and dependable. Designed with a microprocessor and a series of sensors, these programmable, intelligent multi-cookers are capable of replacing many cumbersome appliances, including the stove-top pressure cooker, slow cooker, rice cooker, sauté pan, steamer, yogurt maker and stockpot warmer. Most importantly, Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers are extremely energy-efficient and convenient, all while preserving nutrients and cooking tasty foods. Plus, Instant Pot® offers various models and sizes, therefore, providing consumers a choice suitable for their personal needs. Whether used to serve one’s fast-paced, health-oriented and green-conscious lifestyle or purchased by a curious shopper looking to try the best selling brand on , the Instant Pot®Electric Pressure Cookers are designed to satisfy everyone! Benefits of the Instant Pot® Electric Pressure CookersThe Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers achieve optimal cooking results by perfecting the functions of both the electric pressure cooker and the slow cooker with a set of smart cooking programs. This series of multi-functional electric cookers changes the way we eat with the following standout aspects:1. Convenient with Intelligent ProgrammingThe Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers have up to 14 function keys for the mostcommon cooking tasks: “soup,” “meat/stew,” “beans/chili,” “poultry,” “rice,” “multigrain,”“porridge,” “steam,” “slow cook,” “yogurt,” “sauté,” “manual,” “delay start,” and “keepwarm/cancel.” The microprocessor inside each cooker carefully controls the time,cooking pressure and temperature to ensure consistent cooking results. Users can also customize these settings with the 4 operations keys—“+,” “-,” “pressure,” and “adjust”—to achieve preferred cooking results. For example, the “meat/stew” key is programmedto prepare perfectly tender, thoroughly heated meat dishes; however, users can attainfall-off-the-bone results by increasing the cooking time with the “adjust” and “+” keys.The Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers make cooking as easy as pressing a button!2. Preserves Nutrients and Cooks Tasty FoodThe Instant Pot® microprocessor optimizes pressure-cooking to produce whollynutritious, flavorful, tender meals in a consistent fashion. The tight lid and fully sealedenvironment of each device traps the flavor, nutrients and aroma within the food instead of releasing them throughout the home. During pressure-cooking, heat is distributedevenly, deeply and quickly once pressure is built up. Also, not much water is required for steaming, so vitamins and minerals are not leached or dissolved. As a result, greensretain their bright colors and phytochemicals, meats and bones are thoroughly cookedyet tender, and whole grains and beans are soft and delicious, all with remarkableconsistency.3.Energy-EfficientThe Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers are highly energy-efficient. Unlike other cooking appliances, these intelligent multi-cookers save up to 70% electricity. Plus, as each device is fully sealed during cooking, less steam is dispersed, thus, preserving water and reducing energy consumption.4. User-Friendly and Hassle-FreeThe Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers allow users to whip up quick dishes or plan meals ahead of time with its automatic cooking processes. Unlike conventional pressure cookers, each model carefully times every cooking task and automatically switches to the keep-warm function once the food is prepared. In addition, the delayed cooking feature allows users to postpone cooking for up to 24 hours. Users can also save their customized cooking settings with the LUX and DUO models, which can memorizeprogram settings per cooking program button once defined. This enables users toexperiment and achieve optimal cooking results, and store them for future dishes.5. Clean and PleasantDuring operation, Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers are absolutely quiet. Each device is fully sealed when pressure builds up in the inner pot. Therefore, no hot steam escapes from the pot and no cooking odors emanate throughout the kitchen or thehome. Also, there are no messy spills, splashes or spatters and no boiled over foods to clean up. Due to their multi-functional features, Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers can reduce the number of cooking appliances in the kitchen, which helps save money, minimize clutter and keep the kitchen organized.6. Safe and DependableThe Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cookers are carefully designed to eliminate many common errors from causing harm or spoiling food. Each model has passed thestringent UL & ULC certification, giving users uncompromised safety and peace of mind.The Instant Pot® brand protects users with 10 proven safety mechanisms and patented technologies.ü Bluetooth capability and free iOS/Android app allows users tomonitor cooking progress and create, share and download recipes onlineü 7-in-1 multi-functional cooker: electric pressure cooker, slow cooker, rice cooker, yogurt maker, sauté/browning pan,steamer, and warming potü 14 built-in micro-processor controlled programs ü Dual pressure settings for fast and flexible cookingü Slow Cooker settings from 0.5 to 20 hours ü Manual keep-warm setting for up to 99 hours and 50 minutes ü 3 temperature settings for Sauté, Slow Cook and 3 Keep-warmfunctions ü Accessories included: stainless steel inner pot, stainless steel steam rack with handles, silicone mini mitts, condensationcollector, rice paddle, soup spoon and measuring cup ü Available as 6qt cooking pot with 1000W heating elementInstant Pot ® IP-Duo Seriesü 7-in-1 multi-functional cooker: electric pressure cooker, slow cooker,rice cooker, yogurt maker, sauté/browning pan, steamer, and warming pot ü Dual pressure settings for fast and flexible cookingü 14 built-in micro-processor controlled programs ü Can pressure cook for up to 4 hours ü Slow Cooker settings for 0.5 to 20 hours ü 3 temperature settings for sauté and slow cook functions ü Manual keep-warm setting for up to 99 hours and 50 minutes ü Memorizes user customizations on all cooking program buttons ü Automatic keep-warm for up to 10 hours ü Accessories included: stainless steel inner pot, stainless steel steam rack with handles, condensation collector, rice paddle, soup spoon and measuring cup ü IP-DUO series available in two models: o IP-DUO60: 6qt cooking pot and 1000W heating element o IP-DUO80: 8qt cooking pot and 1200W heating element Following is an overview of the Instant Pot ® family of products, including features unique to each model:Instant Pot ® SmartInstant Pot ®IP-LUX• Converts Instant Pot® electric pressure cooker to a precision sous vide cooker to make high-end restaurant quality food at home • Touch-screen digital controls, stainless steel and rubber coating on handle • 120V/800W • Attaches securely to the 6Qt or 8Qt inner pot either in or out of Instant Pot® with the adjustable stainless steel clamp that has maximum clamp height of about 8". • Sous vide cooks easily and with absolute accuracy for upto 72 hours to +/- 1°F between 104-194° F/40-90° C innear silenceü 6-in-1 multi-functional cooker: pressure cooker,slow cooker, rice cooker, steamer, sauté &warmerü Single pressure setting for fast cooking,cooking with pressure reduces cooking time upto 70%ü 10 built-in micro-processor controlled programsü Can pressure cook for up to 4 hoursü Memorizes user customizations on all cookingprogram buttonsü Accessories included: stainless steel inner pot,stainless steel steam rack with handles, ricepaddle, soupspoon, measuring cup, andcondensation cupü Available as a 6qt cooking pot and 1000Wheating element Instant Pot ®Accu SV800 Immersion Circulator Sous Vide“I LOVE My Instant Pot®!”*Quote from Amazon reviewA Look at the Company Behind the Revolutionary Cooking ApplianceInstant Pot® is currently the number one selling brand on with one of the highest overall customer ratings. An Instant Pot® Community on Facebook boasts over 350,000 highly engaged members and is rapidly growing as a resource for Instant Pot® Electric Pressure Cooker users to share recipes, ask questions and offer usage tips and product suggestions. It’s no surprise that thousands of positive online customer reviews exclaim sheer enthusiasm, excitement and praise for the product, along the lines of: “I LOVE my Instant Pot®!”; “Game changer for food prep” and “An absolute godsend…” Today, Instant Pot® models are available at Target and Walmart in addition to . All this is just the beginning for a company that set out to develop a brand that meets the needs of consumers with active, busy, healthy and environmentally conscious lifestyles.The Instant Pot® Company was founded in 2009 by a team of Canadian technology veterans who set out to explore the food preparation category based on their own personal life experiences. Their objective was to find solutions that would enable busy families and professionals to prepare quality food in less time, promoting better eating and reducing the consumption of fast food.In late 2010, after eighteen grueling months of research, design and development they introduced the Instant Pot® CSG60, the company’s first multi-programmable electric cooker. The product was developed with an advanced microprocessor and incorporated the functions of five different cooking tools into one: pressure cooker, slow cooker, rice cooker, steamer and warmer. This introduction was greatly successful, propelling the team to continue to develop even more versatile products to meet the growing needs of their target audiences.Each subsequent Instant Pot® product introduction has raised the bar on functionality, user-friendliness and safety. In 2012 the company launched the Instant Pot® Lux60 6-in-1 – a six quart, programmable electric pressure cooker – which was the most advanced pressure cooker available on the market at the time. The Lux60 quickly became the category best seller on Amazon, leading the company to introduce the Lux50, a five-quart version of the product, and later the Instant Pot® Duo, a 7-in-1 multifunctional cooker. Serving as an electric pressure cooker, slow cooker, rice cooker, yogurt maker, sauté/browning pan, steamer and warming potall in one convenient small electric appliance, the Instant Pot® Duo catapulted to the top as the best seller across all categories on and remains the number one selling product by the Instant Pot® Company.In 2014 the Instant Pot® Company followed up with the Instant Pot® Smart Multi-Cooker, equipped with microprocessors and Bluetooth® technology that wirelessly connects, allowing users to program and monitor their cooking from mobile devices via an iOS or Android app. This advancement was a first in the electric pressure cooker category and marked the beginning of a new smart-cooking era. This introduction represented the Instant Pot® Company’s technology leadership into the next-level of consumer experience for the Instant Pot® communities.The Instant Pot® line of products are truly tools for a new lifestyle and especially cater to the needs of health-minded individuals, those with special dietary restrictions, the do-it-yourself food enthusiasts and anyone looking to save time in the kitchen while providing nutritious, well-balance meals. Today, the Instant Pot® product line-up includes the best-selling IP-DUO along with the IP-SMART, IP-LUX and the recently introduced IP-ACCU SV800 Immersion Circulator Sous Vide.According to Dr. Robert Wang, founder and CEO of the Instant® Pot Company, the company’s main goal is to make the Instant Pot® an acronym for the best kitchen experiences ever by offering unsurpassed user interface design and connected technologies. As the company continues to develop and design new products, the world awaits the next advancements in home cooking, brought to you by Instant Pot®.。
电化学工作站2273说明书
PARSTAT 2273Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRA®Princeton Applied ResearchWe would like to introduce the new benchmark!The PARSTAT 2273 is the combination of the renowned reliability, high current, and high compliance voltage of the 273A with the exceptional impedance capability, resolution, speed and latest software techniques of our new PARSTAT family. Plus we’ve incorporated customer feedback to provide not only more internal maximum current but the ability to boost the 20 A and the ability to interface all the ancillary equipment customers need today for their unique research.The 2273 is designed to be the most comprehensive potentiostat/galvanostat/FRA in your laboratory. Since no one can predict how research needs will evolve over the years, we’ve designed the ultimate electrochemical tool to satisfy your needs not only for today — but for tomorrow.Major Features• 2 A current max. (20 A boosted)• 100 V compliance• 1.2 fA current resolution • >1013Ωinput impedance • <5 pF of capacitance• 10 µHz to 1 MHz built in analyzer for impedanceFor more than two decades, the 273/273A has been the most popular instrument in the history ofcomputer-controlled potentiostats/galvanostats. We knew how critical it would be that the next generation of this prestigious instrument continue to set the standard against which all other systems will be measured.Applications• Research Electrochemistry • Corrosion • Sensors• Batteries/Fuel Cells• Electrodeposition/Plating • Biomedical ApplicationsGeneral SpecificationsThe 2273 is an advanced potentiostat/galvanostat/FRAthat consists of hardware capable of ±10 V scan ranges, 2 A current capability, and EIS measurements from 10 µHz to 1 MHz. The interface to the PC or laptop is Universal Serial Bus (USB), so there is no need for an additional card for your system. Electrochemistry PowerSuite software is required for the 2273.Current and VoltageUnlike any other potentiostat on the market today, the 2273 offers a unique combination of compliance voltage up to±100 V (power available at the counter electrode) and a maximum current of up to ±2 A.EIS CapabilityThe 2273 hardware combined with PowerSINE software can perform EIS experiments from 1 MHz to 10 µHz. These measurements can control either potentiostatic (Single Sine, Fast MultiSine, or Mott-Schottky), or galvanostatic (Galvanostatic EIS) experiments.Booster InterfaceThe 2273 has three current booster options to choose from:• 8A/2273 option for 8 A, 50 V• 10A/2273 option for 10 A, 20 V• 20A/2273 option for 20 A, 20 VUsing the 2273 with one of the current booster options provides the user witha seamless interface for our PowerSuite software. When a booster option isconnected to the 2273, the software will autoscale the data.2PARSTAT 2273Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRA®3EIS Contour Plot for the 2273Princeton Applied Research has performed a series of impedance experiments on known resistive and capacitive cells and has evaluated the accuracy of these measurements. The typical results are summarized on the contour plot.The experiments were made in the potentiostatic EIS mode, using a standard amplitude of 10 mV. The blue area is the region for which the error in theimpedance is less than 1% or 2°.4ApplicationsResearch ElectrochemistryThe physical nature of electrochemistry has resulted in a broad range of research areas. Fromdetermining the kinetics of an electron-transfer process, to developing new and improved materials via unique electrodeposition or electrosynthesis techniques, the 2273 was designed with the flexibility and capability required by today's electrochemical researcher. Whether it is amicroelectrode, rotating disk electrode, mercury electrode, or quartz crystal resonator being measured, the 2273 supports the wide array of electrodes used in a modern electrochemical research lab.CorrosionThe 2273 is ideal for corrosion research. For measurements of rebar in concrete or titanium in Ringer's solution, the 2273 was designed to address a wide range of corrosion applications.PowerCORR Corrosion Software and PowerSINE EIS Software complement the 2273'simpressive specifications to create the ultimate tool for any corrosion lab. Are you working with large electrodes or resistive media? The 2273's 100 V compliance voltage takes care of that.Studying a new corrosion inhibitor or coating technology? Femtoamp current resolutions and >1013input impedance make even the toughest EIS measurements seem routine.SensorsFor potentiometric sensors (such as ion-selective electrodes and coated wire electrodes) and amperometric sensors (gas sensors, thin film microelectrodes, and chemically modifiedelectrodes), the 2273 provides current sensitivities that can surpass the requirements of the most demanding measurement parameters, with a pA current range and fA resolution; high compliance voltage allows for the growth of thin film electrodes and nanodeposition. Biosensordevelopment and analysis relies on techniques that are contained within the PowerCV cyclic voltammetry, PowerSTEP chronoamperometry/chronopotentiometry and PowerPULSE electroanalytical software packages.Fuel Cells and BatteriesFor many years, Princeton Applied Research potentiostats/galvanostats have been utilized to further the development of new energy sources. From the early stages of battery development to the charge/discharge experiments on the final product, the 2273 has the current measurement range to address the challenges that lie ahead for the next generation ofbatteries. Fuel Cells offer a cleaner energy source for the future, and the 2273 helps bring that technology to market. Use EIS to examine the impedance of the PEM at different humiditylevels, perform I/V curves on SOFCs, or run CVs on DMFC assemblies. The 2273 and the entire PowerSuite package has the potential to take your research to the next level.Biomedical ApplicationsThe 2273 exceeds the requirements of a potentiostat/galvanostat as described in ASTM F2129, “Standard Test Method for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements to Determine the Corrosion Susceptibility of Small Implant Devices.” For implant biocompatibility studies, the most common methods involve DC corrosion techniques such as cyclic potentiodynamic polarization for the determination of the breakdown or critical pitting potential (Eb), the corrosion or open circuit potential (Ecorr), the repassivation or protection potential (Ep), corrosion current (Icorr) and corrosion rates based on Tafel analysis. All of these techniques are possible with the 2273 using the PowerCORRcorrosion measurement software package. The outstanding performance of the 2273 ensures that the results obtained are accurate and allows the user to be confident of their data.PARSTAT 2273Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRA®5Ordering InformationModelDescription2273Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRA 8A/22738 A @ 50 V Booster Option 10A/227310 A @ 20 V Booster Option 20A/227320 A @ 20 V Booster OptionPowerSuite Software ModulesPowerSINE ®Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy PowerCORR™Corrosion Measurement PowerCV ®Cyclic VoltammetryPowerSTEP ®Chronoamperomtry/Chronopotentiometry PowerPULSE™Electroanalytical TechniquesCable AccessoriesC0379Additional 2273 Cell CableC03802273 to Glove Box Interface Cable (call for information and quotation)Cell AccessoriesK0047Corrosion Cell Kit K0235Corrosion Flat Cell K0264Micro-Cell Kit RDE0018Analytical Cell KitAncillary Equipment303A Static Mercury Drop Electrode 507Interface for the Model 303A QCM922Quartz Crystal Microbalance 616Rotating Disk Electrode636Rotating Ring-Disk ElectrodeExtended Warranty2273-EWSilver Extended Warranty Plan for the 2273Princeton Applied Research offers extended warranties and/or site service contracts on all its instruments. There are three levels of coverage starting with the basic silver level that is a one-year extension of our free one-year initialwarranty. Silver level extended warranty includes labor, material, and return shipping. The Gold and Platinum levels offer an increased product protection plan, including priority repair and free loaner instruments if available.ISO9001:2000 CertifiedPrinceton Applied Research is a member of Advanced Measurement Technology, Inc., an ISO9001:2000 certified company.SoftwareDiscover the power of true 32-bit Windows programs in the Princeton Applied Research PowerSuite software platform.Take advantage of powerful wizards, graphical data presentation formats and easy-to-use import/export tools for both graphs and data.PowerPULSE™• Recurrent Potential Pulsing • Recurrent Galvanic Pulsing • Square Wave Voltammetry• Cyclic Square Wave Voltammetry • Differential Pulse Voltammetry• Cyclic Differential Pulse Voltammetry • Normal Pulse Voltammetry• Reverse Normal Pulse Voltammetry • R ΩDeterminationPowerCV ®• Linear Scan• Ramp Cyclic VoltammertyOne Vertex Two VertexOne Vertex/Multi Cycle Two Vertex/Multi Cycle• Stair Case Cyclic VoltammetryOne Vertex Two VertexOne Vertex/Multi Cycle Two Vertex/Multi CyclePowerSTEP ®• One Step Chronoamperometry • Two Step Chronoamperometry • ChronopotentiometryPowerSINE ®• Potentiostatic EIS • Multi-Sine EIS • Galvanostatic EIS• Potentiostatic Impedance versus Time • Galvanostatic Impedance versus Time • Mott-ShottkyPowerCORR™• Tafel Plot• Anodic Polarization • Linear Polarization • Potentiostatic • Galvanostatic• Ecorr versus Time • Galvanic Corrosion • Cyclic Polarization• Cyclic Polarization (no reverse)• Zero Resistance Ammeter • Galvanodynamic• Galvanodynamic (no reverse)6Recurrent Galvanic Pulsing (PowerPULSE)Impedance vs. Time (PowerSINE)Differential Pulse (PowerPULSE)Two Step Chronoamperometry (PowerSTEP)Peak Analysis Tools (PowerCV)Anodic Polarization (PowerCORR)7Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRAData Storage FormatPowerSuite’s unique data storage format ulitizing Microsoft ®ACCESS database provides other powerful features available to PowerSuite. These include making changes to someexperimental parameters on the fly, performing fits on data as it is being collected, searching data files based on comments added by the user, and exporting data and plots to otherprograms such as Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint.Complete Plotting ControlOverlay data can be placed on the plots prior to acquiring the data, which allows the user to compare the two data sets as the experiment progresses!Overlaid data graphical properties can also be modified in terms of color or plot style, and any overlaid data can be selected to become the "active" data file, at which point the current file becomes an overlay, and full data analysis can be performed on what was an overlay! A number of graphical and analyticalfeatures are available by simply right-clicking on any graph and selecting from a full complement of options.Experiment WizardFor new users, the "New Experiment Wizard" guides you through a step-by-step process to configure all aspects of the experiment. If you have a setup that is to be repeated over several experiments, it can be "Saved as a Template...", recalled, and executed without having to re-enter information with each use.Powerful GraphicsPowerSuite’s dominant features are it’s graphical capabilities. Tremendous flexibility is provided with data presentation.Up to four plots can be viewed simultaneously, on the screen without opening a separate viewing program. Severaldefault plots are available, and the user has the ability to modify each graph or create and save their own custom graphs according to specified criteria. Awide variety of parameters are available for plotting, as well as the ability to add a second Y-axis or view the plot in 3D. The user can select the data symbols/lines desired, as well as change the color of any plot. Additional graphical features allow the data of any axis to be mathematically changed (by choosing to either add, subtract, divide, or multiply the axis values) using the Data Factors feature.This feature can be used to change data in amps to microamps for comparison purposes. It can also be used to convert a potential reading acquired from an ancillary component (such as a temperature probe) through the A/D Input into its proper value (such as degrees C).Specifications subject to change042804 info@ 801 South Illinois Avenue, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0895 U.S.A.(800) 366-2741 or (865) 482-4411 • Fax (865) 425-1334For International Office Locations, Visit Our WebsiteADVANCED MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGYPrinceton Applied Research Advanced Potentiostat/Galvanostat/FRASpecificationsPower AmplifierCompliance Voltage: ±100 VMaximum Current: ±2 ARise Time: <250 ns (No Load)Slew Rate: >15 V/µs (No Load)System PerformanceMinimum Time Base: 20 µsMinimum Potential Step: 2.5 µVNoise and Ripple: <50 µV/rms (typical)Minimum Current Range: 2 nA(hardware)Minimum Current Range: 40 pA(after 50X gain) Minimum Current Resolution: 1.2 fAiR CompensationPositive Feedback Range: 2000 MΩto 2 Ω(depending on current range)Current Interrupt: 16 bit DAC Potential Error Correction Current MeasurementRanges: 12 decades, 2 A to 40 pA(with internal gain applied)Accuracy (dc)20 µA to 2A: <0.4% Full Scale20 nA and 1 µA Ranges: <0.5%2 nA< 0.75%Frequency Response (small signal)2 mA Range:3 dB at >1 MHz, 1k source impedance20 µA Range: 3 dB at >100 kHz, 100k source impedance Differential ElectrometerInput Bias Current: <5 pA at 25°CMax. Voltage Range: ±10 VMax. Input Voltage Differential: ±10 VBandwidth: 3 dB @ >15 MHzCommon Mode Rejection:>80 dB at 100 Hz>60 dB at 100 kHzInput Impedance: >1013Ωin parallel with <5 pF Potential/Current ControlDigital/Analog Converters (DACs)Bias DACResolution: 16 bitsRange (Potentiostat): ±10 VRange (Galvanostat): ±100% of full-scale current Modulation DACResolution: 16 bitsImpedance SpecificationsFrequency Range: 10 µHz–1 MHz Dimensions58 cm W x 47.6 cm D x 22.9 cm H(20" W x 18.75" D x 9" H)Weight31 kg (68 lbs)Power Requirements90/130 V AC or 200/260 V AC, 50-60 Hz600 Watts MaximumComputer InterfaceUniversal Serial BusPowerSuite Software (sold separately) PowerSINE Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy PowerCORR Corrosion MeasurementPowerCV Cyclic VoltammetryPowerSTEP Chronoamperometry/Chronopotentiometry PowerPULSE Electroanalytical SoftwareFor discounts available on bundled packages, please contact your local sales representative.Operating SystemMicrosoft Windows‚ 95/98/2000/NT/XP。
DIGI BOARD 2数字技术实验板说明书
The DIGI BOARD 2has been developed for the in-struction and detailed study of fundamental digital tech-nology,non-contact control engineering and microcom-puter technology.All the function groups re-quired for conducting experi-ments in digital technology are integrated in the DIGI BOARD 2and supplied with power by a built-in power supply unit.The individual function groups are connected in 2mm connection technique.The DIGI BOARD 2can be set up as a desktop unit for conducting experiments or suspended in a rack for demonstration purposes.The DIGI BOARD 2can be converted into a portable training unit by simply screw-ing it into a Box:All the ex-periments can be conducted directly in the Box.Dust-free storage and protection against transport damages are further advantages of the Box version.The experiment manual…Experiments in Digital Tech -nology”(Type V 0160)is of-fered together with the DIGI BOARD 2.This manual contains detai-led experiment instructions with problems and solutions section.Function Groups of theDIGI BOARD 2-2input keyboards with 4pairs of keys (L/H)each-Clock generator with divider,TTL level,crys-tal-controlled-DC signal source 0...5V/10mA-Hexadecimal/dual coding switch (double)-LED display,divided into 3groups with the colours red,yellow,green -HIGH/LOW,for tapping HIGH,LOW states-7-segment display (2-digit),with decoder:dual/7-segment-Adapter (2mm jacks/SUB-D socket),for adapt-ing 2mm jacks to SUB-D connector (25-pin),pins 1...13and 18assigned -8AND gates,with pull-up Resistors,one gate is disconnectable-6OR gates,with pull-down Resistors,one gate is disconnectable -3AND/OR combi-gates -1-bit comparator.Universal training and exercise unit for fundamental digital technology/microcomputer technology.The DIGI BOARD 2contains all function groups and the power supply for fast experiment setup.Can be used as a desktop,demonstration or portable training unit .Individual expansion possibilities.With an adapter for connection to a computerDIGI BOARD 2 (Type 3910)14 / 14 V 02 T e c h ni c a l c h a n g e s w i t h o u t p r i o r n o t i c e !1/2hps SystemTechnikLehr- + Lernmittel GmbH Altdorfer Strasse 16 88276 Berg Tel.: Fax: Web: E-Mail:7 51 / 5 60 75 80 7 51 / 5 60 75 77 (Germany)+ 49 + 49****************************Competence in TrainingSystemTechnik-4-bit comparator-4JK-flipflops,can also be used as RS flipflops-4D-flipflops-2adders(4-bit),with input and output carry-Monoflop,settable times: 0.1s;1s;5s-Multiplexer,4channels-Demultiplexer,4channels -Shift register(4-bit),paral-lel and serial operation possible,bidirectional-ALU,for conducting16 arithmetic and16logical computing operations with 4-bit dual numbers-Binary counter(4-bit),up/down counter-2inverters with open col-lector(pull-up resistors can be connected)-2Schmitt triggers,invert-ing-Units complements for negating a4-bit binary number-Antivalence and equiva-lence gates-RAM8x4,static RAM,8addresses,4bits data width -EEPROM8x4,storagetime without power supplyapprox.1hour-AD/DA converter(4-bit)-Two slots for expanding acircuit with additionalplug-in modulesDigital Technology/Microcomputer TechnologyTechnical DataMains connection-Voltages(via LE connector):230V AC / 115V(110V)AC;30VA;50... 60HzIntegrated power supply for additional plug-in modules5V DC/max.1A;the power is supplied via the plugs in the baseof the modules.DC voltage source+5V / 0.5AFor connecting external equipmentIC componentsAll IC components are inserted in sockets.Mechanical designThe front panel of the DIGI BOARD2is made of5mm thickLaminate,matt blue in colour with white engraving representingthe built-in function groups.The rear of the DIGI BOARD2is protected with a grey plasticcover.Its shape allows the Board to be placed at an ergonomi-cally favourable angle for example on a table.Dimensions and weights-Board version,Type3910:532x297x95mm(w x h x d);weight:3.5kg-Box version,Type3910and Type3910.20:580x450x155mm;weight:7.5kgRecommendedAccessoriesExperiment manual:…Experiments inDigital Technology”(Type V0160)with prob-lems and solutions sectionfor the following subjects:--Basic logical circuits-Schmitt triggers-Bistable flipflops-Monostable flipflops-Code converters,coders-Computing circuits-Counting circuits-Register circuits-Multiplex mode-ALU-Memory circuits-Analog-digital converter,digital-analog converter-Set of Accessories(Type3910.1),comprising2mm connecting leads(60in all)The components listed below are used for setting up experi-ments above and beyond those described in the experimentmanual…Experiments in Digital Technology”(Type V0160).-IC BOARD(Type3530)-IC Socket,dual-in-line(Type9156)-IC Socket,20-pin(Type9156.2)-IC Socket,28-pin(Type9156.3)-Assembly kit comprising:Empty Housings(Type9152.7)Universal PCB,with dot grid(Type9167)Universal PCB,with line grid(Type9167.1)Jacks(Type9168),Stickers(Type9162.5-6)Expansion PossibilitiesSubject to technical modifications. Competence in TrainingSystemTechnik2/2。