2017考研英语阅读理解精读P26—医学
2017年考研英语一阅读解析
2017年考研英语一阅读解析2017年考研英语一的阅读部分，相较于往年，难度有所提升，但整体上保持了考研英语一贯的风格和特点。
今年的阅读材料涵盖了多个领域，包括社会现象、科学研究、文化教育等，旨在考察考生的英语阅读能力、逻辑推理能力以及对文章主旨的理解能力。
首先，阅读理解的第一篇文章讨论了现代社会中人们对于个人隐私的态度。
文章通过对比不同年龄段的人群对隐私问题的看法，揭示了随着科技的发展，个人隐私保护意识的增强。
考生在解答这类题目时，需要仔细阅读文章，理解作者的观点，并根据文章内容推断出正确的答案。
第二篇文章则聚焦于科学研究领域，探讨了一项新的科学发现。
文章通过详细的实验过程和数据分析，向读者展示了这一发现的重要性。
考生在解答这类题目时，需要具备一定的科学知识背景，并且能够理解复杂的科学术语和概念。
第三篇文章转向文化教育领域，讨论了教育对于个人成长的影响。
文章通过对比不同教育背景的人在职场上的表现，强调了教育的重要性。
考生在解答这类题目时，需要关注文章中的关键信息，如教育背景与职场表现之间的关系，并据此选择正确的答案。
最后一篇文章则关注了社会现象，讨论了城市化进程中出现的问题。
文章通过分析城市化对环境和社会的影响，呼吁人们采取行动，以减缓城市化带来的负面影响。
考生在解答这类题目时，需要理解文章的主旨，并能够从文章中提取出关键信息，以支持自己的答案。
总的来说，2017年考研英语一的阅读部分要求考生具备较强的阅读理解能力，能够快速准确地捕捉文章的主旨和细节信息。
同时，考生还需要具备一定的逻辑推理能力，能够根据文章内容推断出正确的答案。
通过平时的大量阅读和练习，考生可以提高自己的阅读速度和理解能力，从而在考试中取得更好的成绩。
2017年考研英语一阅读
2017年考研英语一阅读2017年考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析：Text 1Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.On a warm spring afternoon, the buzz of conversation in the staff room gives way to the quiet rustle of pages being turned. The staff members are all deep in the act of reading. Some are scanning the text with a critical eye, others are speed-reading, and a few are slowing down to consider every word. The scene is not taking place in a literacy program or a book group, but in a staff development day at a public high school in New York City.The staff development day is part of a growing movement to bring reading into the professional world. As libraries become less and less of a haven for self-study and more of a collaborative workspace, the practice of reading for work is fast becoming as essential as the practice of reading for pleasure. “When I started working, I thought:‘I don’t have time to read,’” says Librarian Nancy Pearl. “But when I realized how much I was missing, I made reading part of my work r outine.”For many professionals, the value of reading isn’t just about job performance. It’s about professional development and personal growth. “I read books that are outside my area—books that would never appear on my radar—and they often lead me to new ideas and directions,” says Dr. Jackie Jenkins-Scott, a former president of Bentley University. “Reading has been fundamental to my leadership development.”But the benefits of reading go well beyond personal growth. A recent study by researchers at the University of Texas at Austin found that employees who read for 30 minutes before work performed better at their jobs than those who didn’t read. “Reading has been shown to increase fluency,词汇理解，and knowledge retention,” says psychologist Pamela Rutledge. “It can also improve decision-making ability and creativity.”The key to making reading work in your professional life is to be intentional about it. Don’t read aimlessly, hoping that somehow the information will sink in. Set aside dedicated reading time and make sure you’re always learning something new. Also, consider making some professional reading resolutions, such as reading a book every two weeks or参加行业相关的会议 or joining professional organizations that have regular meetings. Finally, consider sharing what you read with your colleagues to foster more meaningful discussion within your organization.The value of professional reading is not about indulging in the latest industry trends or keeping up with the latest news; it’s about growing as a professional and making better decisions. As Nancy Pearl puts it, “Reading is not just about finding new information—it’s about finding better ways of doing things and understanding life better.” So, the next time you find yourself with some extra time on your hands, consider picking up a book instead of checking Facebook for the umpteenth time. Your career might just benefit from it.26. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The importance of reading in one’s professional life.B. The benefits of reading for personal growth.C. The decline of libraries as study places.D. The trend of holding reading groups in high schools.27. Why did the author mention the staff development day in New York City?A. To stress the importance of teamwork in libraries.B. To show the value of reading in a professional setting.C. To promote the idea of holding more literacy programs.D. To encourage more high schools to offer staff development courses.28. What does Dr. Jackie Jenkins-Scott say about reading?A. It helps her stay abreast of the latest developments in her field.B. It broadens her horizons and enhances her leadership skills.C. It enables her to easily obtain necessary information for her work.D. It makes her more creative and better equipped for challenges.29. What does Pamela Rutledge say about reading?A. It improves one’s cognitive abilities.B. It enhances one’s problem-solving skills.C. It boosts one’s creativity and innovationD. It helps one stay focused at work.30. What is the key to making read ing work in one’s professional life according to the passage?A. Reading more books written by famous authorsB. Reading books that are easy to understandC. Sticking to traditional ways of doing thingsD. Intending to learn something from reading。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P12—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P12—医学Passage 12Watching a child struggle to breathe during an asthma attack is frightening for any parent. So it is only natural that most moms and dads will try just about anything--including spending a lot of money--to keep an attack at bay. Trouble is, more than half of parents are trying strategies that simply don't work and wasting hundreds of dollars in the process, according to a study published last week in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.The report, based on interviews with the parents of 896 asthmatic children in 10 different cities, contained some good news. Eighty percent of parents had a handle on at least one of the triggers that worsened their children's asthma. After that, however, many parents seemed to go astray, taking precautions that weren't helpful "and made little sense," according to Dr. Michael Cabana, a pediatrician at the University of Michigan's C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, who led the study.One of the most common mistakes was to buy a mattress cover to protect against dust mites for a child whose asthma was exacerbated instead by plant pollen. Many of those parents then neglected to do what would have helped a lot more: shut the windows to keep pollen out. Another was using a humidifier for a child who was allergic to dust mites; a humidifier tends to be a place where dust mites like to breed. With those allergies, a dehumidifier works better.Worst of all was the number of smokers with asthmatic children who didn't even try to quit or at least limit themselves to smoking outdoors rather than just moving to another room or the garage. Second-hand smoke has been proved, over and over again, to be a major trigger of asthma attacks. Many smoking parents purchased expensive air filters that have what Cabana called "questionable utility."Part of the problem, Dr. Cabana and his colleagues believe, is that parents are bombarded by television ads that encourage them to buy products such as air and carpet fresheners, ionizers and other remedies that are often expensive but medically unnecessary. And doctors may not always take the time, or have the time, to explain to parents what will and won't work in their child's particular case. For example, allergies are usually a problem for older children with asthma, while kids 5 and younger more frequently have trouble with viral respiratory infections. So make sure you understand what's really triggering your child's asthma. And remember, the best solutions are not always the most expensive ones.注(1)：本文选自Time，8/30/2004，p67;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 11. What does the study by Dr. Michael Cabana indicate?[A]Parents are eager to cure of their children’s disease.[B]Many parents are wasting money for their children’s frightening disease.[C] Many parents fail to find the effective way for their children’s disease.[D]Parents feel worried about their children’s disease.2. Which of the following is not the trigger of asthma attacks?[A]Humidifier.[B]Second-hand smoke.[C]Plant pollen.[D]Dust mites.3. The expression “to keep an attack at bay”(Line 3, Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.[A]to ease the attack[B]to lessen the attack[C]to continue the attack[D]to prevent the attack4. Why are the parents in such a dilemma?[A]The doctors are not responsible enough.[B]Parents are influenced much by ads.[C]Parents are ignorant of the disease.[D]The quality of medical products is not good.5. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A]Parents shouldn’t spend too much money on the children.[B]The expensive products are not always good.[C]To know the real trigger of the disease is very important.[D]Parents often make mistakes.答案：CADBC篇章剖析本文采用提出问题——说明问题——分析问题的模式，指出哮喘病患儿家长在防治哮喘方面存在的问题、错误及其误区。
2017考研英语阅读理解精读P20—医学
2017考研英语阅读理解精读P20—医学Passage 20I am a neuroscientist.I make a living by studying how the brain works.Although neuroscience has taken huge strides forward in the past decade，it is a long way from being able to address the problems dealt with by psychotherapy.3) Neuroscience cannot yet explain how we feel，and it is a long way from being able to prescribe what a miserable person must do to feel better.So，as a neuroscientist，I feel I should have a conclusion about the alternative approach.The first question I must answer is：“What do psychotherapies have to offer?”First，let us deal with the scientific angle.The best way to start is by assessing a claim that has cropped up several times over the year.It was first made of psychoanalysis，but it has been extended to other psychotherapies.It is the claim that psychoanalysis is the successor to religion，that it gives a scientific，rather than a superstitious，answer to the question of how best to lead a happy，fulfilled life.1 would say this claim is at best half right.Psychoanalysis may indeed answer the question of how best to lead a happy life，but it has a lot more in common with religion than it has with science.In fact，psychoanalysis is not the successor to religion，it is just another religion.This assessment is based on the way religions and sciences deal with fundamental truths.In religions，truths are laid down by God and revealed to the prophets who，in their turn，pass them on to the faithful.They are sacred mysteries that cannot be questioned.In science，on the other hand，truths are nothing if not questionable.The laws of science are deduced from the results of experiments and can be used to predict new experimental results.If new results go against the prediction，they show the law to be false.A new experimental result，or a new theory for deriving predictions from the results，can change the accepted truths.If a scientific statement cannot，in principle，be proved wrong then it tells us nothing.Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem.4)It is a maxim that our psychological problems are rooted in past conflicts，and that the repressed memories of these conflicts emerge from the unconscious in coded forms that can be interpreted by the analyst.But the codes are so obscure and so flexible that they defy rational explanation.There is no way the maxims could be disproved.They may not be sacred，but they are definitely mysteries.Many other therapies are based on untestable theories.Of course，that doesn’t necessarily prevent them from working.There is no doubt thousands of people feel that psychoanalysis has helped them to lead fuller and happier lives.But the number of satisfied customers is no guide to scientific validity;if it were，religion would come out way ahead.1. The author considers his role as a neuroscientist____.[A]irrelevant to that of a psychoanalyst[B]different from that of a psychoanalyst[C]of the same importance as that of a psychotherapeutist[D]purely imaginary and impractical2. According to the author，psychoanalysis is another religion in that____.[A]it does nothing towards revealing fundamental truth[B]its conclusions are seldom capable of being tested[C]it has too many prophets and blind believers[D]it takes over many doctrines from religious beliefs3. By saying that“Psychoanalysis suffers from just this problem”(Para.5)the author means that____.[A]psychoanalysis deals with problems or conflicts inside the unconscious[B]the assertions in psychoanalysis cannot be disproved[C]psychoanalysis attaches no importance to doing experiments[D]psychoanalysts can not explain psychological problems to patients4. Which of the following is a science according to the author?[A]Neuroscience.[B]Psychoanalysis.[C]Psychotherapy.[D]None of the above.5. The main purpose of the passage is____.[A]to refute the practical value of psychoanalysis[B]to propose neuroscience as an alternative to psychoanalysis[C]to compare the theories of psychoanalysis with religious doctrines[D]to explain why psychoanalysis is not a science答案：1. [B] 在第一段作者指出，自己是一个神经科学家，随后说明了这门科学目前存在的局限性。
2017考研英语阅读理解试题及解析（26）
相关推荐：新东⽅校推荐： Americans no longerexpect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the Englishlanguage with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. Inhis latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Why We Should,Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberaland conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture asresponsible for the decline of formal English。
Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yetanother criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academicspecialty is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearanceof “whom”， for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss ofthe case-endings of Old English。
But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing ourown thing”， has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music.While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen topaper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then hassought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highlypersonal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness.In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking,spontaneity over craft。
2017年考研英语一真题答案解析
2017年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析完整版2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!” 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants’susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 .“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that’s usually 14 with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.”Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone”18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother andtheir newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1．[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout2．[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior3．[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host4．[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep5．[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D] affecting6．[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on7．[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted8．[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out9．[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined10．[A] served [B] required [C] restored [D] explained11．[A] Even [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Thus12．[A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] tests [D] errors13．[A] minimized [B] highlighted [C] controlled [D] increased14．[A] equipped [B] associated [C] presented [D] compared15．[A] assess [B] moderate [C] generate [D] record16．[A] in the face of [B] in the form of [C] in the way of [D] in the name of17．[A] transfer [B] commit [C] attribute [D] return18．[A] because [B] unless [C] though [D] until19．[A] emerges [B] vanishes [C] remains [D] decreases20．[A] experiences [B] combines [C] justifies [D]influences \Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1First two hours , now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago’s O’Hare International .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious.Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room forscreening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this.There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work.21. According to Paragraph 1, Parkrun has_____.[A] gained great popularity[B] created many jobs[C]strengthened community ties[D] become an official festival22. The author believes that London’s Olympic “legacy” has failed to _____.[A] boost population growth[B] promote sport participation[C]improve the city’s image[D] increase sport hours in schools23. Parkrun is different form Olympic games in that it ____.[A] aims at discovering talents[B] focuses on mass competition[C] does not emphasize elitism[D] does not attract first-timers24. With regard to mass sports, the author holds that governments should______.[A] organize “grassroots” sports events[B] supervise local sports associations[C] increase funds for sports clubs[D] invest in pubic sports facilities25. The author’s attitude to what UK governments have to done for sports is _____.[A]tolerant[B] critical[C]uncertain[D]sympatheticText 2“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of theThirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos.At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation.Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today.Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibilityaround the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars.26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates[A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.[C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to[A] its geographical features[B] its protective surroundings.[C] its religious implications.[D] its existing infrastructure.28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of[A] severe criticism.[B] passive acceptance.[C] slight hesitancy.[D] full approval.Text 3Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to.The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects?A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria fromhealth, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn’t the case with all countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment.This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different .So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations , as a measure , it is no longer enough . It does not include important factors such as environmental quality or education outcomes – all things that contribute to a person’s sense of well-being.The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth . But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress .31.Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he[A]praised the UK for its GDP.[B]identified GDP with happiness .[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP .[D]had a low opinion of GDP .32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern .[B]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK .[C]the UK will contribute less to the world economy .[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP .33.Which of the following is true about the recent annual study ?[A]It is sponsored by 163 countries .[B]It excludes GDP as an indicator.[C]Its criteria are questionable .[D]Its results are enlightening .34.In the last two paragraphs , the author suggests that[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom .[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline .[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP .[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues .35.Which of the following is the best title for the text ?[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being , a UK Lesson[B]GDP Figures , a Window on Global Economic Health[C]Rebort F. Kennedy , a Terminator of GDP[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-beingText 4In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which includedaccepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial failed to tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,”or the former governor’s decisions on “specific”and “unsettled”issues related to his duties.Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “official act”.The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery.” The basic compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John Roberts for the court,”assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns.”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s source of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society—that all are equal in treatment by government—is undermined. Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism.36. The undermined sentence (Para.1) most probably shows that the court[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involves[A] leaking secrets intentionally.[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.[C] concrete returns for gift-givers.[D] breaking contracts officially.38. The court’s ruling is based on the assumption that public officials are[A] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.[C] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.39. Well-enforced laws in government transparency are needed to[A] awaken the conscience of officials.[B] guarantee fair play in official access.[C] allow for certain kinds of lobbying.[D] inspire hopes in average people.40. The author’s attitude toward the court’s ruling is[A] sarcastic.[B] tolerant.[C] skeptical.[D] supportivePart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered box. Paragraphs B and D have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]The first published sketch, “A Dinner at Poplar Walk” brought tears to Dickens’s eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches ,which appeared under the pen name “Boz” in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation.[B]The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens’s fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure.[C]Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the ten-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour’s pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837.[D]Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society.[E]Soon after his father’s release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter’s eye for transcribing the life around him especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines.[F] Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England’s southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office –a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dicken’s mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dicken’s birth, his mother’s father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family’s increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work inWarren’s Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as “the young gentleman.” His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father’s imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dicken’s greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction.[G] After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, e traces an orphan’s progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dichens’ as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters.D → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → B →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The growth of the use of English as the world`s primary language for international communication has obviously been continuing for several decades.(46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future.Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breath ofEnglish usage would consequently face new pressures. Those realistic possibilities are highlighted in the study presented by David Graddol(47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.David Graddol concludes that monoglot English graduates face a bleak economic future as qualified multilingual youngsters from other countries are proving to have a competitive advantage over their British counterparts in global companies and organizations. Alongside that,(48)many countries are introducing English into the primary-school curriculum but British schoolchildren and students do not appear to be gaining greater encouragement to achieve fluency in other languages.If left to themselves, such trends will diminish the relative strength of the English language in international education markets as the demand for educational resources in languages, such as Spanish ,Arabic or Mandarin grows and international business process outsourcing in other language such as Japanese, French and German, spreads.(49)The changes identified by David Graddol all present clear and major challenges to UK`s providers of English language teaching to people of other countries and to broader education business sectors. The English language teaching sector directly earns nearly &1.3 billion for the UK in invisible exports and our other education related explores earn up to &10 billion a year more. As the international education market expands, the recent slowdown in the number of international students studying in the main English-speaking countries is likely to continue, especially if there are no effective strategic policies to prevent such slippage.The anticipation of possible shifts in demand provided by this study is significant:(50) It gives a basis to all organization which seek to promote thelearning and very different operating environment. That is a necessary and practical approach. In this as in much else, those who wish to influence the future must prepare for it.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions：You are to write an email to James Cook , a newly-arrived Australian professor , recommending some tourist attractions in your city . Please give reasons for your recommendation .You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET .Do not sign your own name at the end of the email . Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address . (10 points)Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following pictures. In your essay , you should1）describe the pictures briefly,2）interpret the meaning , and3）give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.( 20 points )Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!" 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter.In a recent study 5 over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold ,and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 ."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty."Some experts 17 the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone" 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.1．[A] Unlike [B] Besides [C] Despite [D] Throughout【答案】[B] Besides2．[A] connected [B] restricted [C] equal [D] inferior【答案】[A] connected3．[A] choice [B] view [C] lesson [D] host【答案】[D] host4．[A] recall [B] forget [C] avoid [D] keep【答案】[C] avoid5．[A] collecting [B] involving [C] guiding [D] affecting【答案】[B] involving6．[A] of [B] in [C] at [D] on【答案】[D] on7．[A] devoted [B] exposed [C] lost [D] attracted【答案】[B] exposed8．[A] across [B] along [C] down [D] out【答案】[C] down9．[A] calculated [B] denied [C] doubted [D] imagined【答案】[A] calculated10．[A] served [B] required [C] restored [D] explained【答案】[D] explained11．[A] Even [B] Still [C] Rather [D] Thus【答案】[A] Even12．[A] defeats [B] symptoms [C] tests [D] errors【答案】[B] symptoms13．[A] minimized [B] highlighted [C] controlled [D] increased 【答案】[D] increased。
2017考研英语阅读
2017考研英语阅读在2017年的考研英语阅读部分，考生们面临了不小的挑战。
这一年的阅读材料涵盖了广泛的主题，从社会现象到科技进展，再到文化差异，无一不考验着考生们的词汇量、理解力和分析能力。
首先，阅读材料中包含了大量专业术语和复杂句型，这要求考生不仅要有扎实的词汇基础，还要能够迅速识别并理解这些专业术语在特定语境中的含义。
例如，有关环保的文章中出现了“生态足迹”和“可持续发展”等概念，考生需要能够理解这些术语，并将其与文章中讨论的具体问题联系起来。
其次，文章的结构通常较为复杂，考生需要能够快速抓住文章的主旨和各个段落之间的逻辑关系。
在一些文章中，作者可能会使用对比、举例、因果等不同的论证方法来阐述观点，这就要求考生具备较强的逻辑分析能力，以便准确把握文章的中心论点。
此外，2017年的考研英语阅读还特别注重考查考生的推理判断能力。
在一些文章中，作者并没有直接给出结论，而是通过一系列的事实和数据来暗示某种趋势或观点。
考生需要能够从这些信息中推断出作者的意图，并在答题时做出合理的判断。
最后，这一年的阅读材料还涉及到了一些跨文化交际的内容，这要求考生不仅要有较强的语言能力，还要对不同文化背景有一定的了解。
例如，有关不同国家教育体系的比较，考生需要能够理解不同教育模式的特点，并分析其对个人和社会的影响。
综上所述，2017年的考研英语阅读部分对考生提出了较高的要求，不仅考验了他们的语言能力，还考查了他们的逻辑思维和文化理解能力。
通过这一年的考试，考生们可以更加清晰地认识到自己在英语学习中的不足，并在今后的学习中加以改进。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P2—医学
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P2—医学Passage 2Dr. Wise Young has never met the hundreds of thousands of people he has helped in the past 10 years, and most of them have never heard of Wise Young. If they did meet him, however, they'd want to shake his hand--and the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could. All the people Young has helped were victims of spinal injuries, and they owe much of the mobility they have today to his landmark work.Young, 51, head of the W.M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, N.J., was born on New Year's Day at the precise midpoint of the 20th century. Back then, the thinking about spinal-cord injury was straightforward: When a cord is damaged, it's damaged. There's nothing that can be done after an injury to restore the function that was so suddenly lost. As a medical student at Stanford University and a neurosurgeon at New York University Medical Center, Young never had much reason to question that received wisdom, but in 1980 he began to have his doubts. Spinal cords, he knew, experience progressive damage after they're injured, including swelling and inflammation, which may worsen the condition of the already damaged tissue. If that secondary insult could be relieved with drugs, might some function be preserved?Young spent a decade looking into the question, and in 1990 he co-led a landmark study showing that when high doses of a steroid known as methylprednisolone are administered within eight hours of an injury, about 20% of function can be saved. Twenty percent is hardly everything, but it can often be the difference between breathing unassisted or relying on a respirator, walking or spending one's life in a wheelchair. "This discovery led to a revolution in neuroprotective therapy," Young says.A global revolution, actually. More than 50,000 people around the world suffer spinal injuries each year, and these days, methylprednisolone is the standard treatment in the U.S. and many other countries. But Young is still not satisfied. The drug is an elixir for people who are newly injured, but the relief it offers is only partial, and many spinal-injury victims were hurt before it became available. Young's dream is to help those people too--to restore function already lost--and to that end he is studying drugs and growth factors that could improve conduction in damaged nerves or even prod the development of new ones. To ensure that all the neural researchers around the world pull together, he has created the International Neurotrauma Society, founded the Journal of Neural Trauma and established a website () that receives thousands of hits each day."The cure for spinal injury is going to be a combination of therapies," Young says. "It's the most collaborative field I know." Perhaps. But increasingly it seems that if the collaborators had afield general, his name would be Wise Young.注(1)：本文选自Time;8/20/2001, p54;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 3;1. By “the remarkable thing about that would be the simple fact that so many of them could”(Line three, Paragraph 1), the author means_______________.[A] The remarkable thing is actually the simple fact.[B] Many people could do the remarkable things.[C] When meeting him, many people could do the simple but remarkable thing.[D] The remarkable thing lies in the simple fact that so many people could shake hands with him.2. How did people think of the spinal-cord injury at the middle of 20th century?[A] pessimistic[B] optimistic[C] confused[D] carefree3. By saying “Twenty percent is hardly everything”(Line 3, Paragraph 3), the author is talking about_____________.[A] the drug[B] the function of the injured body[C] the function of the drug[D] the injury4. Why was Young unsatisfied with his achievement?[A] The drug cannot help the people who had spinal injury in the past.[B] His treatment is standard.[C] The drug only offers help to a small number of people.[D] The drug only treats some parts of the injury.5. To which of the following statements is the author likely to agree?[A] Wise Young does not meet many people.[B] When Young was young, he did not have much reason to ask questions.[C] If there needs a head of the spinal-injured field, Young might be the right person.[D] Young’s dream is only to help the persons who were injured at early times.答案：D A B A C篇章剖析本文采用先总括说明，再具体阐述的方法，介绍了杨咏威在治疗脊柱损伤这一领域的贡献。
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2017考研英语阅读理解精读P26—医学Passage 26One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord, loss of job, and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern, therefore, favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking.Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward food was unchanged.The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another time of drinking.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.1. The main purpose of the text is toA. introduce some existing theories about alcoholism.B. show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism.C. explain the application of a approach to alcoholism.D. help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism.2. The description of Conger’s experiment with two groups of rats was intended toA. show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite.B. confirm the findings of other academic researchers.C. show people that alcohol can minimize fear.D. disprove the learning and reinforcement theory.3. We can learn from paragraph 3 thatA. the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields.B. drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord.C. tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol.D. alcoholics can’t recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism.4. The author provides enough information to answer the question ofA. why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences.B. how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy.C. under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks.D. which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now.5. It can be inferred from the text thatA. the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.B. the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory.C. punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking.D.frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.答案与解析1. B 主旨题。
本题的问题是“本文的主要目的是”。
文章首先提到了有关酗酒的诸多理论，随后具体介绍了学习和强化理论对酗酒的解释，指出，该理论认为，人们往往被吸引到令人愉快的场所，或者厌恶不愉快的场所;事实上，过度饮酒所导致的忧虑与负疚感可能本身就成为另一次酗酒的导火线。
这说明，本文主要是在解释酗酒的原因。
[B] “帮助酗酒者和其他人了解酗酒的原因”是对本文的概括，为正确答案。
文章虽然在第一段提到了有关酗酒的诸多理论这一点，但是着重介绍的是学习和强化理论，并没有介绍其他理论，所以[A]“介绍一些有关酗酒的理论”不是本文的主要目的;本文并没有提到适用于酗酒的心理方法和治疗酗酒的最有效新方法，所以[C]“解释适用于酗酒的一种心理方法”和[D]“证实治疗酗酒的最有效新方法”属于无中生有。
2. C 结构题。
本题的问题是“对康尔用两组老鼠做实验的描述是为了”。
题干中的“Conger”出自文章第二段二句话中，表明本题与第二段有关。
第二段首先提到，一些实验证据表明，酒精减轻了恐惧，接着列举了康尔所做的实验，指出，给老鼠注射酒精后，它们远离电击的动力明显减弱，而接近食物的动力却保持不变。
这说明，描述康尔用老鼠所做的实验是想表明，酒精可以降低恐惧。