Torasso P. A Deterministic Analyzer for the Interpretation of Natural Language Commands
基线8800PID可溶性有机物分析仪说明书
Baseline, the reference pointfrom which all things are measured.Baseline -™Model 8800 PIDV olatile Organic V apor AnalyzerA NALYZERThe Model 8800 PID is a member of the extraordinary Series 8800 family of gas analyzers. The Series 8800 is the candidate of choice whenever accurate,reliable hydrocarbon and VOC analysis is required. Series 8800 analyzers pro-vide nearly limitless flexibility and offer continuous, fully automated gas analysis over a broad range of concentrations.With an incredible dynamic range from 10 ppb to 1%, the Model 8800 PIDis designed to analyze hundreds ofvolatile organic compounds and various other gases. The analyzer has a generous complement of analog, digital, and logic output capabilities with room to expand.These features place the instrument well ahead of the competition in performance,automation, and configurability.The analyzer is based on a photoion-ization detector (PID) that delivers the sample gas to an ultraviolet light or lamp.The energy emitted by the lamp ionizes the targeted gases in the sample to a point where they can be detected by theinstrument and reported as aconcentration.Many chemicals can be detected by photoionization. Contact your sales representative for a complete listing.The Model 8800 PID is relatively humidity insensitive and can be con-figured with internal components for a single or multipoint analysis of non-condensing gas samples. The automatic calibration feature enhances the long-term analytical stability of the instrument.ApplicationsThe Model 8800 PID is designed tocontinuously monitor hundreds of volatile organic compounds and various other gases in a non-condensing sample stream.This extremely versatile instrument can be configured to support a variety of applica-tions, such as:•Industrial hygiene & safety monitoring •Fugitive emissions•Fenceline (perimeter) monitoring around industrial sites•Carbon bed breakthrough detection •Paint spray booth recirculated air •Solvent vapor monitoring for cleaning and degreasing processes•Low level VOC’s in a process using inert gasesFeatures•VOC detection from sub-ppm to 10,000ppm levels•Automatic calibration at user-defined intervals•Virtual analog ranges programmable from 1.0 ppm - 1% full scale•Programmable relays for alarms, events and diagnostics•Remote operation via RS-485, RS-232•Back-pressure regulator with sample bypass system ensures fast response•Internal multipoint sampling option •Discrete, multilevel concentration & fault alarms•Quick connect terminal block for electrical connectionsP.O. Box 649, Lyons, CO 80540In the continental United States, phone 800.321.4665, or fax 800.848.6464, toll free.Worldwide, phone 303.823.6661 or fax 303.823.5151•URL:•E-mail:****************************Represented by:Baseline -Baseline -Model 8800 PIDV olatile Organic V apor AnalyzerSpeci cationsS AMPLING Internal, single or multipoint modules, with or without sample pump(s),for prefiltered (≤ 0.1 microns), non-condensing samplesC ALIBRATION Programmable automatic, or manual (with internal selection valves)D ETECTORPhotoionization detector (PID)Lamp Energies: 10.6 eV (life span > 6000 hrs), 11.7 eV (life span ≈ 140 hrs).MDQMinimum detectable quantity: < 0.1 ppm (as isobutylene), < 0.1 ppm (as benzene).Q UENCHING Signal quenching due to moisture: < 30% at 95% R.H. and 23° Celsius.R ANGEAnalogVirtual range with software selectable endpoints provides full-scale ranges from 1.0 ppm – 1% (as isobutylene)Digital Display auto-ranges from 1.0 ppm to 1% (as isobutylene)L INEARITY Linear range: 0 – 10,000 ppm (isobutylene). Accurate to ± 1 ppm or ±15% of reading, whichever is greater.D RIFTSample dependent. Zero: < 0.1 ppm (as isobutylene) over 24 hours.Span: 100 ppm isobutylene, < 3 % over 24 hours.R ESPONSE T IME Isobutylene: < 6 Seconds to 90% of final readingA LARMSMultilevel concentration, average concentration and faultAudible Horn:Sounducer,**********************************/disabledfor keypad input, fault, and alarms.O UTPUTAnalog1 (standard) to 15 analog 0-20 mA or 4-20 mA loop power supplied, iso-lated outputs or optional 0-1V , 0-5V or 0-10V isolated outputs. Selectable for concentration, temperature or flow (fuel, air or sample).DigitalStandard: RS-485 output (RS-232 option)R ELAYS 5 (standard) to 15 programmable (Latched/Not, NO/NC) contact closures (1A@30V max). Selectable for: alarm thresholds or events (calibration,fault, or sample location).P HYSICALDimensions: 19.00" W x 8.75" H x 16.00" D (48.26 cm W x 22.23 cm H x 40.64 D). Nominal weight: 30 lb (13.64 kg).C ONFIGURATION Bench-top or rack-mount (19" panel)D ISPLAY Digital vacuum fluorescent, 20 characters x 2 lines P OWER90-120 V AC or optional 210-230 VAC, 50/60HzO PERATING C ONDITIONSTemperature: 32-104 °F (0-40 °C). Humidity: 0-95%, non-condensing.G AS S PECIFICATIONSSpan Isobutylene, or as required by applicationConnections 1/4" O.D. Tube fitting connectors (1/8", 4 mm, and other options)Options & AccessoriesS AMPLERSInternal multipoint modules, available in 4-point or 8-point configurations,with or without internal sample pump(s)E NCLOSURES General purpose, X-purged or Z-purged Expansion BoardsAnalog Provides 4 or 10 additional programmable 4-20 mA outputs, with sampleread & holdRelay Provides up to 10 additional programmable relays C ALIBRATION G AS Zero and span gases for a variety of applicationsI NSTRUMENT C ONSOLEThe Series 8800 frontpanel features a bright vacuum fluorescent display and keypad. Mostoperating parameters are setvia the keypad.The display identifies all sample locations and specifies the unit of concentration & reference equivalent.Flashing alarm codes report the active alarm location, while flashing fault codes report lamp ortemperature anomalies.。
分析化学
分析化学名词解释1. 定性分析（qualitative analysis）：是鉴定试样由哪些元素、离子、基团或化合物组成，即确定物质的组成。
2. 定量分析（quantitative analysis）：是测定试样中某一或某些组分的量，有时是测定所有成分。
3. 滴定分析法（titrimetric analysis）：又称容量分析（volumetric analysis）。
是将一种已知准确浓度的试剂溶液(标准溶液)，滴加到被测物质的溶液中，直到所加的试剂与被测物质按化学计量关系定量反应为止，然后根据所加的试剂溶液的浓度和体积，计算出被测物质的量。
4. 重量分析法（gravimetric analysis method）：是通过称量物质的某种称量形式的质量来确定被测组分含量的一种定量分析方法。
5. 色谱法（chromatography）：是根据混合物中各组分在两相分配系数的不同进行分离，而后逐个分析。
6. 仪器分析（instrumental analysis）：是使用较特殊的仪器进行分析的方法，是以物质的物理或物理化学性质为基础的分析方法。
7. 准确度（accuracy）：是指测量值与真值接近的程度。
———用误差衡量8. 精密度（precision）：是平行测量的各测量值之间互相接近的程度。
9. 绝对误差（absolute error）：测量值与真值之差。
δ=X-μ10.相对误差（relative error）：绝对误差δ与真值μ的比值。
（相对误差用Er表示）11.回收实验：当采用所建方法测出试样中某组分含量后，可在几份相同试样（n≥5）中加入适量待测组分的纯品，以相同条件进行测定，计算回收率。
12.空白试验（blank test）：在不加入试样的情况下，按与测定试样相同的条件和步骤进行的分析实验，称为空白实验。
13.有效数字（significant figure）：是指在分析工作中实际上能测量到的数字。
DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL PARAMETERS IN MECHANICAL TESTING METHODS OF ELECTRIC DETONATORS A
InternationalCarpathian ControlConference ICCC’ 2002MALENOVICE,CZECH REPUBLICMay 27-30, 2002 DETERMINATION OF CRITICAL PARAMETERS INMECHANICAL TESTING METHODS OF ELECTRIC DETONATORS ACCORDING TO NEW DRAFTS OF EUROPEANSTANDARDSMario DOBRILOVIĆ, Zvonimir ESTER and Darko VRKLJANUniversity of ZagrebFaculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Zagreb, Croatia, mardob@rudar.rgn.hr, zester@rudar.rgn.hr, dvrkljan@rudar.rgn.hr Abstract: In the paper are presented results of testing electric detonators according to New European Standards. In order to establish real, marginal values directed by the standard, testing have been performed on suggested devices with extreme outer conditions applied. Consequently, sensitivity on impact of bridge wire on primary and secondary explosive charge have been measured with wider range than proscribed by the standard.Also, construction strenght of electrical detonators have been determinated in same manner. The results obtained by the research were used to evaluate reality of proposed values in New European Standards.Key words: testing of electric detonators, impact sensitivity, mechanical strentgh1 IntroductionModern methods for attesting and control examinations of explosives, detonators, electrical detonators and pyrotechnical materials are executed according to Croatian regulations and standards, while new European standards are in process of approval.If Republic of Croatia becomes a member of CEN (European Committee for standardization), examination of explosive materials will be done according to methods regulated by European standards.The technical board CEN/TC 321 gave suggestions to EN about field of examination of explosive materials.This paper brings a critical review on suggested European standards:prEN 13763-3 Methods for determination of sensitiveness to impactprEN 13763-7 Methods for determination of mechanical strength of leading wires, shock tubes, connections, crimps and closures.The testing instruments were constructed and examinations took place in the "Laboratory for testing of economical explosives, detonators, electrical detonators and685pyrotechnical materials" at the institute for mining and geotechnics of the Faculty of mining, geology and petroleum engineering, University of Zagreb.Respecting the standard examination methods, critical values of testing parameters were defined. According to the results, one of the methods will be recommended as well as test parameters which correspond to real values of detonator sensitivity.2 Description of instrument and testing procedure2.1 Instrument for testing detonators sensitivity to impactIt consists of an anvil with a cylindrical holder for a detonator. In the cylindrical holder there are a piston director and the piston itself. On the cylindrical holder there is a conduit pipe with a weight and a scale. Beside the conduit pipe there is a releasing mechanism placed on steel holdersa)1-frame holder2-holder of electrical detonator3-electromagnet for releasing of weight 4-rectifier5-voltage regulator6-weights b)1-impact piston2-additional weight3-piston director4-cylindrical holder4-anvil5-main pipe with weight 7-releasing mechanismFig. 1 a) Parts of the instrument for testing of shock sensitivityb) Elements of an instrument for testing of construction strength2.2 Testing of sensitivity to impactOne hundred detonators have been prepared for testing of sensitivity to impact. Half-second detonators were tested, no. 2, PSED-AL, "Pobjeda" Goražde, BiH. Total charge of a detonator is 1 g, composed of 200 mg of initiation charge - led azide and 800 mg (in two levels 300 and 500 mg) of high explosive charge - pentrite.Detonators were prepared and numerated, photographed and x-rayed. Shock sensitivity of ignition head, primary charge and secondary charge of an electric detonatorwere tested. The largest impact height of a weight was 515 mm. Several weights of various686mass were used: 1805, 1820, 1839, 1862, 2000, 2001, 2040, 3932 g, connection screws of 7 and 8 g, and connection hook screws of 21 and 24 g.2.3Instrument for testing of construction strength of electrical detonatorsThe instrument consists of a frame holder with a detonator holder and an electromagnet for releasing a weight. The electromagnet is connected to a rectifier and a voltage regulator. The instrument is shown on fig. 1 b).2.4 Testing of construction strength of electrical detonatorsThe 45 detonators have been tested (37 half-second detonators, no. 2, PSED-AL, "Pobjeda" Goražde, BiH; and 8 detonators type "Austin detonator", Vsetin, Czechoslovakia) on a dynamic load. Also, 14 have been tested on static load (PSED-AL, "Pobjeda" Goražde, BiH).Figure 2 show electrical detonators and electrical conduits after testing on construction strength.Fig. 2 Electrical detonators and conduits after testing on construction strength3 Results of testing3.1 Sensitivity to impactThe testing on sensitivity to impact of electrical detonators included the following procedures: detonator's resistivity was measured by ohmmeter "Mesko IM 11C", certain mass was released from a certain height and activation was monitored, detonator's resistivity was measured afterwards again and shock energy was calculated.The testing showed the importance of position of the ignition cap at the moment of impact. If it is horizontal to a piston, lower energy is needed to cut off the electrical bridge, while the higher energy is required if it is in vertical position (table 1).The energy that induced the activation varied between 37.815 (J) to 39.374 (J) ( table 2). If the impact energy was increased above the activation energy (up to +20J), activation of electrical bridge occurred without activation of initial charge or activation of delay element. When the impact energywould decrease below the activation energy (down to -5 J) activation of the bridge occurredwithout transition to initial charge.687688Fig. 3 a) Electrical detonators from no. 76 to 100 after testing on sensitivity to impactb)X-ray of electrical detonators from no. 76 to 100 after testingTable 1. Critical energy for cut bridge wireTable 2. Critical activation energyIn the process of testing the sensitivity to impact of primary and secondary charge, the energy was increasing up to a maximum limit of the instrument (57.655 J).Those parameters did not initiate the activation of an electrical detonator.In all three variations of testing a shape of a impact piston has been changed (flat-circular, chisel-shaped, pointed)and activation occurred only with flat one when hit the ignition cap. Chisel-shaped or pointed pistons cut off or pierce the detonator - its tested part. At impact on an ignition cap (the only part of a detonator which activates on impact) the flat circular surface of piston transfers the impact energy equally on pyrotechnical material, and by stress increase gives enough energy for activation without cutting off of piercing the pyrotechnical material placed near a contact surface with the piston, as it seams to be the case with the other two types of a piston.No. of tested detonator Electrical resistance (Ω)Fall height (m)Mass (kg)ActivationEnergy (J)Bridge wire Position of impact Piston shape 1820.178 2.040no 3.562horizontal bridge wire flat-circural 652.20.2202.040no4.402verticalbridge wireflat-circuralNo. oftested detonator Electrical resistance (Ω)Fall height (m)Mass (kg)Activation Energy (J)Bridge wire Position of impact Piston shape 90 1.90.4857.948yes 37.815horizontal bridge wire flat-circural 96 2.10.4857.948yes 37.815horizontal bridge wire flat-circural 8120.5057.948yes39.394horizontalbridge wireflat-circural6893.2 Construction strengthBefore and after testing of construction strength of an electrical detonator versus dynamic loads, resistivity of a detonator was measured. The height of weight release was kept constant, but the weight mass was changing. Any kind of damage that occurred on a detonator was detected after testing procedure. Testing was executed on two types of electrical detonators from two different parison of collected data clearly showed that the load limits which produce damages of various types of detonators are very different. As for the mater of energy, testing of construction strength of a detonator versus dynamic loads showed that complete breaking of conduits on "Pobjeda" detonators occurs with energy of 11.772 J, and on "Austin" detonators at 25.243 J, which is more than double energy and thus a double resistivity to a dynamic load.When resistivity to a static load was tested, detonators have been prepared the same way. Conduits were loaded with different weights in different time intervals. While testing, a limit mass value was noticed 3,848 kg when even after 300 s mechanical damages of a detonator did not appear. Mass of 5.661 kg caused extrusion in three cases out of five. Mass load of 7.781 kg caused extrusion or breaking of electrical conduits in all tested detonators.Table 3. Critical mass at static load test4 ConclusionThe starting points for determination of limiting parameters at both mechanical testing procedures have been taken from relevant Croatian standards and suggested European standards in order to recommend a methodology of laboratory testing, execution and usage of test instruments, and to define parameters of influencing factors (mass, fall height -impact energy).4.1 Testing of impact sensitivity of electrical detonatorsThe critical energy which takes to activate detonation of electrical detonators (testing by impact on ignition cap) varies between 37.815 and 39.374 J, which recalculated into fall height equals weight mass of 2 kg released from 1.9274 m, or 2,0068 m ( table 4.)These values correspond to maximum requirements of European standards. As these represent the limit energy values (detonation occurs), they are as such too high to regular testing of detonators.No. of tested d Electrical resistance (Ω)Lenght of wires (m)Mass (kg)Time (s)Electrical resistance aftertesting (Ω)145 2.20.500 3.848300 2.2140 2.00.500 5.6611-141 2.30.500 5.661300 2.5142 2.00.500 5.66110-143 2.10.500 5.661300 2.4146 2.00.500 5.6611-1472.10.5007.7812-Table 4. Fall height for critical energyNo. ofMass (kg)Energy (J)Fall height (m)testeddetonator90237.815 1.92796237.815 1.92781239.394 2.007In case of monitoring the variations of electrical resistivity after mechanical damage, it is visible from the presented results of the influence of position of the electrical bridge at impact, it is necessary for testing to place it horizontal because it takes lower energy to break. It can be noted that between 2.5 and 4.4 J it is unreliable, while at lower energies it does not break at all, and above it surely breaks the electrical bridge.It was found out that impact on initial or high explosive charges does not activate detonation even with the maximum energy allowed. Therefore, we can point out that the ignition cap is the most critical part of a detonator, and more concern should be taken in its testing.4.2 Testing of construction strengthThe critical energy of 5.49 J was noticed during dynamic part of testing. It is nearly twice higher than required by Croatian standards, and nearly twice lower according to European standards. Based on results of comparison of tested detonators "Pobjeda" and "Austin" (limiting energy 25.243 J) we can conclude that the connection of electrical conduits of "Austin"detonator is more firm and satisfies the requirements of both standards, while the detonators "Pobjeda" do not satisfy the European standards.The results of static testing showed that difference between a mass load that causes breakage of electrical conduits (5.661 kg) and mass load that does not cause breakage (3.848 kg) equals 1.813 kg, in other words nearly the load mass accepted in Croatian standards. It is necessary to define the critical mass by more precise testing procedures, and this result gives only the frame for further testing.An overall conclusion is that testing of detonators in laboratory conditions give information on product quality, in other words their resistivity to various impacts produced in such limited testing conditions. These condition alternate at manipulation and usage of detonators, as well as possible impact types and loads are different.As a matter of transport security and usage of detonators on a blast field, it can be noticed that only strict obeying of the rules in manipulation and usage of detonators can guarantee safety.In order to give recommendation regarding testing parameters regulated by standards, it is necessary to test more samples of different producers and that way determine the variations in resistivity to various types of loads, and thereafter regulate limits of testing values by obeying the critical and tested values of the same, in other words by obeying the safety requirements and required quality of products.ReferencesEuropean Committee for Standardization, Brussels, European standard, drafts: prEN 13763-3, November 1999; prEN 13763-7, October 2000.State Office for Standardization and Metrology/DZNM, Zagreb, Croatian standard: HRN.HD8.109, HRN.HD8.114.Sućeska, M. 1995.Test Methods for Explosives. New York:Springer-Verlag,1995, 225 pp.ISBN 0-387-94555-5.690。
5.2.1任务2.1倾点凝点冷滤点的测定意义
solidification temperatureDepending on the
composition, there are two reasons why oil loses its
fluidity at low temperatures
Structural solidification:
03 For oils with little or no wax, the viscosity increases rapidly, When the viscosity increases to a certain extent, it will become amorphous viscous glass-like substances and lose fluidity, This phenomenon is called viscosity-temperature solidification
Phenomenon of oil solidification
Petroleum products are complex mixtures of multiple
hydrocarbons, In general, oil will gradually lose
01
fluidity at low temperature,but there is no fixed
The choice of diesel oil depends on the regionChina has a vast territory and a large temperature difference between North and SouthAt the same period, the temperature in Mohe, the northernmost part of the country, was as low as-42 ℃, but the temperature in many parts of the central and western parts of Hainan Island was generally above 28℃
analyze的用法
analyze的用法什么是analyzeanalyze是一个英文动词，意为“分析”，通常用于描述对某个问题、情况或数据进行详细研究和理解的过程。
在不同的领域和学科中，analyze具有不同的具体含义和应用方式。
analyze的基本用法在日常用语和学术研究中，analyze常常用于指代以下几种意义和用法：1.对事物进行细致的分解和研究。
例如：The scientist is analyzing thechemical composition of the substance.（科学家正在分析物质的化学组成）2.对数据、情况或问题进行详细的研究和评估。
例如：The market analystis analyzing the sales data to identify trends and patterns.（市场分析师正在分析销售数据，以确定趋势和模式）3.对文本或语言进行深入剖析和解释。
例如：The literary critic isanalyzing the symbolism in the novel.（文学评论家正在分析小说中的象征意义）4.对行为、动作或过程进行仔细观察和评估。
例如：The coach is analyzingthe players’ performance on the field.（教练正在分析球员在场上的表现）analyze在不同领域的应用1. 经济学领域在经济学中，analyze的应用非常广泛。
经济学家常常使用各种模型和方法对经济数据和现象进行详细分析，以揭示经济规律和趋势，并为决策者提供参考。
a) 宏观经济分析宏观经济分析旨在研究整个经济体的表现和运行机制，包括国内生产总值（GDP）、通货膨胀率、失业率等指标。
经济学家使用统计数据和经济模型来分析和预测经济增长、通货膨胀、就业率等宏观经济变量的走势，并为政府和企业制定经济政策和战略提供建议。
b) 微观经济分析微观经济分析关注个体经济主体（如企业、家庭）的决策行为和市场交互。
药物分析常用英语词汇
药物分析专业英语词汇表Aabsorbance 吸收度 absorbance ratio 吸收度比值absorption 吸收 absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption coefficient 吸收系数 accurate value 准确值Acid—dye colormcty 酸性染料比色法 acidimcty 酸量法acidity 酸度 activity 活度adjusted retention time 调整保留时间 absorbent 吸收剂absorption吸附 alkalinity 碱度alumina 氧化铝，矾土 ambient temperature 室温ammonium thiocyanate 硫氰酸铵 analytical quality control 分析质量控制 anhydrous substance 干燥品antioxidant 抗氧剂 application of sample 点样area normalization method 面积归一法 arsenic 砷arsenic sport 砷斑 assay 含量测定assay tolerance 含量限度 attenuation 衰减acid burette 酸式滴定管 alkali burette 碱式滴定管a mortar 研钵Bback extraction 反萃取 band absorption 谱带吸收batch 批 batch number 批号Benttendorlf method 白田道夫法 between day precision 日间密度精biotransformation 生物转化 blank test 空白试验boiling range 沸程 British Pharmacopeia 英国药典bromate titration 溴酸盐滴定法 bromine method 溴量法bromothymol blue 溴麝香酚蓝bulk drug 原料药by—product 副产物breaker 烧杯burette glass bead nozzle 滴定管 brown acid burette 棕色酸式滴定管Ccalibration curve 校正曲线 calomel electrode 甘汞电极calorimetry 量热分析 capacity factor 容量因子capillary gas chromatography 毛细管气相色谱法carrier gas 载气characteristics description 性状chelate compound 螯合物 chemical equivalent 化学当量Chinese pharmacopeia 中国药典 Chinese material medicine 中成药Chinese material midical preparation 中药制剂 chiral 手性的chiral carbon atom 手性碳原子 chromatogram 色谱图chromatography 色谱法 chromatographic column 色谱柱chromatographic condition 色谱条件 clarity 澄清度coefficient of distribution 分配系数 coefficient of variation 变异系数color change interval 变色范围 color reaction 显色反应colormetry 比色法 column efficiency 柱效column temperature 柱温 comparative test 比较试验completeness of solution 溶液的澄清度 conjugate 缀合物concentration—time curve 浓度时间曲线 confidence interval 置信区间confidence level 置信水平 controlled trial 对照试验correlation coefficient 相关系数 contrast test 对照试验congealing point 凝点 content unifarmity装量差异controlled trial 对照试验 correlation coefficient 相关系数contrast test 对照试验 counter ion 反离子cresal red 甲酚红 cuvette cell 比色池cyanide氰化物 casserole small 勺皿Ddead—stop titration 永定滴定法 dead time 死时间deflection 偏差 deflection point 拐点degassing 脱气 deionized water 去离子水deliquescence 潮解 depressor substances test 降压物质检查法 desiccant 干燥剂detection 检查 developing reagent 展开剂developing chamber 展开室 deviation 偏差dextrose 右旋糖 diastereoisomer 非对映异构体diazotization 重氮化 differential thermal analysis 差示热分析法 differential scanning calorimetry 差示扫描热法Gutzeit 古蔡 day to day precision 日间精密度dissolution 溶出度direct injection 直接进样 2,6-dichlorindophenol titration 2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法 digestion 消化diphastic titration 双向滴定 disintegration test 崩解试验dispersion 分散度 dissolubility 溶解度dissolution test 溶解度检查 distilling range 滴程distribution chromatography 分配色谱 dose 剂量drug quality control 药品质量控制 drying to constant weight 干燥至恒重duplicate test 重复试验disk method water method 压片法Eeffective constituent 有效成分 effective plate number 有效板数 effective of column 柱效electrophoresis 电泳 elimination消除eluate 洗脱液 elution 洗脱enamtiomer 对映体 end absorption 末端吸收endogenous substances 内源性物质 enzyme drug 酶类药物enzyme induction 酶诱导 enzyme inhibition 酶抑制epimer 差向异构体 equilibrium constant 平衡常数error in volumetric analysis 容量分析误差exclusion chromatography 排阻色谱法 expiration date 失效期external standard method 外标法 extract 提取物extration gravimetry 提取重量法 extraction titration 提取容量法 extrapolated method外插法Erlenmeyer flask 锥形瓶 evaporating dish small 蒸发皿elongated bulb 胖肚 electronic balance MettlerAL204 MettlerAL204电子天平Ffactor 系数 fehling’s reaction 斐林实验filter 过滤 fineness of the particles 颗粒细度flow rate 流速fluorescent agent 荧光剂 fluorescence spectrophotometry 荧光分光光度法fluorescence detection 荧光检测器fluorescence analysis 荧光分析法foreign pigment 有色杂质formulary 处方集 free 游离freezing test 冻结试验 fused silica 熔融石英filter paper 滤纸Ggas chromatography 气相色谱法 gas-liquid chromatography 气液色谱法 gas purifier 气体净化器General identification test 一般鉴别试验 general notices凡例General requirements (药典) 通则 good clinical practices 药品临床管理规范 good laboratory practices 药品实验室管理规范 good manufacturing practices(GMP) 药品生产质量管理规范good supply practices(GSP) 药品供应管理规范 gradient elution 梯度洗脱grating 光栅 gravimetric method 重量法Gutzeit test 古蔡(检砷)法 glass funnel long stem 玻璃漏斗grad cylinder 量筒 glass rod 玻棒graduated pipettes 刻度吸管 GC 气相色谱Hheavy metal 重金属 half peak width 平峰宽heat conductivity 热导率height equivalent to atheoretical plate 理论塔板高度 height of an effective plate有效塔板高度high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)高效液相色谱法high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)高效薄层色谱法hydrate 水合物 hydrolysis 水解hydrophilicity 亲水性 hydrophobicity 疏水性hydroxyl value 羟值 hyperchromic effect 浓色效应hypochromic effect 淡色效应 HHS-type constant temperature waterbath HHS型恒温水锅 HPLC 高效液相色谱法Iidentification 鉴别 ignition to constant weight 灼烧至恒重 immobile phase 固定相immunoassay 免疫测定 impurity 杂质inactivation 失活 index 索引indicator electrode 指示电极 indicator 指示剂inhibitor 抑制剂 injecting septum 进样隔膜胶垫instrumental analysis 仪器分析 injection value 进样阀insulin assay 胰岛素生物检测法 integrator 积分仪intercept 截距 interface 接口internal standard substance 内标物质 International unit 国际单位in vitro 体外 in vivo 体内iodide 碘化物 iodoform reation 碘仿反应iodometry 碘量法ion pair chromatography 离子对色谱 ion suppression 离子抑制ion suppression 离子抑制 ionic strength 离子强度ion-pairing agent 离子对试剂 ionization 电离isoabsorptive point 等吸收点 isocratic elution 等溶剂组成洗脱 isoelectric point 等电点isoosmotic solution 等渗溶液irreversible indicator 不可逆指示剂irreversible potential 不可逆电位KKarl Fischer titration 卡尔-费舍尔滴定Kjeldahl method for nitrogen 凯氏定氮法 Kober reagent 科伯试剂Kovats retention index 科瓦茨保留指数Llabelled amount 标示量 leading peak 前延峰leveling effect 均化效应 licensed pharmacist 执业药师 limit control 限量控制limit of detection 检测限 limit of quantitation 定量限 limit test 杂质限度试验loss on drying 干燥失重 low pressure gradient pump 氧压梯度泵 linearity and range 线性及范围linearity scanning 线性扫描 luminescence 发光litmus paper 石蕊试纸 lyophilization 冷冻干燥Mmain constituent 主成分 make-up gas 尾吹气maltol reaction 麦芽酚试验 Marquis test 马奎斯试验mass analyzer detector 质量分析检测器 mass spectrometric analysis 质谱分析 mass spectrum 质谱图mean deviation 平均偏差 melting point 熔点melting range 熔距 metabolite 代谢物metastable ion 亚稳离子 micellar chromatography 胶束色谱法 microanalysis 微量分析microcrystal 微晶 microdialysis 微透析migration time 迁移时间 Millipore filtration 微孔过滤 mobile phase 流动相molecular formula 分子式 monitor 检测monochromator 单色器 monographs 正文Nnatural product 天然产物 Nessler’s reagent 碱性碘化汞试液 neutralization 中和nitrogen content 总氮量nonaqueous acid-base titration 非水酸碱滴定 nonprescription drug ,over the counter drugs 非处方药 nonspecific impurity 一般杂质non-volatile matter 不挥发物 normal phase 正相normalization 归一化法 Nessler color comparison tube 纳氏比色管Onotice 凡例 octadecyl silane bonded silicagel 十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶 odorless 辛基硅烷odorless 无臭 official name 法定名official test 法定试验 on-column detector 柱上检测器on-column injection 柱头进样 on the dried basis 按干燥品计opalescence 乳浊 optical activity 光学活性optical isomerism 旋光异构 optical purity 光学纯度organic volatile impurities 有机挥发性杂质 orthogonal test 正交试验orthophenanthroline 邻二氮菲 outlier 可疑数据overtones 倍频封 oxidation-reduction titration 氧化还原滴定oxygen flask combustion 氧瓶燃烧Ppacked column 填充柱 packing material 色谱柱填料palladium ion colorimetry 钯离子比色法 parent ion 母离子particulate matter 不溶性微粒 partition coefficient 分配系数pattern recognition(ppm)百万分之几 peak symmetry 峰不对称性peak valley 峰谷 peak width at half height 半峰宽percent transmittance 透光百分率pH indicator absorbance ratio method pH指示剂吸光度比值法pharmaceutical analysis 药物分析 pharmacopeia 药典pharmacy 药学 photometer 光度计polarimetry 旋光测定法 polarity 极性polydextran gel 葡聚糖凝胶 potentiometer 电位计potentiometric titration 电位滴定法 precipitation form 沉淀形式precision 精密度 preparation 制剂prescription drug 处方药 pretreatment 预处理primary standard 基准物质 principal component analysis 主成分分析prototype drug 原型药物 purification 纯化purity 纯度 pyrogen 热原pycnometer method 比重瓶法 plastic wash bottle 洗瓶platform balance 天平 pipette 移液管pyknowmeter flasks 容量瓶Qquality control 质量控制 quality evaluation 质量评价quality standard 质量标准 quantitative determination 定量测定quantitative analysis 定量分析 quasi-molecular ion 准分子离子Rracemization 消旋化 random sampling 随机抽样rational use of drug 合理用药 readily carbonizable substance 易炭化物质 reagent sprayer 试剂喷雾剂recovery 回收率 reference electrode 参比电极related substance 相关物质 relative density 相对密度relative intensity 相对强度 repeatability 重复性replicate determination 平行测定 reproducibility 重现性residual basic hydrolysis method 剩余碱水解法residual liquid junction potential 残余液接电位residual titration 剩余滴定 residuce on ignition 炽灼残渣resolution 分辨率 response time 响应时间retention 保留 reversed phase chromatography 反相色谱法reverse osmosis 反渗透 rinse 淋洗robustness 可靠性 round 修约reagent bottles 试剂瓶 round bottom flask 圆底烧瓶rubber suction bulb 洗耳球Ssafety 安全性 Sakaguchi test 坂口试验salt bridge 盐桥 salting out 盐析sample applicator 点样器 sample application 点样sampling 取样 saponification value 皂化值saturated calomel electrode 饱和甘汞电极 selectivity 选择性significant difference 显著性水平 significant testing 显著性检验silica get 硅胶 silver chloride electrode 氯化银电极similarity 相似性 sodium dodecylsulfate 十二基酸钠solid-phase extraction 固相萃取 solubility 溶解度specific absorbance 吸收系数 specification 规格specificity 专属性 specific rotation 比旋度specific weight 比重 spiked 加入标准的split injection 分流进样 spray reagent 显色剂stability 稳定性 standard color solution 标准比色液standard deviation 标准差 standardization 标定standard substance 标准品 statistical error 统计误差sterility test 无菌试验 stock solution 储备液stoichiometric point 化学计量点 storage 贮藏stray light 杂散光 substrate 底物substituent 取代基 sulfate 硫酸盐sulphated ash 硫酸盐灰分 support 载体suspension 旋浊度 swelling degree 膨胀度symmetry factor 对称因子 systematic error 系统误差separating funnel 分液漏斗 stopcock 玻璃活塞scissors 剪刀 spirit lamp 酒精灯silica gel G thin layer 硅胶G薄层板Ttable 片剂 tailing factor 拖尾因子tailing peak 拖尾峰 test solution 试液thermal analysis 热分析法 thermal conductivity detector 热导检测器thermogravimetric analysis 热重分析法The United States Pharmacopoeia 美国药典The Pharmacopoeia of Japan 日本药局方thin layer chromatography 薄层色谱thiochrome reaction 硫色素反应thymol 百里酚 thymolphthalein 百里酚酞titer 滴定度 three-dimensional chromatogram 三维色谱图titrant 滴定剂 titration error 滴定误差titrimetric analysis 滴定分析法 tolerance 容许限total ash 总灰分 total quality control 全面质量控制traditional drugs 传统药 traditional Chinese medicine 中药turbidance 浑浊 turbidimetric assay 浊度测定法turbidimetry 比浊度 turbidity 浊度Uultracentrifugation 超速离心 ultraviolet irradiation 紫外线照射undue toxicity 异常毒性 uniform design 均匀设计uniformity of dosage units 含量均匀度 uniformity of volume 装量均匀性uniformity of weight 重量均匀性Vvalidity 可靠性 variance 方差viscosity 粘度 volatile oil determination apparatus 挥发油测定器 volatilization 挥发性volumetric analysis 容量分析 volumetric solution 滴定液volumetric flasks 比重瓶Wwave length 波长 wave number 波数weighing bottle 称量瓶 weighing form 称量形式well-closed container 密闭容器 white board 白瓷板Xxylene cyanol blue FF 二甲苯蓝FF xylenol orange 二甲酚橙ZZigzag scanning 锯齿扫描 zwitterions 两性离子Zymolysis 酶解作用 zone electrophoresis 区带电泳欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习资料等等打造全网一站式需求。
Guidance document on pesticide residue
EUROPEAN COMMISSION12Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection345SANCO/825/00 rev. 8.1 616/11/2010 78Guidance document on pesticide residue 9analytical methods10111213141516[Revision 8 is the version of this guidance document that is currently valid. It is, however, under1718continuous review and will be updated when necessary. The document is aimed at 19manufacturers seeking pesticides authorisations and parties applying for setting or modification 20of an MRL. It gives requirements for methods that would be used in post-registration 21monitoring and control by the competent authorities in Member States in the event that 22authorisations are granted. For authorities involved in post-registration control and monitoring, the document may be considered as being complementary to the documents: Method Validation2324and Quality Control Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed (for the valid revision visit http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/resources/publications_en.htm) and the2526OECD document “Guidance Document on pesticide residue analytical methods”, 2007.27(ENV/JM/ ENV/JM/MONO(2007)17).1Preamble (4)28292General (5)302.1Good Laboratory Practice (5)312.2Selection of analytes for which methods are required (5)322.3Description of an analytical method and its validation results (5)332.4Hazardous reagents (6)342.5Acceptable analytical techniques considered commonly available (6)352.6Multi-residue methods (7)362.7Single methods and common moiety methods (7)372.8Single methods using derivatisation (7)382.9Method validation (8)392.9.1Calibration (8)2.9.2Recovery and Repeatability (9)40412.9.3Selectivity (11)422.10Confirmation (11)432.10.1Confirmation simultaneous to primary detection (11)442.10.2Confirmation by an independent analytical technique (12)452.11Independent laboratory validation (ILV) (12)2.12Availability of standards (13)46472.13Extraction Efficiency (13)483Analytical methods for residues in plants, plant products, foodstuff (of plant origin),feedingstuff (of plant origin) (Annex IIA Point 4.2.1 of Directive 91/414/EEC; Annex Point IIA,4950Point 4.3 of OECD) (14)513.1Purpose (14)523.2Selection of analytes (14)533.3Commodities and Matrix Groups (14)543.4Limit of quantification (15)553.5Independent laboratory validation (ILV) (15)564Analytical methods for residues in foodstuff (of animal origin) (Annex IIA Point 4.2.1 of 57Directive 91/414/EEC; Annex Point IIA, Point 4.3 of OECD) (16)584.1Purpose (16)594.2Selection of analytes (16)604.3Commodities (16)614.4Limit of quantification (16)4.5Independent laboratory validation (ILV) (16)62635Analytical methods for residues in soil (Annex IIA, Point 4.2.2 of Directive 91/414/EEC;64Annex Point IIA, Point 4.4 of OECD) (17)655.1Purpose (17)665.2Selection of analytes (17)675.3Samples (17)685.4Limit of quantification (17)696Analytical methods for residues in water (Annex IIA, Point 4.2.3 of Directive 91/414/EEC;70Annex Point IIA; Point 4.5 of OECD) (19)716.1Purpose (19)726.2Selection of analytes (19)736.3Samples (19)746.4Limit of quantification (19)756.5Direct injection (20)767Analytical methods for residues in air (Annex IIA, Point 4.2.4 of Directive 91/414/EEC; 77Annex Point IIA; Point 4.7 of OECD) (21)7.1Purpose (21)78797.2Selection of analytes (21)807.3Samples (21)7.4Limit of quantification (21)81827.5Sorbent characteristics (22)837.6Further validation data (22)7.7Confirmatory methods (22)84858Analytical methods for residues in body fluids and tissues (Annex IIA, Point 4.2.5 of86Directive 91/414/EEC; Annex Point IIA Point 4.8 of OECD) (23)8.1Purpose (23)87888.2Selection of analytes (23)898.3Samples (23)908.4Sample set (23)918.5Limit of quantification (23)929Summary - List of methods required (24)10Abbreviations (25)939411References (27)951Preamble96This document provides guidance to applicants, Member States and EFSA on the data 97requirements and assessment for residue analytical methods for post-registration control and 98monitoring purposes. It is not intended for biological agents such as bacteria or viruses. It 99recommends possible interpretations of the provisions of section 3.5.2 of Annex II of 100Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 [1] and of the provisions of section 4, part A of Annex II and 101section 5, part A of Annex III of Council Directive 91/414/EEC [2]. It also applies to 102applications for setting or modification of an MRL within the scope of Regulation (EC) No 103396/2005 [3]. It has been elaborated in consideration of the ‘Guidance Document on pesticide 104residue analytical methods’ of the OECD [4] and SANCO/10684/2009 “Method validation 105and quality control procedures for pesticide residue analysis in food and feed” [5].106This document has been conceived as an opinion of the Commission Services and elaborated 107in co-operation with the Member States. It does not, however, intend to produce legally 108binding effects and by its nature does not prejudice any measure taken by a Member State nor 109any case law developed with regard to this provision. This document also does not preclude 110the possibility that the European Court of Justice may give one or another provision direct 111effect in Member States.112This guidance document must be amended at the latest if new data requirements as referred to 113in Article 8 (1)(b) and 8 (1)(c) of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 will have been established 114in accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny referred to in Article 79 (4).1152General1162.1Good Laboratory Practice117According to Guidance Document 7109/VI/94-Rev. 6.c1 (Applicability of Good Laboratory 118Practice to Data Requirements according to Annexes II, Part A, and III, Part A, of Council 119Directive 91/414/EEC) [6] the development and validation of an analytical method for 120monitoring purposes and post-registration control is not subject to GLP. However, where the 121method is used to generate data for registration purposes, for example residue data, these 122studies must be conducted to GLP.1232.2Selection of analytes for which methods are required124The definition of the residues relevant for monitoring in feed and food as well as in 125environmental matrices and air is not the subject matter of this document. Criteria for the 126selection of analytes in case that no legally binding definition is available are given in the 127respective sections 3 - 8. In addition, sections 5.2, 6.2, 7.2 and 8.2 clarify under which 128circumstances analytical methods for residues may not be necessary.1292.3Description of an analytical method and its validation results130Full descriptions of validated methods shall be provided. The submitted studies must include 131the following points:132•Itemisation of the fortified compounds and the analytes, which are quantified133•Description of the analytical method134•Validation data as described in more detail below135•Description of calibration including calibration data136•Recovery and Repeatability137•Data proving the selectivity of the method138•Confirmatory data, if not presented in a separate study139•References (if needed)140141The following information should be offered in the description of the analytical method:142•An introduction, including the scope of the method143•Outline/summary of method, including validated matrices, limit of quantification (LOQ), 144range of recoveries, fortification levels and number of fortifications per level145•Apparatus and reagents146•instrument parameters used as example if appropriate147•Description of the analytical method, including extraction, clean-up, derivatisation (if148appropriate), chromatographic conditions (if appropriate) and quantification technique149•Hazards or precautions required150•Time required for one sample set151•Schematic diagram of the analytical method152•Stages where an interruption of the method is possible153•Result tables (if results are not presented in separate studies)154•Procedure for the calculation of results from raw data155•Extraction efficiency of solvents used156•Important points and special remarks (e.g. volatility of analyte or its stability with regard 157to pH)158•Information on stability of fortified/incurred samples, extracts and standard solutions (If 159the recoveries in the fortified samples are within the acceptable range of 70-120 %,160stability is sufficiently proven.)161Sometimes it may be necessary for other information to be presented, particularly where 162special methods are considered.1632.4Hazardous reagents164Hazardous reagents (carcinogens category I and II [7]) shall not be used. Among these 165compounds are diazomethane, chromium (VI) salts, chloroform and benzene.1662.5Acceptable analytical techniques considered commonly available167Analytical methods shall use instrumentation regarded as "commonly available":168•GC detectors: FPD, NPD, ECD, FID, MS, MS n (incl. Ion Traps and MS/MS), HRMS169•GC columns: capillary columns170•HPLC detectors: MS, MS/MS, HRMS, FLD, UV, DAD171•HPLC columns: reversed phase, ion-exchange, normal phase172•AAS, ICP-MS, ICP-OES173Other techniques can be powerful tools in residue analysis, therefore the acceptance of 174additional techniques as part of enforcement methods should be discussed at appropriate 175intervals. Whilst it is recognised that analytical methodology is constantly developing, some 176time elapses before new techniques become generally accepted and available.1772.6Multi-residue methods178Multi-residue methods that cover a large number of analytes and that are based on GC-MS 179and/or HPLC-MS/MS are routinely used in enforcement laboratories for the analysis of plant 180matrices. Therefore, validated residue methods submitted for food of plants, plant products 181and foodstuff of plant origin (Section 3) should be multi-residue methods published by an 182international official standardisation body such as the European Committee for 183Standardisation (CEN) (e.g. [8 - 12]) or the AOAC International (e.g. [13]). Single residue 184methods should only be provided if data show and are reported that multi-residue methods 185involving GC as well as HPLC techniques cannot be used.186If validation data for the residue analytical method of an analyte in at least one of the 187commodities of the respective matrix group have been provided by an international official 188standardisation body and if these data have been generated in more than one laboratory with 189the required LOQ and acceptable recovery and RSD data (see Section 2.9.2), no additional 190validation by an independent laboratory is required.1912.7Single methods and common moiety methods192Where a pesticide residue cannot be determined using a multi-residue method, one or where 193appropriate more alternative method(s) must be proposed. The method(s) should be suitable 194for the determination of all compounds included in the residue definition. If this is not 195possible and an excessive number of methods for individual compounds would be needed, a 196common moiety method may be acceptable, provided that it is in compliance with the residue 197definition. However, common moiety methods shall be avoided whenever possible.1982.8Single methods using derivatisation199For the analysis of some compounds by GC, such as those of high polarity or with poor 200chromatographic properties, or for the detection of some compounds in HPLC, derivatisation 201may be required. These derivatives may be prepared prior to chromatographic analysis or as 202part of the chromatographic procedure, either pre- or post-column. Where a derivatisation 203method is used, this must be justified.204If the derivatisation is not part of the chromatographic procedure, the derivative must be 205sufficiently stable and should be formed with high reproducibility and without influence of 206matrix components on yield. The efficiency and precision of the derivatisation step should be 207demonstrated with analyte in sample matrix against pure derivative. The storage stability of 208the derivative should be checked and reported. For details concerning calibration refer to 209Section 2.9.1.210The analytical method is considered to remain specific to the analyte of interest if the 211derivatised species is specific to that analyte. However, where – in case of pre-column 212derivatisation – the derivative formed is a common derivative of two or more active 213substances or their metabolites or is classed as another active substance, the method should be 214considered non-specific and may be deemed unacceptable.2152.9Method validation216Validation data must be submitted for all analytes included in the residue definition for all 217representative sample matrices to be analysed at adequate concentration levels.218Basic validation data are:219•Calibration data220•Concentration of analyte(s) found in blank samples221•Concentration level(s) of fortification experiments222•Concentration and recovery of analyte(s) found in fortified samples223•Number of fortification experiments for each matrix/level combination224•Mean recovery for each matrix/level combination225•Relative standard deviation (RSD) of recovery, separate for each matrix/level combination 226•Limit of quantification (LOQ), corresponding to the lowest validated level227•Representative clearly labelled chromatograms228•Data on matrix effects, e.g. on the response of the analyte in matrix as compared to pure 229standards230.Further data may be required in certain cases, depending on the analytical method used, and 231the residue definition to be covered.2322.9.1Calibration233The calibration of the detection system shall be adequately demonstrated at a minimum of 3 234concentration levels in duplicate or (preferably) 5 concentration levels with single 235determination. Calibration should be generated using standards prepared in blank matrix 236extracts (matrix matched standards) for all sample materials included in the corresponding 237validation study (Sections 3 - 8). Only, if experiments clearly demonstrate that matrix effects 238are not significant (i.e. < 20 %), calibration with standards in solvent may be used. Calibration 239with standards in solvent is also acceptable for methods to detect residues in air (Section 7). 240In case that aqueous samples are analysed by direct injection HPLC-MS/MS calibration shall 241be performed with standards in aqueous solution.242The analytical calibration must extend to at least the range which is suitable for the 243determination of recoveries and for assessment of the level of interferences in control 244samples. For that purpose a concentration range shall be covered from 30 % of the LOQ to 24520 % above the highest level (Section 2.9.2).246All individual calibration data shall be presented together with the equation of the calibration. 247Concentration data should refer to both, the mass fraction in the original sample (e.g. mg/kg) 248and to the concentration in the extract (e.g. µg/L). A calibration plot should be submitted, in 249which the calibration points are clearly visible. A plot showing the response factor1 versus the 250concentration for all calibration points is preferred over a plot of the signal versus the 251concentration.252Linear calibrations are preferred if shown to be acceptable over an appropriate concentration 253range. Other continuous, monotonically increasing functions (e.g. exponential/power, 254logarithmic) may be applied where this can be fully justified based on the detection system 255used.256When quantification is based on the determination of a derivative, the calibration shall be 257conducted using standard solutions of the pure derivative generated by weighing, unless the 258derivatisation step is an integral part of the detection system. If the derivative is not available 259as a reference standard, it should be generated within the analytical set by using the same 260derivatisation procedure as that applied for the samples. Under these circumstances, a full 261justification should be given.2622.9.2Recovery and Repeatability263Recovery and precision data must be reported for the following fortification levels, except for 264body fluids and body tissues (Section 8):265•LOQ 5 samples266•10 times LOQ, or MRL (set or proposed) or other relevant level (≥ 5 x LOQ)2675 samples268Additionally, for unfortified samples residue levels must be reported:269samples•blankmatrix 2270According to the residue definition the LOQ of chiral analytes usually applies to the sum of 271the two enantiomers. In this case it is not necessary to determine the enantiomers separately. 2721 The response factor is calculated by dividing the signal area by the respective analyte concentration.Enantioselective methods would only be required if a single enantiomer is included in the 273residue definition.274In cases of complex residue definitions (e.g. a residue definition which contains more than 275one compound) the validation results shall be reported for the single parts of the full residue 276definition, unless the single elements cannot be analysed separately.277The mean recovery at each fortification level and for each sample matrix should be in the 278range of 70 % - 120 %. In certain justified cases mean recoveries outside of this range will be 279accepted.280For plants, plant products, foodstuff (of plant and animal origin) and in feeding stuff recovery 281may deviate from this rule as specified in Table 1.2282Table 1: Mean recovery and precision criteria for plant matrices and animal matrices [4]283Concentration level Range of mean recovery(%)Precision, RSD(%)> 1 µg/kg ≤ 0.01 mg/kg 60 - 120 30> 0.01 mg/kg ≤ 0.1 mg/kg 70 - 120 20> 0.1 mg/kg ≤ 1.0 mg/kg 70 - 110 15> 1 mg/kg 70 - 110 10284If blank values are unavoidable, recoveries shall be corrected and reported together with the 285uncorrected recoveries.286The precision of a method shall be reported as the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 287recovery at each fortification level. For plants, plant products, foodstuff (of plant and animal 288origin) and feeding stuff the RSD should comply with the values specified in Table 1. In other 289cases the RSD should be ≤ 20 % per level. In certain justified cases, e.g. determination of 290residues in soil lower than 0.01 mg/kg, higher variability may be accepted.291When outliers have been identified using appropriate statistical methods (e.g. Grubbs or 292Dixons test), they may be excluded. Their number must not exceed 1/5 of the results at each 293fortification level. The exclusion should be justified and the statistical significance must be 2942 According to Annex IIA 4.2 of Directive 91/414/EEC the mean recovery should normally be 70 % - 110 % andthe RSD should preferably be ≤ 20 %.clearly indicated. In that case all individual recovery data (including those excluded) shall be 295reported.2962.9.3Selectivity297Representative clearly labelled chromatograms of standard(s) at the lowest calibrated level, 298matrix blanks and samples fortified at the lowest fortification level for each analyte/matrix 299combination must be provided to prove selectivity of the method. Labelling should include 300sample description, chromatographic scale and identification of all relevant components in the 301chromatogram.302When mass spectrometry is used for detection, a mass spectrum (in case of MS/MS: product 303ion spectrum) should be provided to justify the selection of ions used for determination.304Blank values (non-fortified samples) must be determined from the matrices used in 305fortification experiments and should not be higher than 30 % of the LOQ. If this is exceeded, 306detailed justification should be provided.3072.10Confirmation308Confirmatory methods are required to demonstrate the selectivity of the primary method for 309all representative sample matrices (Sections 3 – 8). It has to be confirmed that the primary 310method detects the right analyte (analyte identity) and that the analyte signal of the primary 311method is quantitatively correct and not affected by any other compound.3122.10.1Confirmation simultaneous to primary detection313A confirmation simultaneous to the primary detection using one fragment ion in GC-MS and 314HPLC-MS or one transition in HPLC-MS/MS may be accomplished by one of the following 315approaches:316•In GC-MS, HPLC-MS, by monitoring at least 2 additional fragment ions (preferably317m/z > 100)for low resolution system and at least 1 additional fragment ion for high318resolution/accurate mass system319•In GC-MS n (incl. Ion Traps and MS/MS), HPLC-MS/MS, by monitoring at least 1320additional SRM transition321The following validation data are required for the additional fragment ions (MS and HRMS) 322or the additional SRM transition (MS n and MS/MS): calibration data (Section 2.9.1), recovery 323and precision data according to Section 2.9.2 for samples fortified at the respective LOQ (n = 3245) and for 2 blank samples.325For all mass spectrometric techniques a mass spectrum (in case of single MS) or a product ion 326spectrum (in case of MS n) should be provided to justify the selection of the additional ions. 3272.10.2Confirmation by an independent analytical technique328Confirmation can also be achieved by an independent analytical method. The following are 329considered sufficiently independent confirmatory techniques:330•chromatographic principle different from the original method331• e.g. HPLC instead of GC332•different stationary phase and/or mobile phase with significantly different selectivity333•the following are not considered significantly different:334•in GC: stationary phases of 100 % dimethylsiloxane and of 95 % dimethylsiloxane 335+ 5 % phenylpolysiloxane336•in HPLC: C18- and C8-phases337•alternative detector338• e.g. GC-MS vs. GC-ECD, HPLC-MS vs. HPLC-UV/DAD339•derivatisation, if it was not the first choice method340•high resolution/accurate mass MS341•in mass spectrometry an ionisation technique that leads to primary ions with different m/z 342ratio than the primary method (e.g. ESI negative ions vs. positive ions)343It is preferred that confirmation data are generated with the same samples and extracts used 344for validation of the primary method.345The following validation data are required: calibration data (Section 2.9.1), recovery and 346precision data (Section 2.9.2) for samples fortified at the respective LOQ (n ≥ 3) and of a 347blank sample and proof of selectivity (Section 2.9.3).3482.11Independent laboratory validation (ILV)349A validation of the primary method in an independent laboratory (ILV) must be submitted for 350methods used for the determination of residues in plants, plant products, foodstuff (of plant 351and animal origin) and in feeding stuff. The ILV shall confirm the LOQ of the primary 352method, but at least the lowest action level (MRL).353The extent of independent validation required is given in detail in sections 3 and 4.354In order to ensure independence, the laboratory chosen to conduct the ILV trials must not 355have been involved in the method development and in its subsequent use. In case of multi-356residue methods it would be accepted if the ILV is performed in a laboratory that has already 357experience with the respective method.358The laboratory may be in the applicant’s organisation, but should not be in the same location. 359In the exceptional case that the lab chosen to conduct the ILV is in the same location, 360evidence must be provided that different personnel, as well as different instrumentation and 361stocks of chemicals etc have been used.362Any additions or modifications to the original method must be reported and justified. If the 363chosen laboratory requires communication with the developers of the method to carry out the 364analysis, this should be reported.3652.12Availability of standards366All analytical standard materials used in an analytical method must be commonly available. 367This applies to metabolites, derivatives (if preparation of derivatives is not a part of the 368method description), stable isotope labelled compounds or other internal standards.369If a standard is not commercially available the standard should be made generally available by 370the applicant and contact details be provided.3712.13Extraction Efficiency372The extraction procedures used in residue analytical methods for the determination of residues 373in plants, plant products, foodstuff (of plant and animal origin) and in feeding stuff should be 374verified for all matrix groups for which residues ≥ LOQ are expected, using samples with 375incurred residues from radio-labelled analytes.376Data or suitable samples may be available from pre-registration metabolism studies or 377rotational crop studies or from feeding studies. In cases where such samples are no longer 378available to validate an extraction procedure, it is possible to "bridge" between two solvent 379systems (details in [4]). The same applies if new matrices are to be included.3803Analytical methods for residues in plants, plant products, foodstuff (of 381plant origin), feedingstuff (of plant origin)382(Annex IIA Point 4.2.1 of Directive 91/414/EEC; Annex Point IIA, Point 3834.3 of OECD)3843.1Purpose385•Analysis of plants and plant products, and of foodstuff and feeding stuff of plant origin for 386compliance with MRL [3].3873.2Selection of analytes388The selection of analytes for which methods for food and feed are required depends upon the 389definition of the residue for which a maximum residue level (MRL) is set or is applied for 390according to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.3913.3Commodities and Matrix Groups392Methods validated according to Section 2.9 and 2.10 must be submitted for representative 393commodities (also called “matrices” by analytical chemists) of all four matrix groups in 394Table 2.395396Table 2: Matrix groups and typical commoditiesMatrix group Examples for commoditiesbarley, rice, rye, wheat, dry legume vegetables dry commodities (high protein/highstarch content)commodities with high water content apples, bananas, cabbage, cherries, lettuce, peaches,peppers, tomatoescommodities with high oil content avocados, linseed, nuts, olives, rape seedcommodities with high acid content grapefruits, grapes, lemons, oranges397Important Note: This list of commodities is not a comprehensive list of commodities/matrices.398Applicants may consult regulatory authorities for advice on the use of other commodities.If samples with high water content are extracted at a controlled pH a particular method or 399validation for commodities with high acid content is not required.400Where a previously validated method has been adopted to a new matrix group, validation data 401must be submitted for representative matrices of this group.402。
Recent Advances on 2D Bin Packing Problems
2. Upper bounds Most of the o -line algorithms from the literature are of greedy type, and can be classiÿed in two families: • one-phase algorithms directly pack the items into the ÿnite bins; • two-phase algorithms start by packing the items into a single strip, i.e., a bin having width W and inÿnite height. In the second phase, the strip solution is used to construct a packing into ÿnite bins. In addition, most of the approaches are level algorithms, i.e., the bin= strip packing is obtained by placing the items, from left to right, in rows forming levels. The ÿrst level is the bottom of the bin= strip, and subsequent levels are produced by the horizontal line coinciding with the top of the tallest item packed on the level below. Three classical strategies for the level packing have been derived from famous algorithms for the one-dimensional case. In each case, the items are initially sorted by non-decreasing height and packed in the corresponding sequence. Let j denote the current item, and s
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A DETERMINISTIC ANALYZERF O R TH E INTERPRETATION OF NATURAL L A NG U A G E C O M M A N D SLeonardo LESMO, Daniela MAGNANI, Piero T O R A S S OI s t i t u t o d i Scienze d e l l'I n f o r m s z i o n e - U n i v e r s i t y d i TorinoC.so Massimo D'Aseglio, 42 - 10125 TORINO - ITALYAbstractThis paper describes a system which t r a n s l a t e s a query in I t a l i a n language i n t o a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n which can be immediately i n t e r p r e t e d as a sequenceof algebraic operations on a r e l a t i o n a l data base. The use of a lookshead buffer allows the system to operate d e t e r m i n i s t i c a l l y. D i f f e r e n t knowledge sources are used to cope w i t h semantics (associated w i t h the lexicon) and syntax (represented as pajt t e r n-a c t i o n r u l e s). These knowledge sources cooper ate during the query t r a n s l a t i o n so that independ-ent t r a n s l a t i o n steps and intermediate representa-t i o n s of the command are avoided. Therefore the term "determinism" is used to mean that a l l thes t r u c t u r e s b u i l t during the process concur to b u i l d the f i n a l command r e p r e s e n t a t i o n.I n t r o d u c t i o nOne of the most popular new ideas in the f i e l d of n a t u r a l language processing is the "determinism" introduced by Marcus /1/. The system presented in t h i s paper accepts Marcus' proposals f o r the synta£ t i c analysis of the t e x t, but extends t h a t analysis to a r e a l t r a n s l a t i o n of an input query in I t a l i a n language by means of a more semantical s t r u c t u r e of the actions associated to the p a t t e r n-a c t i o n synta£ t i c r u l e s. These actions have the purpose of b u i l d ing representations of the c o n s t i t u e n t s w i t h which the s y n t a c t i c r u l e is associated, in a form which allows the system to perform semantic checks by us ing the semantic information a v a i l a b l e from the l e x i c o n.One of the main features of the system is a co operation between d e c l a r a t i v e (l e x i c o n and p a t t e r n part of the s y n t a c t i c r u l e s) and procedural (proce dures to perform semantic checks and the a c t i o n part of the s y n t a c t i c r u l e s) knowledge sources such that the c o n t r o l flow is automatically t r a n s f e r r e d from one knowledge source to another without the i n t e r v e n t i o n of a c e n t r a l c o n t r o l l e r.As a benchmark, the system has been specialized to act as an i n t e r f a c e to a medical c o n s u l t a t i o n program f o r the analysis of the l i v e r f u n c t i o n a l assessment /2/.Command r e p r e s e n t a t i o nThe i n t e r p r e t a t i o n process t r a n s l a t e s the in put command i n t o a set of frame i n s t a n t i a t i o n s linlc ed together. By "frame" we mean a c o l l e c t i o n of s l o t s, each of which has a name, may contain a v a lue and may be associated w i t h a procedure which checks the semantic correctness of the value i n s e r t ed i n t o the s l o t by the grammar r u l e s.The system contains a set of prototype frames (c u r r e n t l y 4: ACTIONFR, COMMANDFR, RESTRICTIONFR, CONCEPTFR) which are i n s t a n t i a t e d under request of the grammar r u l e s. Notice that the checks associated w i t h the s l o t of a given fraae F may operate on data not necessarily stored in F, but in other frames coil nee ted to F. The check procedure associated w i t h a frame s l o t i s executed when the s l o t i s f i l l e d: i t may happen t h a t, at that time, some of the s l o t s (i n the same frame or not) needed to perform the checks are s t i l l empty. In t h i s case the procedure is suspended and i t s suspension point is stored in a l i s t together w i t h information which allows the procedures associated w i t h s l o t f i l l i n g and frame l i n k i n g to resume i t s execution as soon as p o s s i b l e.LexiconThe l e x i c o n contains noise words, non-content words (e.g. prepositions) and content words. Thel a t t e r are used to b u i l d the f i n a l representation of the command and the information associated w i t h them concerns t h e i r s y n t a c t i c category and (f o r some of them) semantic information stored as l i n k sto other content words /3/, so that the lexicon may be considered as a network which allows the systemto v e r i f y the semantic correctness of the command.A s p e l l i n g c o r r e c t i o n is performed to detect andc o r r e c t possible typing e r r o r s.A more d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of the l e x i c a l knowledge source is reported in /4/.SyntaxThe s y n t a c t i c knowledge is represented by means of Syntactic Rule Packets (SRP) each of which coit t a i n s a set of p a t t e r n-a c t i o n r u l e s which specify the d i f f e r e n t forms a p a r t i c u l a r c o n s t i t u e n t may as sume. The p a t t e r n part of the r u l e s allows the sy£440tem to d e t e r m i n i s t i c a l l y i d e n t i f y the r u l e of the Packet which has to be applied to analyze the i n p u t. The p a t t e r n consists in a sequence of syntactic cat egories or c o n s t i t u e n t s which have to be matched on the lookahead b u f f e r , which is f i l l e d under request of the s y n t a c t i c knowledge (CAT statements; see be low) w i t h the exact p o r t i o n of input s t r i n g needed to d i s c r i m i n a t e among the r u l e s of the Packet. For the sake of e f f i c i e n c y , the set of patterns concern ing the same S R P have been represented by means of a d i s c r i m i n a n t net which guides the f i l l i n g of the b u f f e r.The a c t i o n part of the rules is a procedure in v o l v i n g imperative statements:- FILL. It f i l l s a s l o t of a frame and t r i g g e r s the checks associated w i t h that s l o t.- CREATE. It b u i l d s a new i n s t a n t i a t i o n of a frame. - LINK. It connects aframe i n s t a n t i a t i o n to a s l o t of another one.- CAT. It checks the category of the current word of the lookahead b u f f e r. If a l l the elements in the buffer have already been scanned, a new word i s t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o i t from the input s t r i n g. Ill c i d e n t a l l y , the categories used in the grammar (and the c o n s t i t u e n t s as w e l l ) are not the classi c a l categories (noun, a d j e c t i v e , e t c.) but are more semanticslly biased (concept, property, e t c ). - PUSH . It involves the t r i g g e r i n g of the S R P asso ciated w i t h the embedded c o n s t i t u e n t that has to be analyzed and the transfer of c o n t r o l to the S R P handler.- DEL. It deletes a word from the b u f f e r.When a FILL or LINK operations is executed,the l i s t of suspended checks is scanned to decide wheth er some of them may be resumed. A f t e r the completion of the a c t i o n p a r t of a r u l e , the c o n t r o l is r e t u r t i ed to the a c t i o n which a c t i v a t e d the S R P containing the r u l e whose a c t i o n has been completed.As an example of Syntactic Rule Packet, consid er the c o n s t i t u e n t ELEMENT: it r e f e r s to a group of objects defined by a concept name (e.g. Patient) followed by the conditions s e l e c t i n g the indiviid uals that should belong to the group, o r , in case the group is r e s t r i c t e d to a single i n d i v i d u a l , by i t s name (I d e n t i f i e r ). The s t r u c t u r e of the S R P is as f o l l o w s :n o t e x p l i c i t l y p r e s e n t i n t h e i n p u t s e n t e n c e ; i n t h i s example a l l t h e s l o t s c o n t a i n i n g & w i l l b e f i l l e d b y t h e s e m a n t i c check p r o c e d u r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s l o t VAL, b y i n s p e c t i n g t h e s e m a n t i c i n f o r m a t i o n s t o r e d i n t h e l e x i c a l e n t r y c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e c u r r e n t i d e n t i f i e r . A s r e g a r d s RELEM, i t i s a v a r i a b l e w h i c h i s f i l l e d b y t h e CREATE o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e a c t u a l name o f t h e n e w l y c r e a t e d i n s t a n t i £t i o n .I t may b e o b s e r v e d t h a t , i n t h i s c a s e , t h e d i sc r i m i n a n t n e t i s v e r y s i m p l e because o n l y one w o rd has t o be examined i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e w h i c h r u l e has t o b e a p p l i e d. I n t h e GROUPSPEC d i s c r i m i n a n t n e t i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t two o r t h r e e l o o k a h e a d w o r d s a r e needed t o d e t e r m i n i s t i c a l l y d e c i d e w h a t r u l e has t o b e a p p l i e d ;f o r t h i s r e a s o n t h e l o o k a h e a d b u f f e r s i z e i s n o t f i x e d , even i f our grammar n e v e r r e -q u i r e s more t h a n f o u r c e l l s .The symbol + r e f e r s t o t h e c u r r e n t f r a m e i n s t a n t i a t i o n (i n t h i s c a s e a copy o f CONCEPTFR), whereas t h e symbol & means t h a t t h e f i l l e r o f t h e s l o t i sN o t i c e t h a t t h e t r v e l l i n g o n t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t n e t does n o t i m p l y t h a t a n i n p u t word i s consumed (f o r e x a m p l e , t h e f i r s t word i n t h e PUSH ed GROUPSPEC i s t h e same Concept t e s t e d by ELEMENT). Examples and commentsOne of t h e most i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s of t h e system i s i t s a b i l i t y t o o b t a i n t h e same r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r s e n t e n c e s w h i c h have t h e same meaning b u t c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t s u r f a c e s t r u c t u r e s. C o n s i d e r f o r example t h e s e n t e n c e s :S 1) Dammi i l v a l o r e d e l l a b i l i r u b i n a t o t a l e p e r ip a z i e n t i c o n i t t e r o (G i v e m e t h e v a l u e o f t o t a l b i l i r u b i n f o r t h e p a t i e n t s w i t h j a u n d i c e ). S2) Per i p a z i e n t i che hanno i t t e r o dimmi q u a n t o val e l a b i l i r u b i n a t o t a l e (For t h e p a t i e n t s who have j a u n d i c e t e l l m e what t h e t o t a l b i l i r u b i n i s ).S 3) Quanto hanno d i b i l i r u b i n a t o t a l e i p a z i e n t i coni t t e r o p r e s e n t e ? (H ow much t o t a l b i l i r u b i n have t h e p a t i e n t s w i t h j a u n d i c e p r e s e n t ?).For a l l o f them t h e f i n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s t h e same and i s r e p o r t e d i n f i g .1.I t s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i n f o r m a t i o nw h i c h i s i m p l i c i t i n t h e i n p u t command has been made e x p l i c i t (e.g. i n RESTR3 t h e f a c t t h a t "j a u n d i c e " i s t h e "name" o f t h e symptom and i n RESTR2 t h a t t h e "v a l u e " o f t h e j a u n d i c e used f o r p a t i e n t s e l e c t i o n s h o u l d b e "p r e s e n t ", even i f i n t h e sen t e n c e s S 1 and S 2 i t i s u n d e r s t o o d ).The r e s u l t i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n may seem r a t h e rawkward. For e x a m p l e , i t may n o t b e a p p a r e n t why RESTR2 is l i n k e d to an a c t i o n (named S OW) i n s t e a d441of the concept it q u a l i f i e s (j a u n d i c e ). The advan cage of t h i s representation is the one-to-one na£ ping between the pointers which l i n k the frames and the algebraic operators of the r e l a t i o n a l approach to database c o n s t r u c t i o n. For example, each pointer to a r e s t r i c t i o n implies a SELECT operation on the r e l a t i o n to which the concept (or the a c t i o n ) is associated, each p o i n t e r connecting an a c t i o n and a concept implies a JOIN operation on the two involv ed r e l a t i o n s and so on.It is worth n o t i c i n g the d i f f e r e n c e between the representation of the sentence SI (f i g.l ) and the r e p r e s e n t a t i o n (f i g.2) of the sentence:S4) Dammi il v a l o r e d e l l a b i l i r u b i n a t o t a l e per i pas i e n t i di sesso meschile (Give me the value of t o t a l b i l i r u b i n f o r the p a t i e n t s o f male s e x ). The d i f f e r e n c e is due to the f a c t t h a t "sex" is a property of a p a t i e n t and f o r t h i s reason it is stored in the data base r e l a t i o n PATIENT, whereas "j a u n d i c e " is an i d e n t i f i e r of the concept "symptom" (i.e. a key of the data base r e l a t i o n SYMPTOM), so t h a t the value of jaundice f o r a given p a t i e n t is stored in the connection r e l a t i o n named S O W .In f i g .l and 2 the frame s t r u c t u r e was h e a v i l y s i m p l i f i e d f o r the sake of r e a d i b i l i t y ; l e t us con sider as an example the a c t u a l s t r u c t u r e of RESTRIC TIONFR:RESTRICTIONFR (FEATURE, OP, VAL, FEATURE!, OP!,VAX!, BACK, RESTRCH AIN) The s l o t s composing the frame are of three k i n d s : E x t e r n a l , I n t e r n a l , L i n k ; the External s l o t s (e.g. FEATURE, OP, VAL) c o n t a i n the a c t u a l l e x i c a l e n t r i e s appearing in the input sentence; the I n t e r n a l ones (e.g. FEATURE!, OP!, VAL!) concern the correspond ing i n t e r n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , which w i l l be used to" access the data atored in the data base r e l a t i o n s ; the Link s l o t s (e.g. RACK, RESTRCH AIN) c o n t a i n the p o i n t e r s t o other i n s t a n t i a t i o n s.In RESTRICTIONFR the s l o t FEATURE contains thename of the a t t r i b u t e used to perform the s e l e c t i o n , whereas the s l o t s OP and VAL c o n t a i n the operator and the l i n g u i s t i c or numeric value involved in theSELECT o p e r a t i o n. When the s t r i n g "di sesso raaschi le" in the sentence SA is analysed, the s l o t s FEA TURE and VAL are f i l l e d w i t h "sesso" and "meschile" r e s p e c t i v e l y , whereas the s l o t OP is f i l l e d w i t h & (undefined). The semantic checks associated w i t h FEATURE end VAL provide not only the f i l l i n g of FEA TURE! end VAL! w i t h the i n t e r n a l representation of "sesso" and "meschile" (i.e. SEX and MALE),but also the f i l l i n g of OP! w i t h EQ (the choice of EQ depends on the information associated w i t h "maschile") thus leading to the s i t u a t i o n of RESTR2 shown in f i g.2.The s l o t B A C K contains a backward pointer to the CONCEPTFR (or ACTIONFR) i n s t a n t i a t i o n f o r which the RESTRICTIONFR i n s t a n t i a t i o n acts as a c o n d i t i o n. F i n a l l y , the s l o t RESTRCH AIN may contain a pointer to another i n s t a n t i a t i o n of RESTRICTIONFR which acts as a f u r t h e r c o n d i t i o n f o r the s e l e c t i o n (i.e. the two - or more - c o n d i t i o n s are ANDed).The system has been implemented in LISP on a DEC-10; the l e x i c a l and s y n t a c t i c processes have been tested f u l l y , wherees the procedures associat ed w i t h the semantic checks are c u r r e n t l y under debug. References/1/ Marcus, M.P.: A Theory of Sync t a c t i c Recognitionf o r Natural Language. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1980. Ill Lesmo,L.; S a i t t a , L.; Torasso, P.: Computer-Aided Evaluation of Liver Functional Assessment, Proc. 4th Symposium on Computer A p p l i c a t i o n s in Medical Care, Washington, D.C., 1980, p p.l 81r l 89. /3/ H eidorn, G.E.: Augmented Phrase Structure Grammars, in Schank, R.C. & Nash-Webber, B. (e d s.): Proc. T h e o r e t i c a l Issues in Natural Language Processing, Cambridge, Mass., 1975, p p.1-5. I4I Lesmo, L.; Magnani, D.; Torasso, P.: L e x i c a land Pragmatic Knowledge f o r Natural Language A n a l y s i s , 1981 I n t. Conf. on Cybernetics and S o c i e t y , A t l a n t a , Georgia, Oct.1981.442。