考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2011年阅读Text 3(上)
最新考研英语高频词汇_2011版_(3栏9页)___
最新考研英语高频词汇（2011版）abnormal不正常的absurd荒谬的abundant丰富的acute敏锐的，锋利的，急性的accurate 精确的，准确的adequate 足够的，恰当的，合适的adjacent（to）毗连的，接近的adverse不利的，相反的aerial空中的，航空的aesthetic审美的，有审美能力的agreeable宜人的，同意的aggressive侵略的好斗的，进取的alien外国的，不同性质的ambiguous模棱两可的模糊的ambitious有雄心的有抱负的ample充足的，足够的，广大的analytical 分析的anonymous 匿名的applicable 适用的，合适的apprehensive 不安的，担心的appropriate合适的，恰当的apt敏捷的；适当的；倾向，易于arrogant 傲慢的，自大的authentic可靠的可信的authoritative 有权威的，可信的autonomous 自治的，自主的average 一般的普通的awesome 令人畏惧的aware 意识到的，知道的awkward 尴尬的bald秃头的，不毛的，单调的barren贫瘠的不毛的bizarre 古怪的，奇异的bleak阴冷的，寒冷的；荒凉的；暗淡的blunt 不尖的，钝的；直率的，直言的botanical植物学的bound 一定的brisk 活跃的，活泼的brutal 野蛮的，残忍的cardinal主要的，最基本的carefree无忧无虑的casual 随意的，随便的catholic 广泛的，普遍的cautious 谨慎的，小心的chronic慢性的cognitive认知的coherent 一致的，连贯的；清晰，易懂的compact紧凑的小巧的commercial 商业的，compassionate 表示同情的competent 有能力的competitive竞争性的，具有竞争力的compact紧凑的，小巧的，简洁的complementary 互补的compulsory强迫的，强制的，义务的concise 简洁的，简明的conclusive 确定的，决定性的confidential机紧的，秘密的conscientious负责的，尽责的conscious意识到的，知道的consecutive 连续不断的，接连而来的consequent 随后发生的，由引起的conservative 保守的，传统的consistent 和…一致conspicuous 显而易见的，引人注目的constituent 组成的，构成的conventional 传统的courteous 有礼貌的cordial热情的，诚恳的corporate 法人的，公司的，全体的，cozy/cosy 舒适的crisp 脆的，有霜气的；干脆的crucial/critical关键的cumulative 累积的current当前的decent 体面的，像样的，还不错的deceptive 欺骗的,骗人的definitive 最后的，明确的delicate 精细的，微妙的，精心处理的democratic 民主的desirable 理想的，想要的deteriorating 恶化的，变坏的destined 命中注定的destructive 毁灭的detached 超然的，detrimental 有害的digital 数字的divisive 分裂的，不和的disastrous 灾难性的discrete 不连续的，分立的divine 神圣的，神的dominant 占优势的，有支配力的dramatic 戏剧性的，夸张性的drastic 激烈的，猛烈的dreadful 可怕的dubious 怀疑的，可疑的eccentric 怪癖的，古怪的，离心的economic 经济的edible 可食的，无毒的effective 有效果的efficient 有效率的elegant优雅的，优美的，精致的eligible 合格的eloquent 有口才的，善辩的embarrassing 令人尴尬的energetic 精力充沛的equivalent 相等的erroneous 错误的essential 必要的，基本的esthetic审美的eternal永恒的，无休止的evitable 可以避免的excessive 过分的，过度的exclusive独有的，排他的exotic 外来的，奇特的explicit 清楚的exquisite 优美的，精致的；灵敏的，敏锐的 extinct 灭绝的，绝种的extensive 广泛的extravagant 浪费的，奢侈的，过分，过度的fabulous 神话中有名的，难以相信的fanciful 奇怪的，不真实的fatal 致命的，毁灭性的feasible 可行的feeble 脆弱的，虚弱的feminine 妇女的，女性的，阴的fertile 肥沃的，有才智的，能生的financial 财政的，经济的1finite 有限度的flexible 灵活的，能适应环境的formidable 可怕的，艰难的forthcoming 即将到来的；现成的；热心的fragile 易碎的，易受伤害的fragrant 芳香的furious 猛烈的，生气的fruitful 有成效的generous 大方的genetic 基因的gigantic 巨大的global 全球的gloomy 暗淡的，忧伤的gorgeous 华丽的，灿烂的gracious 亲切的，大方的grim 严厉的，严格的，冷酷的hasty 仓促的，匆忙的homogeneous 同类的，同性质的hostile 敌对的humble 卑微的hysterical 歇斯底里的ideal 理想的identical相同的，一样的ignorant 无知的imaginable 可以想象的imaginative 富有想象力的，爱想象的immune 有免疫力的，安全的impartial 公正的imperative 必要的，急切的，强制的inaccessible不可接近的，不能达到的inadequate 不充分的，不适当的incessant 不断的，不停的incredible 难以置信的inclusive 包括的，包含的incurable 不治之症的indefinite 不确定的，模糊的indicative 直述的，指示的，表示的indifferent 不关心的，冷漠的indignant 生气的，愤怒的indispensable 必不可少的infectious传染的，传染性的inferior 较次的，较劣的,地位较低的，较差的influential 有影响力的innate/inborn 天生的ingenious 天才的，灵巧的，精美的inherent 固有的，生来的innocent 无辜的，天真的inspirational 灵感的instantaneous 瞬间的，即时的instrumental 乐器的，有帮助的intent 专心的，专注的intentional 故意的intelligible 易理解的，易领悟的interactive 相互的，互动的intermittent 间歇的，断续的internal 内部的intimate 亲密的intricate 复杂精细的intrinsic固有的，本质的，内在的invalid 无效的，伤残的，残废的invaluable 无价的ironical 讽刺的irreplaceable 不能替换的，不能代替的irrespective (of )不考虑，不顾jealous 嫉妒的judicial 法官的，法庭的，审判的juvenile 少年的legislative 立法的，法律的legitimate 合法的，正规的，合理的lenient 宽大的，不严厉的liberal 自由的linear 线的，线状的literal 文字的，字面的，逐字逐句的literate 识字的，文雅的locomotive 移动的，引起运动的lofty 高的，高尚的，高傲的logical 合乎逻辑的luminous 发光的，明亮的；清楚的，容易的masculine 男性的，阳性的massive 大规模的，大量的mechanical 机械的medieval 中古的，中世纪的mental 心理的，精神的，metallic 金属的militant好战的，尚武的merciful 仁慈的，宽大的mobile 活动的，流动的，移动的monetary 货币的muscular 肌肉的mythical 神话般的naive 自然而天真的，质朴的nasty 肮脏的negligible可忽略的，微不足道的nominal 名义上的，名字的，无价值的notable 显著的，著名的notorious臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的numerical 数字的，表示数量的obedient 服从的，顺从的obscure 模糊不清的obscene 淫秽的，肮脏的optimistic 乐观的optional 可供选择的oriental 东方的original 原先的，最早的orthodox 正统的，公认的overt 公然的，公开的overwhelming 势如破竹的，压倒性的passionate 热情的，多情的pathetic悲哀的，悲惨的patriotic 爱国的perpetual 永久的，持久的persistent 坚持不懈的potential 可能的，潜在的poisonous 有毒的predominant卓越的，流行的，显著的prevalent 普遍的，流行的primitive 原始的，早期的productive 有生产力的，多产的proficient熟练的，精通的profound 深刻的，深远的prominent 突出的，杰出的prompt 即刻的，迅速的prone (to) 易于，倾向于proper 恰当的prosperous 富裕的，繁荣的prudent 谨慎的；小心的qualitative 与性质有关的，定性的queer 奇怪的，古怪的radiant 光辉灿烂的，容光焕发的radical 激进的，根本的random 随意的，无目的的rash 匆忙的，卤莽的，草率的raw 自然状态的，未加工的2redundant 过多的，多余的relevant与…有关的reliable 可靠的resistant 有抵抗力的respectable 可尊敬的rewarding值得的rigorous 严格的，严厉的；严酷的righteous 正义的，义愤的rough 粗略的，不精确的savage 野蛮的；凶猛的，残酷的sensitive 敏感的sheer完全的，十足的shrewd精明的simultaneous 同时的skeptical 怀疑的slight 轻微的，小的sound 合理的，健康的stable/steady 稳定的，不断的stationary 固定的strenuous 吃力的，奋发的，奋斗的subordinate 次要的，从属的substantial 巨大的，subtle微妙的，精巧的，细微的sufficient 足够的superficial 肤浅的surgical 外科的supplementary 增补的，补充的，附susceptible 易动感情的;敏感的;易受…影响的suspicious 怀疑的sustainable 可持续的sympathetic 有同情心的tedious 冗长的，乏味的tentative 试探的thermal 热的，热量的transient 短暂的，片刻的trivial 琐碎的，不重要的turbulent 动荡的，混乱的typical 典型的，有代表性的ultimate 最后的，最终性的unanimous 全体一致的，无异义的underlying 潜在的，根本的universal 普遍的，普通的verbal 言语的，口头的，逐字的versatile 多才多艺的vicious 恶的，恶意的，错误的visible 看的见的vivid 生动的，栩栩如生的vocational 职业的void =invalid 无效的vulnerable 易受伤的，容易受到…影响的watertight 防水的weary 疲倦的，劳累的weird=odd=strange 奇怪的worth 值得的wretched可怜的, 破旧的, 恶劣的, 沮丧的amply 充足的，大量的barely=hardly=scarcely 几乎不deliberately 故意地,深思熟虑地,审慎地exclusively 仅仅；唯一explicitly 明确地implicitly 不清楚地forcibly 强行地，有力地formerly 原先地，以前，从前incidentally 附带地，偶然地increasingly 日益，越来越多地inevitably 必然地，不可避免地intentionally 有意地，故意地invariably 永不变的，恒久的optimistically. 乐观地outwardly 表面上，外表上地practically 实际上；几乎，差不多presumably 大概，可能，据推测quarterly 按季地shabbily 破旧地，褴褛地，卑鄙地shrewdly 精明地，明智地shortly 不久，很快simultaneously 同时发生地somewhat颇为，稍稍，有几分spontaneously 自发地，自然产生地startlingly 惊人地triumphantly(欣喜)胜利地,成功地unexpectedly 意外地virtually 事实上，实际地abundance丰富，充裕access (to) 入口，通路，接触accessory附件，附属品accommodation 膳宿；和解，调解，适应acknowledgement 承认，感谢，致谢admiration 欣赏adolescence青年期adolescent 青年，少年admission 许可，入门费，门票；承认，供认advocate提倡者，拥护者affection 亲爱，爱意aggregate 合计，总数aisle 走廊，通道allowance 津贴；考虑，体谅alloy 合金ambition 野心，雄心ammunition军火，弹药analogy 相似，比喻，类比anticipation 预期，期望apparatus 仪器，装置；器官appendix 附加物，附录appraisal 估计，估价，评价appreciation 感谢，感激array 陈列，一系列arena 比武场，竞技场，舞台armo(u)r 盔甲，装甲array 阵式，服装；一大批，一系列artery 动脉；干道，主流artillery大炮，炮兵aspiration 愿望，希望；渴望assassination 暗杀，行刺assurance 保证，自信，把握automation 自动化aviation 航空，飞行axis 轴，轴心，政治联盟ballet/ ballot 芭蕾，芭蕾舞剧bankrupt 破产；完全缺乏batch 一批，一捆bearing 举止，态度；关系，方面belly 肚子，腹部bias 偏见，倾向，癖性bishop 主教blunder 错误，大错budget 预算booth 棚子，摊位，亭botany植物学boycott 联合抵制brace链，曲柄bracket 托架，类别；分类breach 违犯，破坏，缺口3breakdown 坏掉，出毛病；病倒，衰退brink （危险等）边缘brochure 小册子bruise 挫伤；碰伤，淤伤bust 半身像，胸部buzz 嗡嗡声bypass 辅助道路cannon大炮，火炮canvas 帆布，油画capsule胶囊caption标题，题目；说明文字captive 俘虏，被捕获的（动物）capability 能力，才能cash 现金casualty 灾祸；伤亡catastrophe大灾害，灾祸cathedral 总教堂，大教堂caution小心；谨慎，警告census 人口统计，人口调查chorus合唱团，异口同声chunk 一大块，一厚块circulation(书报的)发行量，循环，流通circus 竞技场，马戏团clan 宗族，大家族，氏族clarity清楚，透明clearance 清除；间隙，空间；结关手续climax高潮，顶点cluster 团，族，小群coalition联合，联盟collaboration 合著，合作，勾结，通敌commitment 承诺，许诺commentary 实况报道，注释commonplace习以为常的事情compartment 隔间，车室competence称职，能力，权限compensation 补偿，赔偿complexion肤色，面色，面貌；形式complication 复杂，困难；并发症compliment恭维，表扬，问候，致意conception构思，构想；怀孕configuration 形状，外貌，轮廓，排列consideration 考虑constitution 组成，构成；体格，体质；宪法consultant顾问contempt 轻视，蔑视，鄙视，不尊敬contention 争辩，争论，论点controversy 争论，辩论conversion 转化，改变，转变corpse 尸体counterpart 相对应的人或物；对方courtesy 礼貌，谦恭coverage 新闻报导coward胆小鬼，懦夫crumble 碎屑，细屑damage 损坏debate 争论，辩论decree法令，判决default 不负责，不到场，不还债defiance 反抗，不尊重deficit 赤字denial 否认，否定，拒绝给与(正义，权利)descendant 后裔，后代descent 下来，下去；祖先，祖籍；突袭destiny 命运，天命discrepancy 不同，不符合digest 摘要，简编dilemma 窘境，困境distinction 区分，辨别disposition 排列,性情,气质;倾向;支配权,处理权disturbance 搅乱，动乱；不安，骚动diversion 转向，改道；消遣，娱乐；分散doctrine 教条，主义，学说domain 领土，领域；范围dome 圆屋顶drainage 排水，疏水drawback 缺陷，障碍，不利drought 干旱，旱灾edible 可食之物elite 杰出的人才或人物，精华emergency 紧急情况empirical 经验的，全凭实验的encouragement 鼓励enclosure 包围，函中信件essence 本质estimate 估计esteem 尊敬，尊重excerpt 摘录，引述expedition 远征，远征队expenditure 开支expertise 鉴定，评价；知识和技术exposition 解释，说明extinction .灭绝facet 平面，刻面，方面fashion 方式，样子feast 盛宴；赏心悦目的东西feat 技艺；伟绩federation 联邦制，联合会，联盟ferry 渡船fitting 试衣，试穿；固定装置，家具，设备flattery 奉承，阿谀之词fragrance 香味，香气flaw 裂纹，瑕疵fortune财产，大笔的钱fraction 小部分，一点friction 摩擦，不和，冲突fuse 保险丝，导火线fusion 融合，联合galaxy 星系garment 衣服glacier 冰河glamour 魅力，魔力，诱惑力gossip 闲话，闲谈，随笔，漫谈guarantee 保证，保证书，保修单guilt 犯罪，罪状handicap 障碍，阻碍harassment 烦恼，困苦，侵扰harmony 与…协调一致，和谐heritage 遗产，继承物hierarchy 等级制度hike 徒步旅行hinge 重点，关键，主旨hospitality友好款待，好客hostage 人质humidity 潮湿，湿度hurricane 飓风hypothesis 假设，假说ideology 思想方式，意识形态idiot 白痴，傻瓜illusion 错觉，假象4impetus 动力，推动力，刺激incentive 刺激，动机，鼓励，诱因inertia 迟钝，呆滞；惰性，惯性ingredient 成分inlet 入口insight 理解，洞察力inspection 检查，视察instinct 本能，直觉integrity 正直，诚实intersection 交叉，交叉口intuition 直觉intuition 直觉inventory 详细目录存货，盘存junction 连接，会合，交叉点junk 破烂物，垃圾lace 花边，饰带atitude 纬度,地区;自由,自由的范围layman 外行人，门外汉liability 责任，义务；易于，倾向于likelihood 可能性locality 位置，地方；辨认地方的能力longitude 经度lounge 休息室，休息处lease 租约，契约legislation 立法，法律limitation 局限性，缺点loyalty 忠诚，忠心luxury 奢侈，豪华magistrate 地方官吏/法官magnitude 大小，光度mansion 大厦，官邸manifestation表现(形式)massacre 大屠杀meadow 草地，牧场mechanism 机械装置，机构，结构方式melody 音律;歌曲,曲调;主调,旋律menace危险，威胁migrant 移居者，候鸟minority少数；未成年misfortune 不幸，灾难momentum 动量，动力，推动力monopoly 专利权，独占，垄断；专利品morality 道德，美德mortgage 抵押，抵押品notion 概念，观念，理解novelty 新鲜，奇特，新奇物oath 誓约，誓言obligation (法律上或道义上的)责任offset 印刷术offspring 后代，子孙，幼子optimum 最佳，最适宜，最有利orientation 定方向，定方位，朝向outfit 服装，装备，用具occasion 场合opponent敌人，对手ornament 装饰，装饰品overpass 天桥，路桥，高架桥paradox 反论parasite 寄生虫，食客participation 参加，加入partition 分割，分配，瓜分pastime 消遣，娱乐pasture草原，牧场patent 专利权patrol 巡逻，巡查；巡逻者patron 赞助人，资助人pattern 模式penalty 制裁，惩罚pension 养老金personality 人格，人性plateau 高地，高原pledge 保证，誓言plight 困境，苦境position位置，职位，职务posture 姿势；状态，情况；心境，态度predecessor 前任，原有的事物premise 前提，假设premium 保险费；报酬，奖金prescription 处方preservation 保护，防护prestige 威信，威望pretext 借口，托辞prey 猎物priority 优先(权)proceeding 进行，举止，行为，处置prophet 先知，鼓吹者，提倡者，预言者proposition 主张；提议；问题，难题prospect前景，可能性proximity 接近，接近于pursuit 追逐，追求；职业，工作questionnaire 调查表，问卷racket 喧嚣，闹声，繁忙rate 速度ration 比率recession(经济)衰退，不景气；撤退reconciliation 和解，调停，顺从，听从reflection 反映，表现refreshment 爽快，舒心；提神的东西refuge 躲避，避难，避难所refund 退还，退款regime政体，制度regiment 团，多数，大量rehearsal 演习，排演，详述reign 主权，统治；朝代，王朝rein 缰绳rejoice 欢喜，快乐relay 替换，替班，接力，转播reliance 依靠，信任，信赖relish 吸引力，热心，兴趣remainder 剩余物或人remnant残余，剩余repression 镇压，抑制，压抑reputation 名声，声望resemblance 相似，类似reservation贮存，贮藏reservation 预订，保留retention 保持，保留retrospect 回顾，回望revelation 显示，泄露revenue税收，岁入rival 竞争对手routine 常规，惯例，例行公事rupture 破裂，绝交safeguard 安全设施或措施salvation 拯救，救助savage 野人，野蛮人scent 气味，香味；踪迹，痕迹scene 景色，景象scorn轻蔑，鄙视scrutiny 细察，详审，核算选票sensation 感觉，激动，轰动sentiment 感情,情绪,情操;伤感;意见,观点setback 阻碍，挫折5shortage 短缺，不足smash 打碎，粉碎stability 稳定(性)，稳固stack 堆，一堆standard 标准subsidy 补助金，资助金surface 表面suspension 暂停，延缓，停职，吊销synthesis 综合，合成，合成物temperament 气质，性格tempo 数率，进度，节奏testimony 证言，证词；宣言，陈述threshold 开端，入口tolerance容忍，忍耐力transaction 处理，办理，交易transition 过渡，转变trend倾向，趋势turnover 营业额，销售金额variation 变化，变动vegetation 植物，草木vein 心情，心思，意向verdict 裁决，判决；决定，判断versus 相对，对抗vicinity 接近，附近；密切的关系void 空虚，空处warehouse 货仓warfare 作战，交战warrant 根据，权威，委任状abandon抛弃，放弃accommodate 供给住宿，答应; 适应acknowledge 承认，供认；致谢，打招呼acquaint 熟悉，认识，通晓acquire 获得，得到activate 使活波，激活addict (to) 沉溺于，嗜好adhere to 坚持，忠于adjoin 邻近，接近，毗连administer 管理，处理，治理，实行，实施adore 崇拜，敬爱，爱慕affiliate 加盟，入会affirm 肯定，断言afflict 受折磨，使苦恼afford 付得起，冒危险；供给，给予aggravate 使恶化，使严重alienate 离间，使不和，使疏远，转移，让渡 allege 断言，宣称，提出alleviate 减轻，缓和allocate 分配，配给，拨给alternate 交替，轮流amend 改善，改良，改正；修正anticipate预期，盼望appease 使平息，安抚applaud 赞扬，称赞articulate 清晰说话，连接ascend 上升，攀登ascertain 确知，探知ascribe归因于，归功于assemble 集合，聚集，装备assign 分派，指派(职务，任务)assimilate 吸收，同化attribute...to 归因于authorize/ise 授权，委托；批准，许可avail 利用，有帮助，有用avert 转移，防止，避免baffle 困惑，阻止，难住beam 微笑，高兴地笑；播送（节目等）base建立在……的基础上bewilder 迷惑，弄糊涂blaze 燃烧；照耀blink 眨眼，闪烁不定blush 脸红，羞愧，羞于承认boost 提高，上扬，吹嘘breach 冲破，突破breed (over ) 培育，养育brew 酿制，调制；造成，形成，酝酿brood 沉思，思考，思虑browse 食，吃；浏览，随便阀阅bully 威胁，欺负carve 雕刻，铭刻，刻字cater (for) 准备，提供，迎合certify 证明，保证chant 唱歌，反复唱歌颂clamp 施压，钳制，用力制止clasp 紧握，紧抱cling (to )坚守，抱紧clutch 抓住，攫取，扑捉coincide with 相同，相一致collaborate 合著，合作，合伙collide 互撞，碰撞commemorate 纪念，庆祝commend 称赞，赞扬commence 开始commute 改变，换算成；减刑，通勤compensate补偿，赔偿compile 编辑，编制，编写complement 补充，补足，结合comply with遵守conceive想出，设想concern 涉及condense 压缩，浓缩conflict冲突，战争conform 符合，遵守，适应confront面对，面临conserve保护，保存confer 授予；商谈，商讨，讨论console 给予安慰或同情，慰问consolidate 巩固，统一constrain 强迫，勉强，驱使contemplate 注视，沉思，打算contend 奋斗，竞争；主张，断言contrive 发明，设计，想办法，设法完成convene 召集，召开，集合converge 汇合，聚集convey 表达，传达correlate 有关系，发生联系corrode 腐蚀，侵蚀，受损害corrupt 腐败，败坏，行贿crash(飞机)坠毁，冲入，破产，垮台cruise 航行，漫游，行进culminate 到达极点dart 飞奔，投射，冲进dazzle 使眩目，耀眼deceive 欺骗，哄骗decline 下降，减少，衰退dedicate 奉献，献身，致力于deduce 推理，推想，演绎出deem 相信，认为default 不负责，不到场，不还债defend 为……辩护defy 违抗，藐视degenerate 退步，堕落，腐化，恶化degrade 降级，堕落denote 代表，指出，指示denounce 揭发，告发deny 否认，剥夺，拒绝给6deport 驱逐出境deprive 剥夺derive得来，得到descend 下落descend 下来，下去；遗传，为后代deserve 值得designate 标明，指明，命名despise 鄙视，轻视，瞧不起detach 解开，拆开，使分离detain 扣留，使等候，阻止，耽搁deteriorate 恶化，变坏，变质deviate (使)背离，(使)偏离differentiate 区别，辨别，分别diffuse 散布，传播，扩散，推广dilute 变稀，变淡，稀释；减弱diminish 减少，缩小disable 使无能力，使残废discern 辩明，认清discriminate 区别，辨别；歧视dispense 分配，分给，施给；配药disperse 驱散，散开displace 移走，移置disguise 假扮，伪装disrupt 分裂，打破distort 歪曲，扭曲dominate 统治，占据dodge 闪避，躲闪，逃避，规避donate 捐赠，赠送doom 判定，注定dread 害怕，畏惧drain 渐渐耗尽duplicate复制，重复eject 离开，逐出；喷出，射出elapse 经过，过去，逝去elevate 举起，提高，使高尚elicit 发出，引出eliminate消除，淘汰，剔除embark 乘船，装载；开始，从事embody 体现，包括，包含endow 捐赠，赋有endure 忍受，忍耐enhance 提高，增加enroll 使成为…的成员，注册ensue 随着发生，因而发生erase 擦掉，抹去，抹掉erupt 爆发，迸发escort 护送，护航evacuate 撤离，撤退，疏散evaporate 蒸发，消失，死亡exempt (from) 使免除evoke 引起，唤起exclaim 呼喊，欢呼expire 到期，期满explore 探险，探索extract 拔出，拔取；榨出；摘录fabricate 建造，装置；捏造，伪造flank 侧翼包围flap(鸟)振翅(飞行)，挥动，轻拍flare 燃烧，闪烁，突然爆发flush 变红，脸红，激动formulate 明确的表达，阐述foster 照顾，培育，培养，养育follow 遵从，接受furnish . 配备，装饰gasp 喘气，喘息gauge 精确计量；估计，判断gaze凝视，注视gear (to )使适应，使适合glitter 闪烁graze 吃草，放牧grease 涂上，搽上grieve使伤心，使悲伤grin 露齿笑groan 呻吟grope 摸索，搜寻hamper 妨碍，限制haul 拖，拉haunt 常去，常出没，萦饶心头hinder 阻碍，妨害hoist举起，升起，吊起hover 盘旋，翱翔huddle 挤在一起，缩成一团hurl 投掷，猛投identify 认出，确认ignite 引燃，发火illuminate 照亮，说明，阐明immerse (in )使浸没，使专心impair 损害，伤害impart 传授，给予；通知，告知impose 把…强加于inaugurate 举行就职仪式，是…开始incorporate 结合，合并incur 招致，蒙受induce 劝诱，诱导indulge 纵容，放任inflict on 强加于，使受痛苦inhabit 居住inhibit 阻止，禁止，抑制intend 意欲，打算interpret 解释，说明initiate 开始，着手，准许加入；传授inject 注射，注入insulate 绝缘，绝热，隔离intervene 干涉，阻扰，调停intrigue 设阴谋；激起好奇心invert 倒转，颠倒irritate 激怒，使急噪；使不舒服jeopardize 危及，损坏jerk 猛拉，颠簸而行jog 轻摇，缓缓行进lash 猛击，煽动levy 征收，征集；扣押linger 逗留，徘徊，留恋；迟缓，拖延litter 乱丢，乱堆locate 位于，定位loom 隐隐地出现，压在心头lubricate 加润滑油，使顺利进展lure 吸引，诱惑magnify 放大，垮大，夸奖manifest 显示，清楚表示，表明mean 打算，意欲mediate 想，考虑，沉思，思考merge 合并，逐渐融入mingle 混合起来，相混合minimize 对…做最低估计mob 包围（攻击）mobilize 动员mock 愚弄，嘲弄；使无法得逞monitor 监听，监控mourn 悲悼，哀悼，道歉necessitate 使必要neglect 忽视，遗漏nominate 提名，指定，指派nurture 养育，教养occupy 占领，使忙碌oppress 压迫，使难受orient 朝向东方，认清形式originate 首创，起源7outrage 侵害，触犯，违反overflow 溢出，漫出，洋溢overhear 偷听，无意中听到overlap 重叠，相同，交叉overwhelm 压倒，浸没，使不安parade 游行paralyze/yse 使麻痹，使瘫痪pedal 踩踏板peel 剥，削perish 毁灭，死亡permeate 渗入，渗透perplex 使困惑，使迷惑plead 辩护，答辩；恳求，请求poke 推，刺，塞ponder 考虑，沉思preach 宣传，传教，鼓吹，倡导precede 在前，居先，先于preclude 阻止，使不可能prescribe 开处方，开药preside主持，管理prolong 延长，拖延propel 推进，推动protest 抗议，反对provoke 引起，激起quantify 表示或测定。
2011text3英语一
2011text3英语一题目，2011年英语一考试第三篇阅读理解题目。
阅读理解题目，根据以下短文内容，回答后面的问题。
短文：In the past few decades, the number of people living alone has increased significantly in many countries. In the United States, for example, the number of one-person households has doubled from 17 million in 1970 to 31million in 2010. This trend is not unique to the United States; it can be observed in many countries around the world.There are various reasons why more and more people choose to live alone. Firstly, the increase in the number of women in the workforce has led to more financial independence, which allows them to afford their own homes. In addition, the changing social norms and values have madeit more acceptable for individuals to live alone. Furthermore, the advancements in technology and convenience of modern life have made it easier for people to live independently.Living alone can have both positive and negativeeffects on individuals. On the positive side, living alone provides individuals with a sense of freedom and independence. They have the freedom to make their own decisions and live life on their own terms. Living alone also allows individuals to have a space of their own, where they can relax and recharge. On the negative side, living alone can lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation. Without the presence of others, individuals may lack social interaction and support, which can negatively impact their mental and emotional well-being.In conclusion, the increasing number of people living alone is a global trend that can be attributed to factors such as financial independence, changing social norms, and advancements in technology. While living alone can provide individuals with freedom and independence, it can also leadto feelings of loneliness and isolation.问题：1. What is the trend of people living alone in the United States in the past few decades?2. What are some reasons why more and more people choose to live alone?3. What are the positive effects of living alone?4. What are the negative effects of living alone?5. What are the factors contributing to the increasing number of people living alone?6. What is the conclusion of the passage regarding the trend of people living alone?回答：1. In the United States, the trend of people living alone has significantly increased in the past few decades. The number of one-person households has doubled from 17 million in 1970 to 31 million in 2010.2. There are several reasons why more and more people choose to live alone. Firstly, the increase in the number of women in the workforce has provided them with financial independence, allowing them to afford their own homes. Secondly, changing social norms and values have made it more acceptable for individuals to live alone. Lastly, the advancements in technology and the convenience of modern life have made it easier for people to live independently.3. Living alone can have positive effects on individuals. It provides them with a sense of freedom and independence. They have the freedom to make their own decisions and live life on their own terms. Living alone also allows individuals to have a space of their own, where they can relax and recharge.4. However, there are also negative effects of livingalone. One of the negative effects is the potential for feelings of loneliness and isolation. Without the presence of others, individuals may lack social interaction and support, which can negatively impact their mental and emotional well-being.5. The increasing number of people living alone can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, the increase in the number of women in the workforce has led to more financial independence, enabling them to afford their own homes. Secondly, changing social norms and values have made it more acceptable for individuals to live alone. Lastly, the advancements in technology and the convenience of modern life have made it easier for people to live independently.6. In conclusion, the increasing number of peopleliving alone is a global trend. It is influenced by factors such as financial independence, changing social norms, and advancements in technology. While living alone can provide individuals with freedom and independence, it can also lead to feelings of loneliness and isolation.。
2011英语一阅读三
2011英语一阅读三2011年英语一阅读理解部分共有三篇文章，分别是：文章一，《The Power of Positive Thinking》（积极思考的力量）。
文章二，《The Benefits of Bilingualism》（双语能力的好处）。
文章三，《The Importance of Sleep》（睡眠的重要性）。
以下是对每篇文章的多角度全面回答：文章一，《The Power of Positive Thinking》（积极思考的力量）。
这篇文章主要讲述了积极思考的力量以及它对个人的影响。
从多个角度来回答这篇文章的问题，我们可以从以下几个方面进行探讨：1. 积极思考的好处，积极思考可以帮助我们保持良好的心态和情绪，增强自信心，提高工作效率，改善人际关系等。
具体来说，积极思考可以帮助我们更好地应对挑战和困难，提高解决问题的能力，增加创造力和创新能力。
2. 积极思考的实践方法，文章中可能提到了一些积极思考的实践方法，比如培养感恩的心态，积极寻找问题的解决方案，避免消极的自我对话等。
我们可以从这些方法的角度来分析积极思考的具体实践过程，并讨论它们的有效性和适用性。
3. 积极思考的科学依据，在回答这篇文章的问题时，我们可以从心理学和神经科学的角度来解释积极思考的科学依据。
例如，积极思考可以改变大脑中的神经回路，促进积极情绪的产生，从而对身心健康产生积极影响。
文章二，《The Benefits of Bilingualism》（双语能力的好处）。
这篇文章主要探讨了双语能力对个人的好处和积极影响。
以下是从多个角度来回答这篇文章的问题：1. 双语能力的认知优势，双语能力可以提升个人的认知能力，如注意力、工作记忆、灵活性和抑制控制等。
我们可以从认知心理学的角度来解释双语能力对认知功能的影响，并举例说明双语能力如何帮助人们在日常生活和工作中更好地处理信息和解决问题。
2. 双语能力的跨文化交流优势，双语能力可以帮助人们更好地进行跨文化交流和理解。
2011考研英语(一)真题 3
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bod ily exercise precious to health.” But —_ 1___some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__. S tudies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread av ailability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own inte rest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Mere ly expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.21. We learn from Paragraph 1 t hat Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism. [B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim. [D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential. [B]modest. [C]respectable. [D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gil bert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful. [B]enthusiastic. [C]confident. [D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first t ime with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry sen ior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “Thepeople who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant. [B]frank. [C]self-centered. [D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of. [B]attended to. [C]hunted for. [D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media—for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, otherstakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2, sold media feature[A] a safe business environment. [B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic. [D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter—nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive—and newly single—mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the childless. Unhappy parents rarely are prov oked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we s ee every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight.[B]enjoyment in progress.[C]happiness in retrospect.[D]lasting reward.37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing. [B]ambiguous. [C]compensatory. [D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”—they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments aw arded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalized the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand do es not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoraldegree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share —hat because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are .” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him 。
2011年考研英语一阅读第三篇
2011年考研英语一阅读第三篇全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1In 2011, the third reading comprehension passage in the English section of the postgraduate entrance examination was titled "The Importance of Sleep". This passage discussed the critical role that sleep plays in our overall health and wellbeing.The passage began by explaining the various functions of sleep, such as allowing the body to repair itself and helping to consolidate memories. It emphasized the importance of getting enough quality sleep each night in order to function at our best. The passage also touched on the negative effects of sleep deprivation, such as impaired cognitive abilities and increased risk of certain health conditions.Furthermore, the passage discussed the differences in sleep patterns and needs across age groups. For example, it mentioned that infants require significantly more sleep than adults, while teenagers often struggle to get enough sleep due to biological changes during puberty.The passage also highlighted the impact of modern technology on sleep habits, with many people staying up late to browse the internet or watch TV. It warned against the negative effects of electronic devices on sleep quality and encouraged readers to establish healthy sleep routines.Overall, the passage underscored the importance of prioritizing sleep in order to maintain optimal health and wellbeing. It served as a reminder to readers to make sleep a priority and to take steps to improve the quality and quantity of their rest.篇22011年考研英语一阅读第三篇文章为一篇关于美国宪法修正案的文章。
2011年考研英语一阅读第三篇
2011年考研英语一阅读第三篇全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1I'm sorry, but I cannot provide content verbatim from a specific source. However, I can offer a brief summary of the third reading passage from the 2011 National Entrance Exam for Postgraduate Students (考研英语一) in English.The third reading passage in the 2011 exam focused on the relationship between agriculture and cities in ancient China. It discussed how the agricultural surplus in ancient China led to the development of cities and urbanization. The text explored how food production allowed for social organization, technological advancements, and cultural exchange in urban centers.Moreover, the passage analyzed the significance of the balance between rural agriculture and urban development in ancient Chinese society. It emphasized the importance of understanding the interconnectedness of agricultural practices and urban growth in shaping the economic and social landscape of ancient China.Overall, the text highlighted the complex and symbiotic relationship between agriculture and urbanization in ancient China, illustrating how these two aspects of society were intrinsically linked and influenced each other's development.If you need more detailed information or analysis of the third reading passage from the 2011 exam, please let me know how I can assist further.篇2In the third passage of the 2011 National Entrance Exam for English Graduate Schools, the text focuses on the topic of internet privacy and information security. It discusses the increasing concerns and debates surrounding the issue of privacy in the digital age.The passage starts by highlighting the benefits of the internet and how it has revolutionized communication and access to information. However, it points out that these advancements come with a price – the compromise of privacy. With the growing use of social media, online shopping, and digital services, individuals are sharing more personal information online than ever before.This sharing of personal information has raised concerns about data privacy and security. The passage discusses how companies and governments collect and use data for various purposes, such as marketing, surveillance, and national security. It also touches upon the potential risks of data breaches and identity theft.The text then delves into the ethical implications of internet privacy, exploring the balance between convenience and security. It raises questions about the responsibility of individuals, companies, and governments in safeguarding personal information online.Furthermore, the passage discusses the legal frameworks surrounding internet privacy, such as data protection laws and regulations. It evaluates the effectiveness of these laws in protecting individuals’ privacy rights in the digital age.In conclusion, the passage calls for greater awareness and regulation of internet privacy and information security. It emphasizes the importance of protecting personal data and ensuring online privacy in an increasingly connected world. By highlighting the risks and challenges associated with data privacy, the text encourages readers to reflect on their digital footprint and take steps to safeguard their online privacy.篇32011年考研英语一阅读第三篇阅读理解的文章是一篇关于英国小说家罗密欧•戴尔•卡特的介绍。
2011年考研英语(1)真题解析完整版
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题精解S e c t i o n I U s e o fE n g l i s h总体分析来源:2009年4 5月刊S c i e n t i f i cA m e r i c a n‘科学美国人“㊂全文围绕观点 笑可以改善情绪 展开,强调笑对身体的积极影响㊂试题精解1.A]在 中[B]除 之外[C]尽管[D]像 一样(表比较)[解析]句中t o t h e c o n t r a r y潜在的比较对象实为l a u g h i n gp r o b a b l y h a s l i t t l e i n f l u e n c e,解题只涉及空格句句内逻辑,而t o t h e c o n t r a r y表明两部分间为 让步或转折 逻辑,只有d e s p i t e符合条件,d e s p i t e s t h t o t h e c o n t r a r y为常见用法,意为 尽管有 等与此相反 ,正确项为[C]㊂2.[A]反映;表达[B]需要[C]表明;显示[D]引起;导致[解析]②句指出笑很可能对身体健康影响甚微;④句再次表明笑的影响有限,推测③句为 让步内容 ,即,退而承认 笑在某种意义上的功用 ,符合文意的只有[D]p r o d u c e,表示 产生影响㊁引发结果 ㊂3.[A](使)变得稳定[B]促进[C]损害[D]查明,测定[解析]空格部分短语作方式状语,说明笑是如何引起心脏和血管功能的短期变化的,因此空格词既要表现 产生㊁变化 这一语义,又要体现 积极的 这一方向,只有[B]b o o s t i n g符合要求㊂4.[A]输送;发射;传播[B]使保持;使稳定持续[C]估计;评估[D]看到;观察[解析]由空格句的主句可推知,因为大笑不具备散步或慢跑所拥有的某种属性,导致达不到散步或慢跑产生的功效;而散步或慢跑很明显的特点就是可持续时间长,再联系上文 笑只能引起心脏及血管功能的短期变化 可知,笑不具备持续性,[B]s u s t a i n符合文意㊂5.[A]显著的[B]可处理的[C]负担得起的[D]可延长有效期的[解析]空格句通过t h ew a y w a l k i n g o r j o g g i n g d o e s将 大笑 和 散步或慢跑 作比较,以u n l i k e l y说明 前者不如后者对身体的积极影响大 ,和b e n e f i t s连用表现 成效大 这一语义的只有[A]m e a s u r a b l e㊂6.[A]轮流[B]确切地说,事实上[C]另外,而且[D]简言之[解析]上文把 笑 和 散步㊁慢跑 进行比较,说明前者不如后者对身体的影响显著,而空格句把 笑 和 运动 进行比较,具体说明 运动和笑分别是如何影响身体的 ,因此不难判断该句是对上文的 具体化 说明,选项中只有[B]i n f a c t表示补充说明,强调前面所说的话㊂7.[A]相反的[B]不可能的[C]正常的;普通的[D]预期要发生的[解析]句中取舍结构i n s t e a do f...表明, 笑 和 运动 对肌肉的作用方式是不同的㊂空格句为运动的影响:使肌肉紧张,下文指出笑的影响:降低肌肉紧张度,由此明确两者对身体的作用相反,[A]o p-p o s i t e符合文意,t h e o p p o s i t e表示 正好相反的人或物 ,文中指代 相反的效果 ㊂8.[A]硬化[B]使松动[C](使)变紧;变得僵硬[D](使)放松[解析]空格句后半句d e c r e a s i n g m u s c l e t o n e...作状语修饰空格词,指 降低肌肉紧张度 ,也即 放松肌肉 ,因此[D]r e l a x e s正确㊂[B]w e a k e n s表示 削弱某物的坚定性㊁使其更易被破坏 ㊂9.[A]使严重[B]产生;引起[C]缓和;使适中[D]提高;增强[解析]s u c hb o d i l y r e a c t i o n指代上文 (笑引起的)肌肉放松㊁肌肉张力降低 ,c o n c e i v a b l y表明本句为 根据常识得出的结论 ,而 肌肉放松 对 心理压力 是 有助于缓解 的逻辑,[C]m o d e r a t e正确㊂10.[A]身体的[B]心理的;智力的[C]潜意识的[D]体内的,内心的1[解析]d o e s p r o d u c e起到强调作用,与具正面导向的i m p r o v e一起,明确本句是对①句的进一步说明,因此o t h e r t y p e s o f f e e d b a c k只能与上句s u c hb o d i l y r e a c t i o n相对应,与b o d i l y相近的只有[A]p h y s i c a l㊂11.[A]除 之外[B]依据[C]由于[D]至于,关于[解析]逗号前为 某理论 ,逗号后是 对情绪V S身体反应之间关系的说明 ;而上文②句通过A n y w a y,...d o e s...对①句观点进行支持,判断此处是对该观点的进一步实证,也即,作者通过 引用理论 来证明上文观点,选项中能表示引入信息来源的只有[B]A c c o r d i n g t o㊂12.[A]和 一起;具有[B]在 上;关于[C]在 之中[D]在 (场所);以[解析]上文已知 (笑引起的)身体反应能改善个人的情绪状态 ,即,个人的情绪状态(=感受)源自于身体反应,本句是对上文的引证,那么空格句应与上文相近,因此空格处只能表示 源自㊁由于 的逻辑,r o o t e d i n意为 根源在于,由 产生 ,[C]符合文意㊂13.[A]除非[B]直到 为止[C]如果[D]因为[解析]b u t后表面是在阐释 流泪(身体反应)V S悲伤(情绪) 的 时间先后关系 ,实则强调两者因果关联,即 身体反应(流泪)导致情绪(悲伤) ,因此b u t之前的内容一定与该观点相对立,即:(不是)悲伤导致流泪,空格处只有b e c a u s e既能体现 身体反应V S情绪 之间的因果逻辑,又能体现b u t所衔接两分句之间的转折对比逻辑,故[D]正确㊂14.[A]耗尽[B]因 而引起[C]在 之前发生[D]抑制[解析]句中A l t h o u g h...a l s o...(尽管 也会 )暗示空格词应体现与上文相反的关系,上文末观点: 悲伤 发生在 眼泪 之后,因此空格部分需表达 悲伤发生在眼泪之前 的逻辑,[C]p r e c e d e s正确㊂15.[A]到 里面;对着;向[B]来自[C]向(着),朝(着)[D]超出[解析]空格句前半句指出,悲伤会先于眼泪产生,即情绪导致相应的身体反应;由A l t h o u g h可知后半句的逻辑只能与之相反,并与上文末观点统一,即:情绪源于身体反应;文中e m o t i o n s对应 情绪 ,m u s c u l a r r e s p o n s e s对应 身体反应 ,空格词需要体现 源于 的语义逻辑,只有[B](f l o w)f r o m符合文意㊂16.[A](去)拿来;(去)请来[B]咬[C]拿走,挑出[D]使保持(在某位置)[解析]空格词既要表示 牙齿对笔的动作 ,还要表示 嘴唇对笔的动作 ,而且还必须产生 插入语(t h e r e b y...s m i l e) 和 定语从句(w h i c h...) 所述的表情,选项中只有[D]h o l d符合要求㊂17.[A]失望的[B]激动的[C]高兴的[D]漠不关心[解析]实验通常会设置两种完全相反的条件来观察结果,因此首先推断空格处表情很可能 与假笑相对 ;再由③句信息 那些被迫锻炼笑肌的人 和 那些嘴型收缩成皱眉表情的人 可以确定上述推断,即,后一种人所做的表情应该是 不高兴的 ,因此[A]d i s a p p o i n t e d正确㊂18.[A]适应[B]迎合[C]求助于[D]对 作出反应[解析]由下文所得实验结论 表情可以影响情绪 以及 笑这一行为也能够改善情绪 可知,做微笑表情的人能够表现出更为激烈的情绪,选项中只有[D]r e a c t e d能体现出这一层含义㊂19.[A]表明[B]需要;规定[C]提到;说到[D]假设,认为[解析]实验结果指出:假笑者比皱眉者对滑稽画册的反应更为强烈,即:笑这一身体动作能够影响情绪(更能感知到幽默),因此空格部分是对前文实验结果的进一步推论,[A]s u g g e s t i n g符合文意㊂20.[A]最后;终于[B]因此[C]同样;也[D]相反地[解析]空格句指出,笑这一身体行为能改善情绪㊂上文提到,假笑者比皱眉者对幽默更有感觉,这说明表情也可以影响情绪,而非只能是情绪影响表情㊂因此上文意在表明 笑这一身体动作,即便是刻意做出的,同样能够改善情绪 ;这与空格句逻辑一致,因此[C]S i m i l a r l y符合文意㊂全文翻译古希腊哲学家亚里士多德将笑视为 对健康极有价值的身体运动 ㊂但是,笑很可能对身体健康影响甚微,尽管有些观点与之相反㊂笑确实会引起心脏及心血管功能的短期变化,提高心率和耗氧量㊂但2因为大笑很难维持,所以它不大可能像散步或慢跑那样有显著的成效㊂确切地说,笑不像运动那样通过使肌肉紧张来塑造肌肉,而是似乎起到了相反的作用㊂自20世纪30年代起的种种研究表明,笑使肌肉放松,它(笑这一动作)能在笑声逐渐平息后降低肌张力长达45分钟㊂可以想象,这样的身体反应也许有助于缓和心理压力带来的影响㊂而且,笑的行为的确能引起改善个人情绪状态的其他类型的身体反馈㊂根据一种经典情绪理论的说法,我们的感受部分源于身体反应㊂19世纪末有人认为,人们并不是因为悲伤而哭泣,而是当眼泪开始流下来的时候才变得悲伤㊂尽管悲伤也会先于眼泪产生,但是有证据表明情绪可能是由肌肉反应引起的㊂德国维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学家弗里茨㊃斯特拉克于1988年发表了一项实验,他要求志愿者要么用牙齿咬住钢笔,从而产生一个假笑;要么用嘴唇衔住钢笔,由此产生一个失望的表情㊂结果那些被迫锻炼笑肌的人比那些愁眉苦脸的人对滑稽的卡通画册反应更为热烈,这表明表情也可以影响情绪而非只能是情绪影响表情㊂同样,笑这一身体行为能够改善情绪㊂S e c t i o n I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a r tAT e x t1总体分析来源:C o m m e n t a r y‘评论“2007.09㊂作者以纽约爱乐乐团音乐总监的任命为切入点,提出个人观点:为使古典音乐乐团走出困境,必须从根本上改变乐团与听众的关系㊂全文脉络:介绍热议事件(第一㊁二段) 发表个人评论(第三至五段)㊂试题精解21.从第一段可知吉尔伯特的任命已㊂[A]招致批判[B]引起怀疑[C]受到欢呼[D]引发好奇[锁定答案]第一段①句指出,纽约爱乐乐团聘请G i l b e r t担任下任音乐总监的决定引发古典音乐界热议,②句紧接着指出古典音乐界在很大程度上是赞同该任命的,③句更是以音乐评论家T o m m a s i n i的欢呼来例证古典音乐界的赞同态度㊂可见[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]将③句c r i t i c 评论家 曲解为 批判 ,与H o o r a y!A t l a s t!所传达的 高度赞同态度 相悖㊂[B]㊁[D]源自第二段①句 这次任命令人惊讶(c a m e a s s u c ha s u r p r i s e) ,超出题干范围,与第一段传达的总体赞同态度不符㊂[提炼思路]本题考查古典音乐界的观点态度,解题应严格遵守题干给出的范围,分清观点所属㊂由题干定位至第一段 古典音乐界对该任命总体持支持赞同态度 ,[C]正确㊂[A]曲解原文个别字词词义,[B]㊁[D]利用第二段内容设置干扰,超出答题范围,排除㊂22.托马西尼认为吉尔伯特是一位艺术家㊂[A]有影响力的[B]谦逊的[C]值得尊敬的[D]有才华的[锁定答案]由T o m m a s i n i定位至第二段②句T o m m a s i n i对G i l b e r t的评价:G i l b e r t是 谦逊的㊁没有令人生畏派头的指挥 ㊂m o d e s t与u n p r e t e n t i o u s同义,[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]与第二段①句 G i l b e r t较不为人知(l i t t l e k n o w n) 相悖㊂[C]与第二段②句 G i l b e r t 没有令人生畏的派头(w i t hn o a i r o f t h e f o r m i d a b l e c o n d u c t o r)相悖㊂[D]源自第三段①句作者观点 不知(I h a v en o i d e a)G i l b e r t是否伟大 ,但T o m m a s i n i并未评价G i l b e r t的才华㊂[提炼思路]本题考查 文中人物 就 事件人物某一具体方面的 看法,关键在于找准定位㊂先由T o m m a s i n i初步定位至第一段③句㊁第二段②句,再由T o m m a s i n i对G i l b e r t个人的评价锁定第二段②3句,从而确定最符合文义的[B]正确㊂23.作者认为音乐会忠实听众㊂[A]忽视了现场演奏的成本[B]抵制大多数种类的演奏录音[C]夸大了现场演奏的种类[D]高估了现场演奏的价值[锁定答案]由d e v o t e d c o n c e r t g o e r s定位至第四段㊂作者直接否定音乐会忠实听众观点 录音无法取代现场演奏 ,并明确个人观点:录音更具优势,且已给古典音乐乐团带来危机㊂可见,作者认为音乐会忠实听众高估了现场演奏的价值,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]将②句多方争夺的对象 艺术爱好者的时间㊁关注和金钱(t h e t i m e,a t t e n t i o n,a n d m o n e y) 篡改为 现场演奏的成本 ㊂[B]㊁[C]源自②句罗列的 古典音乐现场演奏的竞争对手(其他现场演出+演奏录音) ,但原文仅提及 古典音乐演奏录音 ,r e j e c t和e x a g g e r a t e也无从得知㊂[提炼思路]本题考查作者观点,首先由首句m i s s i n g t h e p o i n t(没有抓住核心问题)初步判断作者对音乐会忠实听众的看法 录音无法取代现场演奏 持负面的态度,即作者认为:录音获取方便,给乐团带来了危机,这些听众低估了录音的潜力,高估了现场演奏的价值,[D]正确㊂24.根据文章,以下哪一项是有关音乐录音的正确说法?[A]它们的品质通常次于现场音乐会㊂[B]它们很容易为大众所获得㊂[C]它们有助于提高音乐的品质㊂[D]它们只涵盖了杰出的音乐作品㊂[锁定答案]第四段③句指出音乐录音的优势:价格低廉㊁随处可得㊁艺术品质大多较高,听众可以自主选择 消费 它们的时间和地点,④句强调音乐录音最具颠覆性的特点 普遍可得性(w i d e s p r e a d a v a i l a b i l i t y) ㊂可见[B]符合文意㊂[排除干扰][A]㊁[C]篡改第四段③句 在艺术品质方面,伟大音乐家的演奏录音往往比如今的现场演奏高得多(r e c o r d i n g s...m u c hh i g h e r i n a r t i s t i c q u a l i t y t h a n...l i v e p e r f o r m a n c e s) ㊂[D]由第四段②句 20世纪伟大音乐家的演奏录音 主观臆测出 演奏录音只涵盖这一部分作品 ㊂[提炼思路]本题考查音乐录音相关细节,需注意区分比较对象音乐录音和现场演奏各自的特点㊂[B]e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e同义替换第四段③句a v a i l a b l e e v e r y w h e r e㊁④句w i d e s p r e a da v a i l a b i l i t y,为正确项,而[A]颠倒比较结果㊁[C]扭曲具体信息㊁[D]缩小对象范围,排除㊂25.对于吉尔伯特在振兴纽约爱乐乐团中所起的作用,作者感到㊂[A]怀疑[B]兴奋[C]有信心[D]困惑[锁定答案]根据题干r e v i t a l i z i n g定位到第五段㊂该段②句指出G i l b e r t在新音乐方面的能力受到音乐界的广泛认可,但③句随即以疑问句进行质疑,④句进而指出这一措施的局限性:仅仅扩充乐团的演奏曲目是远远不够的㊂可见作者对吉尔伯特能否振兴乐团持怀疑态度,[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]源自首段③句 H o o r a y!A t l a s t! ,但原文传达的是T o m m a s i n i 高度赞同 的态度,作者并不认同㊂[C]利用末段②句评论家A l e xR o s s态度进行干扰,作者亦不认同㊂[D]由末段③句用以引出作者观点的设问句臆测出作者 困惑 之意㊂[提炼思路]作者态度题考查考生对文章的整体把握㊂本文前两段树靶,介绍古典音乐界 对吉尔伯特任命的反应 及 指望靠音乐总监一人扭转乾坤㊁解决乐团危机 的心态,后三段指出这种心态错误之处:振兴乐团关键在于改变其与新听众的关系,而非音乐总监的个人能力㊂可见,作者对 吉尔伯特振兴乐团 一事持怀疑态度㊂全文翻译纽约爱乐乐团 将于2009年聘请艾伦㊃吉尔伯特作为其下任音乐总监 的任命决定自被突然宣布以来,就一直是古典音乐界谈论的话题㊂绝大部分反响至少可以说是赞同的㊂ 好哇,终于这么做了! 持重的古典音乐评论家安东尼㊃托马西尼写道㊂但是,该任命让人感到如此意外的原因之一是,吉尔伯特相对不为人知㊂甚至连曾在‘纽约时报“上撰4文大力支持任命吉尔伯特的托马西尼也(只是)称其为 谦逊的音乐家,在他身上没有那种令人生畏的大指挥家派头 ㊂对于一个迄今为止一直由像古斯塔夫㊃马勒和皮埃尔㊃布列兹这样的音乐家来指挥的交响乐团,这样描述其下任音乐总监,似乎至少可能会让一些‘纽约时报“的读者觉得是一种牵强的赞美㊂就我而言,我压根儿不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥,甚至算不算是个好指挥㊂诚然,他指挥了种类甚多的有趣的音乐作品,但是我不是非得动身前往艾弗里㊃费雪音乐厅或任何其他地方,才能听到有趣的交响乐㊂我所要做的仅仅是走到我的唱片架旁,或者打开电脑从i T u n e s上下载更多的音乐录音㊂那些回应称 音乐录音无法替代现场演奏 的音乐会忠实听众没有真正抓住核心问题㊂为了赢得艺术爱好者的时间㊁关注和金钱,古典音乐演奏家们不仅必须与歌剧院㊁舞蹈团㊁剧团和博物馆展开竞争,而且还必须与20世纪伟大古典音乐家的演奏录音展开竞争㊂这些音乐录音价格低廉㊁随处可得㊁艺术品质大多比当今的现场演奏高很多;而且听众可以自主选择 消费 它们的时间和地点㊂因此,这类音乐录音的普遍可得性已经导致(听)传统古典音乐会的习俗陷入危机㊂对于古典音乐演奏者而言,一种可能的应对措施就是去演奏还没有录制的有吸引力的新音乐作品㊂吉尔伯特本人对新音乐的兴趣众所周知:古典音乐评论家亚历克斯㊃罗斯称其为一个有能力将纽约爱乐乐团转变为 显著不同的㊁更具活力的团体 的人㊂但那种不同的本质将会是什么呢?仅仅扩充乐团的演奏总曲目是不够的㊂如果吉尔伯特和纽约爱乐乐团想要获得成功,他们必须首先改变 美国最古老的交响乐团 和 其希望吸引的新听众 之间的关系㊂T e x t2总体分析来源:B u s i n e s s w e e k‘商业周刊“2009.11.16㊂本文主要采用例证法㊁引证法,就新现象 金融危机过后美国高端职场顶级经理人纷纷裸辞 做了原因及意义分析㊂试题精解26.麦基宣布离职时,对其方式的最佳描述为㊂[A]傲慢的[B]坦率的[C]以自我为中心的[D]冲动的[锁定答案]首段前三句评价麦基离职方式:意外地坦率直接(s u r p r i s i n g l y s t r a i g h t u p)㊁并未含糊其辞(r a t h e r t h a n c l o a k i n g ),而是对外界公开辞职原因(c a m e r i g h t o u t a n d s a i d),因此[B]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]㊁[C]分别从③句b r o a d c a s t i n g h i s a m b i t i o n(宣扬野心)以及w a s v e r y m u c hm y d e c i-s i o n(完全是我个人决定)主观臆断出麦基 傲慢 和 以自我为中心 ㊂[D]从①句s u r p r i s i n g l y和②句c a m e r i g h t o u t a n d s a i d主观推出其离职是 冲动 使然,但②句表明其目标:管理一家公司㊂[提炼思路]开篇为某特殊事例时,命题人有时会就其中细节考查,看似与主题无关,但事例往往是 引子 ,故正确项与全文主基调密不可分㊂本题[A]㊁[C]和[D]三项均为 贬义 ,而全文无意对高管行事作风展开批判,而是客观说明一种现象:高管裸辞正在成为一种潮流,这与 麦基离职时不讳莫如深 的特点吻合㊂27.根据第二段,促使高管们辞职的可能是㊂[A]他们对更佳财务状况的期望[B]他们想认真思考个人生活的需求[C]他们与董事会的紧张关系[D]他们对全新职业目标的追求[锁定答案]第二段③句列举类似麦基的高管:雅芳公司和美国运通公司二号高管为追求C E O职位而辞职;还有高管因继任无望而希望易职㊂因此高管们裸辞源于 想追求新的㊁更高的职业目标 ,[D]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]从⑥句 混乱多变的商业环境 和④句 希冀C E O职位 中臆断而来㊂[B]将①句 思考想要管理什么样的公司 偷换为 思考个人生活 ㊂[C]从⑤句 继任未获董事会首肯(d o n t g e t t h e n o d) 过度推测而来,但难以继任未必源于和董事会关系不佳㊂5[提炼思路]因果细节题是高频题型,熟知因果关系词是关键,常见的有t h e r e a s o n,b e c a u s eo f,b e-c a u s e,i n t h a t,a sar e s u l to f,b er e s p o n s i b l e f o r,d u e t o,o w i n g t o,t h a n k s t o,本题使用了非显性的b e s p u r r e db y,类似的还有i nc r e a s e,s t i m u l a t e,a s s i s t,h e l p,p r o m o t e,f a c i l i t a t e,e n c o u r a g e等㊂28.第四段第三行中p o a c h e d一词的含义最有可能是㊂[A]被认可[B]被关注[C]被搜寻[D]被提防[锁定答案]①句点出段落要点:为寻找更好职位而辞掉高级职位,这并非惯例;②句解释道:高管和猎头们多年都遵循这一规则:最有吸引力的C E O是那些 ;③句引招聘者之言说明:每次搜寻人才,董事会都会要他从在任C E O中物色,可见,最受青睐的高管都是 猎取 到的,[C]正确㊂[排除干扰][A]把③句 猎头挖人之举是董事会授意 偷换为 优秀C E O都是被认可的 ㊂[B]在②句t h e o n e sw h om u s t b e p o a c h e d和t h em o s t a t t r a c t i v eC E O间机械划等号,从a t t r a c t i v e臆断出 被留心㊁关注 之意㊂[D]反向曲解文中s e a r c h,l o o ka t,h e a d h u n t等体现的 被猎取,被搜寻 这一语义㊂[提炼思路]词义题意在考查上下文把握能力,常见的上下文线索包括:词语搭配㊁同位语㊁举例说明㊁近义反义词复现等㊂第四段①②句为对比关系,②③句又是解释关系,利用这两层关系是解题关键㊂其次,从词语搭配上看,与p o a c h构成动宾关系的是C E Oc a n d i d a t e s,③句中与C E O搭配的是s e a r c h和l o o ka t,只有h u n t e d f o r与之契合㊂29.从最后一段可推知㊂[A]高级职员们过去一向坚守其职[B]高级职员们的忠诚正变得不合时宜[C]高级职员们更关注名声[D]坚守传统规则更安全[锁定答案]末段③句指出高端职场传统规则:不挪窝最安全;换言之,过去高级职员往往坚守其职㊂[A]正确㊂[排除干扰][B]对③句s t a y w h e r e y o ua r e(待在原处不动)偷换概念,将其等同于l o y a l t y(忠诚)㊂[C]由①句t h e o l d d i s g r a c e i s f a d i n g f o r t o p p e r f o r m e r s推出,但该内容对应的是 高管过去很看重脸面 ,与选项的 一般现在时态 不符㊂[D]把③句 传统规则是,坚守现职更安全 偷换成 坚守传统规则更安全 ,恰好与文意矛盾㊂[提炼思路]段落推断题要求考生体味段中的 言外之意 ,即推测作者未明说但又意欲表达的内容㊂末段②句说金融危机使高管们暂时失业或辞职变得能接受了;反过来即,过去高管及外界不认同裸辞,更想固守岗位;③句说传统职场规则是待在原有岗位更安全,但是这项规则已被彻底颠覆;换言之即,以前高管倾向于固守岗位,现在不了㊂30.以下哪项是本文最好的标题?[A]首席执行官们:路在何方?[B]首席执行官们:一路高升?[C]高级经理们在没有新工作的情况下辞职[D]高级职员们唯一的出路[锁定答案]首段引出事例:美国银行总裁高调裸辞;第二㊁三段分析众多高管裸辞的内外在原因,表明其普遍性;第四至六段对现象进行总体评价:过去很少见,如今更可接受㊂可见,全文为现象论述型议论文,并且 高管 ㊁ 裸辞 在文中反复出现,故[C]为正确选项㊂[排除干扰][A]㊁[B]把文中主角t o p m a n a g e r s偷换成C E O s,而C E O s实为文中高管裸辞的更高目标;其次两项疑问形式体现的 前景不明朗 口吻,与文中明确㊁积极态度 高管裸辞已成趋势㊁更能接受(m o r e a c c e p t a b l e) 矛盾㊂[D]由末段③句的 彻底颠覆 以及④句 受害最深的是那些待得太久的人 而来,但这并不等于 高管只有裸辞一条路可走 ,所以选项过于绝对;再者本文而非 问题解决 类型(主要谈及 出路㊁解决办法 )㊂[提炼思路]解答标题题重在寻找主题句或主题词㊂主题句通常出现在:一㊁首段首句;二㊁开篇转折处;三㊁开篇现象结束处㊂其形式往往是概括总结性的结论或者判断㊂主题词的特征通常有:主题句中出现㊁首段中多次出现㊁全文中有多次出现㊁题干中多次出现㊂6全文翻译利亚姆㊃麦基8月份辞去其作为美国银行总裁的职务时,他的解释出人意料地直率㊂他没有用常见的一些含糊其辞的借口来掩饰自己的离开,而是公开声明他离职是 为了追求我管理一家公司的目标 ㊂麦基说,公布他的追求目标 完全是我自己的决定 ㊂不出两周,麦基首次与哈特福德金融服务集团的董事会会谈,9月29日,该集团任命他为C E O兼董事长㊂麦基说,没有找好下家就辞职,给了他时间认真思考自己想要管理什么样的公司㊂这也向外界明确传递了他的志向所在㊂不过这么做的不仅仅只有麦基一个人㊂最近几周,雅芳公司和美国运通公司的二把手以他们在期冀C E O职位为由辞职了㊂当董事会迫于股东压力仔细审查继任计划时,那些未得到首肯的高管也可能想换份工作㊂动荡不安的商业环境也使得高级经理人谨防让含糊其辞的声明损毁自己的声誉㊂随着经济复苏初现企稳迹象,副总们也许会更愿意在没有找到新工作的情况下就辞职㊂利伯伦研究公司的数据显示,由于焦虑的董事会紧抓现有领导不放,第三季度的C E O人事变动率相较去年下降了23%㊂随着经济好转,对于胸怀抱负的领导者来说将会有很多机会㊂辞去高级职位以期冀更好职位这样的决定不符合惯例㊂多年来,高管和猎头们都一直遵从这样一条规则:最具吸引力的C E O候选人是那些必须被挖来的人㊂科恩/费里(猎头)公司资深合伙人丹尼斯㊃凯里说: 我所做的招聘中,想不起有哪一次董事会没有要求我首先考虑在任的C E O ㊂那些还没有找到(新)工作就跳槽的人并不总是能够快速谋得高位㊂10年前,艾伦㊃马拉姆以纯果乐公司领导人身份离职,说她想成为一名C E O;一年后她才成为一家小型网络商品交易所的头头㊂2005年,罗伯特㊃维伦斯塔德怀揣着成为一名C E O的雄心离开了花旗集团;三年后他才总算在一家大型金融机构担任了这一职务㊂许多招聘人员表示,过去对高级职员而言的不光彩正在淡去㊂金融危机已经使得暂时赋闲在家或者辞去糟糕的工作变得更易接受㊂ 传统规则是固守现任岗位更保险,但是,这种规则已经被彻底颠覆了㊂ 某位猎头说道, 受害最深的恰恰是那些待得太久的人㊂T e x t3总体分析来源:M c K i n s e y Q u a r t e r l y‘麦肯锡季刊“2010.09㊂作者指出现代营销是多种媒介合力作用的结果,分析了新媒介给营销带来的机遇和风险,并就如何应对风险提出建议㊂全文脉络:提出主旨 现代营销是多种媒介合力作用的结果 (第一段) 新媒介给营销带来的机遇(第二段) 新媒介给营销带来的风险(第三㊁四段)㊂试题精解31.消费者可能创建 免费(口碑) 媒介,当他们时㊂[A]着迷于在某个网站进行网络购物[B]受到发送给他们的产品促销邮件的启发[C]渴望帮助朋友推销优质产品[D]热衷于推荐自己最喜欢的产品[锁定答案]根据题干关键词 e a r n e d m e d i a定位到首段④句㊂该句指出,热衷某一产品的消费者自愿将其推荐给朋友时,便创建了 赢得(免费) 媒介㊂可见[D]符合文意㊂[排除干扰][A]将④句 热衷某一产品(a p r o d u c t) 曲解为 着迷于在某一网站上购物(W e bs i t e) ㊂[B]混淆了自有媒介( o w n e d m e d i a) 与赢得媒介( e a r n e d m e d i a)㊂[C]将④句 向朋友推荐产品 (p r o m o t i n g i t t o f r i e n d s)篡改为 帮朋友推销产品(h e l p t h e i r f r i e n d s p r o m o t e...) ㊂[提炼思路]解答事实细节题需找准定位,确定原文同义表达为正确项㊂由题干 e a r n e d m e d i a定位至首段④句,[D]是原文...p a s s i o n a t e a b o u t a p r o d u c t...w i l l i n g l y p r o m o t i n g i t t o f r i e n d s的同义表达,为正确项㊂7。
2011年考研英语一阅读第三篇
2011年考研英语一阅读第三篇全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1In the third passage of the Reading Comprehension section of the 2011 National Entrance Examination for Postgraduate Students, the topic focuses on China's urbanization process and its impact on the environment.The passage discusses how China's rapid urbanization in recent decades has led to significant environmental degradation, such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and the loss of biodiversity. The authors argue that urbanization has put enormous pressure on natural resources and ecosystems, leading to serious environmental problems that threaten the sustainability of China's development.The passage also highlights the role of government policies and initiatives in addressing these environmental challenges. The authors point out that while the Chinese government has made some progress in implementing environmental protection measures, more needs to be done to ensure sustainable urban development. They emphasize the importance of integratingenvironmental considerations into urban planning and design, as well as promoting green technologies and sustainable practices.In conclusion, the passage underscores the need for a more holistic and integrated approach to urbanization that takes into account the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of development. It calls for greater collaboration between government, businesses, and civil society to address the complex challenges posed by rapid urbanization and environmental degradation in China.篇22011年考研英语一阅读第三篇The third reading passage in the 2011 National Entrance Examination for Postgraduate in English is a scientific article discussing the impact of climate change on ecosystems. The passage highlights the threats that global warming poses to biodiversity and the urgent need for action to mitigate its effects.The passage begins by explaining how climate change is altering ecosystems around the world, leading to shifts in species distribution, changes in phenology, and disruptions in key ecological processes. The authors cite numerous studies thatdocument these changes, from the bleaching of coral reefs to the northward migration of plant and animal species.One of the key points made in the passage is the potential loss of biodiversity as a result of climate change. The authors caution that continued warming could lead to the extinction of many plant and animal species, disrupting entire ecosystems and resulting in a loss of ecosystem services that are vital for human well-being.The passage also discusses the role of humans in exacerbating climate change through activities such as deforestation, fossil fuel burning, and industrial agriculture. The authors argue that reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adopting sustainable practices are essential for preserving ecosystems and biodiversity in the face of global warming.In conclusion, the passage calls for urgent action to address climate change and its impacts on ecosystems. The authors stress the need for international cooperation and political will to minimize the effects of global warming and protect biodiversity for future generations.Overall, the third reading passage in the 2011 National Entrance Examination for Postgraduate in English provides a sobering look at the challenges posed by climate change toecosystems and biodiversity. It serves as a call to action for individuals, governments, and organizations to work together to address this critical issue and safeguard the planet for future generations.篇3In the third passage of the reading part of 2011 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination, the topic revolves around the concept of community and how it is changing in contemporary society. The passage explores how traditional forms of community, such as neighborhoods and families, are being transformed by factors such as technology, globalization, and individualism.The passage begins by discussing the changing nature of neighborhoods, which are no longer as tight-knit and communal as they once were. The rise of social media and online communities has allowed people to connect with others who share similar interests and values, regardless of their physical location. As a result, traditional neighborhood bonds are weakening, and people are forming new types of communities based on common interests rather than geographical proximity.Furthermore, the passage explores how globalization has impacted communities, leading to increased diversity and interconnectedness. People are now more likely to interact with individuals from different cultures and backgrounds, which has both positive and negative implications for community cohesion. On one hand, globalization has the potential to foster understanding and cooperation among people of different backgrounds. On the other hand, it can also lead to conflict and division as people struggle to navigate the complexities of a globalized world.Finally, the passage touches on the role of individualism in shaping contemporary communities. As people prioritize their own needs and desires over those of the group, traditional communal bonds are eroding. This shift towards individualism has both benefits and drawbacks, as it allows people to express themselves and pursue their own goals, but it can also lead to isolation and alienation from others.Overall, the passage provides a thought-provoking analysis of the changing nature of community in today's society. It raises important questions about the future of communal ties and how they can adapt to the challenges of a rapidly changing world. It challenges readers to think critically about the role of communityin their own lives and consider how they can contribute to building strong and inclusive communities in the future.。
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考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2011年阅读Text 3（上）这是一篇经济类文章，主要内容是市场宣传的作用和效果以及各种不同宣传手段之间的相互作用和影响。
文章内容比较贴近现实，易于理解，其中的词汇也是基础词汇比较多，接下来老师就为大家总结了其中的20个重点和高频词汇，希望对大家的词汇复习有所帮助。
1. 17television ['teliviʒәn]n. 电视，电视节目，电视机【词根记忆】：tele (远)+ vis(看)+ ion(名词后缀)→能看到远处的东西→电视机【真题例句】：Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution. 另外，欧共体的形成将迫使电视公司在制作和发行方面更密切地合作。
(2005年翻译)2. 10advertisement [,ædvɚ'taɪzmənt]n. 1. 广告，公告，启事 2. 广告活动，宣传【词根记忆】：advertise(做广告)+ment(名词后缀)→1. 广告，公告，启事【短语搭配】：commercial advertisement 商业广告【真题例句】：While traditional “paid”media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. 虽然像电视商业和纸质广告这些付费媒体依然起主要作用，但是如今的公司能够利用更多媒体选择。
(2011年阅读Text 3)3. 16purchase ['pɝtʃəs]v. 买,购买n. 购买的物品【词根记忆】：pur-(向前)+chase(追赶)→向前追赶潮流→purchase购物【短语搭配】：purchase price买价，进货价格purchase order订购单，采购订单【真题例句】：The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. 如今消费者作出购买决定的过程表明，市场营销的影响力来自传统付费媒介之外广泛因素。
(2011年阅读Text 3)4. 7boycott ['bɔɪkɑt]n./v.(联合)抵制,拒绝参与【联想记忆】：boycott实际上是爱尔兰一个地主的名字，他对待佣人和佃户苛刻，最后遭到大家集体抵制他的农产品。
【真题例句】：If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. 如果那种事情一旦发生，激动的消费者会尽力劝服他人共同抵制产品，从而危及目标企业的声誉。
(2011年阅读Text3)5. 11promote[prə'mot]vt.1.促进，增进，发扬 2.提升，提拔3.宣传，推销(商品等)【词根记忆】：pro向前+mot动→向前动→促进【短语搭配】：promote development 促进发展promote peace 促进和平promote sales 促进销售; 推销商品【真题例句】：The meeting discussed how to promote this latest product.这次会议讨论了如何开展这种新产品的推销工作。
(1997年翻译)6. 13complement ['kɑmplɪmɛnt]n.补语;余角;补足物vt.补足，补助【词根记忆】：com(全部)+ple(满，填满)+ment(名词后缀)→全部满→补足【真题例句】：Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. 比如，强生公司创建了网站BabyCenter，借以推广互补性乃至竞争性产品。
(2011年阅读Text3)7. 11initiate [ɪ'nɪʃɪet]vt.1.开始，创始，发起 2.使初步了解3.接纳(新成员)，让…加入n.新加入组织的人【词根记忆】：in(里面)+it(走)+iate(动词)→刚刚走到里面去→vt.开始，创始，发起【真题例句】：. ...so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean ……因此这个热点就引发了一个新的海洋的形成(1998年阅读Text 5)8. 23response[rɪ'spɑns]n. 1. 回答，答复 2. 反应，响应【词根记忆】：re(=back 向后)+ sponse(=promise回应)→回应【短语搭配】：in response to 回答;响应;反应【真题例句】：For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users’responses.对于营利媒介来说，这些营销家表现的像最开始对用户反映做出反馈的人。
(2011年阅读Text3)9. 22define [dɪ'faɪn]vt.1.给…下定义，解释 2.限定，规定【词根记忆】：de表示强调+fin限制→限制一个范围→规定，定义【短语搭配】：define as 解释为【真题例句】：Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. 贝多芬的作曲(和前人的相比)有着革命性的特征，这正是为什么他在音乐界是如此的重要。
(2014年翻译)10. 28environment [ɪn'vaɪrənmənt]n. 环境，外界【词根记忆】：en=in-进入，vir简写自whirl-旋转，on-无义，ment-名词后缀→转一圈、在一个圈里面→“环”境【真题例句】：We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. 我们定义这样的出售媒体为拥有媒体，其访问流量是如此之大以至于使其他组织将他们的内容或电子商务引擎置于这样的环境之中。
(2011年阅读Text3)总之，这10个单词是我们考研英语中非常高频和重点的，本文结合2011年考研英语一阅读部分第三篇文章对这10个单词进行了深度剖析，参考的是最新的考研英语大纲，以及权威的词根词缀和短语搭配词典，希望同学们认真学习，细心体会，掌握这些词语。
凯程教育：凯程考研成立于2005年，国内首家全日制集训机构考研，一直从事高端全日制辅导，由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研教研队伍组成，为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研服务。
凯程考研的宗旨：让学习成为一种习惯；凯程考研的价值观口号：凯旋归来，前程万里；信念：让每个学员都有好最好的归宿；使命：完善全新的教育模式，做中国最专业的考研辅导机构；激情：永不言弃，乐观向上；敬业：以专业的态度做非凡的事业；服务：以学员的前途为已任，为学员提供高效、专业的服务，团队合作，为学员服务，为学员引路。
如何选择考研辅导班：在考研准备的过程中，会遇到不少困难，尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说，通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足，可以大大提高复习效率，节省复习时间，大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班，或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。
师资力量：师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素，考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价，询问往届学长然后选择。
判断师资力量关键在于综合实力，因为任何一门课程，都不是由一、两个教师包到底的，是一批教师配合的结果。
还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。
凯程考研名师云集，李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。
而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课，对知识点把握和命题方向，欠缺火候。
对该专业有辅导历史：必须对该专业深刻理解，才能深入辅导学员考取该校。
在考研辅导班中，从来见过如此辉煌的成绩：凯程教育拿下2015五道口金融学院状元，考取五道口15人，清华经管金融硕士10人，人大金融硕士15个，中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人，北师大教育学7人，会计硕士保录班考取30人，翻译硕士接近20人，中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程，法学方面，凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元，更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。
在凯程官方网站的光荣榜，成功学员经验谈视频特别多，都是凯程战绩的最好证明。
对于如此高的成绩，凯程集训营班主任邢老师说，凯程如此优异的成绩，是与我们凯程严格的管理，全方位的辅导是分不开的，很多学生本科都不是名校，某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校，还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的，大多数是跨专业考研，他们的难度大，竞争激烈，没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习，是很难达到优异的成绩。
最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。
建校历史：机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素，历史越久，积累的人脉资源更多。
例如，凯程教育已经成立10年（2005年），一直以来专注于考研，成功率一直遥遥领先，同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。