Common American Phone Conversation
八年级下英语知识点及如何转变成可延续性动词
八年级下册Unit 11.在人们家中in people's home2.在家通过电脑学习study at home on computers3.将来in the future4.免费的be free5.活到200 岁live to be 200 years old6.一百年之后in 100 years7.一张纸a piece of paper8.更多/更少的树more/fewer trees9.更多/更少的污染more/less pollution10.更少使用地铁use the subway less11.更多使用…use sth a lot12.同意某人的意见agree with sb13.与…谈话talk to/with sb14.使用某物做某事use sth to do15.在上小学be in elementary/primary school16.住在一间公寓live in an apartment17.乘坐火箭到月球fly rockets to the moon18.爱上…fall in love with…19.独自居住live alone20.能够做某事be able to do sth21.去香港度假go to Hong Kong on vacation22.世界杯the World Cup23.飞到月球度假fly to the moon for vacation24.有朝一日one day25.为某人工作work for sb26.看起来精神look smart27.实现come true28.预言未来predict the future29.看见某人做某事see sb do/doing30.数以百计的hundreds of31.在太空in space32.拥有某人自己的机器人have one's own robot33.科幻小说science fiction movies34.帮助某人做家务help with the housework35.与…做同样的事do the same things as sb36.叫醒某人wake up37.与…交朋友make friends with sb38.某地有某人正在做某事there be sb/sth doing sth +sp.39.看起来更像look more like40.一遍又一遍地over and over again41.有更少的工作去做have less work to do42.做某事有趣be fun to do43.在25年到50年之后in 25 to 50 yearsUnit 21.挡住;阻止…进入keep out2.与…某人就某事争吵argue with sb about sth3.与…争吵have an argument with sb=argue with sb4.告诉某人(不要)做某事tell sb (not ) to do5.得到一份兼职的工作get a part-time job6.打开turn on7.把…声音放得太大play…too loud8.给…写信write sb a letter9.给…打电话call sb up10.一场球赛的票a ticket to a ball game11.使…惊讶surprise sb12.支付…pay for13.从…借…borrow sth from sb14.为某人买某物buy sb sth15.不知道have no idea16.有同样的发型have the same haircut17.查明find out18.请家教get a tutor19.需要去做need to do20.邀请某人去做某事invite sb to do sth21.把某物落在家里leave sth at home22.做某事失败fail (in) sth23.与…相处融洽get on well with sb24.与…相同的be the same as25.归还某物return sth26.在字典中查找…look up…in a dictionary27.与…打架have a fight with sb28.与…比较compare with29.向…抱怨某事complain to sb about sth30.感觉处于(太多的)压力之下be/feel under (too much) pressure31.买不同的衣服get different clothes32.把…从一个地方带到另一个地方Take….. to33.直到…才…not…u ntil34.尽可能多地充实到孩子们的生活中来fit as much as possible into their kids lives35.屡见不鲜nothing new36.厉害地强迫某人push sb hard37.总是在做某事be always doing38.计划做某事plan to do39.一方面on the one hand40.另一方面on the other hand41.从很小的年龄开始start from a very young ageUnit 31.到达arrive at/get to/reach2.在…前面in front of3.在…的前部in the front of4.在理发师的椅子上in/on the barber's chair5.睡懒觉sleep late6.在电话中交谈talk on the phone7.航天博物馆the Museum of Flight8.降落在中央大街上land on Center Street9.报警call the police10.沿着街道走walk down/along the street11.起飞/脱下take off12.有一次不寻常的经历have an unusual experience13.大约在10点钟at around ten o'clock14.跟着某人做某事/去某地follow sb to do/地点15.对…感到惊讶be surprised/amazed at16.在树上in the tree/on the tree17.朝…喊叫shout to sb/shout at sb18.在火车站at the train station19.逃跑run away20.沿着…走walk around21.纽约市New York City/the city of the New York22.对…说say to sb23.飞往纽约的航班the flight to New York24.在医生的诊所at the doctor's25.看望住院的姨妈visit aunt in hospital26.2008年奥运会the 2008 Olympics27.记得做过/去做某事remember doing/to do sth28.在历史上in history29.在现代美国历史上in modern American history30.最重要的事件之一one of the most important events31.听说hear about/of32.多于;超过more than33.玩得高兴have fun/have a good time/enjoy oneself34.沉默地做某事do sth in silence35.在当今时代in recent times36.被…毁坏be destroyed by37.对…有意义have meaning to38.在太空in space39.与(不与)…一样…as…as/not as/so…as40.环绕地球around the world41.一个民族英雄a national hero42.全世界all over the world/around the world43.因/作为…而著名be famous for/as44.第一次做某事do sth for the first time45.日常活动everyday activitiesUnit 41.看肥皂剧watch soap operas2.举行一次惊喜晚会have a surprise party3.在周五晚上on Friday night4.生某人的气be mad at sb5.首先first of all6.做课外家庭作业do a homework project7.递给某人某物pass sb sth=pass sth to sb =pass on sth to sb=pass sth on to sb8.在公共汽车站at the bus stop9.理应做某事be supposed to do10.擅长be good at=do well in11.很抱歉做某事be sorry to do sth12.感冒have/catch a cold13.身体健康be in good health14.一次期末考试an end-of-year exam15.在某事方面感到费劲have a hard time with16.做某事很吃惊be surprised to do17.捎去某人的问候send one's love18.到现在为止for now19.抄袭别人的家庭作业copy others' homework20.传些口信pass on some messages21.大打一架have a big fight22.忘记去做某事forget to do23.养成一个坏习惯start a bad habit24.克服get over25.改变某人的生活change one's life=change the life of sb26.在一个贫困的山村in a poor mountain village27.听起来像sound like28.一个北京大学的毕业生a Peking University graduate29.一个为期一年的计划a one-year program30.由…发起be started by31.教育部the Ministry of Education 32.派人去做某事send sb to do33.对某人来说是一个新的经历be a new experience for sb34.海拔2000米2000 meters above sea level35.使某人觉得恶心make sb feel sick36.经历不同的事experience different things37.打开某人对外面世界的视野open up one's eyes to the outside world38.给某人生活一个好的开始give sb a good start in life39.在某人的生活中有一个好的影响be a good influence in one's life40.关爱地球母亲care for "Mother Earth"41.无国界医生Doctors Without Borders42.濒危野生动物wild animals in danger43.处于危险之中be in danger44.脱离危险be out of dangerUnit 51.去参加晚会go to the party2.玩得高兴have a great time3.让某人进let in4.备考study for one's test5.一半的同学half the class6.岁末晚会end of year party7.穿牛仔裤wear jeans8.把…拿走take away9.在晚会期间during the party10.校大扫除school clean-up11.儿童医院探视Children's Hospital visit12.环球旅行travel around the world13.获得教育get an education14.足球代理人professional soccer player15.谋生make a living16.似乎seem like sth/doing sth17.梦想的职业dream job18.捐给慈善机构give…to charity19.一直all the time20.受伤get injured21.很难做某事have a difficult/hard time22.实际上in fact23.能够be able to/can24.手机mobile phone25.与某人度过时光spend time with sbUnit 61.收集贝壳collect shells2.滑冰马拉松skating marathon3.你第一双滑冰鞋your first pair of skates4.募捐raise money5.整整五小时the whole five hours6.三年半three and a half years7.填充动物玩具stuffed animals8.妖怪雪球snow glob of the monster9.用光run out of10.在我十七岁生日时on my seventeenth birthday11.顺便说一下by the way12.最常见的the most common13.送某人某物send sb sth14.才艺表演a talent show15.额外的英语课extra Englsih class16.古币old coins17.自由话题free topic18.想起think of19.著名人物famous characters20.黑龙江省会the capital of Heilongjiang Province21.具有丰富多彩的历史with a colorful history22.欧洲的影响European influence23.苏联风格in Russian style24.家史family history25.惊奇be surprised26.受到…的欢迎be welcomed by27.宋朝皇帝the Song Emperor28.西方历史western history29.越…越the+比较级…the +比较30.确信be certain that/to doUnit 71.介意做某事mind doing sth2.调小/大turn down/up3.洗餐具do the dishes4.从…里出来get out of5.立即right away/at once6.一会儿in a minute7.在开会be at the meeting8.完成这些工作finish these tasks9.在厨房里in the kitchen10.帮某人做某事help sb do/with sth11.抱怨complain about sth12.商店职员store clerk13.给你拿错了食品bring you the wrong food14.不好使don't work 15.恼怒get annoyed16.排队等候wait in line17.长时间的电话聊天have a long telephone conversation18.到处跟着我follow me around19.回到…go back to20.一直all the time21.碰巧发生在某人身上happen to sb22.试着不做某事try not to do sth23.插队cut in line24.有点晚a bit late25.定购食物order food26.压低你的声音keep your voice down27.讲英语的国家English-speaking country28.社会行为social behavior29.与某人站的近stand close to sb30.一些亚洲国家some Asian countries31.在各种条件下in all situations32.即使even if 33.当众in public34.小心take care to do sth35.熄灭香烟put out the cigarette36.被批评be criticized37.扔垃圾drop litter38.捡起pick up39.表现礼貌behave politely40.依靠depend on41.地方报纸local newspaperUnit 81.幸运儿lucky guy2.做一顿特别的饭make a special meal3.你自己的选择your own choices4.大腹便便的猪a pot-bellied pig5.好伙伴good company6.带某人出去take sb out to do7.睡着fall asleep8.半途中half way9.树上的一片叶子a leaf from a tree10.赠送give away11.公园长椅park bench12.试着做某事try to do sth13.通过不同的方式in different ways14.来自于中国各地from across China15.在舞台上on stage16.各种年龄层all age groups17.鼓励某人做某事encourage sb to do sth18.取得进步make progress19.奥委会the Olympic Committee20.从…中得到乐趣have fun with sth21.讲本族语的人native speakers22.使某要对某事感兴趣make sb interested in Unit 91.太空博物院space museum2.游乐场amusement park3.水上乐园water park4.曾经到过某个地方have been to5.到某个地方去了have gone to6.呆在某个地方have been in7.既不也不；两者都不neither nor8.听说hear of9.迪斯尼人物Disney character10.主题公园a theme park11.当然of course12.过山车a roller coaster13.以┉为主题be themed by14.四处走动walk around15.总是一直all the time16. 迪斯尼巡游Disney Cruise17.兜风take a ride 18.在船上on board19.走不同的路线take different routes20.结束end up21.空中乘务员a flight attendant22.导游a tour guide23.象…这样的such as 24.考虑think about25.胜于，而不是rather than26.在东南亚in Southeast Asia27.度假take a holiday28.在一方面on the one hand29.在另一方面on the other hand30.超过多余more than31.四分之三three quarters32.三分之一one third33.做某事有困难have some problem doing34.不管还是；whether or35.夜狩night safari36.在白天during the daytime37.在更自然的环境里in a more natural environment38.全年all year round 39.靠近be close toUnit 10. It's a nice day, isn't it?1.闲聊small talk2.祝一天愉快have a good day3.浏览；粗略看一遍look through4.排队等候wait in line5.穿过一条繁忙的街道cross a busy street6.开场白open questions7.感谢函Thank-you note8.想要feel like9.出现；陪伴come along10.融洽相处get along11.想起think of12.有一个家宴have a family dinner13.交通拥挤heavy traffic14.至少at least常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.→have been in sw./at…相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back3. have come/gone out →have been out4. have become → have been5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open6. have got up → have been up；7. have died → have been dead；8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；11. havemarried → have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；13. have begun → have b een on14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had15. have lost → haven’t had16. have put on →have worn17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；18. have got to know → have known19. have/has gone to → have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the arm y→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…。
美国生活会话笔记
美国生活会话笔记专业：信息与计算科学姓名：喜乐年级：2010级目录Topic 1 at the airport (3)小知识点： (3)文化及背景知识： (3)打招呼 (3)打招呼时的称呼 (3)Topic 2 first encounters (4)小知识点： (4)文化及背景知识： (4)自我介绍 (4)Topic 3 a place to live (5)小知识点： (5)Topic 4 at the crossroads (5)小知识点： (5)文化及背景知识： (5)方向 (5)街区 (6)Topic 5 at school (6)小知识点： (6)文化及背景知识： (6)本科生入学 (6)Topic 6 at the shops (7)小知识点： (7)Topic 7 at the bank (7)小知识点： (7)Topic 1 at the airport小知识点：1、all the way 跑了很远的距离2、to ask A to say hello to B 请A代向B问好。
1、my old self 还是老样。
在myself等反身代词之间可以插入其他形容词。
如：my humble self.4、Additional expressions for greetings and parting:Greetings:How are you doing (this moring)?How're things going?How's it going?How's everything with you?How are you get (along/on) （with your new job）?Parting:So long. Be seeing you. Keep in touch. Drop by sometime. Send me a line.Give me a call. Bon voyage. Give me regards to the family.Remember me to the family.文化及背景知识：打招呼若把语言的场合分为非正式、较为正式和正式三个等级，那么在打招呼时候，可以相应的用hello(hi), how are you,或how do you do.Hello 一般用在相识的朋友之间。
介绍美国的对话作文英文
介绍美国的对话作文英文下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copyexcerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!I met my American friend, John, at a cafe in New York City. We started talking about our favorite movies. John said he loved action movies because they always kept him on the edge of his seat. He mentioned that his all-time favorite was "Die Hard" because of the intense action scenes and the charismatic performance of Bruce Willis. I shared that I enjoyed romantic comedies because they made me feel happy and hopeful. I mentioned "The Notebook" as my favorite romantic movie because of its beautiful love story and emotional moments.During our conversation, John asked me about my thoughts on American cuisine. I told him that I loved the variety of food options available in the United States. I mentioned that I enjoyed trying different regional dishes, such as New York-style pizza and Southern barbecue. John agreed and mentioned that he loved the diversity of cuisines in the country, from Mexican to Chinese and everything in between. We both agreed that American foodwas not only delicious but also reflected the cultural melting pot that the United States is known for.As we continued our conversation, John asked me about my experiences living in the United States. I shared that I found the American education system to be very different from what I was used to in my home country. I mentionedthat the emphasis on critical thinking and independent learning was something I appreciated. John shared that he had similar experiences when he studied abroad in Europe, where the education system focused more on memorization and rote learning. We both agreed that experiencing different education systems had broadened our perspectives and shaped us into more well-rounded individuals.Switching topics, John asked me about my thoughts on American sports. I mentioned that I was a big fan of basketball and enjoyed watching NBA games. I told him that my favorite team was the Los Angeles Lakers because oftheir rich history and talented players. John, on the other hand, was a die-hard football fan and supported the New England Patriots. We had a friendly debate about whichsport was more exciting, but ultimately agreed that both basketball and football had their own unique appeal.Towards the end of our conversation, John asked me about my impressions of American culture. I mentioned that I admired the strong emphasis on individualism and the "can-do" attitude that many Americans possessed. I shared that I found Americans to be friendly and welcoming, always willing to strike up a conversation with strangers. John agreed and mentioned that he loved the diversity and inclusivity that he saw in American society. We both agreed that the United States was a country of opportunities and a place where people from different backgrounds could thrive.As our conversation came to a close, we exchanged contact information and promised to keep in touch. We both agreed that our conversation had been enlightening and enjoyable. It was a great opportunity to learn more about each other's cultures and perspectives. We left the cafe with a newfound appreciation for the similarities and differences between our two countries.。
怎么和美国人交谈英语作文
怎么和美国人交谈英语作文Title: Mastering Conversations with Native English Speakers。
Introduction:Engaging in conversations with native English speakers can be both exciting and challenging, especially for non-native English speakers. However, with the right approach and consistent practice, you can improve your communication skills and build meaningful connections with Americans. In this article, we will explore various strategies and tips to enhance your English conversation skills and effectively communicate with native speakers.1. Develop Strong Listening Skills:One of the fundamental aspects of effective communication is active listening. Paying attention to the speaker's words, tone, and body language allows you tounderstand their message better. Here are some tips to improve your listening skills:Maintain eye contact with the speaker to show your interest and attention.Avoid interrupting or finishing sentences for the speaker; instead, let them complete their thoughts.Take notes or mentally summarize the key points to ensure comprehension.Ask clarifying questions to demonstrate your understanding and engage in the conversation.2. Expand Your Vocabulary:Building a rich vocabulary is crucial for expressing yourself clearly and understanding native speakers. Here are some strategies to enhance your vocabulary:Read English books, newspapers, and magazines to exposeyourself to a wide range of words and phrases.Utilize online resources, such as vocabulary-building apps and websites, to learn new words and their contextual usage.Keep a vocabulary journal to record new words, their meanings, and sample sentences for future reference.Practice using new words regularly in conversations to reinforce your learning.3. Improve Pronunciation and Intonation:Clear pronunciation and appropriate intonation are essential for effective communication. Here are some techniques to improve your pronunciation:Listen to native English speakers, such as podcasts, audiobooks, or songs, to familiarize yourself with their pronunciation patterns.Practice speaking English aloud, focusing on individual sounds, words, and sentences.Use pronunciation apps or websites to receive feedback on your pronunciation and work on specific areas of improvement.Engage in conversations with native English speakers and ask for their feedback on your pronunciation and intonation.4. Learn Informal Expressions and Idioms:Informal expressions and idioms are frequently used in everyday conversations. Familiarizing yourself with these expressions will help you understand native speakers better and make your conversations more natural. Here are some ways to learn informal expressions:Watch American movies, TV shows, or sitcoms to hear how native speakers use idiomatic expressions in different contexts.Read books or articles about American culture and expressions to gain insights into their usage.Practice using informal expressions and idioms in conversations with native speakers, gradually incorporating them into your own speech.5. Understand Cultural Nuances:Cultural understanding plays a significant role in effective communication. Being aware of culturaldifferences and norms can help you navigate conversations with Americans more smoothly. Consider the following aspects:Familiarize yourself with American customs, traditions, and social etiquette through books, online resources, or cultural exchange programs.Be open-minded and respectful of different perspectives, even if they differ from your own cultural background.Observe and adapt to non-verbal cues, such as body language and gestures, as they can vary across cultures.Ask questions and show genuine interest in American culture, as it demonstrates your willingness to learn and engage in meaningful conversations.Conclusion:Engaging in conversations with native English speakers, particularly Americans, can be a rewarding experience that expands your linguistic and cultural horizons. By developing strong listening skills, expanding your vocabulary, improving pronunciation, learning informal expressions, and understanding cultural nuances, you can confidently communicate with native speakers and establish meaningful connections. Remember, practice and perseverance are key to mastering English conversations, so keep engaging in conversations and embrace the learning process.。
美国留学直接对话英语作文
As a high school student with dreams of exploring the world, the opportunity to study in the United States was a golden ticket to a new realm of possibilities. The journey began with a leap of faith and a suitcase full of hopes, but the real adventure was in the direct dialogue with a culture vastly different from my own.The moment my plane touched down at JFK International Airport, I was greeted by a cacophony of languages and the distinct scent of fast food that seemed to permeate the air. It was a sensory overload that was both exhilarating and intimidating. My first challenge was to navigate the bustling airport and find my way to the campus of my new university.The initial days were a whirlwind of orientation sessions, meeting new people, and trying to decipher the American college system. The language barrier, however, was not as daunting as I had imagined. English, as I quickly discovered, was not just about grammar and vocabulary it was about understanding the nuances, the slang, and the cultural references that were woven into everyday conversations.One of the most profound experiences was attending my first class. The professor, a charismatic man with a passion for his subject, welcomed us with a warm smile and an open discussion. It was a stark contrast to the rigid, teachercentered classes back home. Here, students were encouraged to voice their opinions, to challenge ideas, and to engage in a dialogue that was both intellectual and personal.The campus was a melting pot of cultures and ideas. I found myself inconversations with students from all corners of the globe, discussing everything from politics to pop culture. It was a crash course in global perspectives, and I soaked it all in, eager to learn and understand.Living in the dormitory was an adventure in itself. Roommates from different backgrounds brought their own unique habits and lifestyles. There were latenight study sessions, pizza parties, and endless debates that often stretched into the early hours of the morning. It was a microcosm of the world, and I was right in the middle of it.The American education system emphasized critical thinking and independent learning. Professors expected students to take the initiative, to research, and to form their own arguments. It was a far cry from the rote memorization and passive learning that I was used to. This new approach was challenging, but it was also liberating. It allowed me to think for myself and to develop my own voice.Outside the classroom, I immersed myself in the American way of life. I attended football games, explored the local cuisine, and even tried my hand at American slang. I was a foreigner, yes, but I was also a student, a friend, and a part of the community.Of course, there were moments of homesickness and culture shock. The fast pace of life, the individualistic nature of American culture, and the constant emphasis on selfexpression were all new and sometimes overwhelming. But these challenges were also opportunities for growth and selfdiscovery.Studying in the United States was not just about academics it was about embracing a new culture, making lifelong friends, and broadening my horizons. It was about engaging in direct dialogue with a society that was both familiar and foreign, and finding my place within it.In the end, the experience was a testament to the power of education and the importance of stepping out of ones comfort zone. It was a journey that transformed me, not just as a student, but as a global citizen. And as I prepare to return home, I carry with me the lessons learned, the memories made, and the direct dialogue that has shaped my understanding of the world.。
British English and American English
Germany
Belgium（比利时）
Italy
Hungary（匈牙利）
Poland
Monaco（摩纳哥）
Austria（奥地利）
Peru（秘鲁）
Finland
Sweden（瑞典）
Iceland
Denmark
NorwayChina来自Vietnam（越南）
Japan
Korea
British （英国人）: The pisser ! The whizz palace!（Pisser 啊！Whizz palace 啊！） American （美国人）手指那个方向: I love you, you are funny!（我爱你哦！ 你真逗！） The bathroom is just over there through that door, sir!（洗手间在那边，穿 过那个门之后就是。） British（英国人）: Through the what?（穿过什么？） American（美国人）: Yeah, you have a nice pee! You have a good pee!（是啊！ 祝你撒尿愉快！祝你撒尿成功！） British（英国人）惊讶：What？！（什么！） American（美国人）手指那个方向：Just over there.（就是在那边。） British（英国人）惊讶： What?! What, what ?!（啥？！！！） American（美国人）: You enjoy your pee！Tip！（祝你撒尿愉快！小费！） British（英国人）惊讶: Tip？！（还要小费？！）PS：Tip小费、建议 American（美国人）: You gotta give me a tip now! （你现在得给我小费！） British（英国人）: I’ll give you a tip! Immigrate to England!（好啊，我给你 个建议。移民去英国吧！）
Conversation
Glossary of Sports Slang and Idioms Used in Casual American Conversation Arrayace – Baseball: A team’s best starting pitcher. Also used as a verb, meaning “did very well.” Example: “I aced that test today.”ball is in one's (or another's) court – Tennis: Responsibility now belongs to the person named; often in the sentence "The ball is in your court", meaning it is now up to you.bare-knuckle – Boxing: Characterized by a fiercely unrelenting or implacable character, for example "bare-knuckle politics". Bare-knuckle boxing is the more savage precursor to forms of boxing that mandate gloves.beat (someone) to the punch – Boxing: To make the first decisive move. A boxer who first strikes his opponent has beaten him to the punch.beezer – Boxing: The nose. Example: “I got hit in the beezer.”behind the eight-ball. From the game of pool. In a very bad position, perhaps inextricably bad.bench; on the bench; warm/ride the bench – To bench someone is to remove someone from participation; to be on the bench or to warm or ride the bench is to be so removed, to observe without participating, or to wait for one's chance to participate. A bench-clearing fight is a fight that breaks out on the playing field and draws all players from the dugout or bench.blitz – Football. A defensive attack in football where several defensive players who normally cover running or passing routes rush the passer. In common usage, an intense campaign to get a job done, as in “I went on a housework blitz over the weekend.”blow-by-blow – Boxing: In reference to a verbal or written account, means providing great detail: for example, "a blow-by-blow description of the movie." Sometimes simplified to the nominal phrase "blow-by-blow" as in "You saw what happened, give me the blow-by-blow."bowl over – Cricket: To astonish or overwhelm. The cricket term means to knock both ofthe bails off the wicket.bump and run – Football.A technique used to slow down a player so something else can be accomplished on the field. Also, a car theft technique. One thief causes a fender bender. As the driver leaves the car to inspect the damage, an accomplice jumps in and drives off. Luxury cars are the usual target.bush league – an amateur play or behavior.carry the ball – football, rugby: To take charge, to assume responsibility. In some ball games (for example American or Canadian football, rugby, etc), the ball can be carried to advance toward a goal.Cheap shot – A deliberate foul against an unsuspecting player. In conversation, an unfair or unsporting verbal attack on a vulnerable target. “That was a cheap shot, and you know it.”come out fighting or come out swinging – Boxing: To go immediately on the offensive, often pre-emptively; or, to strongly defend oneself or one's beliefscurve ball – Baseball. A pitch that veers to one side in order to trick the batter. Anything unexpected or designed to deceive. “That last question was a real curve ball,” or “What do you do when life throws you curve balls?”down and out – Boxing: Lacking money or prospects; penniless or destitute. A boxer who is "down" has been knocked to the canvas, and one who is also "out" is unconscious or unable to resume the fight. Thus, a down-and-out person is utterly defeated.down for the count; out for the count – Boxing: To be defeated. Refers to a boxer being knocked down; the referee will count off ten seconds, the time allotted for the boxer to regain his feet or lose the fight. Down for the count may imply a temporary setback, as down does not necessarily imply out.down to the wire – Horse racing: To the very end or last minute. From the length of wire stretched across a racetrack at the finish line.drop the ball – Baseball, rugby, American football, etc: To make an error, to miss an opportunity.drop back and punt. Football. It means that you are running out of options and you need to go with your last resort, or cut your losses by moving away from the situation. drop the gloves– Ice hockey: To engage in a fight, whether figurative or literal. Refers to the act of hockey players throwing off their gloves to punch with bare knuckles.full-court press – Basketball: An all-out effort to exert pressure. In basketball, full-court press is an aggressive defense strategy in which the defenders put pressure on the opposing team over the entire court, trying to disrupt their dribbling and passing.fumble – Football:When any offensive player loses possession of the ball before a play is blown dead. To touch or handle nervously, as in “I am fumbling for my keys.”gambit – Boxing: A strategy or tactic; chess: an opening system that involves a pawn sacrifice to gain the initiative right from the start. Often used in the expression “opening gambit.”get the ball rolling – Some ball games: To start an endeavor. Some ball games are started by rolling a ball into play. “John, why don’t you get the ball rolling at our staff meeting this morning?”glass jaw – Boxing: Vulnerability, especially of a public figure, to destructive criticism. In boxing, a fighter who is especially vulnerable or susceptible to a knockout is said to have a glass jaw.the gloves are off – Boxing, Hockey: See take off the gloves, below.go the distance – Boxing: Carry through a course of action to completion. A boxer goes the distance when he can fight through all the scheduled rounds.go to bat – Baseball. Stand up and support someone, or take someone’s side, usually in a dispute. “Why won’t you go to bat for me on this one?”go to the mat – Wrestling: to engage in an argument or dispute, especially until one side is victorious. In wrestling, it means to engage in a wrestling bout, the mat being the surface on which the contest is fought.move the goalposts – Football: to change the rules to make it difficult for others to achieve something. Could also mean to change the rules to make it easier.Hail Mary – Football: any very long forward pass made in desperation with only a small chance of success, especially at or near the end of a half. A biblical, catholic prayer asking for the intercession of the virgin Mary. Hence, whenever someone calls out to God in desperation. Example: “We’ll just have to say a Hail Mary in that situation.”hands down – Horse racing: With great ease; unconditionally; often (and originally) in the phrase to win hands down, in which a jockey, certain of victory, drops his hands relaxes his hold on the reins.hang time – Basketball. Amount of time a player or ball is in the air. In common usage, people “hang around” or “hang out” with each other when they don’t have scheduled events to attend.hat-trick – Cricket: A threefold feat in an endeavor. Achievement of a positive feat three times in a row. (However, in bowling, three strikes in a row is known as a “turkey.”)have someone in your corner – Boxing: To have the support or help of someone.heavy hitter – Boxing: An important or influential individual or organization. Refers to a boxer who is able to hit hard.heavyweight – Boxing: A person of great influence or importance. In boxing, it is a weight division of 175 pounds (79.5 kg) or higher, or a boxer fighting in this division.hit below the belt – Boxing: To act unfairly or unscrupulously, in disregard of the rules. To hit an opponent below the belt is an illegal move in boxing.hit it out of the park – Baseball. When the batter hits the ball so hard, it flies out of the baseball park. Doing something very well.hit a home run – Baseball. When the batter hits the ball and is able to run four bases without stopping, to score a point. Also called a homer, blast, dinger, four-bagger, tater or moon shot (a very long, high home run.)home stretch or homestretch – Horse racing: The final phase of an endeavor or project. On a racecourse, the home stretch is the final part of track on which the race finishes. hoops – slang term for the game of basketball. “Want to shoot some hoops with us this afternoon?”huddle – when players on the field form a group to discuss an upcoming play. Also used as a verb. “Let’s huddle to come up with a strategy for that huge project.”hurler on the ditch – Hurling: A non-participant who criticizes from outside. Derives from a spectator (typically a man too old to play anymore) criticizing the players while observing from the stands.in-fighting, infighting – Boxing: Close-quarter fighting. Also, conflict between members of the same organization, often concealed from outsiders.kayo, K.O. – Boxing: To put out of commission. From the boxing phrase "knockout" (knock unconscious), abbreviated "K.O." and pronounced and often written as "kayo". keep one's eye on the ball – Ball games: To remain alert. In most games involving balls, it is important for players to keep track of the ball.keep the ball rolling – Some ball games: To keep a conversation or endeavor from flagging. “I’ll rely on you to keep the ball rolling during the question and answer time.”kisser. The mouth or face, as in “He got smacked right in the kisser.”'lead with one's chin' – Boxing: To speak without caution, or to leave oneself unprotected. Refers to a boxer leaving his chin, a vulnerable point, unprotected.lightweight' – Boxing: (A person or thing) of little importance, consequence, intelligence or ability. In boxing, it is a weight division of boxers weighing no more than 135 pounds or 60.7 kg.'low blow' – Boxing: An unscrupulous or unfair attack, action, or insult. Refers to an illegal blow aimed at the area below another boxer's waist or belt.Monday morning quarterback – American football: A person who criticizes or passes judgment with benefit of hindsight. Monday morning refers to the games played or broadcast on weekends, with criticisms leveled by a spectator the following week.no holds barred – Wrestling: With all restrictions relaxed. The rules of wrestling bar or proscribe certain holds or grips on one's opponent.by a nose – see win by a nose, below.on deck – Baseball. The player who will bat next, after the one who is currently batting. Anyone whose turn is next and is preparing to take their turn.on the ropes – Boxing: On the verge of defeat. Refers to a boxer who has been knocked against the ropes that enclose the boxing ring and kept there by the blows of his opponent.one-two (punch), the old one-two – Boxing An attack consisting of two punches in rapid succession with alternate hands. out for the count – See down for the count, above. play ball (with) – Baseball: To cooperate (with) or act fairly (with). Derives from a baseball umpire's call to "Play ball!" to start a game.pull one's punches – Boxing: To use less force than one is capable of; to be gentle or lenient. In boxing, a boxer who holds back from using all his strength is said to pull his punches.punch-drunk – Boxing: dazed, bewildered, or confused; or behaving in such a manner. In boxing, it refers to a disorder in boxers triggered by repeated dazing blows or punches to the head over an extended period of time.punchy – Boxing: See punch-drunk, above; also, in a state of nervous tension, fatigued.push it over the goal line– Football. Complete the activity or project, finish to job. Value of work often has little value until its completion. In American football, a team's drive to move the football down the field doesn't count until the ball crosses the goal line.quarterback – American football: One who directs or leads; a mastermind; also used as a verb, to quarterback. It is also used as a term for a supporter or critic of a football team or game, and by extension, an uninvolved observer who criticizes or second-guesses.redshirt – A college player who skips a year of play without losing eligibility. Can also be used in education to refer to a student who waits a year to enroll. Can also be used as a verb, as in “We could redshirt him for a year.”ringer - Horse racing: An imposter, especially one who misrepresents his or her identity or ability in order to gain an advantage in a competition. Originally used in horse racing, when a fast horse was substituted for a slower one that it resembled, the term now applies to any athlete entered in a competition under false pretenses.ringside judge – Boxing: A person who follows a topic or situation closely.ringside seat, ringside table – Boxing: A place providing a good view of something. In boxing, a ringside seat is immediately adjacent to the ring in which the boxers fight, as is the ringside table.roll with the punches – Boxing: To take adversity in stride; to adapt to difficult circumstances. A boxer who "rolls with the punches" moves his body away from the force of a blow so as to lessen their impact. “When you get into that heavy freeway traffic, you’re just going to have to roll with the punches.”round – A single phase of an endeavor or contest: "The defense attorney went a couple of rounds with the ex-wife's lawyer."run interference – F ootball: To handle problems for another person or to clear the way for another. In American football, a player who runs interference interferes or obstructs opponents to let the ball carrier advance.saved by the bell – Boxing: to be saved from misfortune or unpleasantness by a timely interruption.sideline; on/from the sidelines – To remove from participation. A player who is injured, benched or removed from play and forced to sit on or observe from the sidelines. Anytime a person is forced to quit active participation. “That illness sidelined him for a while.”slam-dunk – Basketball: A forceful, dramatic move, especially against someone. In basketball, it is a forceful shot in which the player jumps to the basket and slams the ball in.slap-happy – Boxing: Synonym for punch-drunk, above; also, dizzy with happiness; carefree, casual, thoughtless, irresponsible.sparring partner – Boxing: A person with whom one routinely argues or enjoys arguing. Refers to a boxer who is hired to practise with another for training purposes.square off – Boxing: To assume a fighting stance or attitude. In boxing, the term derives from the square shape of the ring, and the stance fighters assume immediately before the fight commences.subway alumni – The followers of any college team who didn’t attend or graduate from that institution.sucker punch – Boxing: An unexpected blow. In boxing, a sucker punch is one delivered unexpectedly.Sunday punch – Boxing: A destructive blow to an opponent as in "knocked him into next Sunday". In boxing, a Sunday punch is a knockout blow.take a dive — Boxing: To pretend or feign, with intent to deceive. Refers to boxers who would pretend to be knocked out by a light or even non-existent punch, thus intentionally losing the fight; this was one method of losing a "fixed" fight (one with an unlawfully prearranged outcometake it on the chin – Boxing: To suffer misfortune or defeat. It alludes to taking a physical blow on the chin;take off the gloves – Boxing, ice hockey: To attack earnestly, without mercy. Boxing gloves are worn for protection of the boxer's hands and to lessen the impact of the punches; bare-knuckle boxing is much more savage and dangerous. Used also in ice hockey, as two (or more) players signal their intention to fight by dropping their gloves.take the (full) count – Boxing: To be defeated. Refers to a boxer being knocked down, the referee counting off ten seconds, the time allotted for the boxer to regain his feet or lose the fight. A boxer who takes the full count accepts defeat.throw in the towel – Boxing: To surrender, admit defeat. Originally throw up the sponge or chuck up the sponge;throw one's hat into the ring – Boxing: To signify one's candidacy for (political) office or election; to enter a contest. In early days of boxing, one signified a challenge by throwing one's hat into the boxing ring.thursday morning tippy tappys – Soccer:A person who criticizes or passes judgement with benefit of hindsight. Thursday morning refers to the Champions League games played or broadcast midweek, usually on Wednesday nights.under the wire – Horse racing: At the very last moment; in the nick of time; barely within some accepted parameters or limits. "The report was handed in just under the wire." Or, "At five-foot-five, he was under the wire for the height requirement for enlistment." From the practice of stretching a wire over the finish line at a racetrack.utility player – a player who fills in at many positions. “So many people were out sick today at work, I felt like a utility player.”win by a nose – Horse racing: To succeed by a very narrow margin. "Our bid for the construction contract won by a nose." In horse racing, it describes a win so close that only the nose of the winning horse came in ahead of the other.wheelhouse — Baseball: A person's area of expertise, or where they are most comfortable. In baseball this is the part of an individual's swinging range in which as a hitter they can make the best contact with the ball. If a pitch is right in your wheelhouse it is right where you want it, in the spot where you have the best chance of hitting it well. work out, work-out, workout — To exercise or practice, especially in terms of physical training.。
2018年12月大学英语四级真题完整版(第3套)
2018年12月大学英语四级真题完整版（第3套）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the challenges of studying abroad.You should write at least 120 words but no more than180 words.PartⅡListening Comprehension (25 minutes)Part ⅢReading Comprehension ( 40 minutes)Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once．Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.Have you ever used email to apologize to a colleague Delivered a 26to a subordinate (下属) with a voice-mail message Flown by plane across the country just to deliver important news in person The various communication options at our fingertips today can be good for 27and productivity---and at the same time very troublesome. With so many ways to communicate, how should a manager choose the one that’s best --- 28when the message to be delivered is bad or unwelcome news for the recipient We’ve 29business communication consultants and etiquette (礼仪) experts to come up with the following guidelines for 30using the alterative ways of delivering difficult messages.First of all, choose how personal you want to be. A face-to-face communication is the most 31 .Other choices, in descending order of personalization, are: a real-time phone call, a voice-mail message, a handwritten note, a typewritten letter, and the most 32is email. Some of these may change order according to the 33situation or your own preferences; for example, a handwritten note might seem more personal than voice mail. How do you decide on the best choice for the difficult message you’ve got to deliver “My 34concern is: How can I soften or civilize this message” says etiquette expert Dana Casperson. “So when I apologize, I usually choose in-person first, or a phone conversation as my top alternative, and maybe a handwritten note next. Apologizing by email is something I now totally 35.”A) avoid E) intimate I) reward M) unfriendlyB) convenience F) particularly J) silent N) warningC) effectively G) primary K) specific O) witnessedD) escape H) prompt L) surveyedSection BDirections:In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.How a Poor, Abandoned Parisian Boy Became a Top Chef[A] The busy streets in Paris were uneven and caked in thick mud, but there was always a breathtaking sight to see in the shop windows of Patisserie de la Rue de la Paix. By 1814, people crowded outside the bakery, straining for a glimpse of the latest sweet food created by the young chef who worked inside.[B] His name was Marie-Antoine Careme, and he had appeared, one day, almost out of nowhere. But in his short lifetime, which ended exactly 181 years ago today, he would forever revolutionize French gourmet food (美食) write best-selling cook books and think up magical dishes for royals and other important people.[C] Careme’s childhood was one part tragedy, equal part mystery. Born the 16th child to poor parents in Paris in either 1783 or 1784, a young Careme was suddenly abandoned at the height of the French Revolution. At 8 years old, he worked as a kitchen boy for a restaurant in Paris in exchange for room and board. By age 15, he had become an apprentice (学徒) to Sylvain Bailly, a well-known dessert chef with a successful bakery in one of Paris’s most fashionable neighborhoods.[D] Careme was quick at learning in the kitchen. Bailly encouraged his young apprentice to learn to read and write. Careme would often spend his free afternoons at the nearby National Library reading books on art and architecture. In the back room of the little bakery, his interest in design and his baking talent combined to work wonders he shaped delicious masterpieces out of flour, butter and sugar.[E] In his teenage years, Careme fashioned eatable copies of the late 18th century’s most famous buildings---cookies in the shape of ruins of ancient Athens and pies in the shape of ancient Chinese palaces and temples. Sylvain Bailly, his master, displayed these luxuriant creations---often as large as 4 feet tall---in his bakerywindows.[F]Careme creations soon captured the discriminating eye of a French diplomat, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand- Perigord. Around 1804, Talleyrand challenged Careme to produce a full menu for his Personal castle, instating e young baker to use local season fruits and vegetables and to avoid repeating main dishes over the course of an entire year. The experiment was a grand success and Talleyrand’s association with French nobility would prove a profitable connection for Careme.[G] French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte was known to be unimpressed by the declining taste of early 18th century cooking, but under pressure to entertain Paris’s high society, he too called Careme to his kitchen at Tuileries Palace. In 1810, Careme designed the extraordinary cake for the wedding of Napoleon and his second bride, Marie-luise of Austria. He became one of the first modern chefs to focus on the appearance of his table, not just the flavor of his dishes. “I want order and taste, A well-displayed meal is enhanced one hundred percent in my eyes,” he later wrote in one of his cook books[H] In 1816, Careme begin a culinary (烹饪的) journey which would forever mark his place as history’s first top chef. He voyaged to England to cook in the modern Great Kitchen of the prince regent (摄政王) George IV, and crossed continents to prepare grand banquets for the tables of Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Never afraid to talk up his own accomplishments, boastful Careme made a fortune as wealthy families with social ambitions invited him to their kitchens. Later, in his cook books, he would often include a sketch of himself, so that people on the street would be able to recognize---and admire---him.[I] Careme’s cooking displays became the symbol of fine French dining; they were plentiful, beautiful and imposing. Guests would fall silent in wonder as servants carried Careme’s fancy creations into the dining hall. For a banquet celebrating the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia’s visit to George I V’s Brighton Pavilion on Jan. 18, 1817, the menu featured 120 different dishes, highlighting eight different soups 40 main courses, and 32 desserts[J] As he traveled through the homes of early 19th century nobility, Careme forged the new art of French gourmet food. Locked in hot kitchens, Careme created his four “mother sauces.” These sauces --- bechamel, veloute, espagnole and allemande---formed the central building blocks for many French main courses. He also perfected the soufflé---a baked egg dish, and introduced the standard chef’s uniform---the same double-breasted white coat and tall white hat still worn by many chefs today. The white clothing conveyed an image of cleanliness, according to Careme---and in his realm, appearance was everything.[K]Between meals, Careme wrote cook books that would be used in European kitchens for the next century. His manuals including The Royal Parisian Baker and the massive five-volume Art of French Cooking Series(1833-1847 completed after his death) first systematized many basic principles of cooking, complete with drawings and step-by-step directions. Long before television cooking shows, Careme walked readers through common kitchen tasks, instructing them to “try this for yourself, at home” as famous American Chef Jullia Child might do, many years later,[L] In the end, however, it was the kitchen that did Careme in. Decades of working over coal fires in tight, closed spaces with little fresh air (to ensure his dishes would not get cold) had fatally damaged his lungs. On Jan. 12, 1833, Careme died just before he turned 50.[M] But in his lifetime, Careme, ever confident, could see beyond his short domination in the kitchen. He wanted to “s et the standard for beauty in classical and modern cooking, and prove to the distant future that the French chefs of the 19th century were the most famous in the world,” as he wrote in his papers36. Careme was among the first chefs who stressed both the appearance and flavor of dishes.37. Careme wanted to show to later generations that French chefs of his time were most outstanding in the world.38. Careme benefited greatly from serving a French diplomat and his connections.39. Careme learned his trade from a famous dessert chef in Paris.40. Careme’s creative works were exhibited in the shop windows by his master..41. Careme’s knowledge of art and architecture helped him create extraordinary desserts out of ordinary ingredient.42. Many people in Paris were eager to have a look at the latest sweet food made by Careme.43. Careme become extremely wealthy by cooking for rich and socially ambitious families.44. Careme’s writing dealt with fundamental cooking principles in a systematic way.45. Careme’s contribution to French cooking was revolutionary.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Roughly the size of a soda can sitting on a bookshelf, a relatively harmless gadget may be turning friends away from your home. The elephant in your living room is your Internet-connected security camera, a device people are increasingly using for peace of mind in their homes. But few stop to think about the effect these devices may have on house guests. Should you tell your friends, for instance, that they’re being recorded while you all watch the big game together“It’s certainly new territory, especially as home security cameras become easier to install,” says Lizzie Post, president of the Emily Post Institute, America’s foremost manners advisors. “I think it will be very interesting to see what etiquette (礼仪) emerges in terms of whether you tell people you have a camera or not, and whetherguests have a right to ask that it be turned off, if it's not a security issue.”Post wants to make clear that shes not talking about legal rights, but rather personal preferences. She also wants to explain that there are no right or wrong answers regarding manners on this front yet, because the technology is just now becoming mainstream. Besides, the Emily Post Institute doesn’t dictate manners.When it comes to security cameras, Post says it’s a host’s responsibility to make sure guests feel comfortable within their home. “I’m always a fan of being open and honest.” For instance, if the host casually acknowledges that there is a camera in the room by telling a story about it, that may be enough to provide an opening for a guest to say if they are uncomfortable.However, if a contractor is working in your home, you don’t need to tell them that there are cameras watching. Then again, the air of accountability that the camera generates can also work in contractors’favor, “If anything does go wrong while they’re in the house, they don’t want to be blamed for it,” she says. “In fact, the camera could be the thing that proves that they didn’t steal the $20, or knock the vase off the table.”46. For what reason may your friends feel reluctant to visit your homeA) The security camera installed may intrude into their privacy.B) They don’t want their photos to be circulated on the Internet.C) The security camera may turn out to be harmful to their health.D) They may not be willing to interact with your family members47. What does Lizzie Post say is new territoryA) The effect of manners adviceB) Cost of applying new technologies at homeC) The increasing use of home security devicesD) Etiquette around home security cameras.48. What is Lizzie Post mainly discussing with regard to the use of home security camerasA) Legal rightsB) Moral issuesC) Likes and dislikes of individuals.D) The possible impact on manners.49. What is a host’s responsibility regarding security cameras, according to Lizzie PostA) Making their guests feel at easeB) Indicating where they areC) Turning them off in time.D) Ensuring their guests’ privacy.50. In what way can the home security camera benefit visitors to your homeA) It can satisfy their curiosity.B) It can prove their innocence.C) It can help them learn new technology.D) It can make their visit more enjoyable.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.PepsiCo is to spend billions of dollars to develop drinks and snacks and reformulate existing ones with lower sugar, salt and fat, as consumers demand healthier options and regulatory pressure intensifies amid an obesity epidemic（流行病）.The maker of Mountain Dew and Gatorade has been one of the earlier movers in the industry to offer products with reduced levels of unhealthy ingredients---PepsiCo claims a packet of its chips now contains less salt than a slice of white bread. However, its new 10-year plan makes clear it believes it still has a long way to go.Shifting eating habits, including a sharp drop in consumption of sparkling drinks, have forced radical change on the industry. But those shifts have yet to be reflected in record obesity levels, which stand at % overall in the US.Indra Nooyi, PepsiCo chairman, said the plan to make its products healthier was important for the company’s growth. But on the subject of obesity, she pointed out that consumers’ lifestyles have changed significantly, with many people being more sedentary（久坐不动的）not least because more time is spent in front of computers. She said PepsiCo’s co ntribution was to produce healthier snacks that still tasted good.Society has to change its habits, she added. “We can’t do much to alter sedentary lifestyles, but we can provide consumers with great-tasting products, low in salt, sugar and fat. In the past we had to have a taste trade-off. But were breaking that trade-off.”PepsiCo’s plan for its foods and drinks is based on guidelines from the World Health Organization, which last week backed using taxes on sparkling drinks to reduce sugar consumption. Initiatives also include efforts to reduce its environmental impact, water consumption and materials used in packaging by 2025.PepsiCo did not say exactly how much it planned to invest to reach its goals. However, Dr. Mehmood Khan, chief scientific officer, said the company had doubled research and development spending in the past five years and was “committed to sustaining investment”, adding that companies cannot cost-cut their way to increasing sales. Pepsi Co’s research and development budget in 2015 was $754 million.51. Why is PepsiCo making a policy changeA) To win support from the federal government.B) To be more competitive in the global marketC) To satisfy the growing needs for healthy foodsD) To invest more wisely in the soft drink industry.52. What does PepsiCo think it will have to do in the futureA) Invest more to develop new snacksB) Reduce levels of obesity in the US.C) Change consumers’ eating habitsD) Keep on improving its products.53. Why does PepsiCo plan to alter its products, according to Indra NooyiA) To ensure the company’s future developmentB) To adapt to its customers’ changed tasteC) To help improve its consumers’ lifestylesD) To break the trade-off in its product design54. What does Indra Nooyi say about the obesity epidemicA) It is mainly caused by overconsumption of snacksB) It results from high sugar and salt consumptionC) It is attributable to people’s changed lifestylesD) It has a lot to do with longer working hours55. What has PepsiCo been doing to achieve its obesityA) Studying W HO’s guidelines.B) Increasing its research funding.C) Expanding its market overseasD) Cutting its production costs.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes) Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.越来越多的中国人现在的确离不开手机了。
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Common American Phone ConversationAndrew: Yo, what’s going on Dog?Darren: I just got off work. It was brutal. My boss was on my case the whole day about a bunch of stupid stuff. Anyway, I’m starving. You wanna grab something to eat?Andrew: I would but I just finished a huge meal.Darren: Ok, do you mind if I pop by later? I want to pick up that book I left at your place.Andrew: Sure.This was an exact conversation I had. All native speakers talk like that to each other and I want to point out some of the small details to help bring your English to a higher level.Yo: In phone calls between close friends, we often start with “yo” instead of the more formal “hello”. In 2011, it’s actually weird for a friend to say “hello” to another friend. We only answer the phone with “hello” when we don’t know who is calling. In most cases, we know if a close friend is calling because we are using our cell phones and can see their number.What’s going on? This is a very common way to ask a close friend something like, “what are you doing now?”Got off work: Instead of saying “I just finished work” we usually say “I just got off work”. Both sayings are correct but “got off” is much more natural and sounds like a native speaker.Brutal: “Brutal” is a common way of saying “really bad” or “really terrible”. A couple example sentences are:I have a brutal headache.I don’t want to eat at that restaurant. The food there is brutal!On my case: If your boss is “on your case” it means that he is giving you a lot of pressure and ke eps telling you what to do. You feel like you can’t relax at all if your boss is on your case.A bunch: In spoken English, saying “a bunch” is slang for meaning, “a lot”. Here are a couple of common examples:There are a bunch of great French restaurants in this city.I’m really busy today. I’ve got a bunch of stuff I need to do.I’m starving: This is a very common way of saying “I’m very hungry”.Grab: In spoken English, we often ask someone if they want to “grab something to eat“.“Do you want to grab something to eat?” is much more common between native speakers than “Would you like to go and eat something together?”I would but…: If you would like to do something but you have some reason or excuse for not doing it, you can say, “I would but…” An example is:A: Would you like to go and see that new movie this weekend?B: I would but I already saw it last weekend with my girlfriend.It is a polite way to say “no”.Pop by: A slang way of saying that you are going to someone else’s house is to say you will “pop by“. Here’s an example sentence you can ask a friend:Are you still going to pop by tonight after work?Your place: In casual spoken English, you can refer to someone’s house or apartment as their “place“. It’s very common. Here is an example question:I really like your new place. How much is the rent?If you want to improve your spoken English fast, click on the link below. It took me over 3 years to make this product. It's really awesome and super cheap. I guarantee you'll love it.Andy: Hey, how's the job hunting going?Jay: Terrible. I just bombed a phone interview this morning.Andy: What happened? Are you positive it was that bad?Jay: I'm pretty sure. My gut feeling is that there is no way I'll get the job.Andy: Why do you say that?Jay: We just didn't click at all. There was a lot of awkward silence on the phone.Andy: It doesn't matter. I'm sure you'll get something soon. I'll keep my eyes pealed for any job openings I think you might be interested in.Jay: Thanks man.Andy. No problem.Job hunting: "Job hunting" is a common term we use in spoken English. It is a less formal way of saying "job searching". If someone is "job hunting", it means they are looking for a job.Bombed: If you "bomb" on an interview or a test it means you did really really poorly. It was TERRIBLE!My dad got really angry when he found out that I bombed my last two math tests.I think I bombed in the job interview because I was too nervous. I need to relax next time.Positive: If you are "positive" about something it means you are "absolutely 100% sure" that something is true. Sometimes people say they are sure about something but the other person might want to know if they are really really sure. If this is the situation, you can ask the other person, "Are you positive about this?"That bad: If someone asks, "was it really that bad?" they mean is it really as bad as you are making it sound? The word "that" is used here to show that something is really really bad.You can also use the opposite. For example, I heard she was a really good singer but I really didn't know she was that good. I heard her sing for the first time last night and she was amazing!Pretty sure: If you are "pretty sure" that something is true it means that you think so, but you aren't positive. You are not 100% sure. Pretty sure just means that it is a good guess. Maybe something like over 80% sure. Here is a perfect example:I'm pretty sure I left my keys at the office. I really need to run back and check.Gut feeling: If you have a "gut feeling" about something, it means that you feel something is true but you can't say exactly why. You have a weird feeling in your stomach. A "gut feeling" is someone's instinct. I'm not sure why exactly but I have a gut feeling that the guy we met today is a total liar. There was something strange about him. Did you feel that too?No way: This is used a lot in common spoken English. In this example, "no way" means "no chance". A couple examples:There is no way that he will become a professional football player. He's too short, weak, and slow. He must be dreaming.Your parents are pretty traditional. I think there is no way that your mom will let you marry a guy 15 years older than you.Click: If two people "click" it means that their personalities match and have an easy time being together. Example:Steve and Sara have only been dating for 3 weeks but they really seem to click. I think they are already talking about getting married.Awkward silence: An "awkward silence" is a really useful and interesting term. I'm sure we've all had this experience. Awkward sometimes means embarrassing or uncomfortable. Silence is just being quiet. So, an "awkward silence" is when two people are together or on the phone and have nothing to say to each other. They both feel weird and uncomfortable but still no one knows what to say.Here's an example:There was a really awkward silence between my ex-girlfriend and I when she told me that she found a new boyfriend.I'll keep my eyes pealed: I really like this last phrase. I bet you won't learn it in any school or other course. Anyway, if you "keep your eyes pealed" for something it means that you will pay close attention. Example sentence:I know you said you left your bag at my house last week but I still haven't seen it. Don't worry though, I'll keep my eyes pealed and call you if I see it.Hi,How are you?I was just on the phone with a good friend of mine. He bought a new Android phone yesterday and we were talking about it. I noticed a few interesting things in the conversation that I wanted to talk about to help your spoken English. Here is what we honestly said. True story:Andy: What's up?Kevin: I just bought a new Android phone and I'm playing around with it.Andy: Cool. I didn't even know you were planning on buying one.Kevin: I wasn't actually. It was kind of an impulse purchase. The girl at the store talked me into buying one. I got a bit ripped off I think but I don't care. I love this thing.Andy: It's good that you like it at least. I wouldn't mind checking it out. I've never used one before.Kevin: Let's hang out later then.Andy: Ok.I'm playing around with it: When we buy a new "toy" like a cool phone, Ipad, or something like that, we often say we are "playing around with it". It means that we are learning about how to use it and what features it has. It's a common expression in spoken English.Impulse purchase: This is a pretty cool phrase. If you make an "impulse" decision, it means that you didn't spend any time thinking about it. You just made a very quick decision. "Purchasing" something means buying it. If you go to the store and buy something that you weren't planning on, we call this an "impulse purchase".Talked me into: If someone "talks you into" something it means that they convince you to do something that you originally didn't want to do.Example: I didn't want to go to the bar tonight but my best friend talked me into coming. It's actually pretty fun and I'm happy I listened to him.Ripped off: If you get "Ripped off" it means that you paid too much money for something. Everyoneget's "ripped off" sometimes and we all hate this feeling.You can also say "This restaurant is a rip off". That means that the food is too expensive. You can use this anytime something is too expensive.Checking it out: If you "check something out" it means that you are experiencing using something or going somewhere to take a look at what is there.Example: My friend said that the new park is really nice. Do you want to go check it out tomorrow? I heard on TV that the weather will be great.Hi,I was home all summer in Canada visiting my parents and my brother and I just got back to Shanghai yesterday. Wanted to have a relaxing summer this year and it was really great. The weather was perfect, not too hot, not too cold. How about you?When I was walking home from the gym today, I was thinking of a really useful phrase and I wanted to share it with you. You can use it in a lot of different "real life" situations. It's also really good advice for living life. I wrote about this phrase here: Useful English PhraseI hope everything is great with you and your family and I'll do my best to write to you more often.Talk soon,AndyPut Your Best Foot ForwardIn life, if you “put your best foot forward” it means that you let other people see your best qualities first.Different people are good at different things. Some people are really smart but shy. Some people are great at speaking in front of a large crowd but they are really bad at math. Everyone has both strong and weak points.It’s a good idea to always try to “put your best foot forward” when you meet someone new, do a job interview, or really do anything in your life. The whole point is that you want people to first notice your strong points before anything else. I think most languages and cultures share a similar idea and concept, but this is how to say it in English and this phrase is used quite often.I hope that I can help you get your spoken English to an amazing level. Then you can use that to your advantage in life. It can become your new “best foot”.One last thing is that “putting your best foot forward” is not showing off or bragging. It’s not a bad thing at all. It just means that you are politely showing your strong points first. I hope that makes sense and you can add that phrase to your English vocabulary. Start using that phrase and don’t forget to always put your best foot forward!。