现代大学英语听力3原文及答案

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现代大学英语听力3原文及答案unit9

Unit 9Task 1【答案】Panel Opinions1st penallist: PhilipBarnesComputers have already changed our lives.2nd penallist: Miss Anderson Computers have changed our lives, but I don't want mylife changed.3rd penallist: Arthur Haines The computer will affect everyone in the world. Recordscan be kept ofeverything we do. Records will be kept of all our privatelives. The computeris the greatest disaster of the 20th century.4th penallist: Phyllis Archer The computer is a machine. It was invented by people; it isused by people. Ifthe computer is a disaster, then people are a disaster.【原文】Compere: And now for our first question. It comes from Mrs. June Moore. Mrs. MooreMrs. Moore: Does the panel think that computers will change our livesCompere: Mrs. Moore wants to know if computers will change our lives. Philip BarnesPhilip Barnes: Computers have already changed our lives. Business is more efficient.Planes and trains provide a better service...Miss Anderson: Just a moment, Mr. Barnes. You may be right about business, but how many people have lost their jobs because of computers Computershave changed our lives, but I don't want my life changed.Arthur Haines: Excuse me, Miss Anderson. We're talking about our lives, not your life.The computer will affect everyone in the world. Records can be keptof everything we do. Records will be kept of all our private lives. Inmy opinion, the computer is the greatest disaster of the 20th century. Phyllis Archer: Could I interrupt Arthur Haines says the computer is a disaster, but the computer is a machine. It was invented by people; it is used by people.If the computer is a disaster, then people are a disaster.Compere: Thank you, Phyllis Archer. Thank you, panel. And thank you, Mrs. Moore.Task 2【答案】A.1) It includes a 9-inch TV screen, a keyboard with 46 numbers and characters on it, a printer, and two disk drives.2) It's all contained right on the floppy disk.3) It’s much better than a typewriter in that onecan move words or sentences from place to place or make corrections or changes right on the screen, and never have to erase on paper.4) It can help him make a monthly budget for his household with electronic spreadsheet software.B.1) loads your program into the machine2) typewriter, typewriter,3) turning the computer on and loading a program4) the different things the program can do【原文】Narrator: For Harvey Van Runkle, it was love at first sight, or should we say, love at first byte Really, it is 64,000 bytes—that's the size of the memory on hisnew BANANA-3 personal computer. It all happened by accident. His wife,Charlotte, had sent him out to buy a new toaster, when he found himselfstanding in front of a computer display at the BANANA Computer Store. Salesman: Yes, ladies and gentlemen, this little computer is going to change your lives.Just consider the hardware: You have a 9-inch TV screen. That’s yourvideo display terminal. You have a keyboard with 46 numbers andcharacters on it. You have a printer that will give you paper printouts ofyour work in three colors. You have two disk drives—one inside thecomputer terminal and one outside. This computer can do anything! Nowlet’s have a little demonstration. Who would like to try the newBANANA-3 computer You, sir. You look interested. Step right up and trythe BANANA-3.Harvey: What's a d-disk driveSalesman: That's the part of the computer that loads your program into the machine.Harvey: Oh. What's a programSalesman: The program That's your software. That's the instructions. It's all contained right on this floppy disk here. The instructions on this disk tell thecomputer what to do.Harvey: Oh, you mean like my wife. She always tells me what to do.Salesman: Exactly. Now what type of program would you like I have word processing,I have electronic spreadsheet...Harvey: What's word processingSalesman: Word processing is using the computer like a typewriter. But it's much better than a typewriter. You can move words or sentences from place toplace or make corrections or changes right on the screen. You never haveto erase on paper. It's a wonderful little program! Would you like to try it,Mr...Harvey: Van Runkle. Harvey Van Runkle. I've never used a computer before... Salesman: It's easy. First we start up the machine, and then boot up a program.Harvey: Boot upSalesman: That's computer talk for turning the computer on and loading a program.There. Now we look at the menu.Harvey: Menu But I just had lunch. I'm not hungry.Salesman: No, no. This is a program menu, not a restaurant menu. It shows the different things the program can do. For example, here we have "file". Ifyou select file, you can choose which of your documents you want to workrrect your document.on. And here’s “edit”. This gives you ways to coHarvey: Gee, this is great! There's only one problem.Salesman: What's thatHarvey: I don't have any documents. I'm a plumber.Salesman: But you have bills, don't youHarvey: Yeah, but...Salesman: W ell, with our electronic spreadsheet s oftware, you can make a monthlybudget for your household.Harvey: No. My wife, Charlotte, does that.Salesman: Well, now you can do it, Harvey.Harvey: I don't know...Salesman: And you have friends, don't youHarvey: Yeah, well there's my brother-in-law Bob...Salesman: Great! You can write letters to Bob on your new BANANA-3 computer!Harvey: Okay. How much is itSalesman: Never mind. Do you have a credit cardHarvey: Well, sure...Salesman: Great. Joe, get Harvey here signed up, will you He wants a BANANA-3 with a printer and software. Okay, step right up, ladies and gentlemen. Thiscomputer can do anything!Task 3【答案】A.1) They are important because they are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.2) Digital computers.3) Only one person at a time can use them.4) It is because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.5) Each person who uses a minicomputer has a computer terminal that is connected tothe minicomputer by interface wires. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.B.Similarities and Differences between Microcomputers and MinicomputersSimilarities 1．They are two kinds of common digital computers.2．Both of them can be used in small businesses.3．Each computer has only one CPU.Differences 1. Minicomputers are larger than microcomputers.2. Microcomputers are used more frequently in large offices andbusinesses than in small businesses.3. More than one person can use a minicomputer at the same time. 【原文】There are two primary kinds of computers: analog computers and digital computers. Unless you are a scientist, you probably will not use analog computers. These computers are important because t hey are able to measure quantities such as electricity and temperature.In contrast, digital computers perform their tasks by counting. Some digital computers are built to help solve only a specific kind of problem. For example, digital computers that monitor airplanes flying in and out of airports are built only for that task. Most digital computers, though, can be used to help solve many kinds of problems. Among them, microcomputers and minicomputers are two kinds of common digital computers.Microcomputers, also called personal computers, are the newest computers. Many are about the size of a very small television set. Some, however, are so small and light that people can carry them easily on business trips. Because computermanufacturers produce an enormous amount of computer hardware, it is possible for anyone to own and use a microcomputer. Therefore, we now see these machines in many homes, schools, and businesses. There is one disadvantage to these computers, though. Only one person at a time can use them. Also, many people who buy microcomputers do not understand what these machines can and cannot do. Some experts say that almost half of all micro-computers are not used often because their owners do not spend enough time learning how to operate them efficiently.Like microcomputers, minicomputers are used in small businesses. H owever, they are larger than microcomputers and are used more frequently in large offices and businesses than in small businesses. Another difference is that more than one person can use a minicomputer at the same time. We call this time-sharing. Some minicomputers can have more than a hundred people time-sharing them. Each person who uses a minicomputer has a computer terminal that is connected to the minicomputer by interface wires. But even though more than one person can use a minicomputer, the computer has only one CPU. With the help of the operating system, the CPU is able to divide its time and perform for all the users.Task 4【答案】A.1) It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being playedat too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it.2) Lupa had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick upcertain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is.3) When Lupa stood up and walked around the room, it was evident to her thatsomewhere in the building, listening through an intercom was someone with a microphone.B.1) They're running a contest. The kids are supposed t o name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me.2) You know something; I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'dget someone who wouldn't try to beat the program.3) You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would youIt was a Sunday; but how do you know whether I'm right Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit.【原文】Lupa laughed. She liked the voice that had been selected for the computer. It wasn't the typical low mechanical voice that sounded like a record being played at too slow a speed. It sounded natural. It had charm to it."Do you have a name" Lupa asked."Not yet," the computer answered. "They're running a contest. The kids are supposed to name me. I'm dreading the whole thing, believe me."Now Lupa thought this was clever, the way they had programmed the computer. She wondered if there was some way to screw up the program. She had once heard that even a sophisticated analog computer couldn't pick up certain subtleties in the English language, no matter how good the programming is, so she decided to give it a try."My paws give me pause," she said.The computer was silent."My paws give me pause," Lupa repeated. "It's a clause without claws."Lupa waited in silence for a response."You know something," the computer said. "I thought you'd be different. Just once today I was hoping I'd get someone who wouldn't try to beat the program."Lupa smiled. "This was marvelous," she thought to herself. "They'd thought of everything.""Sorry," she said. "Mi dispiace.""Ah, you speak Italian," the computer said with some sarcasm."Qui, d'accord," Lupa answered. "C'est vrai.""And French, too. Your French is better than your Italian. Though neither one is great. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have to shut down. It's closing time."Lupa stood up and walked around the room. It was evident to her that somewhere in the building, listening through an intercom was someone with a microphone. She thought about how to test for this."You wouldn't happen to know what day of the week September the fourteenth, 1321, fell on, would you" Lupa asked."It was a Sunday," the computer answered, "but how do you know whether I'm right Thank you for visiting the computer exhibit."Task 5【答案】A.1) b) 2) c)B.1) F 2) F 3) F 4) TC.Computer Talk What does It MeanOnline To start or workOffline To disconnect it or take it out of the systemTo interface To do something so that different computer parts or software canwork togetherTo access To make information available【原文】Hello. I think we can begin now if you're ready. Um, today I want to talk to you about computers, about the impact of computers on how we talk, on the ways we talk. Now of course we all know that computers have changed our lives in many ways. Stop and think for a minute about how we use computers in our everyday life. It's hard to think of anything we do that hasn't been changed by computers. For example, computers allow us to get money directly from our bank accounts at cash machines.At hospitals, computers help doctors understand what is wrong with patients. We can use computers to help us decide which color to paint our houses, which hair styles to have, or which dresses or suits would look good on us--lots of professional and personal uses. Computers are simply a part of our lives, and, I think it is safe to say, they will continue to be. What I'd like to look at today is how the use of computershas had an impact on our language--how computers have changed the expressions we say, the words we use.First, let me give you some examples. These are examples from English that I'd like you to think about. The first example is this. Someone at an office says, "We'dlike to have the project online by next Monday." In computer talk "online" means started or working. So this statement means that we'd like to have the project started and going by next Monday.The second example is from a discussion or seminar. Someone might say, "Let's。

现代大学英语听力3原文及答案unit7

Unit 7Task 1【答案】A.1) In a mental asylum.2) He was a member of a committee which went there to show concern for the pertinents there.3) They were cants behaving like humans.4) He was injured in a bus accident and became mentally ill.5) He spent the rest of his life in comfort.B.painter, birds, animals, cats, wide, published, encouragement, A year or two, The Illustrated London News, cats' Christmas party, a hundred and fifty, world famous 【原文】Dan Rider, a bookseller who loved good causes, was a member of a committee that visited mental asylums. On one visit he noticed a patient, a quiet little man, drawing cats. Rider looked at the drawings and gasped."Good lord, man," he exclaimed. "You draw like Louis Wain!""I am Louis Wain," said the artist.Most people today have never heard of Louis Wain. But, when Rider found him in 1925, he was a household name."He made the cat his own. He invented a cat style, a cat society, a whole cat world," said H. G. Wells in a broadcast appeal a month or two later. "British cats that do not look and live like Louis Wain cats are ashamed of themselves."Before Louis Wain began drawing them, cats were kept strictly in the kitchen if they were kept at all. They were useful for catching mice and perhaps for keeping the maidservant company. Anyone else who felt affection for cats usually kept quiet about it. If a man admitted that he liked cats, he would be laughed at. The dog was the only domestic animal that could be called a friend.Louis Wain studied art as a youth and became quite a successful newspaper and magazine artist. He specialized in birds and animals, including dogs, but never drew a cat till his wife was dying. They had not been married long, and during her illness a black-and-white cat called Peter used to sit on her bed. To amuse his wife, Louis Wain used to sketch and caricature the cat while he sat by her bedside. She urged him to show these-drawings to editors, fie was unconvinced, but wanted to humour her.The first editor he approached shared his lack of enthusiasm. "Whoever would want to see a picture of a cat" he asked, and Louis Wain put the drawings away. A year or two later he showed them to the editor of The Illustrated London News, who suggested a picture of a cats' Christmas party across two full pages. Using his old sketches of Peter, Louis Wain produced a picture containing about a hundred and fifty cats, each one different from the rest. It took him a few days to draw, and it made him world famous.For the next twenty-eight years he drew nothing but cats. He filled his house with them, and sketched them in all their moods. There was nothing subtle about his work. Its humour simply lay in showing cats performing human activities; they followed every new fashion from sea bathing to motoring. He was recognized, somewhat flatteringly, as the leading authority on the feline species. He became President of the National Cat Club and was eagerly sought after as a judge at cat shows.Louis Wain's career ended abruptly in 1914, when he was seriously injured in abus accident and became mentally ill. Finally, he was certified insane and put in an asylum for paupers.After Dan Rider found him, appeals were launched and exhibitions of his work arranged, and he spent the rest of his life in comfort. He continued to draw cats, but they became increasingly strange as his mental illness progressed. Psychiatrists found them more fascinating than anything he had done when he was sane.Task 2【答案】A.1) Because he was always trying new things and new ways of doing things just like a young painter.2) It didn’t look like her.3) It was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really was.4) People from the poorer parts of Paris, who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick.B. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) TC. 1881, 1973, Malaga, Spain, ninety-one yearsD. fifteen, nineteen, twenty-three, colors, darker, change, soft-colored, strange,shape, human face and figure, strange【原文】Pablo Picasso was born in 1881. So probably you are wondering why we call him "the youngest painter in the world". When he died in 1973, he was ninety-one years old. But even at that age, he was still painting like a young painter.For that reason, we have called him the "youngest" painter. Young people are always trying new things and new ways of doing things. They welcome new ideas. They are restless and are never satisfied. They seek perfection. Older people often fear change. They know what they can do best, riley prefer to repeat their successes, rather than risk failure. They have found their own place in life and don't like to leave it. We know what to expect from them.When he was over ninety, this great Spanish painter still lived his life like a young man. He was still looking for new ideas and for new ways to use his artistic materials.Picasso's figures sometimes face two ways at once, with the eyes and nose in strange places. Sometimes they are out of shape or broken. Even the colors are not natural. The title of the picture tells us it is a person, but it may look more like a machine.At such times Picasso was trying to paint what he saw with his mind as well as with his eyes. He put in the side of the face as well as the front. He painted the naked body and the clothes on it at the same time. He painted in his own way. He never thought about other people's opinions.Most painters discover a style of painting that suits them and keep to it, especially if people like their pictures. As the artist grows older his pictures may change, but not very much. But Picasso was like a man who had not yet found his own style. He was still looking for a way to express his own restless spirit.The first thing one noticed about him was the look in his large, wide-open eyes. Gertrude Stein, a famous American writer who knew him when he was young, mentioned this hungry look, and one can still see it in pictures of him today. Picasso painted a picture of her in 1906, and the story is an interesting one.According to Gertrude Stein, she visited the painter's studio eighty or ninety times while he painted her picture. While Picasso painted they talked about everything in the world that interested them. Then one day Picasso wiped out the painted headthough he had worked on it for so long. "When I look at you I can't see you any more!" he remarked.Picasso went away for the summer. When he returned, he went at once to the picture left in the comer of his studio. Quickly he finished the face from memory. He could see the woman's face more clearly in his mind than he could see it when she sat in the studio in front of him.When people complained to him that the painting of Miss Stein didn't look like her, Picasso would reply, "Too bad. She'll have to look like the picture." But thirty years later, Gertrude Stein said that Picasso's painting of her was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really wasPicasso was born in Malaga, Spain, a pleasant, quiet town. His father was a painter and art teacher who gave his son his first lessons in drawing.Young Pablo did badly at school. He was lazy and didn't listen to what the teachers were saying. He had confidence in himself from the beginning. But it was soon clear that the boy was an artist and deserved the best training he could get. Not even his earliest drawings look like the work of a child.One can say that Picasso was born to be a painter. He won a prize for his painting when he was only fifteen. He studied art in several cities in Spain. But there was no one to teach him all he wanted to know. When he was nineteen he visited Paris.Paris was then the center of the world for artists. Most painters went there sooner or later to study, to see pictures, and to make friends with other painters. Everything that was new and exciting in the world of painting happened there. When he was twenty-three, Picasso returned there to live, and lived in France for the rest of his life.He was already a fine painter. He painted scenes of town life—people in the streets and in restaurants, at horse races and bull fights. They were painted in bright colors and were lovely to look at.But life was not easy for him. For several years he painted people from the poorer parts of the city. He painted men and women who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick. His colors got darker. Most of these pictures were painted in blue, and showed very clearly what the artist saw and felt. The paintings of this "blue period" are full of pity and despair.Picasso did not have to wait long for success. As he began to sell his pictures and become recognized as a painter, his pictures took on a warmer look. At the same time he began to paint with more and more freedom. He began to see people and places as simple forms or shapes. He no longer tried to make his pictures true to life.The results at first seemed strange and not real. The pictures were difficult to understand. His style of painting was known as Cubism, from the shape of the cube. Many people did not like this new and sometimes frightening style. But what great paintings give us is a view of life through one man's eyes, and every man's view is different.Some of Picasso's paintings are rich, soft-colored, and beautiful. Others are strange with sharp, black outlines. But such paintings allow us to imagine things for ourselves. They can make our own view of the world sharper. For they force us to say to ourselves, "What makes him paint like that What does he see"Birds, places, and familiar objects play a part in Picasso's painting. But, when one thinks of him, one usually thinks of the way he painted the human face and figure. It is both beautiful and strange. Gertrude Stein wrote, "The head, the face, the human body--these are all that exist for Picasso. The souls of people do not interest him. The reality of life is in the head, the face, and the body."Task 3【答案】American Decorative Arts and Sculpture:colonial period, furniture, ceramics, ship modelsAmerican Art:The Far East, Islam, scroll painting, Buddhist sculpture, prints, the third millennium European Decorative Arts and Sculpture:Western, the fifth century, Medieval art, decorative arts, English silver, porcelain, the musical instrumentsPaintings:11th century, 20th century, impressionists, Spanish, DutchTextiles and Costumes:high quality, a broad selection, weavings, laces, costumes, accessories【原文】Welcome to the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston has long been recognized as a leading center for the arts. One of the city's most important cultural resources is the Museum of Fine Arts, which houses collections of art from antiquity to the present day, many of them unsurpassed. Now let me introduce to you some of the collections here.The Museum's collections of American decorative arts and sculpture range from the colonial period to the present time, with major emphasis on pre-Civil War New England. Furniture, silver, glass, ceramics, and sculpture are on exhibition, as well as an important collection of ship models. Favorite among museum-goers are the collection of 18th-century American furniture, the period rooms, and the superb collection of silver.The Boston Museum's Asiatic collections are universally recognized as the most extensive assemblage to be found anywhere under one roof. Artistic traditions of the Far East, Islam, and India are represented by objects dating from the third millennium B.C. to the contemporary era. The collections of Japanese and Chinese art are especially noteworthy. The variety of strengths in the collection are reflected in such areas as Japanese prints, Chinese and Japanese scroll painting, Chinese ceramics, and a renowned collection of Buddhist sculpture.The Department of European Decorative Arts and Sculpture houses Western European works of art dating from the fifth century through 1900. Outstanding among these holdings are the collection of medieval art and the collection of French 18th-century decorative arts. Also of exceptional importance are the English silver collection, the 18th-century English and French porcelain, and the collection of musical instruments.The Museum has one of the world's foremost collections of paintings ranging from the 11th century to the early 20th century. This department is noted for French paintings from 1825 to 1900, especially works by the impressionists. The Museum's great collection of paintings by American artists includes more than 60 works by John Singleton Copley and 50 by Gilbert Stuart. There is also a strong representation of paintings from Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.The collection of textiles and costumes is ranked among the greatest in the world because of the high quality and rarity of individual pieces and because it has a broad selection of representative examples of weavings, embroideries, laces, printed fabrics, costumes, and costume accessories. The textile arts of both eastern and western cultures are included, dating from pre-Christian times to the present.Apart from what I have mentioned, the Museum has got much more to offer, for example, the collections of classical art, Egyptian and ancient Near Eastern art, and20th-century art. I'll leave you to explore by yourselves and enjoy your time here.Task 4【答案】A.1) specialists, specialized settings, money, sharp division2) conventions, some societies and periods3) commodityB.1) Because they lacked opportunity: The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.2) Because the art of indigenous peoples did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art.C. 1) F 2) T【原文】The functions of the artist and artwork have varied widely during the past five thousand years. It our time, the artist is seen as an independent worker, dedicated to the expression of a unique subjective experience. Often the artist's role is that of the outsider, a critical or rebellious figure. He or she is a specialist who has usually undergone advanced training in a university department of art or theater, or a school with a particular focus, such as a music conservatory. In our societies, works of art are presented in specialized settings: theaters, concert halls, performance spaces, galleries, and museum. There is usually a sharp division between the artist and her or his audience of non-artists. We also associate works of art with money: art auctions in which paintings sell for millions of dollars, ticket sales to the ballet, or fundraising for the local symphony.In other societies and parts of our own society, now and in the past, the arts are closer to the lives of ordinary people. For the majority of their history, artists have expressed the dominant beliefs of a culture, rather than rebelling against them. In place of our emphasis on the development of a personal or original style, artists were trained to conform to the conventions of their art form. Nor have artists always been specialists; in some societies and periods, all members of a society participated in art. The modern Western economic mode, which treats art as a commodity for sale, is not universal. In societies such as that of the Navaho, the concept of selling or creating a salable version of a sand painting would be completely incomprehensible. Selling Navaho sand paintings created as part of a ritual would profane a sacred experience.Artists' identities are rarely known before the Renaissance, with the exception of the period of Classical Greece, when artists were highly regarded for their individual talents and styles. Among artists who were known, there were fewer women than men. In the twentieth century, many female artists in all the disciplines have been recognized. Their absence in prior centuries does not indicate lack of talent, but reflects lack of opportunity. The necessary social, educational, and economic conditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.Artists of color have also been recognized in the West only recently. The reasons for this absence range from the simple--there were few Asians in America and Europe prior to the middle of the nineteenth century--to the complexities surrounding African Americans. The art of indigenous peoples, while far older than that of the West, did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art. Until recently, such art was ignored or dismissed in Western society by the dominant cultural gatekeepers.Task 5【答案】A.1) a) 2) c) 3) b)B.Ⅰ. observant, a dog, Leather BarⅡ. Magnificent visual memory, essentialsⅢ. Rhythm, DustmenⅣ. everyday scenes, Her salty sense of humourC. 1) T 2) F 3) T 4) T【原文】Few artists can have made such an immediate impact on the public as Beryl Cook. At one moment she was completely unknown; at the next, so it seemed, almost everyone had heard of her. First, a few paintings appeared quietly in the window of a remote country antique shop. Then there were exhibitions in Plymouth, in Bristol, in London; an article in a colour supplement, a television programme, a series of greetings cards and a highly successful book. Her rise was all the more astonishing since she was completely untrained, and was already middle-aged by the time she began to paint.Faced with such a series of events, the temptation is to discuss Beryl's art in the context of naive art. This seems to me a mistake, for she is a highly sophisticated and original painter, whose work deserves to be taken on its own terms.What are those terms If one actually meets Beryl, one comes to understand them a little better. The pictures may seem extrovert, but she is not. For example, she is too shy to turn up at her own private viewings. Her pleasure is to stay in the background, observing.And what an observer Beryl Cook is! It so happens that I was present when the ideas for two of the paintings in the present collection germinated. One is a portrait of my dog, a French bulldog called Bertie. When Beryl came to see me for the first time, he jumped up the stairs ahead of her, wearing his winter coat which is made from an old scarf. A few days later his picture arrived in the post. The picture called Leather Bar had its beginnings the same evening. I took Beryl and her husband John to a pub. There was a fight, and we saw someone being thrown out by the bouncers.The point about these two incidents is that they both happened in a flash. No one was carrying camera; there was no opportunity to make sketches. But somehow the essentials of the scene registered themselves on Beryl, and she was able to record them later in an absolutely convincing and authoritative way.The fact is she has two very rare gifts, not one. She has a magnificent visual memory, and at same time she is able to rearrange and simplify what she sees until it makes a completely convincing composition. Bertie's portrait, with its plump backside and bow legs, is more like Bertie than reflection in a mirror—it catches the absolute essentials of his physique and personality.But these gifts are just the foundation of what Beryl Cook does. She has a very keen feeling for pictorial rhythm. The picture of Dustmen, for instance, has a whirling rhythm which is emphasized by the movement of their large hands in red rubber gloves—these big hands are often a special feature of Beryl's pictures. The English artist she most closely resembles in this respect is Stanley Spencer.Details such as those I have described are, of course, just the kind of thing to appeal to a professional art critic. Important as they are, they would not in themselves account for the impact she has had on the public.Basically, I think this impact is due to two things. When Beryl paints an actual, everyday scene—and I confess these are the pictures I prefer—the smallest detail isimmediately recognizable. Her people, for example, seem to fit into a kind of Beryl Cook stereotype, with their big heads and fat and round bodies. Yet they are in fact brilliantly accurate portraits. Walking round Plymouth with her, I am always recognizing people who have made an appearance in her work. Indeed, her vision is so powerful that one tends ever after to see the individual in the terms Beryl has chosen for him/her.The other reason for her success is almost too obvious to be worth mentioning—it is her marvelous sense of humour. My Fur Coat is a picture of a bowler-hatted gentleman who is being offered an unexpected treat. What makes the picture really memorable is the expression on the face of the man. The humour operates even in pictures which aren't obviously "funny". There is something very endearing, for instance, in the two road sweepers with Plymouth lighthouse looming behind them.A sense of humour may be a good reason for success with the public. It is also one which tends to devalue Beryl's work with professional art buffs. Her work contains too much life to be real art as they understand it.This seems to me nonsense, and dangerous nonsense at that. Beryl does what artists have traditionally done—she comments on the world as she perceives it. And the same time she rearranges what she sees to make a pattern of shapes and colours on a flat surface—a pattern which is more than the sum of its individual parts because it has the mysterious power to enhance and excite our own responses to the visible.I suspect Beryl's paintings will be remembered and cherished long after most late 20th-century art is forgotten. What they bring us is a real sense of how ordinary life is lived in our own time, a judgment which is the more authoritative for the humour and lightness of touch.Task 6【答案】A. objects, action or story, painted and composed, interestingB.Plate 1: symmetrical, more interesting designPlate 2: asymmetrical, shapes, colorsPlate 3: extends, the left side, pointC.Plate 4: c) d)Plate 5: a) b) d)Plate 6: a) b) d)【原文】The six pictures in your book are all what we call still life paintings—that is to say, they pictures of ordinary objects such as baskets of fruit, flowers, and old books. There is no “action”, there is no "story" being told in any of these paintings. Yet we find these paintings interesting because of the way they have been painted, and especially because of the way they have been composed.The picture in PLATE 1 was painted by the seventeenth-century Spanish master Zurbaran. How simply Zurbaran has arranged his objects, merely lining them up in a row across the table! By separating them into three groups, with the largest item in the center, he has made what we call a symmetrical arrangement. But it is a rather free kind of symmetry, for the objects on the left side are different in shape from those on the right. Furthermore, the pile of lemons looks heavier than the cup and saucer. Yet Zurbaran has balanced these two different groups in a very subtle way. For one thing, he has made one of the leaves point downward toward the rose on the saucer, and hehas made, the oranges appear to tip slightly toward the right. But even by themselves, the cup and saucer, combined with the rose, are more varied in shape than the pile of lemons on the left. All in all, what Zurbarran has done is to balance the heavier mass of lemons with a more interesting design on the right.We find a completely different sort of balance in a still life by the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Pieter Claesz (see PLATE 2). Objects of several different sizes are apparently scattered at random on a table. Claesz has arranged them asymmetrically, that is, without attempting to make the two halves of the picture look alike. The tall glass tumbler, for instance, has been placed considerably off-center, weighing down the composition at the left. Yet Claesz has restored the balance of the picture by massing his most interesting shapes and liveliest colors well over to the right.PLATE 3, a still life by the American painter William M. Harnett, seems even more heavily weighted to one side, for here two thick books and an inkwell are counterbalanced merely by a few pieces of paper. But notice the angle at which Harnett has placed the yellow envelope: How it extends one side of the pyramid formed by the books and inkwell way over to the left edge of the picture, like a long cable tying down a ship to its pier. Both the newspaper and the quill pen also point to this side of the painting, away from the heavy mass at the right, thus helping to balance the whole composition.Now turn to a still life by one of Harnett's contemporaries, the great French painter Paul Cezanne (see PLATE 4). Here the composition is even more daringly asymmetrical, for the climax of the entire picture is the heavy gray jug in the upper fight comer. Notice that Cezanne has arranged most of the fruit on the table, as well as a fold in the background drapery, so that they appear to move upward toward this jug. Yet he has balanced the composition by placing a bright yellow lemon at the left and by tipping the table down toward the lower left corner.Our next still life (see PLATE 5), by the famous Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh, seems hardly "still" at all. As we view this scene from almost directly above, the composition seems to radiate in all directions, almost like an explosion. Notice that Van Gogh has painted the tablecloth with short, thick strokes which seem to shoot out from the very center of the picture.Finally, let us look at a painting by Henri Matisse (see PLATE 6). Here we see a number of still life objects, but no table to support them. Matisse presents each form by itself, in a world of its own, rather than as part of a group of objects in a realistic situation. But he makes us feel that all these forms belong together in his picture simply by the way he has related them to one another in their shapes and colors.Task 7【原文】Frank Lloyd Wright did not call himself an artist. He called himself an architect. But the buildings he designed were works of art. He looked at the ugly square buildings around him, and he did not like what he saw. He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.Frank Lloyd Wright lived from 1869 to 1959. When he was young, there were no courses in architecture, so he went to work in an architect's office in order to learn how to design buildings. Soon he was designing buildings that were beautiful.He also wanted to make his buildings fit into the land around them. One of the houses he designed is on top of a high hill. Other people built tall, square houses on hills, but Wright did not want to lose the beauty of the hill. He built the house low and wide.Now other architects know how to design buildings to fit into the landscape. Frank Lloyd Wright showed them how to do it.。

现代大学英语听力3原文及答案unit8

Unit 8Task 1【原文】1) Now that we're making every effort to keep criminals from getting guns through the front door of a gun shop, we're turning our attention to locking the back door, too. We have started to crack the code of the black market in illegal weapons. We are tracing the guns, targeting the traffickers, taking more of our children out of harm's way. (Bill Clinton)2) We will be marching today for common sense gun laws, but we will not stop with just marching. We will keep walking; we will keep running; we will keep marching; we will keep fighting and we will keep organizing until we are successful in our fight to keep our children safe. (Hillary Clinton)3) Police officers of course, are not the only people who die. Ten thousand other Americans are dead because of the misuse of our right to bear arms. People who argue for guns are fond of saying that guns don't kill; people do. But guns do kill. (Robert di Grazia)4) Registration of cars has nothing to do with the incidence of car accidents which, of course, is the greatest killer of people in the United States, including children. And you don't see anyone turning around and say, "Let's outlaw automobile." (Victoria Bingham)Task 2【答案】News Item 1A.1) F 2) F 3) T 4) T 5) F 6) FNews Item 2B.WHO: more than one hundred thousand mothers across the United States WHAT: gathered to push for tougher gun control lawsWHERE: WashingtonWHEN: SundayC.1) b) 2) a) 3) c) 4) b)D.1) Gun control, Now2) shed, river of votes, raging, out of, stricter gun control【原文】News Item 1British police say thousands of gun owners have surrendered their small calibre weapons as part of legislation banning some types of handgun. The deadline to hand in the weapons which has just passed is the final stage in the clampdown on gun ownership following the massacre of 16 school children and a teacher at Dunblane in Scotland in 1996. The police estimate that 40,000 weapons have been surrendered, meaning that the vast majority of legally held guns have been given up. But as Inspector Paul Brightwell, a policeman from southern England, points out, many owners are still angry about the bans. Although Britain now has some of the strictest firearms laws in the world, correspondents say the government may still look to introduce further restrictions.News Item 2More than one hundred thousand mothers across the United States gathered here in Washington Sunday to push for tougher gun control laws. Organizers of the so-called Million Mom March are hoping to harness growing outrage at the number of children killed by handguns here in the United States."What do we want? Gun control! When do we want? Now! What do we want? Gun control! When do we want? Now! What do we want? Gun control! When do we want? Now! What do we want? Gun control!..."The protesters—mothers, victims of gun violence and families—came from across the United States to hear heartbreaking stories of children who had been gunned down. One mother described the pain she felt after her young son received a crippling gunshot wound to the chest. In an emotional appeal, she urged the crowd to vote for members of Congress who support gun control."Mothers, we have shed tears for our children. Let's make our tears the river of votes. Let's make our tears become a raging river of votes, and we need to get our legislators out of office if they do not want stricter gun control."Organizers of the Washington rally and others held in cities across the United States say at least 12 children a day are killed by guns. They want Congress to enact laws that will require registration of handguns and some type of licensing system. US gun control laws vary from state to state. Ant nationwide registration is strongly opposed by the National Rifle Association, a wealthy and powerful nationwide group of firearms owners who reject any type of gun control.Task 3【答案】A.1) a) 2) a) 3) b) 4) b) 5) c)B.Column 1 Column 2Soccer Roland GarrosEquestrian events Longchamp racetrackTennis Stade de FranceC.1) The dossier will show locations of sporting events, media centers, and an Olympic village.2) The tried and tested quality of Paris’ famous sporting infrastructure is a big advan tage. Moreover, it’s been many years since France hosted the Olympic Games in 1924.【原文】The last time Paris had the honor of hosting the Olympic Games was way back in 1924. Having lost out to Beijing for the right to stage the Games in 2008, the French capital is now optimistic it can win the bid for the 2012 Olympics. The nine cities in contention have until mid-January to give details of their proposed venues. And the organizers in Paris can point to the fact that most of their facilities are already in place.Competition is fierce among the nine cities bidding for the 2012 Games who all have until January the 15th to give the IOC a dossier showing locations of sporting events, media centers, and an Olympic village. London, New York, Moscow, Madrid, Istanbul, Rio de Janeiro, Leipzig and Havana are all hopeful of staging the world's greatest sporting festival. But experts reckon that Paris is the early favorite.Preparation is key when it comes to hosting the Olympic Games. Barcelona and Sydney both proved how to stage one. It's been almost 70 years since the summer Olympic experience took place on French soil. Having lost out to host the Games in 2008, the organizers within Paris are optimistic about their chances for hosting the 2012 Olympics.Integral to Paris' bid is the tried and tested quality of its renowned sporting infrastructure. Soccer matches, for instance, would be held in the northeast suburb of Saint-Denis, home of the 78,000-seat Stade de France, where France beat Brazil three nil in 1998 to win the World Cup. The stadium is also the likely setting for the Olympic track and field events, with the media center being erected alongside it. Tennis matches would be well catered for at the famous red clay courts of Roland Garros, home to the French Open, the most likely location. Whilst the equestrian events could be held within the famous Longchamp Racetrack, which hosts the prestigious Prix de L'Arc de Triomphe each year. With around 150 acres of Pads real estate available in the city's Seventeenth District, the Athletes' Village could easily be adapted, not far from Longchamp.Paris city authorities estimate the cost of hosting the 2012 Games at $6.9 billion. That’s nearly twice as much as estimated for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. But i f that generates just a fraction of the enthusiasm—and money—raised when France won the European Championships in 2000, it’ll be money well spent.Task 4【答案】A. 1) c) 2) a) 3) b) 4) a) 5) b)B.1) 2,200, two thirds, confrontation2) appreciate, foundation, cooperation, trust, Russia【原文】Darren Jordon: A new era of relations has been declared between the United States and Russia. This morning, Presidents Bush and Putin met in Moscowto sign a nuclear arms treaty. Mr. Bush said suspicions of the ColdWar had been cast aside. The two Presidents met inside the Kremlinto approve what they both called a historic agreement. They promisedto reduce their nuclear stockpiles by two thirds so that each would bedown to below 2,200 over the next ten years. President Bush said theagreement marked the end of a long chapter of confrontation betweenthe two countries. Well, our Moscow Correspondent Caroline Wyatthas been following the morning's events. Caroline.Caroline Wyatt: Well, it's taken us ten long years for Russia and America to reach this stage. But it does seem that at the Kremlin here behind me in Moscow,that Vladimir Putin and George Bush have finally managed to banishthe mistrust of the Cold War era, and start a new chapter in relations.The day began with a sombre ceremony as President Bush paid hisrespects at the Tomb of Unknown Soldier, honoring Russia's sacrificeas an ally in the Second World War. The American President lookedslightly awestruck as he entered the Kremlin to praise Russia'scontribution in the new war, the fight against terror. Vladimir Putin'ssupport for Mr. Bush since September 11th has cemented anunexpectedly warm relationship between their two countries, turningcold war enemies into friends. Amid the splendor of St. Catherine'sHall, both leaders prepared to sign the treaty they say will make theworld a safer place, the solemnity of the moment only slightly dentedwhen the cameras caught Mr. Bush removing his boiled sweat. Thenthe two men put their names to a deal agreeing to scrap two-thirds oftheir nuclear arsenals over the next decade. Yet it’s not a treatyRussia's military leaders are happy with. They complain Washingtonwill simply store the weapons for later use. So Mr. Bush tried toreassure his audience here.George Bush: I appreciate the fact that we have now laid the foundation for not only our governments, but future governments to work in a spirit ofcooperation and a spirit of trust. It's good. It's good for the people ofRussia. It's good for the people of the Untied States.Caroline Wyatt: For his part, Mr. Putin said he has no doubt they were entering a new era in relations. Despite the smiles, much still divided their twonations. America fears Russia is selling nuclear technology to Iran.But at least now they say they can address those issues as friends andallies. The two men do have the rest of the day and then a relaxingweekend in Mr. Putin's hometown, St. Petersburg, to iron out of allthose issues.Task 5【答案】A.1) The US military sent an interceptor into space to hit a missile with a mock warhead2) 60 billion dollars.3) It was the first test of new technology that could become a key component of the Missile Defense Network. After the test, the pentagon would likely recommend that US President order deployment of the Missile Defense System.4) Earlier tests produced mixed results: Two failed and one succeeded.5) He said the nature of the security threats facing the United States has changed since the end of the Cold War, and old treaties ju st don’t fit any more.B.Responses from Parties ConcernedParties Concerned Relations to the TestUS President Pleased with the result, President Bush said hewas convinced the system should and could bebuilt.US Congress It criticized the plan for its high cost.Russia and some NATO member states They disagreed with the US position and warned of the danger of a new arms race.Greenpeace Its activists tried to disrupt the test.【原文】News Item 1A crucial test of the US Missile Defense System is set to begin within hours as the US military tries to destroy a dummy warhead in space over the Pacific Ocean. An interceptor missile fired from an island in the Pacific Ocean will try to hit the warhead launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. If the intercept succeeds, the Pentagon will likely recommend that the President Clinton order deployment of the 60-billion-dollar Missile Defense System. In a bid to disrupt today's test, the environmental group Greenpeace has sent a ship to an off limits zone near Vandenberg. Spokesman Steve Shohan says its activists had infiltrated the facility. "Itis the objective of the Greenpeace activists on the base to chain themselves to the apparatus immediately adjacent to the missile silo, so that the missile could not be launched," Greenpeace says, with people in the part of the base, the missile cannot be fired. But the Pentagon insists it has the means to deal with such attempted disruptions.News Item 2President Bush's hopes for a missile defense system got a big boost this weekend when the Pentagon staged a successful test of key technology. A missile interceptor successfully hit a mock nuclear warhead over the Pacific Ocean. White House officials say Mr. Bush was pleased with the result.Mr. Bush was at his presidential retreat outside Washington when a flash of light faraway over the Pacific signaled the successful test. An interceptor sent into space from a tiny Pacific island neatly hit its target, an intercontinental range missile with a mock warhead launched minutes earlier from an air force base in California. It was the first test of new technology that could become a key component of the Missile Defense Network. Earlier tests of other elements produced mixed results. Two failed and one succeeded. The president said he is convinced the system can and should be built. He says the nature of the security threats facing the United States has changed since the end of the Cold War, and old treaties just don’t fit any more. But Russia and some NATO allies think otherwish and warn of a new arms race. And the notion of spending billions to develop Missile Defense has drawn some criticism on Capitol Hill.Task 6【答案】1) We will try to avoid a worldwide nucleate war, for there are no winners in such a war.2) The US and other countries should refrain from tests, and sign and ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.3) The US is withdrawing from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.4) We should start a new arms race by deploying Missile Defense System.【原文】1) We will not prematurely or unnecessarily risk the cause of worldwide nuclear war, in which even the fruits of victory will be ashes in our mouth. (J. F. Kennedy)2) Today I say again, on behalf of the United States, we will continue the policy we have maintained since 1992 of not conducting nuclear test. I call on Russia, China, Britain, France and all other countries to continue the refrain from testing. I call on nations that have not done so to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. (Bill Clinton)3) We reviewed what I've discussed with my friend President Vladimir Putin over the course of many meetings and many months, and that is the need for America to move beyond the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Today, I have given formal notice to Russia, in accordance with the Treaty, that the United States of America is withdrawing from this almost 30-year-old treaty. (G. W. Bush)4) Are we really prepared to raise the starting-gun in a new arms race in a potentially more dangerous world? Because, make no mistakes about it, folks, if we deploy Missile Defense System as being contemplated, we could do just that. Step back from the ABM treaty, go full steam ahead and deploy Missile Defense System, then we'll be raising the starting-gun. Let's stop this nonsense before we end up pullingthe trigger. (Senator Biden)Task 7【答案】A.1) They had hoped to settle an agenda ahead of the WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle next week. But they failed to achieve that goal.2) They were disputes over agricultural issue between major trading nations, and demands from developing countries for more time to implement existing trade accords.3) They have heavily subsidized their agricultural products. Farmers benefit a lot from these policies.4) They pressed the EU and Japan to remove the subsidies.5) Yes, he was confident that some agreement could be reached in Seattle.B.1) c) 2) a) 3) b) 4) a) 5) d)C.1) Developing countries demand more access to the European market for their agricultural products, but the EU still wants to maintain its subsidies for exports and barriers to imports.2) Yes. Because their markets are also flooded with cheap goods from other countries.3) On the whole, the rich countries benefit more from the WTO rules.【原文】News Item 1Ambassadors to the World Trade Organization have failed to agree on a common text for the next global trade round of talks. During three months of negotiations in Geneva, the ambassadors had hoped to settle an agenda ahead of the WTO ministerial meeting in Seattle next week. From Geneva Claire Doole reports.The major sticking point is agriculture, pitting the big trading nations against each other. The US and major agricultural countries such as Australia wanted the EU and Japan to slash their export subsidies, which they say prices their producers out of the market. But this is unpopular with both trading powers, reluctant to incur the rows of their heavily subsidized but politically influential farmers. The other problem area is the demand from developing countries for more time to implement existing trade accords. The WTO Director-General remains confident that the agreement will be found in Seattle, but trade envoys are not so optimistic.News Item 2Trade ministers from 18 nations and political entities are meeting behind closed doors in Mexico City to seek consensus on the agenda for a new round of world trade talks. The meeting is taking place in a luxury hotel under tight security. Around two dozen anti-globalization protesters tried to demonstrate near the hotel, but they were outnumbered by Mexican riot police, who kept them far from the site. The goal of the meeting is to work out a framework for talks to be held in Qatar in November. The last round of world trade talks ended in 1994 and led to the creation of the World Trade Organization the next year. But efforts to launch a new round of talks in the city of Seattle in 1999 ended in failure.The trade ministers meeting here are trying to work out basic agreements on such divisive issues as antidumping rules and agricultural subsidies. Developing nations are demanding more access to Europe for such commodities as beef and grain, butEuropean Union nations have maintained subsidies for exports and barriers to imports. The developing nations also want rules against dumping, whereby their markets are flooded with cheap goods from other nations. Poorer nations say the benefits of free trade have mostly been seen in the rich countries and they are looking for a new round of trade talks to address the current inequalities.Although the gap remains wide, World Trade Organization officials say they are hopeful that these informal discussions here in Mexico City will lead to an agreement that can be embraced at the larger meeting in November. The representatives at this meeting are only a small fraction of the organization's 142 members, but they are thought to be representative of the various points of view within the larger body. The meeting is to conclude on Saturday.Task8:【答案】A.1) Working with UNICEF—one of the most direct and effective ways to help childrenwho need it2) Top issue on the agenda—mobilizing artists and other intellectuals in the efforts for child survival and health in Africa3) How and why artists can help the campaign for universal child immunization.4) How and why artists enjoy high esteem in AfricaB.1) b) 2) a) 3) c) 4) b) 5) c)C.1) society, governments, political, economic processes2) the mobilization of entertainers/artists3) immunize, the six major child-killing diseases4) immunized【原文】Extract 1Narrator: As we heard in a previous edition of this programme, Harry Belafonte has become the latest goodwill ambassador for UNICEF, the United NationsChildren's Fund. In the tradition of Danny Kaye, Liv Ullmann, PeterUstinov and others, the popular entertainer who has worked with UNICEFin the past will tour the world in support of UNICEF initiatives for childsurvival. According to Mr. Belafonte, working with UNICEF is one of themost direct and expedient ways to get help to children who need it. Belafonte: It has been over the last four years that I have become more intensely aware of the whole role of children in the global process as it affects societyand as it affects governments and as it affects the political process and as itaffects the economic process. And also, with USA for Africa, UNICEFbecame a very, very important conduit for the dissemination anddistribution of our resources. When we looked around as anon-governmental organization for how to ensure that much of the $52million that we raised and…certainly all of the other areas that werestimulated with financial returns based upon our effort. UNICEF wasalways at the center of everyone's choice for who to rely on and what to dowhen we went into places for which we knew very little about in order tomeet head on the problems of the drought and the famine and the death andthe pestilence and all of the various health problems.Extract 2Narrator: One of the first projects Mr. Belafonte will work on as a UNICEF goodwill ambassador is the mobilization of entertainers for child survival and healthin Africa. During the United Nations General Assembly's special session onthe critical situation in Africa in May of last year, African nations discussedthe state of health care on the continent and its importance to the economicand social well-being of each country. According to Mr. Belafonte, this is atopic high on the agenda of UNICEF as well.Belafonte: One of the first things that Jim and I talked about was how to in fact define methodologies and ways in which we can begin to engage artists inparticular, intellectuals in general, to be able to have some on-goingunderstanding, on-going programme, to help change the course of humanhistory as it relates to children and as it relates to children particularly inthe Third World, and on this first leg of our journey, specifically in Africa. Extract 3Narrator: UNICEF has set the goal of universal child immunization to encourage nations to immunize their young against the six major child-killing diseases.While many countries are making steady progress toward these goals, Mr.Grant points out that the campaign can be greatly aided by the support ofartists and the entertainment community.Grant: Our dilemma with immunization is that the easiest part almost is to get the vaccines out. Granted, we need refrigeration—what we call the coldchain—you've got to get the vaccinators. But the really difficult thing is howyou convince somebody who has never had immunization before, is illiterate,never gone to school, that they should bring their children to be immunizedthree times, a month apart. Usually most children will run a fever after thefirst round. So a mother who's brought the child in healthy then has got to beconvinced to come back the second time. And here's where the intellectuals,the artists, the singers—there's a massive communication job to tell parentsthat they do have this power, symbolized in the vaccination appeal bybringing their children in. But it's really the artists, the intellectuals, thepeople who set the ambiance of all this that determines really what peopledo.Extract 4Narrator: And Mr. Belafonte adds that artists are held in high esteem throughout Africa.Belafonte: I think that in Africa, where communication vis-a-vis radio and television is far less than it is in industrialized nations and therefore there is a greatercommunity involvement almost directly with artists, one on one. Whenartists walk through the streets of any major city or any village in Africa, thepied piper role they play—the way people follow them down the streets, thelove and the reverence with which they’re held—is something to be envied.I think most American artists think we have it made because we have theMercedes, the swimming pool and Beverly Hills. But they miss an awful lotwhen they don’t understand how that direct relationship to the communityand to the people, what that direct relationship means.Task 9【原文】The British government has said that Queen Elizabeth has no objection to plans to overturn the tradition of the eldest-born son succeeding to the throne by givingequal rights to whoever is the oldest prince or princess. The announcement in the Upper House of Parliament, the House of Lords, is part of the Labour Government's moves to modernize the British constitution. The change, if approved, will make no difference to the right of Prince Charles and his eldest son to succeed to the throne. The Queen herself took over as monarch only because her father King George VI died without sons.。

《现代大学英语听力3》 Unit 3 Film and TV (听力原文及答案)

Unit 3 Film and TV《现代大学英语听力3》听力原文及答案Task 1【答案】A. 1) F 2) T 3) T 4) F 5) T 6) TB.1) She takes care of the Jotmsons' children when their mother is sick.2) When they got to the theater, they found that the G movie wasn’t there any more. Th e theater was showing an X-rated movie called GIRLS.3) Since she didn’t know what X meant, she thought a movie about "girls" would be fine for littlegirls.【原文】Jack: Did you hear what happened to Helga? She almost lost her job.Mary: I didn't know she had one.Jack: Well, it's just a part-time job. Helga takes care of the Jotmsons' children when their mother is sick. Mrs. Johnson hasn't been well lately.Mary: What happened? Why did Helga almost lose her job?Jack: Well, there was a children's movie advertised at the neighborhood theater last Saturday. It was one of those G movies, for general audiences.Mary: I suppose Helga took the Johnson children to the movie. Wasn't that all right?Jack: Yes, but here is what happened. When they got to the theater, they found that the G movie wasn't there any more. The theater was showing an X-rated movie called GIRLS.Mary: X-rated movies are really bad, aren't they?Jack: They're even worse than R-rated ones which teenagers aren't supposed to see. But Helga didn't know what X meant, and she thought a movie about "girls" would be fine for little girls. Mary: Did the theater let her in?Jack: No, but Helga tried to make them let her in. The manager had to call Mrs. Johnson. That's how she almost lost her job.Task 2【答案】A. 1) F 2) T 3) T 4) F 5) F 6) FB.Judy watched a bit of TV last night. Before the football came on, she switched over just to protest, for she couldn’t bear football, and thus she saw the end of the film The Graduate. When the football came on, she turned over to a programme on foxes. After the foxes, she turned over back to see who won the football, but only saw the beginning of the News. Then she packed up and went to bed.【原文】Stuart: What did you do last night then? Did you work all night?Judy: Yes, I did some work, but I watched a bit of TV ... Got to relax, you know.Stuart: Did you watch the football?Judy: No, no I didn't. I can't bear football.Stuart: Really?Judy: Yes. I really hate it. Well, actually, just before the football came on, I switched over just to ... just to protest.Stuart: What did you see then?Judy: Well, I saw the programme before ... just the end of a film that was on before the football. It looked quitegood actually. It's a shame I didn't switch on earlier. It was some kind of love story ... with Dustin Hoffman, you know, The erm ...Stuart: The Graduate?Judy: That's it. The Graduate.Stuart: Yes. I know. I've seen that. Yes, good film.Judy: Yes, and nice music. And then, when the football came on I turned over.Stuart: Terrible, terrible!Judy: I hate it! I really can't stand it.Stuart: It was a great game!Judy: Yes? Who was playing?Stuart: England, of course. What did you see then, that was more important than football? Judy: Foxes. Yes, a good programme on foxes. Yes, they spent ages watching these foxes in a house. They werewatching them all night and these little baby foxes. It was tremendous.Stuart: Yes, sounds all right.Judy: Yes, it was good—better than football ... and then, then I turned over, back to the other channel to see whowon the football, but I missed it and I just saw the beginning of the news and packed up and went to bed.Stuart: Well, I'm sorry you missed it. It was a good game.Judy: Who did win?Stuart: England, of course. Who do you think? Six nil. Yes.Judy: Must have been quite good then!Stuart: Yes, it was good, actually. It was very good.Task 3【答案】A. 1) b) 2) c)B. 1) F 2) F 3) FC.Topic: How the movies are producedThesis: There are six basic steps that are normally followed in the production of a full-length film. Steps: First step—finding a property; two types of properties1) An original storye.g. Star Wars, Back to the Future, Rocky2) A property from a novel, play, or musicale.g. The Sound of Music, Tess, The GodfatherSecond step—writing the script; two options1) The original writer takes part in the production of the script2) Directors write the scripts themselves【原文】Good morning, ladies and gentlemen! Let's start this introduction to filmmaking with a simple question: How many of you have seen a movie this week? It doesn't matter if it was at the theater or just on your own TV... Uhhuh, just as I thought, almost all of you have.Of course, most of us love the movies—the magic, the escape that they provide, but most of us rarely stop to think about the process of making a movie. Just what does it take to get that movie from the idea stage to the final product? What are the decisions that must be made? What problems are encountered? Exactly how does a movie studio go about making a movie? These are precisely the topics that we will be exploring today.There are six basic steps that are normally followed in the production of a full-length film. I'll outline them for you.The first step is rather obvious--to make a film you must have an idea.., a story...some topic for the project. The studio must find a property. That's a key word, folks—property, p-r-o-p-e-r-t-y. You all know the common meaning of this word, of course, but in filmmaking the word "property" has a very specific meaning. A property is the story on which the movie will be based. Okay, it's the story on which the movie is based. You are probably wondering why we call it a property. Well, it belongs to someone; it is that person's "property" and must be acquired by the studio, sometimes for quite a large sum of money.There are basically two kinds of properties. The first is an original story that has never appeared anywhere before—never been in a book, or magazine, or another film. In other words, the story is intended from the very beginning to be made into a movie.Star Wars is one good example of this type of property—you do remember that famous science fiction film, don't you? Another example is Back to the Future—oh, and also Rocky. All of these were based on a story written only for the purpose of making a movie.Actually though, the majority of properties, for famous films at least, come from novels, plays, or musicals that are already published. Examples of this type of property include The Sound of Music, which was originally a play, Tess, a famous novel, and The Godfather, which was also first a novel.Okay, that's step number one—finding a property.Well, now we have the property. The next step is to prepare a script from that property. This part of the process can take several months or sometimes even a year or more. It's quite a lengthy and time-consuming process. During this time, the scriptwriter, producer, and director usually work very closely with each other.Recently, there has been a trend to also have the original writer—the original property owner—take part in the production of the script. This means that if the property is taken from a book or play, the original author of the book or play is involved in writing the script. This is a good trend, I think. Who could possibly know the story better or understand it more clearly than its original creator?Another option, however, is for directors to write scripts themselves. This often occurs because scriptwriters are not only responsible for the dialog, but they also must specify what kind of camera shots they want used. For instance, in all scenes, and especially long scenes that don't haveany dialog, the scriptwriter must describe what the camera should focus on, what should be in the center of the shot, what mood the image should present. Directors have much more experience with camera work and often prefer to write the script themselves for this reason.So that's step number two—writing the script.Task 4【答案】A. 1) a) 2) a)B. 1) F 2) F 3) TC.Topic: How movies are producedThesis: There are six basic steps that are normally followed in the production of a full-length film. Steps: Third step—casting the film; two types of casting1) Building the movie around a famous starAdvantages: A famous star is a great asset to the film. It attracts fans automatically. Financial success of the movie depends on how many people come to see it.Disadvantages: Famous star are very expensive. They take attention away from the story itself. They distract the audience.2) Casting movies with unknown actors and actressesAdvantages: Movie centers around the story itself. Make the movie more believable.Fourth step—filming the movie; done in two types of places1) Soundstages—both pictures and dialogs are recorded.2) Partially filmed on location—in a real setting.Note: all the scenes with a big star can done first, or all the scenes shot at the same location can be filmed at the same time.【原文】Okay, now the script is finished and approved, and we are ready for the next step—a very critical step indeed—the casting of the film.The success or failure of a movie can depend on the ability of the actors and actresses to convince us that they really are the characters that they are portraying. The producer and the director must choose the cast very, very carefully. This step of choosing the actors and actresses is called casting. Got it? Casting is choosing the actors and actresses, the cast of the movie.There are, in general, two types of casting. The first and the most common approach is to build the movie around a famous star. It is obvious that having a well-recognized name in the cast is a great asset to the film. Having someone, like Tom Cruise, Meryl Streep, or Harrison Ford will automatically attract large numbers of their fans to the movie. And of course, the financial success of the movie depends on how many people come to see it.Now, there is also a second type of casting, and it has worked very well at times. Although it is true that top stars can attract audiences, they are also very, very expensive. With this in mind, some producers and directors cast their movies with unknown actors and actresses, concentrating on who fits the part the best, not who has the biggest name.Actually, this approach, as I said, can work quite well because sometimes a big star can actually take attention away from the story itself. In other words, the stars distract the audience! The audience focuses on the star, not on the story. One example of this second type of casting is themovie E. T., which is, in fact, one of the most popular movies of all time.Unknown child actors and actresses were hired and the movie centered around the story itself. The producer and director probably thought that unknown actors would make the movie more believable. A big star might actually hurt that movie.Well, on to the next step.After the casting has been completed, the fourth step, filming the movie, can begin. Filming any kind of major motion picture usually takes about six to eight months. Now, you might not know this, but filming rarely takes place in the same order as the story. The reason for shooting in a different time order is that all the scenes with a big star can be done first, or all the scenes shot at the same location can be filmed at the same time. So what happens is this: The order scenes are filmed in and the order they appear in the movie are almost always completely different. It would be inconvenient and costs would increase dramatically if scenes were filmed in the order that we see them in the finished movie.The filming itself is done in two types of places. The first is studio buildings called soundstages. They were given this name because both pictures and dialogs are recorded there. These soundstages can be made to appear like almost anything—from a fourteenth-century town to a small hotel room.In addition to soundstages, most movies are partially filmed on location—in a real setting. On location means that the actors, actresses, film crew, and other necessary personnel must travel to a place like, maybe, a South American jungle or downtown Paris, or wherever, for filming certain scenes.This makes the movie more interesting and realistic. Indoor scenes can easily be filmed on a soundstage, but scenes that require extensive use of outdoor scenery or use famous places as backgrounds must be done on location to be realistic.As you can imagine, the costs of filming on location are enormous. People and equipment must be flown to the place, living accommodations must be found, and food has to be provided for a large number of people. There are lots of practical problems like these. The added realism of filming on location adds a lot of expense to a film.Task 5【答案】2) we never fond it difficult to occupy our spare time3) We used to enjoy civilized pleasures4) All our free time is regulated by TV5) It demands and obtains absolute silence and attention6) Whole generations are growing up addicted to it7) It is a universal pacifier8) rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism and violence9) vast quantities of creative work10) they can’t keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well11) becomes a village, is reduced to preliterate communities, utterly dependent on pictures and the spoken word12) It encourages passive enjoyment13) It cuts us off from the real world14) from communicating with each other15) how totally irrelevant television is to real living【原文】―Yes, but what did we use to do before there was television?‖ How often we hear statements like this! Television hasn’t been with us all that long, but we are already beginning to forget what the world was like without it. Before we admitted the one-eyed monster into our homes, we never fond it difficult to occupy our spare time. We used to enjoy civilized pleasures. For instance, we used to have hobbies; we used to entertain our friends and be entertained by them; we used to go outside for our amusements to theatres, cinemas, restaurants and sporting events. We even used to read books and listen to music and broadcast talks occasionally. All that belongs to the past. Now all our free time is regulated by the ―goggle box‖. We rush home or gulp down our meals to be in time for this or that programme. We have even given up sitting at table and having a leisurely evening meal, exchanging the news of the day. A sandwich and a glass of beer will do anything, providing it doesn’t interfere with the programme. The monster demands and obtains absolute silence and attention. If any member of the family dares to open his mouth during a programme, he is quickly silenced.Whole generations are growing up addicted to the telly. Food is left uneaten, homework undone and sleep is lost. The telly is a universal pacifier. It is now standard practice for mother to keep the children quiet by putting them in the living-room and turning on the set. It doesn’t matter that the children will watch rubbishy commercials or spectacles of sadism and violence – so long as they are quiet. There is a limit to the amount of creative talent available in the world. Every day, television consumes vast quantities of creative work. That is why most of the programmes are so bad: it is impossible to keep pace with the demand and maintain high standards as well. When millions watch the same programmes, the whole world becomes a village, and society is reduced to the conditions which obtain in preliterate communities. We become utterly dependent on the two most primitive media of communication: pictures and the spoken word.Television encourages passive enjoyment. We become content with second-hand experiences. It is so easy to sit in our armchairs watching others working. Little by little, television cuts us off from the real world. We get so lazy – we choose to spend a fine day in semi-darkness, glued to our sets, rather than go out into the world itself. Television may be s splendid medium of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each other. We only become aware how totally irrelevant television is to real living when we spend a holiday by the sea or in the mountains, far away from civilization. In quiet, natural surroundings, we quickly discover how little we miss the hypnotic tyranny of King Telly.Task 6【答案】A.1) It came from Alan’s eldest son.2) Because there were lots of children in a film about gangsters in New York.3) They visited ordinary schools and stage schools and Christmas shows all over America, and looked forAmerican children in Britain, too. Alan saw about 100 videos of Christmas shows and auditioned over 10,000children.4) All the clothes had to be in the right style but in small sizes, even the gangster hats.B. 1) c 2) e 3) a 4) b 5) f 6) d【原文】Mike: Welcome to Radio Time, and this month's edition of Film World. I'm very pleased to have Alan Parker with me for today's program. Alan, you made one of the most famous and popular children's films of all time—Bugsy Malone. Tell me, when did you first think of the idea for Bugsy Malone?Alan: Well, I have to say that I didn't think of the idea myself. It came from my eldest son. Mike: Ah, so you knew it was a good idea for a children's film.Alan: Yes. I took the idea and wrote the full story. That was in 1973.Mike: Was it difficult to write?Alan: No, it was more difficult to get the money to make the film. A lot of people thought it was a strange idea—lots of children in a film about gangsters in New York.Mike: Is it a true story?Alan: Not quite. But there were two gangs in New York in 1929, the year of my story.Mike: How did you choose the actors?Alan: That was a lot of work. We visited ordinary schools and stage schools and Christmas shows all over America. And we looked for American children in Britain, too. I saw about 100 videos of Christmas shows, and we auditioned over 10,000 children for the cast.Mike: So there was a lot of competition to get a part?Alan: Oh yes, but there always is.Mike: How long did it take to film Bugsy Malone?Alan: Eleven weeks. The filming was quite quick in fact. But we had to do a lot of work first. We needed 300 costumes, I remember. And all the clothes had to be in the right style but in small sizes, even the gangster hats.Task 7【答案】A.1)T 2)F 3)T 4)T 5)F 6)F 7)F 8)FB.1) a) 2) b) 3) a) 4) c) 5) b) 6) b) 7) b) 8) c)【原文】Matthew: Television is undoubtedly a great invention, but one of the main criticisms of it is that people just aren't selective enough. Lesley, you’v e got a television; how do you pick out the sorts of programmes you want to watch?Lesley: I try and look at the prograxnmes that are on to decide which particular ones interest me, rather than you turning it on a seven o'clock and you leaving it on until half-past eleven when the programmes finish.Matthew: Do you think of television though as a great time-waster?Lesley: Un ...I think it can be a time waster and it depends on how particular people are about…what you know, what they want to see. Um, it can just be a sort of total amusement for someone and totally consuming without really considering what it is they're watching. Matthew: Aha, but how do you prevent it coming into your life and taking over your evenings and at the same time perhaps get…ge t out of the television some of the sort of best things—bestprogrammes that... that undoubtedly are on television?Lesley: Well, I suppose one of the problems is...will depend on what a person's life style is, and that if he has other outside interests which are equally important to him as television, he will then, you know, be more careful about which programmes he wants to watch because he has time which he uses…wants to use for other things.Matthew: Do you think though that... that in…in a sense telev ision has killed people's own er...sort of , creativity or their ability to entertain themselves because…well, if they're bored all they do is just turn on the television?Lesley: Yes, I think that is a danger, and I think that’s…in fact…is what is happening to a lot of people who use it as their...their main field of amusement and... because they don't have other outside interests and even when people come round, they'll leave the television on and not be, you know, particularly interested in talking to them. You know the television will be the main thing in the room.Matthew: Henrietta, would you let your children spend many afternoons and evenings watching television or would you encourage them to go out and play?Henrietta: Well, it’s interesting. This... in fact, we really have had a policy of um... almost total restriction of viewing. I mean, my children are very small, they're four-and-a-half and two-and-a-half, and it's only very recently that we have even got into the habit of watchingPlayschool. I do tend to... um... I do try to... in fact I succeed in restricting their viewing solely to that and a couple ofprogrammes that follow it, but I don't like to see a child sit with an open mouth in front of a television set hour after hour, but I'm not anti-television at all. I myself watch quite a lot; I watch some comedy, I watch um... serials.., um the recent serialization of Jane Eyre was beautifully done and very interesting. I watch the news avidly.Matthew: Peter, have you got a television?Peter: I have, in fact I've got two televisions.Matthew: Do you watch them a lot?Peter: Er...no I...I watch very seldom. In fact, I find that I watch television most when I'm most when I'm working hardest and I need some sort of passive way of relaxing, something which requires nothing of me, then I watch television a lot. When I've got more energy left...um ...in my own private time, in my free time, then I find I do more different things. I do things like um reading, or going out, or working on anything…my ho bbies.Matthew: Do you think though that people can live a perfectly happy life if they haven't got a television?Peter: Oh, yes, I think people who don't have a television or people who don’t watch television can be expected to be happier. You can…if t hey never watch television, you can assume, I think, or you can guess that they are happier people than the people who watch a lot of television, because I think that television goes with the kind of life which leaves you with nothing to spare, nothing left. You have to be given potted, passive entertainment.Matthew: But in that case you ...you seem as though you're completely against television. Is that true?Peter: No, it's not. I...I have a television, in fact I have two as I said, but I...I ...I think there's a dilemma, a difficult situation. Television in itself is very good; a lot of the information and a lot of the programmes are very instructive; they introduce you to things you may never have thought of before or never have heard about before. But in watching, it makes you very passive; you sit forhour after hour and you get very receptive and very unquestioning and it seems to me the important thing in life is to be active, to do things, to think things and to be as creative as possible, and television prevents this.Task 8【答案】 1) d) 2) d) 3) c) 4) b) 5) a)【原文】Michael: I want to do something tonight for a change, let's go out.Brian: All right, let's go to the movies.Jane: In this heat? Are you joking?Brian: We can go to an outdoor movie. Do you think I'd suggest an indoor one in the middle of the summer inSan Diego?Michael: I'd rather go out for a meal.Jane: Yes, that sounds a better idea. The outdoor movies are so uncomfortable.Brian: Why don't we do both at the same time? We could pick up some take-away food and eat it in the movie.Michael: That sounds like fun. What a good idea.Jane: But they never show any good films in the summer. At least not any of the new ones. All you get is the oldclassics.Brian: And what's wrong with them?Jane: Oh nothing, it's just that we've seen them all half a dozen times.Brian: But that's why they're classics. They're worth seeing again and again.Michael: You've got a point there, Brian. My main objection to outdoor movies is that you can never hear properly.You hear all the traffic from outside.Brian: Well, we can find a foreign film with subtitles; then you don't need to hear the sound. Jane: Supposing it's a musical.Brian: Oh, trust you to say that! I think it would be fun to sit watching an old film and eating a meal at the sametime.Jane: Last time I went to an outdoor movie, I bought a bar of chocolate to eat as I went in. It was a horror filmand I was so shocked I just sat there holding my bar of chocolate until the interval when I found it hadmelted in my hand and run all down my dress. That was an expensive evening out.Michael: Well, we won't go and see a horror film, darling, and take-away meals don't melt.Task 9【答案】1) It is taken from a Greek word and a Latin word.2) TV provides jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs.3) Some hospitals use TV to allow medical students to get close-up view of operations.4) By the mid-1960s, 90 percent of the households in the United States had at least one TV set5) Communications satellites televise programs ―live‖ from all over the world.6) By the middle 1960s, the national networks were broadcasting most of their programs in color. 【原文】Television, or TV, the modern wonder of electronics, brings the world into your own home in sight and sound. The name television comes from the Greek word tele, meaning ―far‖, and the Latin wordvidere, meaning ―to see‖. Thus, television means ―seeing far‖. In Great Britain, the popular word for television is ―telly‖.As an industry, TV provides jobs for hundreds of thousands who make TV sets and broadcasting equipment. It also provides work for actors, technicians, and others who put on programs. As an art, television brings the theater and other cultural events into the homes. Its influence on the life of average Americans is calculable: It can influence their thoughts, their likes and dislikes, their speech, and even their dress. It can also add to their store of knowledge. Through advertising television helps businesses and manufacturers sell their products to millions of persons. Television has brought political campaigns closer to the voters than in former days. Educational TV stations offer teaching in various subjects ranging from home nursing to art appreciation. Many large schools and universities have ―closed—circuit‖ television equipment that will telecast lectures and demonstrations to hundreds of students in different classrooms; and the lecture can be put on video tape to be kept for later use. Some hospitals use TV to allow medical students to get close-up view of operations.In 1946, after World War II, TV began to burst upon the American scene with a speed unforeseen even by the most optimistic leaders of the industry. The novelty of seeing TV pictures in the home caught the public’s fancy and began a revolution in the wo rld of entertainment. By 1950, television had grown into a major part of show business. Many film and stage stars began to perform on TV as television audiences increased. Stations that once telecast for only a few hours a day sometimes telecast around the clock in the 1960s.With the development of programming also came the introduction of television in full color. By the middle 1960s, the national networks were broadcasting most of their programs in color. The obvious appeal of television, whether in color or black-and-white, can be documented by the increasing number of TV sets in homes around the country. By the mid-1960s, 90 percent of the households in the United States had at least one TV set, and 12 percent had two or more sets. TV had become a part of the daily life of the adults and children of America.The programs that people watch are not only local and national ones. Since the launching of the first communications satellite, more and more programs are televised ―live‖ from all over the world. Television viewers in San Francisco were able to watch the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo by means of a communication satellite named Syncom. The Olympic Games in Mexico City and in Munich, Germany, were also telecast live as were parts of the historic visit of President Nixon to the People’s Republic of China.It looks as if the uses of television—in education, entertainment, and communication—appear to be endless. Certainly it is one of the major modern wonders of electronics in our changing world.Task 10【原文】。

现代大学英语听力3原文及答案unit4

Unit 4Task 1【答案】A.1) They are farms that grow vegetables for city people to eat fresh.2) It’s a farm that grow plants and flowers to sell.3) They protect the plants from the cold in the winter but let them get plenty of light, so the plants can be grown all through the year.B.1) canned, frozen2) flowers, garden plants, home gardens, yards, window boxes3) buildings, furniture, firewood【原文】Grain, vegetables and fruits are found on most farms. All of them are food for animals and people.Grain can be fed to animals just as it is harvested. But before people use them grains are usually made into flour or breakfast cereal. Bread, macaroni, and cereals all come from grain.Tomatoes, beans, potatoes, beets, lettuce, carrots and onions are field and garden vegetables. Can you think of any others? Vegetables are good for people and for some animals such as pigs and rabbits.Farms that grow vegetables for city people to eat fresh are called truck farms. Truck farms are usually close to big cities. Each day hundreds of loads of fresh vegetables are brought to stores on the farmers' trucks. Without the truck farmers people in cities would not eat well. And without city people who eat fresh vegetables, the truck farmers would have no work.There are many kinds of fruit. Apples, pears, peaches, cherries, oranges, grapefruit, and berries are a few kinds. You will be able to think of other kinds that you like. Most fruit is grown on specialized farms. But many general farms have some fruit to use and sell also.Like vegetables, fruit is sold fresh in markets. But a large part of both fruit and vegetable crops is sent to factories to be canned or frozen.In warm parts of our country farmers grow cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar cane, and peanuts.Specialized farms raise flowers and garden plants. They are sold to florists and to families for home gardens, or yards, or window boxes. A farm that grow plants and flowers to sell is called a nursery. Most nurseries have glass buildings, called hothouses or greenhouses. The hothouses are heated to protect the plants from cold in the winter but let them get plenty of light, so they can be grown all through the year.Some farms grow only trees. Some of these are Christmas tree farms. Others are large forests where trees are grown for their wood. The wood is used for buildings, furniture and firewood. Some tree farms grow only nut trees.Task 2【答案】A.Problems Concerned The safety of some pesticides used to kill insects, especiallyin developing countries:1.poor quality pesticides, which often contain harmfulchemicals2.the poor quality of pesticide containers and productinformation on the containersAdvantages of Pesticides 1.pesticides kill insects and other organisms that threatenarops.2.pesticides also are used for public health. They controlinsects that spread disease, such as mosquitoes that spread malaria.Possible Causes ofLow QualityPesticidesProduction problems and failure to use the right chemicals.B.1) The UN agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year was about three thousand million dollars.2) The agencies called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization pesticide rules. They say this would help guarantee the safe production of and trade in pesticides.【原文】Two United Nations agencies are expressing concern about the safety of some pesticides used to kill insects. They report that about thirty percent of all pesticides sold in developing countries fail to meet widely accepted rules for quality. They say these products are a serious threat to human health and the environment.The UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization gave the warning.In developing countries, pesticides are used mainly for agriculture. Pesticides kill insects and other organisms that threaten crops. Pesticides also are used for public health. They control insects that spread disease, such as mosquitoes that spread malaria.The UN agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year was about three thousand million dollars. They say the estimated market value of pesticides worldwide was thirty-two thousand million dollars.Officials say poor quality pesticides often contain harmful chemicals. These chemicals often are banned or restricted in some countries.Possible causes of low quality in pesticides include production problems and failure to use the right chemicals. Officials say the active chemicals in many pesticides are stronger than those permitted by many governments. They also say poor quality pesticides may contain poisonous substances or substances that are not pure.Officials say the quality of pesticide containers and product information on the containers are other concerns. They say information on the containers often fails to explain the active chemicals and how to use the product safely.The WHO says products listing false information have been sold for years in some areas. The agencies say the problem of poor quality pesticides is widespread in parts of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. They called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World Health Organization pesticide rules. They say this would help guarantee the safe production of and trade in pesticides.Officials say the agencies' rules are especially important for developing countries. They say developing countries often lack systems for testing pesticides.Task 3【答案】A.1) c) 2) d) 3) b)B.That’s because they’re making an investment all the time, but are still not sure whether or not they can make profits.【原文】Interviewer: Cattle raising and beef in the US is big business, isn't it?Bob Beck: Yes, it's the largest business—cattle business.Interviewer: It must be a very profitable business then.Bob Beck: Uh, not necessarily.Interviewer: It's not necessarily a profitable business?Bob Beck: At times, it's not profitable. Your production costs get... it's a supply and demand market, and if your supply is larger than your demand... Interviewer: So the price is fluctuating all the time...Bob Beck: Right. It fluctuates, and it can get below production costs. Interviewer: But you never know. For instance, next year, you don't know what it'll bring on the market.Bob Beck: No, technically it takes a year and a half from the time you breed the cow, until you get the calf, until the calf's marketable.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: You've got a year, to a year and a half, tied up there.Interviewer: So, you're making an investment all the time.Bob Beck: Right. So you're not sure.Interviewer: It sounds like it might be a very insecure kind of existence. Wonder why it is that people want to be farmers or ranchers then...Bob Beck: I think the majority of it is you like it. It's one thing. It's a breed of people.They like it. If you don't like what you're doing, why...Interviewer: What is there about it? You live essentially in a rural area. Doesn't that feeling of isolation ever bother you?Bob Beck: No. It's getting too crowded.Interviewer: Too crowded!Bob Beck: Too many people!Interviewer: I can see that, for instance, in a city, you have restaurants to go to, movie theaters—all kinds of thingsavailable to people, a lot of conveniences which you don't have in the morerural areas. What dopeople who farm and ranch do for recreation and relaxation, for instance...erm...Bob Beck: Well, I think a lot of it is if you're a livestock raiser, you'll go check your cows in the evening instead of going to a movie.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: That's as much recreation as driving through a bunch or cows, and if you like them, you enjoy that.Interviewer: In terms of the way of life, to a lot of people, it would seem that it's a very hard life. It means a lot of hard work. I mean, you have aschedule—whether you feel like it or not, you have to get out and feedanimals, and so forth. Would you regard that as one of the difficultthings about it, or is that...Bob Beck: No.Interviewer: …just sort of... part of it?Bob Beck: For me, if I had to go to a desk every morning, that'd kill me.Task 4【答案】A. paid off, fall back on, a security, operating expenses, complete disasterB.1) Some of them cook the meals, clean the house and take care of the kids every day.2) Yes. That is especially so after they've had one or two bad years when they couldn’t make money.3) When their children are small, they were with their parents to go out to work; when they are very small, Sharon didn’t go out as much as she would later.4) She thinks that in this way the children are a lot more self-reliant. They learn to work and they learn responsibility. They learn a lot about life by being continually in life with animals.【原文】Bob Beck: I think, for a wife, the same as a husband, they like it or they wouldn't marry a farmer or a rancher.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: They'd get out. I think it's not at all wives. Some of them are just like suburban housewives.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: They cook the meals, and they clean the house and that's it... take care of the kids...Interviewer: Have you known some situations like that?Bob Beck: Oh, yeah, I know situations like that!Interviewer: Sharon, is there a problem of the feeling of security?Sharon Beck: What kind of security are you talking about—financial security? Interviewer: Uh, yeah, financial security. Uh, the thing is up and down. You don't know what the market's going to bring, er... for beef. You work all year,and so forth... Is there any problem of that sort?Sharon Beck: Sure, there's the problem of security. Especially, if you've had one or two bad years. You feel awfully insecure.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: If you've borrowed money to buy a farm or to operate, and there's no money coming in, you feel awfully insecure.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: But if you've got a fairly good amount of your ranch paid off, you've got that to fall back on. You can always think of that as a security. Ifeverything else fails, if you can’t pay for your operating expenses…Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: ...you can always sell your equity in your ranch. So it isn't complete disaster.Interviewer: But it's not something that bothers you terribly. I mean, it's a fact of life. It's sort of...Sharon Beck: Something you live with, yeah...Interviewer:... part of the thing. The role of the wife in this situation is quite different than that of a suburban housewife. You don't have much free time, doyou?Sharon Beck: No.Interviewer: Because, essentially, you work in much the same way that your husband does.Sharon Beck: Yes, I'm usually with him.Interviewer: How do you handle the whole family-life situation—children? You're out almost as much as a working mother in the city, aren't you?Sharon Beck: Yes. The only difference is we're together.Interviewer: The children too...?Sharon Beck: The children too. When they're not in school, when they were small, they were with us. When they were very small, of course, I didn't goout as much.Interviewer: Do you feel that there are advantages in growing up in this way? Sharon Beck: Yeah, I definitely feel that there're advantages. There are disadvantages too, but I think the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. Interviewer: What are some of those advantages you think the children have? Sharon Beck: The advantages?Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: Well, they're a lot more self-reliant. They learn to work. Erm, they learn responsibility.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: They learn a lot about life by being continually in life, with animals, and... I think it makes them... erm... They grow up!Task 5【答案】A.1) 75 percent, half, in the east and south of England, in eastern Scotland, cereals, in hilly areas, on the richer grass of the lowlands2) 173, 703) The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the National Farmers' Union, 2 percent, 25 percent4) 1973, the European CommunityB.1) First, farmers complain that their work is made more difficult by rules and regulations that have been introduced. Second, they also claim that quota systems, which limit the amount of produce they can sell, make it impossible to make a profit.2) Many farmers let farm cottages, offer bed and breakfast to tourists, and grow strawberries in order to gain some extra money.3) Because the CAP’s set-aside policy is seen as helping farmers ge4t rich for doing nothing.4) Farmers are often criticized for destroying woods and hedges and for poisoning the environment with fertilizers and pesticides. Farmers may also be accused of cruelty towards their animals.【原文】About 75 percent of Britain is farmed, and British farms supply over half the country's food. Arable farms are mainly in the east and south of England and in eastern Scotland. The main crops are cereals, for example, wheat and barley, and potatoes, sugar beet and oilseed rape. Livestock, mainly sheep and cattle, are reared in hilly areas, though dairy cows are kept on the richer grass of the lowlands. Many cattle farmers have had a difficult time recently because of the BSE crisis. Kent, often called "the garden of England", and the Vale of Evesham are famous for horticultural produce.The average size of a British farm is 173 acres (70 hectares). Most farms are managed like other modern businesses. The word agribusiness describes the commercial aspects of farming. It is also used to refer to all the industries, including farming, which are associated with food production.The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food is the government department responsible for agriculture. Farmers' interests are represented by the National Farmers' Union. Agriculture only employs about 2 percent of the British workforce, though this figure rises to 25 percent when food processing industries are included.In 1973, Britain's entry into the European Community led to many changes in farming. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) provides help for farmers through subsidies. Originally, farmers were encouraged to produce as much as they could, and any surplus was put into storage. The cost of this policy was passed on to customers, who had to pay higher prices for food. Many people are still unhappy about the CAP. Farmers complain that their work is made more difficult by rules and regulations that have been introduced. They also claim that quota systems, which limit the amount of produce they can sell, make it impossible to make a profit. In recent years many farmers have tried to find additional ways of making money, e.g. by letting farm cottages, offering bed and breakfast to tourists, or by growing strawberries.But farmers do not get much sympathy from other people, mainly because of the money they receive in subsidies. The CAP’s set-aside policy, which pays farmers to leave some fields uncultivated, is seen by some people as helping farmers get rich for doing nothing. Farmers are sometimes called "custodians of the countryside", but they are often criticized for destroying woods and hedges and for poisoning the environment with fertilizers and pesticides. Some farmers practise organic fanning without chemicals, but, although people approve of this, most are unwilling to pay higher prices for organic produce. Farmers may also be accused of cruelty towards their animals: In battery farming, for instance, chickens are reared in crowded cages.Task 6【答案】A.1) over 22 million, about 2.5 percent, in the 1950s, in the 1980s, 470, 190, 174 ,70, 1940, 1996, $51 billion2) 36 percent, 47 percent3) $200 billion, $60 billion-worthB.1) Midwest, corn, soybeans2) Canada, southern Texas on the eastern side3) the Great Lakes4) Florida, Southern California and Hawaii5) the southeastC.1) The US Department of Agriculture spends a lot of its budget on buying surpluses and paying subsidies to farmers for them not to grow certain crops.2) It will gradually end these subsidies and give farmers more freedom to respond to public demand and grow what they want.3) The Federation is involved in agricultural research, but it also protects farmers' rights and tries to influence government policy.4) They think factory farming is bad and are in favor of organic produce, but they are unwilling to pay the extra cost.【原文】Agribusiness in the United States employs more people than any other industry, over 22 million, but only about 2.5 percent of the American workforce are farmers. Many people got into debt and left their farms in the 1950s, and in the 1980s many more farmers sold out and moved to the cities. The average size of a farm is now 470 acres (190 hectares), compared with 174 acres (70 hectares) in 1940. In 1996 farm income was more than $51 billion, the highest ever, but despite this many farmers had large debts.Many farmers live in the Corn Belt of the Midwest where corn and soybeans are grown. The US grows 36 percent of the world's corn and 47 percent of its soybeans. Others live on the prairies of the Great Plains, in what is known as the Wheat Belt, which stretches from Canada to southern Texas on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. Most livestock farmers live around the Great Lakes in the Dairy Belt, or further south in states like Texas where cattle are bred for meat on ranches. In the South many live in the Cotton Belt. Citrus fruits, such as oranges, are grown in Florida, Southern California and Hawaii, and tobacco is grown in the southeast. In 1996 the total value of agricultural products was $200 billion, of which $60billion-worth, mostly grain and soybeans, was exported. Farmers and ranchers are usually well respected by other people.The US Department of Agriculture spends a lot of its budget on buying surpluses and paying subsidies (in this case, money for not growing certain crops) to farmers, though in 1996 Congress passed a "Freedom to Farm" law that will gradually end these subsidies and give farmers more freedom to respond to public demand and grow what they want.Farmers are represented by the American Farm Bureau Federation and county farm organizations called Farm Bureaus. The Federation is involved in agricultural research, but it also protects farmers' rights and tries to influence government policy. Agricultural colleges attached to universities are highly respected. Extension officers act as a link between research departments and farmers.As in Britain, many people in the United States think factory farming is bad and are in favor of organic produce, but they are unwilling to pay the extra cost.Task 7【答案】A.Agroecology The Green RevolutionLand used Use less land andgrow more kinds ofplant. Use land intensively and grow the same crop on the same land year after year.Fertilizer used Use organic materialsand compostUse chemical fertilizer.The way to water crops Reduce the need forirrigation.Use irrigation intensively.The method to control pests Use helpful insects tokill harmful ones.Use insecticides.B.1) Agroecology and the Green Revolution both want to increase productivity,2) Often the same crop is grown on the same land year after year. Soil breaks down and washes away. Also, fewer varieties of the same plant are grown. This can limit the number of varieties that may have useful genetic qualities.3) Because irrigation systems can use up groundwater faster than nature can replace it. And there are costs to taking water from other areas.4) Pesticides do destroy harmful insects, but they also kill helpful ones, and can cause pollution and health problems. Also, pests can develop the ability to resist chemicals.【原文】Agroecology is a field of ideas about how to farm productively while also protecting natural resources. It is seen in many ways as an answer to the Green Revolution that has given us modem farming methods.Agroecology and the Green Revolution both want to increase productivity, but they work toward this common goal in different ways. Many agroecologists question how long modem farming methods can continue.Modem farming uses land intensively. Often the same crop is grown on the same land year after year. Soil breaks down and washes away. Also, fewer varieties of the same plant are grown. This can limit the number of varieties that may have useful genetic qualities.Another issue is fertilizer. Agroecologists say they would use organic materials and compost in place of chemicals. The Green Revolution has shown that chemical fertilizer can greatly increase crop productivity, but it can also pollute water supplies.To water crops, agroecologists say they would use methods that reduce the need for irrigation. Irrigation is an ancient idea. Water is drawn up from the ground or brought from another place. Irrigated crops are highly productive: 16 percent of all farmland in the world is irrigated, but this 16 percent of the farmland produces 40 percent of all food. Yet irrigation systems can use up groundwater faster than nature can replace it. And there are costs to taking water from other areas.To control pests, agroecologists say they would use helpful insects to kill harmful ones. In the last 50 years, however, farmers have increased the use of insecticides. These chemical poisons do destroy harmful insects, but they also kill helpful ones, and can cause pollution and health problems. Also, pests can develop the ability to resist chemicals.Task 8【原文】Farming changed very little from early times until about 1700. In the 1700s an agricultural revolution took place which led to a large increase in the production of crops. This increase of crops came about in a large part by little more than the final destruction of medieval institutions and the more general adoption of techniques and crops which had been known for a long time. Included in some of these changes was also the adoption of crops from the "new world" such as corn and potatoes which produced a very large yield.In the 1850s, the industrial revolution spilled over to the farm with new mechanized methods which increased production rates. Early on, the large changes were in the use of new farm implements. Most of these early implements were still powered by horses or oxen. These new implements combined with crop rotation, manure and better soil preparation led to a steady increase of crop yield in Europe.The advent of steam power and later gas powered engines brought a whole new dimension to the production of crops. Yet, even as recently as 100 years ago, four fifths of the world population lived outside towns and were in some way dependant on agriculture.。

现代大学英语听力3原文及答案unit7

现代大学英语听力3原文及答案unit7Task 1A.1) In a mental asylum.2) He was a member of a committee which went there to show concern for thepertinents there.3) They were cants behaving like humans.4) He was injured in a bus accident and became mentally ill.5) He spent the rest of his life in comfort.B.painter, birds, animals, cats, wide, published, encouragement, A year or two, TheIllustrated London News, cats' Christmas party, a hundred and fifty, world famousDan Rider, a bookseller who loved good causes, was a member of a committeethat visited mental asylums. On one visit he noticed a patient, a quiet little man,drawing cats. Rider looked at the drawings and gasped.“Good lord, man," he exclaimed. "You draw like Louis Wain!""I am Louis Wain," said the artist.Most people today have never heard of Louis Wain. But, when Rider found himin 1925, he was a household name."He made the cat his own. He invented a cat style, a cat society, a whole catworld," said H. G. Wells in a broadcast appeal a month or two later. "British cats thatdo not look and live like Louis Wain cats are ashamed of themselves."Before Louis Wain began drawing them, cats were kept strictly in the kitchen ifthey were kept at all. They were useful for catching mice and perhaps for keeping themaidservant company. Anyone else who felt affection for cats usually kept quiet aboutit. If a man admitted that he liked cats, he would be laughed at. The dog was the onlydomestic animal that could be called a friend.Louis Wain studied art as a youth and became quite asuccessful newspaper andmagazine artist. He specialized in birds and animals, including dogs, but never drew acat till his wife was dying. They had not been married long, and during her illness ablack-and-white cat called Peter used to sit on her bed. To amuse his wife, Louis Wainused to sketch and caricature the cat while he sat by her bedside. She urged him toshow these-drawings to editors, fie was unconvinced, but wanted to humour her.The first editor he approached shared his lack of enthusiasm. "Whoever wouldwant to see a picture of a cat?" he asked, and Louis Wain put the drawings away. Ayear or two later he showed them to the editor of The Illustrated London News, whosketches of Peter, Louis Wain produced a picture containing about a hundred and fiftycats, each one different from the rest. It took him a few days to draw, and it made himworld famous.For the next twenty-eight years he drew nothing but cats. He filled his house withthem, and sketched them in all their moods. There was nothing subtle about his work.Its humour simply lay in showing cats performing human activities; they followedevery new fashion from sea bathing to motoring. He was recognized, somewhatflatteringly, as the leading authority on the feline species. He became President of theNational Cat Club and was eagerly sought after as a judge at cat shows.Louis Wain's career ended abruptly in 1914, when he was seriously injured in abus accident and became mentally ill. Finally, he was certified insane and put in anasylum for paupers.After Dan Rider found him, appeals were launched and exhibitions of his workarranged, and he spent the rest of his life in comfort. Hecontinued to draw cats, butthey became increasingly strange as his mental illness progressed. Psychiatrists foundthem more fascinating than anything he had done when he was sane.Task 2A.1) Because he was always trying new things and new ways of doing things just like ayoung painter.2) It didn’t look like her.3) It was the only picture she knew that showed her as she really was.4) People from the poorer parts of Paris, who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick.B. 1) F 2) T 3) F 4) TC. 1881, 1973, Malaga, Spain, ninety-one yearsD. fifteen, nineteen, twenty-three, colors, darker, change, soft-colored, strange,shape, human face and figure, strangePablo Picasso was born in 1881. So probably you arewondering why we call him"the youngest painter in the world". When he died in 1973, he was ninety-one yearsold. But even at that age, he was still painting like a young painter.For that reason, we have called him the "youngest" painter. Young people arealways trying new things and new ways of doing things. They welcome new ideas.They are restless and are never satisfied. They seek perfection. Older people often fearchange. They know what they can do best, riley prefer to repeat their successes, ratherthan risk failure. They have found their own place in life and don't like to leave it. Weknow what to expect from them.When he was over ninety, this great Spanish painter still lived his life like ayoung man. He was still looking for new ideas and for new ways to use his artisticmaterials.Picasso's figures sometimes face two ways at once, with the eyes and nose instrange places. Sometimes they are out of shape or broken. Even the colors are notnatural. The title of the picture tells us it is a person, but it may look more like amachine.At such times Picasso was trying to paint what he saw with his mind as well aswith his eyes. He put in the side of the face as well as the front. He painted the nakedbody and the clothes on it at the same time. He painted in his own way. He neverthought about other people's opinions.Most painters discover a style of painting that suits them and keep to it, especiallyif people like their pictures. As the artist grows older his pictures may change, but notvery much. But Picasso was like a man who had not yet found his own style. He wasstill looking for a way to express his own restless spirit.The first thing one noticed about him was the look in his large, wide-open eyes.Gertrude Stein, a famous American writer who knew him when he was young,mentioned this hungry look, and one can still see it in pictures of him today. Picassopainted a picture of her in 1906, and the story is an interesting one.According to Gertrude Stein, she visited the painter's studio eighty or ninety timeswhile he painted her picture. While Picasso painted they talked about everything inthe world that interested them. Then one day Picasso wiped out the painted headthough he had worked on it for so long. "When I look at you I can't see you anymore!" he remarked.Picasso went away for the summer. When he returned, he went at once to thepicture left in the comer of his studio. Quickly he finished the face from memory. Hecould see the woman's face more clearly in his mind than he could see it when she satin the studio in front of him.When people complained to him that the painting of Miss Stein didn't look likeher, Picasso would reply, "Too bad. She'll have to look like the picture." But thirtyyears later, Gertrude Stein said that Picasso's painting of her was the only picture sheknew that showed her as she really wasPicasso was born in Malaga, Spain, a pleasant, quiet town. His father was apainter and art teacher who gave his son his first lessons in drawing.Young Pablo did badly at school. He was lazy and didn't listen to what theteachers were saying. He had confidence in himself from the beginning. But it wassoon clear that the boy was an artist and deserved the best training he could get. Noteven his earliest drawings look like the work of a child.One can say that Picasso was born to be a painter. He won a prize for his paintingwhen he was only fifteen. He studied art in several cities in Spain. But there was noone to teach him all he wanted to know. When he was nineteen he visited Paris.Paris was then the center of the world for artists. Most painters went there sooneror later to study, to see pictures, and to make friends with other painters. Everythingthat was new and exciting in the world of painting happened there. When he wastwenty-three, Picasso returned there to live, and lived in France for the rest of his life.He was already a fine painter. He painted scenes of town life―people in thestreets and in restaurants, at horse races and bull fights. They were painted in brightcolors and were lovely to look at.But life was not easy for him. For several years he painted people from the poorerparts of the city. He painted men and women who were thin, hungry, tired, and sick.His colors got darker. Most of these pictures were painted in blue, and showed veryclearly what the artist saw and felt. The paintings of this "blue period" are full of pityand despair.Picasso did not have to wait long for success. As he began to sell his pictures andbecome recognized as a painter, his pictures took on a warmer look. At the same timehe began to paint with more and more freedom. He began to see people and places assimple forms or shapes. He no longer tried to make his pictures true to life.The results at first seemed strange and not real. The pictures were difficult tounderstand. His style of painting was known as Cubism, from the shape of the cube.Many people did not like this new and sometimes frightening style. But what greatpaintings give us is a view of life through one man's eyes, and every man's view isdifferent.Some of Picasso's paintings are rich, soft-colored, and beautiful. Others arestrange with sharp, black outlines. But such paintings allow us to imagine things forourselves. They can make our own view of the world sharper. For they force us to sayto ourselves, "What makes him paint like that? What does he see?"Birds, places, and familiar objects play a part in Picasso's painting. But, whenone thinks of him, one usually thinks of the way he painted the human face and figure.It is both beautiful and strange. Gertrude Stein wrote, "The head, the face, the humanbody--these are all that exist for Picasso. The souls of people do not interest him. Thereality of life is in the head, the face, and the body."Task 3American Decorative Arts and Sculpture:colonial period, furniture, ceramics, ship modelsAmerican Art:The Far East, Islam, scroll painting, Buddhist sculpture, prints, the third millenniumEuropean Decorative Arts and Sculpture:Western, the fifth century, Medieval art, decorative arts, English silver, porcelain, themusical instrumentsPaintings:11th century, 20th century, impressionists, Spanish, DutchTextiles and Costumes:high quality, a broad selection, weavings, laces, costumes, accessoriesWelcome to the Museum of Fine Arts. Boston has long been recognized as aleading center for the arts. One of the city's most important cultural resources is theMuseum of Fine Arts, which houses collections of art from antiquity to the presentday, many of them unsurpassed. Now let me introduce toyou some of the collectionshere.The Museum's collections of American decorative arts and sculpture range fromthe colonial period to the present time, with major emphasis on pre-Civil War NewEngland. Furniture, silver, glass, ceramics, and sculpture are on exhibition, as well asan important collection of ship models. Favorite among museum-goers are thecollection of 18th-century American furniture, the period rooms, and the superbcollection of silver.The Boston Museum's Asiatic collections are universally recognized as the mostextensive assemblage to be found anywhere under one roof. Artistic traditions of theFar East, Islam, and India are represented by objects dating from the third millenniumB.C. to the contemporary era. The collections of Japanese and Chinese art areespecially noteworthy. The variety of strengths in the collection are reflected in suchareas as Japanese prints, Chinese and Japanese scroll painting, Chinese ceramics, anda renowned collection of Buddhist sculpture.The Department of European Decorative Arts and Sculpture houses WesternEuropean works of art dating from the fifth century through 1900. Outstanding amongthese holdings are the collection of medieval art and the collection of French18th-century decorative arts. Also of exceptional importance are the English silvercollection, the 18th-century English and French porcelain, and the collection ofmusical instruments.The Museum has one of the world's foremost collections of paintings rangingfrom the 11th century to the early 20th century. This department is noted for Frenchpaintings from 1825 to 1900, especially works by theimpressionists. The Museum'sgreat collection of paintings by American artists includes more than 60 works by JohnSingleton Copley and 50 by Gilbert Stuart. There is also a strong representation ofpaintings from Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands.The collection of textiles and costumes is ranked among the greatest in the worldbecause of the high quality and rarity of individual pieces and because it has a broadselection of representative examples of weavings, embroideries, laces, printed fabrics,costumes, and costume accessories. The textile arts of both eastern and westerncultures are included, dating from pre-Christian times to the present.Apart from what I have mentioned, the Museum has got much more to offer, forexample, the collections of classical art, Egyptian and ancient Near Eastern art, and20th-century art. I'll leave you to explore by yourselves andenjoy your time here.Task 4A.1) specialists, specialized settings, money, sharp division2) conventions, some societies and periods3) commodityB.1) Because they lacked opportunity: The necessary social, educational, and economicconditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.2) Because the art of indigenous peoples did not share the same expressive methods oraims as Western art.C. 1) F 2) TThe functions of the artist and artwork have varied widely during the past fivethousand years. It our time, the artist is seen as an independent worker, dedicated tothe expression of a unique subjective experience. Often the artist's role is that of theoutsider, a critical or rebellious figure. He or she is a specialistwho has usuallyundergone advanced training in a university department of art or theater, or a schoolwith a particular focus, such as a music conservatory. In our societies, works of art arepresented in specialized settings: theaters, concert halls, performance spaces, galleries,and museum. There is usually a sharp division between the artist and her or hisaudience of non-artists. We also associate works of art with money: art auctions inwhich paintings sell for millions of dollars, ticket sales to the ballet, or fundraising forthe local symphony.In other societies and parts of our own society, now and in the past, the arts arecloser to the lives of ordinary people. For the majority of their history, artists haveexpressed the dominant beliefs of a culture, rather than rebelling against them. Inplace of our emphasis on the development of a personal ororiginal style, artists weretrained to conform to the conventions of their art form. Nor have artists always beenspecialists; in some societies and periods, all members of a society participated in art.The modern Western economic mode, which treats art as a commodity for sale, is notuniversal. In societies such as that of the Navaho, the concept of selling or creating asalable version of a sand painting would be completely incomprehensible. SellingNavaho sand paintings created as part of a ritual would profane a sacred experience.Artists' identities are rarely known before the Renaissance, with the exception ofthe period of Classical Greece, when artists were highly regarded for their individualtalents and styles. Among artists who were known, there were fewer women than men.In the twentieth century, many female artists in all the disciplines have beenrecognized. Their absence in prior centuries does not indicate lack of talent, butreflects lack of opportunity. The necessary social, educational, and economicconditions to create art rarely existed for women in the past.Artists of color have also been recognized in the West only recently. Thereasons for this absence range from the simple--there were few Asians in America andEurope prior to the middle of the nineteenth century--to the complexities surroundingAfrican Americans. The art of indigenous peoples, while far older than that of theWest, did not share the same expressive methods or aims as Western art. Until recently,such art was ignored or dismissed in Western society by the dominant cultural gatekeepers.Task 5A.1) a) 2) c) 3) b)B.Ⅰ. observant, a dog, Leather BarⅡ. Magnificent visual memory, essentialsⅢ. Rhythm, DustmenⅣ. everyday scenes, Her salty sense of humourC. 1) T 2) F 3) T 4) TFew artists can have made such an immediate impact on the public as Beryl Cook. At one moment she was completely unknown; at the next, so it seemed, almost everyone had heard of her. First, a few paintings appeared quietly in the window of a remote country antique shop. Then there were exhibitions in Plymouth, in Bristol, in London; an article in a colour supplement, a television programme, a series of greetings cards and a highly successful book. Her rise was all the more astonishing since she was completely untrained, and was already middle-aged by the time she began to paint.Faced with such a series of events, the temptation is to discuss Beryl's art in the context of naive art. This seems to me a mistake, for she is a highly sophisticated and original painter, whose work deserves to be taken on its own terms.What are those terms? If one actually meets Beryl, one comes to understand them a little better. The pictures may seem extrovert, but she is not. For example, she is too shy to turn up ather own private viewings. Her pleasure is to stay in the background, observing.And what an observer Beryl Cook is! It so happens that I was present when the ideas for two of the paintings in the present collection germinated. One is a portrait of my dog, a French bulldog called Bertie. When Beryl came to see me for the first time, he jumped up the stairs ahead of her, wearing his winter coat which is made from an old scarf. A few days later his picture arrived in the post. The picture called Leather Bar had its beginnings the same evening. I took Beryl and her husband John to a pub. There was a fight, and we saw someone being thrown out by the bouncers.The point about these two incidents is that they both happened in a flash. No one was carrying camera; there was no opportunity to make sketches. But somehow the essentials of the scene registered themselves on Beryl, and she was able to record them later in an absolutely convincing and authoritative way.The fact is she has two very rare gifts, not one. She has a magnificent visual memory, and at same time she is able to rearrange and simplify what she sees until it makes a completely convincing composition. Bertie's portrait, with its plump backsideand bow legs, is more like Bertie than reflection in a mirror―it catches the absolute essentials of his physique and personality.But these gifts are just the foundation of what Beryl Cook does. She has a very keen feeling for pictorial rhythm. The picture of Dustmen, for instance, has a whirling rhythm which is emphasized by the movement of their large hands in red rubber gloves―these big hands are often a special feature of Beryl's pictures. The English artist she most closely resembles in this respect is Stanley Spencer.Details such as those I have described are, of course, just the kind of thing toappeal to a professional art critic. Important as they are, they would not in themselves account for the impact she has had on the public.Basically, I think this impact is due to two things. When Beryl paints an actual, everyday scene―and I confess these are the pictures I prefer―the smallest detail is immediately recognizable. Her people, for example, seem to fit into a kind of Beryl Cook stereotype, with their big heads and fat and round bodies. Yet they are in fact brilliantly accurate portraits. Walking round Plymouth with her, I am always recognizing people who havemade an appearance in her work. Indeed, her vision is so powerful that one tends ever after to see the individual in the terms Beryl has chosen for him/her.The other reason for her success is almost too obvious to be worth mentioning―it is her marvelous sense of humour. My Fur Coat is a picture of a bowler-hatted gentleman who is being offered an unexpected treat. What makes the picture really memorable is the expression on the face of the man. The humour operates even in pictures which aren't obviously "funny". There is something very endearing, for instance, in the two road sweepers with Plymouth lighthouse looming behind them.A sense of humour may be a good reason for success with the public. It is also one which tends to devalue Beryl's work with professional art buffs. Her work contains too much life to be real art as they understand it.This seems to me nonsense, and dangerous nonsense at that. Beryl does what artists have traditionally done―she comments on the world as she perceives it. And the same time she rearranges what she sees to make a pattern of shapes and colours on a flat surface―a pattern which is m ore than the sum of its individual parts because it has the mysterious power to enhanceand excite our own responses to the visible.I suspect Beryl's paintings will be remembered and cherished long after most late 20th-century art is forgotten. What they bring us is a real sense of how ordinary life is lived in our own time, a judgment which is the more authoritative for the humour and lightness of touch.Task 6A. objects, action or story, painted and composed, interestingB.Plate 1: symmetrical, more interesting designPlate 2: asymmetrical, shapes, colorsPlate 3: extends, the left side, pointC.Plate 4: c) d)Plate 5: a) b) d)Plate 6: a) b) d)The six pictures in your book are all what we call still life paintings―that is to say, they pictures of ordinary objects such as baskets of fruit, flowers, and old books. There is no “action”, there is no "story" being told in any of these paintings. Yet we find thesepaintings interesting because of the way they have been painted, and especially because of the way they have been composed.The picture in PLATE 1 was painted by the seventeenth-century Spanish master Zurbaran. How simply Zurbaran has arranged his objects, merely lining them up in a row across the table! By separating them into three groups, with the largest item in thecenter, he has made what we call a symmetrical arrangement. But it is a rather free kind of symmetry, for the objects on the left side are different in shape from those on the right. Furthermore, the pile of lemons looks heavier than the cup and saucer. Yet Zurbaran has balanced these two different groups in a very subtle way. For one thing, he has made one of the leaves point downward toward the rose on the saucer, and he has made, the oranges appear to tip slightly toward the right. But even by themselves, the cup and saucer, combined with the rose, are more varied in shape than the pile of lemons on the left. All in all, what Zurbarran has done is to balance the heavier mass of lemons with a more interesting design on the right.We find a completely different sort of balance in a still life by the seventeenth-century Dutch painter Pieter Claesz (see PLATE2). Objects of several different sizes are apparently scattered at random on a table. Claesz has arranged them asymmetrically, that is, without attempting to make the two halves of the picture look alike. The tall glass tumbler, for instance, has been placed considerably off-center, weighing down the composition at the left. Yet Claesz has restored the balance of the picture by massing his most interesting shapes and liveliest colors well over to the right.PLATE 3, a still life by the American painter William M. Harnett, seems even more heavily weighted to one side, for here two thick books and an inkwell are counterbalanced merely by a few pieces of paper. But notice the angle at which Harnett has placed the yellow envelope: How it extends one side of the pyramid formed by the books and inkwell way over to the left edge of the picture, like a long cable tying down a ship to its pier. Both the newspaper and the quill pen also point to this side of the painting, away from the heavy mass at the right, thus helping to balance the whole composition.Now turn to a still life by one of Harnett's contemporaries, the great French painter Paul Cezanne (see PLATE 4). Here the composition is even more daringly asymmetrical, for the climaxof the entire picture is the heavy gray jug in the upper fight comer. Notice that Cezanne has arranged most of the fruit on the table, as well as a fold in the background drapery, so that they appear to move upward toward this jug. Yet he has balanced the composition by placing a bright yellow lemon at the left and by tipping the table down toward the lower left corner.Our next still life (see PLATE 5), by the famous Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh, seems hardly "still" at all. As we view this scene from almost directly above, the composition seems to radiate in all directions, almost like an explosion. Notice that Van Gogh has painted the tablecloth with short, thick strokes which seem to shoot out from the very center of the picture.Finally, let us look at a painting by Henri Matisse (see PLATE 6). Here we see a number of still life objects, but no table to support them. Matisse presents each form by itself, in a world of its own, rather than as part of a group of objects in a realistic situation. But he makes us feel that all these forms belong together in his picture simply by the way he has related them to one another in their shapes and colors.Task 7Frank Lloyd Wright did not call himself an artist. He calledhimself an architect. But the buildings he designed were works of art. He looked at the ugly square buildings around him, and he did not like what he saw. He wondered why people built ugly homes, when they could have beautiful ones.Frank Lloyd Wright lived from 1869 to 1959. When he was young, there were nocourses in architecture, so he went to work in an architect's office in order to learn how to design buildings. Soon he was designing buildings that were beautiful.He also wanted to make his buildings fit into the land around them. One of the houses he designed is on top of a high hill. Other people built tall, square houses on hills, but Wright did not want to lose the beauty of the hill. He built the house low and wide.Now other architects know how to design buildings to fit into the landscape. Frank Lloyd Wright showed them how to do it.。

现代大学英语听力3-UNIT-4原文及答案

Unit 4Task 1[答案]A.1>They are farms that grow vegetables for city people to eat fresh.2> It’s a farm that grow plants and flowers to sell.3> They protect the plants from the cold in the winter but let them get plenty of light, so the plants can be grown all through the year.B.1> canned, frozen2> flowers, garden plants, home gardens, yards, window boxes3>buildings, furniture, firewood[原文]Grain, vegetables and fruits are found on most farms. All of them are food for animals and people.Grain can be fed to animals just as it is harvested. But before people use them grains are usually made into flour or breakfast cereal. Bread, macaroni〔通心粉〕, and cereals〔麦片〕all come from grain.Tomatoes, beans, potatoes, beets〔甜菜〕, lettuce〔生菜〕, carrots and onions are field and garden vegetables.Can you think of any others? Vegetables are good for people and for some animals such as pigs and rabbits.Farms that grow vegetables for city people to eat fresh are called truck farms. Truck farms areusually close to big cities. Each day hundreds of loads of fresh vegetables are brought to stores on thefarmers' trucks. Without the truck farmers people in cities would not eat well. And without city peoplewho eat fresh vegetables, the truck farmers would have no work.There are many kinds of fruit. Apples, pears, peaches, cherries, oranges, grapefruit, and berriesare a few kinds. You will be able to think of other kinds that you like. Most fruit is grown on specializedfarms. But many general farms have some fruit to use and sell also.Like vegetables, fruit is sold fresh in markets. But a large part of both fruit and vegetable cropsis sent to factories to be canned or frozen.In warm parts of our country farmers grow cotton, rice, tobacco, sugar cane〔甘蔗〕, and peanuts.Specialized farms raise flowers and garden plants. They are sold to florists〔花商〕and to families forhome gardens, or yards, or window boxes. Afarm that grow plants and flowers to sell is called anursery〔苗圃〕. Most nurseries have glass buildings, called hothouses or greenhouses. The hothouses areheated to protect the plants from cold in the winter but let them get plenty of light, so they can begrown all through the year.Some farms grow only trees. Some of these are Christmas tree farms. Others are large forestswhere trees are grown for their wood. The wood is used for buildings, furniture and firewood. Sometree farms grow only nuttrees.Task2[答案]1> The UN agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year wasabout three thousand million dollars.2> The agencies called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World HealthOrganizationpesticide rules. They say this would help guarantee the safe production of and trade inpesticides.[原文]Two United Nations agencies are expressing concern about the safety of some pesticides used tokill insects. They report that about thirty percent of all pesticides sold in developing countries fail tomeet widely accepted rules for quality. They say these products are a serious threat to human healthand the environment.The UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization gave the warning.In developing countries, pesticides are used mainly for agriculture. Pesticides kill insects andother organisms that threaten crops. Pesticides also are used for public health. They control insectsthat spread disease, such as mosquitoes that spread malaria.The UN agencies report that the market value of pesticides in developing countries last year wasabout three thousand million dollars. They say the estimated market value of pesticides worldwidewas thirty-two thousand million dollars.Officials say poor quality pesticides often contain harmful chemicals. These chemicals often arebanned or restricted in some countries.Possible causes of low quality in pesticides include production problems and failure to use theright chemicals.Officials say the active chemicals in many pesticides are stronger than those permittedby many governments.They also say poor quality pesticides may contain poisonous substances orsubstances that are not pure.Officials say the quality of pesticide containers and product information on the containers areother concerns. They say information on the containers often fails to explain the active chemicals andhow to use the productsafely.The WHO says products listing false information have been sold for years in some areas. Theagencies say the problem of poor quality pesticides is widespread in parts of Africa south of theSahara Desert. They called for worldwide acceptance of Food and Agriculture and World HealthOrganization pesticide rules. They say this would help guarantee the safe production of and trade inpesticides.Officials say the agencies' rules are especially important for developing countries. They saydevelopingcountries often lack systems for testing pesticides.Task3[答案]A.1> c> 2> d> 3> b>That’s because they’re making an investment all the time, but are still not sure whether or not they can make profits.[原文]Interviewer: Cattle raising and beef in the US is big business, isn't it?Bob Beck: Yes, it's the largest business—cattle business.Interviewer: It must be a very profitable business then.Bob Beck: Uh, not necessarily.Interviewer: It's not necessarily a profitable business?Bob Beck: At times, it's not profitable. Your production costs get... it's a supply and demand market,and if your supply is larger than your demand... Interviewer: So the price is fluctuating all the time...Bob Beck: Right. It fluctuates, and it can get below production costs. Interviewer: But you never know. For instance, next year, you don't know what it'll bring on themarket.Bob Beck: No, technically it takes a year and a half from the time you breed the cow, until you getthe calf, until the calf's marketable.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: You've got a year, to a year and a half, tied up there.Interviewer: So, you're making an investment all the time.Bob Beck: Right. So you're not sure.Interviewer: It sounds like it might be a very insecure kind of existence. Wonder why it is that peoplewant to be farmers or ranchers〔大农场主〕then... Bob Beck: I think the majority of it is you like it. It's one thing. It's a breed <kind>of people. They like it. If you don't like what you're doing, why... Interviewer: What is there about it? You live essentially in a rural area. Doesn't that feeling of isolationever bother you?Bob Beck: No. It's getting too crowded.Interviewer: Too crowded!Bob Beck: Too many people!Interviewer: I can see that, for instance, in a city, you have restaurants to go to, movie theaters—allkinds of thingsavailable to people, a lot of convenienceswhich you don't have in themore rural areas. What dopeople who farmand ranch do for recreation and relaxation,for instance... erm...Bob Beck: Well, I think a lot of it is if you're a livestock raiser, you'll go check your cows in theevening instead of going to a movie.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: That's as much recreation as driving through a bunch or cows, and if you like them, youenjoy that.Interviewer: In terms of the way of life, to a lot of people, it would seem that it's a very hard life. Itmeans a lot of hard work. I mean, you have aschedule—whether you feel like it or not,you have to get out and feedanimals, and so forth. Would you regard that as one of thedifficult thingsabout it, or is that...Bob Beck: No.Interviewer:…just sort of... part of it?Bob Beck: For me, if I had to go to a desk every morning, that'd kill me.Task4[答案]A. paid off, fall back on, a security, operating expenses, complete disaster1> Some of them cook the meals, clean the house andtake care of the kids every day.2> Yes. That is especially so after they've had one or two bad years when they couldn’t make money.3> When their children are small, they were with their parents to go out to work; when they are very small, Sharon didn’t go out as much as she would later.4> She thinks that in this way the children are a lot more self-reliant. They learn to work and they learn responsibility. They learn a lot about life by being continually in life with animals.[原文]Bob Beck: I think, for a wife, the same as a husband, they like it or they wouldn't marry a farmer or a rancher.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: They'd get out. I think it's not at all wives. Some of them are just like suburban housewives.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Bob Beck: They cook the meals, and they clean the house and that's it... take care of the kids...Interviewer: Have you known some situations like that?Bob Beck: Oh, yeah, I know situations like that!Interviewer: Sharon, is there a problem of the feeling of security?Sharon Beck: What kind of security are you talking about—financial security? Interviewer: Uh, yeah, financial security. Uh, the thing is up and down. You don't know what the market's going to bring, er... for beef. You work all year,and so forth... Is there any problem of that sort?Sharon Beck: Sure, there's the problem of security. Especially, if you've had one or two bad years. You feelawfully insecure.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: If you've borrowed money to buy a farm or to operate, and there's no money coming in, you feel awfully insecure.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: But if you've got a fairly good amount of your ranch paid off, you've got that to fall back on. You can always think of that as a security. Ifeverything else fails, if you can’t pay for your operating expenses…Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck:...you can always sell your equity in your ranch. So it isn't complete disaster.Interviewer: But it's not something that bothers you terribly. I mean, it's a fact of life. It's sort of...Sharon Beck: Something you live with, yeah...Interviewer:... part of the thing. The role of the wife in this situation is quite different than that of a suburban housewife. You don't have much free time, doyou?Sharon Beck: No.Interviewer: Because, essentially, you work in much the same way that your husband does.Sharon Beck: Yes, I'm usually with him.Interviewer: How do you handle the whole family-life situation—children? You're out almost as much as a working mother in the city, aren't you?Sharon Beck: Yes. The only difference is we're together.Interviewer: The children too...?Sharon Beck: The children too. When they're not in school, when they were small, they were with us. When they were very small, of course, I didn't goout as much.Interviewer: Do you feel that there are advantages in growing up in this way? Sharon Beck: Yeah, I definitely feel that there're advantages. There are disadvantages too, but I think the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. Interviewer: What are some of those advantages you think the children have? Sharon Beck: The advantages?Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: Well, they're a lot more self-reliant. They learn to work. Erm, they learn responsibility.Interviewer: Uh-huh.Sharon Beck: They learn a lot about life by being continually in life, with animals, and... I think it makes them... erm... They grow up!。

《现代大学英语听力3》 Unit 12 Life Philosophy (听力原文及答案)

Unit 12 Life Philosophy《现代大学英语听力3》听力原文及答案Task 1【答案】1) £229.2) The Spanish.3) Italians.4) They view most of their meals as refueling.5) Higher quality food.6) Low-fat alternatives (such as sushi and organic salads).【原文】UK residents spend an average £229 a year on food consumed in transit, the highest in Europe, the research group Datamonitor says. In contrast, Spanish people spend only £56 a year, while Italians spend £128 a year on average.The report's author says the difference is due to the greater amount of time Britons spend at work and commuting. In the UK people spend on average 48 minutes a day traveling to and from work. The Spanish and Italians spend 34 and 24 minutes respectively.Attitudes towards food are also important, the study claims."There are a lot of people in the UK who view most of their meals as refueling," says Lawrence Gould, the report's author.But it is not all bad, he adds."One thing emerging is a greater demand for higher quality food, even if it is food-on-the-go," says Mr. Gould.Traditional fast food such as burgers and chips are now competing with low-fat alternatives. While the food may have been eaten in transit, people are increasingly being offered healthy fare: from sushi to organic salads.Task 2【答案】B.1) Word such as "stressed out", "rage", "road rage".2) The United States.3) In the 1960s.4) It means that a person is capable of feeling, expressing and sharing emotions, and it implies that emotion is something you can learn.【原文】1) There was an increasing amount of stress in everyday life for ordinary people, particularly so for families. And so you get a lot of language generated out of these social problems—terms like "single mother", "one-parent family", the whole idea of parenting being a task and a problem, rather than something that comes naturally. Y ou get things like "surrogacy', "test-tube babies", the kind of thing where people want to be parents and can't for various reasons. Y ou get the behavior of children: Y ou've got "truanting", another keyword that used to be called "playing truant"—staying away from school. And all of these suggest that there really is a kind of crisis or a breakdown in old-fashioned family life.2) Stress was a real social problem, not of course only in Britain, but particularly in Britain. And this gave rise to a whole lot of words, words for stress itself: "stressed out", "rage", "road rage". We needed a new language to express this new kind of emotionalism. We took it of course from the US, from the United States, where there had been a whole language of therapy and of feeling, and expressing emotions, and sharing emotions, which had started in the 60s but hadn't really spread to Britain until the 90s. And you have all this language like "caring and sharing", "getting in touch with your feelings", "emotional literacy" and the idea that you could become "emotionally literate", that emotion is something you can learn, like learning to read.Task 3【答案】A. 1) c) 2) c) 3) a) 4) b)B.1) F 2) T 3) F 4) T【原文】“Y ou have to grab life by the throat and go for it—there are few second chances.”That is the life philosophy of Somerville cancer survivor Carolynn Merks, who is learning to fly in spite of the limitations of two artificial knees.The 53-year-old registered nurse, who works in pathology in Hastings, can bend her knees only partially but said learning to fly was a goal she was determined to achieve.“Three years ago I was hit with breast cancer and them I lost a close friend with the same disease,” she said. “It made me take stock of my life and totally changed my thinking. I realized you only have one chance in life as there are no dress rehearsals. I don’t want to wait around for my cancer to come back ,so I decided to try t o achieve my dreams and goals in life.”Mrs. Merks has already completed 34 out 150 hours of solo flying time and is about to sit in her second of seven major exams to gain the difficult commercial helicopter pilot’s license.The only constraint she acknowledges is that of finances—it is predicted to cost about $55,000 in total to gain her license.“Draining the fuel, checking for water in the fuel line and checking for oil are the only tricky parts, because I have to bend my knees as far as they go, but I manage it because I am determined,” she said. “Not even my husband’s distinct lack of enthusiasm was going to change my mind. Helicopter flying is a lot more difficult than fixed wing—it is the harder of the two, but it is something I have always wanted to do. I feel I have to give it my best shot, try hard, and if I fail at least I can go to my grave saying, well at least I tried. And when I complete this, my next goal islearning to play the saxophone!”Task 4【答案】A.1) What truly is logic? Who decides reason?2) It is only in love that any logic or reasons can be found.3) Harvard Law School’s Graduation Ceremony4) "The law is reason free from passion.”5) The speaker’s 65th birthday.6) They go by in a blink.B.1) numbers, logics, reason, physical, mysterious equations of love2) passion, a key ingredient, law, life, courage of conviction, strong sense of self, first impressions, have faith in people, have faith in yourself3) sneak away, glorious, memory, ups and downs, for a night, break precedent, one-candle wish, as lucky as mine, I don't want anything more【原文】Extract 1John Nash:Thank you. I've always believed in numbers and the equations and logics that lead to reason. But after alifetime of such pursuits, I ask, "What truly is logic? Who decides reason?"My quest has taken me through the physical, the metaphysical, the delusional, and back. And I have made the most important discovery of my career, the most important discovery of my life: It is only in the mysterious equations of love that any logic or reasons can be found.I'm only here tonight because of you [his wife, Alicia].Y ou are the reason I am. Y ou are all my reasons.Thank you.Extract 2:Professor Stromwell:I am, personally, very honored to introduce this year's class-elected speaker. After getting off a quite interesting start here at Harvard, she graduates today with an invitation to join one of Boston's most prestigious law firms. I am sure we are going to see great things from her. Ladies and Gentlemen: Elle Woods.Elle Woods:On our very first day at Harvard, a very wise Professor quoted Aristotle: "The law is reason free from passion.”Well, no offense to Aristotle, but in my three years at Harvard I have come to find that passion is a key ingredient to the study and practice of law, and of life. It is with passion, courage of conviction, and strong sense of self that we take our next step into the world, remembering that first impressions are not always correct. Y ou must always have faith in people. And most importantly, you must always have faith in yourself.Congratulations, class of 2004—we did it!Extract 3:William Parrish:I thought I was going to sneak away tonight. What a glorious night! Every face I see is a memory. It may not be a perfectly perfect memory. Sometimes we've had our ups and downs. But we're all together. Y ou're mine—for a night. And I'm going to break precedence and tell you my one-candle wish: that you would have a life as lucky as mine, where you can wake up one morning and say, "I don't want anything more."Sixty-five years, don't they go by in a blink…Task 5【答案】A.Title: The New Ethics: A Guided Tour of the Twenty-First Century Moral LandscapeAuthor: Anita Allen (Professor of law and philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania) Description: A professional and personal look at how life in America is changing with an eye on this question: Dow we need new ethics in this new age?B.1) Where?—the business sector, politics, government, education, journalism, sports What?—lying, cheating, fraud, plagiarism; violation of clear-cut rules2) What?—options offered by science and technology3) What?—not knowing how to deal with other people→underinvolvement in the political process, in our neighborhoods and in the community【原文】Joe Palca: Is behaving ethically getting more complicated in the early years of the 21st century? Is it more acceptable to lie, cheat or just bend the rules a little bit in order to succeed in our highly competitive world? Are the scandals involving Enron, Tyco and Martha Stewart the exceptions, or are they just the ones we know about? And what about the new problems brought on by science? If we could use genetics to make our children smarter, should we? Anita Allen has been grappling with questions like these. She is a professor of law and philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania and the author of a new book called The New Ethics: A Guided Tour of the Twenty-First Century Moral Landscape. Her book is a professional and personal look at how life in America is changing with an eye on this question: Do we need new ethics in this new age? Thanks very much for joining us on the show today.Prof. Allen: Good to be with you.Joe Palca: So you say in your book that our ethical map used to be clear, or at least clearer. What do you mean by that?Prof. Allen: Well, it used to be that you grow up and, you know, if you were a girl, you were probably going to be a mom, a teacher, a wife, learn how to cook and sew, and you had to simply learn how to master the roles set out for you with grace and poise and virtue. And if you were a guy, you had to learn how to take care of a family and mow the lawn, and so forth. But nowadays, we have a perplexing array of ethical problems that seem to be not adequately handled by turning to traditional values. And we have a lot of choices to make. And these choices that we have to make call upon us to really bend over backwards to figure out what to do.Joe Palca: So you break these problems down basically into three distinct areas, or three distinct kinds of problems, that are caused by these changes. Can you tell us about them?Prof. Allen: Sure. So I look out on the ethics scene and I see sort of three predominant features. The first one is massive ethical failure in just about every sector: the business sector, politics, government, education, journalism, sports. There's lying, cheating, fraud, plagiarism; violation of clear-cut rules. That's one huge area of concern. The second area of concern is the area of ethical novelty. And this is where, you know, science and technology are giving us all these options. We can use genetic testing; we can donate organs; we can become guinea pigs in experiments; we can eat meat or not eat meat because of, you know, radiation and genetic engineering. And all these new things require us to make choices that we didn't have to make before, and we're all suddenly feeling very perplexed and clueless. And then finally, the last big feature I focus on in the book is something I call complacent island syndrome. And what 1 mean by that label is there are a lot of us who just don't know how to deal with other people. We don't like other people who aren't like ourselves, we don't tolerate other groups. We don't care adequately about one another. And so this gets reflected in our underinvolvement in the political process, in our neighborhoods and, in general, in the community.Task 6【答案】1) Because of the Internet, radio and television/24-hour news coverage.2) She thinks there is more social equality (there are better racial equality laws, better gender equality laws; people are more concerned about the poor; they have more poverty programs, more social safety nets).3) Congress announced in 1998 that there were record levels of youth crime and pregnancy and teen pregnancy and substance abuse.4) Twelve suggestions on better ethics.5) To take themselves more seriously, to realize that they have a unique capacity to figure out what's right and then to do it; to resist temptations, to accept blame and to learn from their mistakes; to be cleaner competitors; to nurture fair-minded youth; and to acknowledge interdependence.6) She wants people to look for the hidden ethical issues.【原文】Joe Palca: Well, let’s take these one at a time because I think they’re all three very interesting areas to think about. But let’s talk about this concept of, you know, this lying and cheating. And you’re absolutely right. There seems to be no day that that passes where we don’t hear about some malfeasance of even some well-respected person. The question I have really, though, is: Is it worse?I mean, is it the fact that we have a 24-hour news cycle, that there's so much more investigative things that an example of malfeasance that might have taken place or a cheating scandal or fraud or something that took place in the hinterlands 20 or 30 years ago might be overlooked by the national media, now, you know, it's front page everywhere and the media covers it? I mean, is it really different, or are we just seeing more of it?Prof. Alien: Well, my own view is that we're seeing more of it. I do think that in the past, as you point out, you could do something quite horrible and yet no one would know about it outside your immediate community. But now with the Internet, with radio and television, people know about what's going on all over. So things seem to be generally in a spiraling-down mode. But I do think in some ways things are better, because we do have more social equality. We have better racial equality laws, better gender equality laws. Y ou know, in some ways, we're more concerned aboutthe poor than we were in our great-grandparents' generation. We have more poverty programs, more social safety nets. So, in some ways, we're better. But there is this sense that things are really bad. And, you know, in 1998, Congress announced that there were record levels of youth crime and pregnancy and teen pregnancy and substance abuse, and sort of... saw this as the symbol of a great spiraling down. So while you might say that there are some things that are better, you might also say there are things that are a little worse.Joe Polca: So one of the things, also, that I like about the book is at the end you've provided some...Well, they're not rules, but they're suggestions for a better ethics. Can you talk a little bit about what people should be doing?Prof. Allen: Well, you know, I didn't want to try to rewrite the Ten Commandments, but it struck me that...Joe Palca: No, they did a pretty good job with those, huh?Prof. Allen: They did a pretty good—Moses did a pretty good job when he came down from the mountain. But I did want to offer people something concrete and kind of a take-away message, and so I have this Agenda for Better Ethics. It has 12 imperatives on it, and they arc intended to be directly responsive to our current context, yon know. So I urge people to, for example, take themselves more seriously, to realize that they have a unique capacity to figure out what's right and then to do it. I urge people to resist temptations, to accept blame and to learn from their mistakes. I urge people to be cleaner competitors. I think one of the reasons why we're so concerned about the upcoming presidential debates is that we're afraid that we won't see clean competition, that we'll see dirty competition. But I think being a cleaner competitor is a very important ethical goal for our times. I think not trying to outthink ethics is an important goal; that is to say, trusting that if you do follow the ethical rules, you won't end up in the poorhouse. Y ou'll do okay in business, you'll do okay in school, you'll do okay in the Olympics, if you follow the rules. We need to nurture fair-minded youth—get kids to think about fairness and to behave fairly, to look for the hidden ethical issues that lay behind, you know. So I talk about cosmetic surgery in my book. A lot of people are quite comfortable getting breast jobs or nose jobs, but I raise the question, you know: Might there be some hidden ethical issues behind some of the choices we make that may actually have impacts on others or may say things about ourselves that we really don't intend? That's an important one. So most of them are things I talk about in the book. And I think that a couple of the rules that I suggest, like acknowledging interdependence, go directly to my last theme of the complacent island syndrome. I mean, I think that one reason to get out there and vote in November is because we are interdependent. We are dependent upon one mother for our political futures, and by not expressing our vote we're kind of saying, "Well, l don't think my preferences matter" or "I don't care enough about other people's lives in order to share my perspective with them."Joe Palca: Okay, Anita Allen, we have to stop there. Thanks so much for joining us.Task 7【答案】Ⅰ.the best thing a man can do with his life, goal, objectiveⅡ.A. Enjoying refined pleasures, work an unfulfilling and unrewarding jobB. Earning a good name for yourself, a career in public serviceC. Appreciating and understanding the universeD. personal and financial independenceⅢ.A. skills, knowledgeB. live well, fare wellⅣ.A. the best thing in the worldB. politics, economics, wisdomⅤ.A. rationalB. Discipline, educationⅥ.B. contemplation of god, the irrational part of the soulⅦ.entirely excellent activity, moderate good fortune【原文】Every young man asks the same question, "How can I make my life successful?" First one must define success, which Aristotle said is the best thing a man can do with his life. He also said that in order to obtain this success one must have a goal, or objective for their life. Success does not directly equal wealth, power, or having virtue without exercising that virtue. According to Aristotle, there are three reasons for living. One, enjoying refined pleasures, which is best defined as a life of pleasant amusement; however Aristotle says that no one in their right mind would choose that life. Immature fun, such as that which children enjoy, living in order to sleep, eat, have sex, or work an unfulfilling and unrewarding job are all paths of this type of life. The second reason to live is to earn a good name for yourself in your eyes and in the eyes of the community, such as a career in public service. Finally, to appreciate and understand the universe in whic h we find ourselves, such as a philosopher. Everyone will choose one of these three ways of life. However one must have personal and financial independence to do so.In order to attain success you must use your skills and knowledge to pursue certain objectives for the sake of higher objective. For example, a human can either: accomplish one objective, such as running a mile, or accomplish one objective for a higher purpose, such as keeping in shape. The single highest objective in life is to live well and fare well, i.e. being successful. An objective in the highest degree is only worth pursuing for itself and never anything else; success is worth pursuing in its own right.The idea of good is an area in which Aristotle did not agree with Plato. Plato said that good is the best thing in the world, but his idea was abstract. Aristotle felt that knowing what is good would help in discerning what goods to attempt to achieve. The goods that were relevant to Aristotle are politics, economics and wisdom, all three of which account for the "master skill."The best ways to live is up to one's own nature, or in a rational way, by being a creature directed by rational soul. Living a well-lived life is the best possible "good" for a man; this is what it is to succeed as a human being, and living well means living virtuously. Living well means living one's life under the guidance of the virtues of the soul. Since success is a perfect and self-sufficient objective, it must include the whole of life and all the most important virtues. Success in life, thebest possible good for man, is therefore living one's whole life in a rational way, under the guidance of the best virtues of the rational soul. Discipline and education foster virtuous activities which lead you to success.When one does achieve success, Aristotle says, that we should praise men for the qualities, which help them achieve, but we should congratulate them for that achievement. In order to be successful one must have some good fortune, because it is hard to be happy if you are ugly, poor, fat, or if your offspring are a disappointment. However, this does not mean that good fortune gives one success or the opposite, just that good fortune is helpful. At the same time, too much good fortune can be harmful. The best amount of good fortune is one that "will most produce the contemplation of god and make us take notice of the irrational part of the soul as little as possible."Aristotle's final definition of success is entirely excellent activity, together with moderate good fortune, throughout an entire life.Task 8【答案】A.1) From Alice in Wonderland(Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland).2) They are dream goals, performance goals and daily goals.3) His dream goal was to lose 20 kilos, his performance goal may have been to exercise at certain times of the day and limiting his diet to three meals a day, no chocolate bars, etc., and his daily goal was actually to do the exercises and stick to the diet.4) His three current goals are to have a certain level of business income, to get to the next level of accreditation with t he National Speaker’s Association, and to publish a book.5) A goal is a dream with a thought out plan for actually achieving it.6) Every week.7) Y ou can ask them for their support, and also the goal is no longer your secret, and becomes more important.B.1) close-minded, changes, fluctuate, focused2) restrictive, floating3) lose focus, happening, get in the road4) stand up, fight【原文】E-Views: Tell me about your work in goal-setting?Warwick: OK. I was bumbling through life, not really achieving what I wanted to achieve or knowing what I wanted to achieve. And then finally it dawned on me after I’d heard from nearly everybody else, that if I had set goals, if I set goals for myself that I would be more focused on achieving things. One of the key things that I read that really triggered this for me was a book calledAlice in Wonderland. And the section that I refer to is when Alice is lost in the forest and she stumbles across the Cheshire Cat. And she says to the Cheshire Cat, “I’m lost. Which way shoul d I go?” And the Cheshire Cat says “Where do you want to go?” And Alice says “Well, it doesn’t really matter, as long as I get somewhere.” And the Cheshire Cat says, “Well it doesn’t matter which way you go!” That’s what I found, for me, I wasn’t really go ing anywhere, and then finally, I decided that I needed to do something, and the big thing for me was, I was obese. And I was veryconcerned that I was going to be a 30-year-old heart attack victim. So what I did was got a group of friends around me, told them that I was concerned about it, and that I wanted to lose weight and increase my health. And when it came to goal setting, I’m really focused. There are three types of goals. There’s the dream goal, the performance goal and the daily goal. Now by that, when your dream goal is... For me, for example, I want to lose twenty kilos, so I’ll wake up and think, “yeah, gonna lose twenty kilos”. The performance goal is, okay, what do I have to do to lose twenty kilos. And that might be, I’ve got to exercise cert ain times in the day or do a half hour walking every day, or maybe it’s going to be I’m only going to eat three meals a day and no chocolate bars or whatever. And then there’s the daily goal which is actually doing that, and actually refraining from eating poor foods, etc. Now goal setting... There are some negative things when it comes to goal setting; if you set yourself a goal and you’re so focused on it that you can be close-minded to other things that happen. There may be some changes that happen in yo ur life and you don’t fluctuate to that because you’re so focused on the goal. Many sporting people get very focused on goals, and if they focus on a certain time for an event, thinking that that time will win, if there is another time that’s faster. They’re focused on their time. And so that’s usually what happens cause they’re... The mind is so powerful that they meet the goal that they’re focused on. And other people don’t like goals because they find it restrictive, whatever... But I... I’m a very big o ne for goals because my personal experience is that I was just floating without them. So what I did and what I currently do is at any point in time have three major goals that I’m aiming for. At the moment I have three major goals and they are: to have a certain income level with my business, to have a certain level of accreditation within the National Speaker’s Associ ation of Australia. I currently have the third highest level and I want to have the second highest level. And the final one is for me to have a published book. Now they’re the three goals that I have, and what I do is I think about those, basically, every day. I have an affirmation that I go through and think about those goals. Now they’re effectively as I said, my dream goals. There’s other levels of the goals and what I have to do to that, so for, for example, for my accreditation, whenever I do a presentation or do any work, I make sure I get a testimonial, a written letter saying how wonderful they thought I was, because that’s part of what I need to do to get that next level of accreditation. Also I need to go to a national conference, I need to do a fe w other things. So I’m working on those and I put those in my diary and I have time plans for them. The other things about goals is... frequently we hear people say that they need to be SMART which is an acronym for; they need to be specific, they need to be measurable, they need to be achievable, realistic, and timely. So if you have a goal, let’s say “Oh one day I’m going to climb Mount Kilimanjaro.” And then five years later it’s like, “Oh yeah, that’s right, I want to climb Mount Kilimanjaro”—it’s not really a goal, that’s more a dream. By having it as a goal it’s when are you going to climb it by, what process are you going to put into place. So it’s all about, bringing all your energies to focus on achieving your goals.E-Views: Why is it that most people do so badly at reaching goals?Warwick: A lot of it’s focus, they lose focus. Everybody’s life is busy. There is so much happening in everybody’s life that what happens is they might have a goal, and then something will get in the road of that. Maybe their goal might be they want to go on a holiday every year, and they put in their leave form with their boss, and their boss is like, “Oh now’s not a good time. We’ve got this such-and-such project on. Can you wait, you know, wait a month?” And then next month it’s, “Can you wait a month?” And so different things get in their road, and people don’t... in my experience, people don’t stand up for their goals. They don’t fight for them. They let other forces。

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Unit 1Task 1【答案】A. unusual, whatever, escape, traditions, present, grey, moulded, shape, hereB.1) Students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance.2) When people went anywhere on a visit, the pretty English girls all kissed them.3) Erasmus, Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, and Newton (or Wordsworth, Byron, Tennyson, etc.)【原文】My coming to Cambridge has been an unusual experience. From whatever country one comes as a student one cannot escape the influence of the Cambridge traditions---and they go back so far! Here, perhaps, more than anywhere else, I have felt at one and the same time the past, the present and even the future. It’s easy to see in the old grey stone buildings how the past moulded the present and how the present is giving shape to the future. So let me tell you a little of what this university town looks like and how it came to be here at all.The story of the University began, so far as I know, in 1209 when several hundred students and scholars arrived in the little town of Cambridge after having walked 60 miles from Oxford.Of course there were no colleges in those early days and student life was very different from what it is now. Students were of all ages and came from anywhere and everywhere. They were armed; some even banded together to rob the people of the countryside. Gradually the idea of the college developed, and in 1284, Peterhouse, the oldest college in Cambridge, was founded.Life in college was strict; students were forbidden to play games, to sing (except sacred music), to hunt or fish or even to dance. Books were very scarce and all the lessons were in the Latin language which students were supposed to speak even among themselves.In 1440 King Henry VI founded King’s College, and the other colleges followed. Erasmus, the great Dutch scholar, was at one of these, Queens’ College, from 1511 to 1513, and though he wrote that the college beer was “weak and badly made”, he also mentioned a pleasant custom that unfor tunately seems to have ceased.“The English girls are extremely pretty,” Erasmus said, “soft, pleasant, gentle, and charming. When you go anywhere on a visit the girls all kiss you. They kiss you when you arrive. They kiss you when you go away and again when you return.”Many other great men studied at Cambridge, among them Bacon, Milton, Cromwell, Newton, Wordsworth, Byron and Tennyson.Task 2【答案】A. 1) a) 2) b) 3) a) 4) c)B.1) They usually wear black gowns—long gowns that hang down to the feet are for graduates, and shorter ones forundergraduates.2) Women students do not play a very active part in university life at Cambridge, but they work harder than men.C.1) meadows, green, peaceful, bending into, intervals, deep coloured, reflection, contrasts, lawns2) peace, scholarship, peace, suggest, stretches, charmingly cool, graceful【原文】Now let me give you some idea of what you would see if you were to talk around Cambridge. Let us imagine that I am seeing the sights for the first time. It is a quite market town and the shopping centre extends for quite a large area, but I notice more bookshops than one normally sees in country towns, and more tailors’ shops showing in their windows the black gowns that students must wear—long gowns that hang down to the feet for graduates and shorterones for undergraduates.In the centre of the town is the market place where several times each week country traders come to sell their produce. Everywhere there are teashops, some in modern and many in old buildings, reached by climbing narrow stairs. There is a great deal of bicycle traffic, mainly undergraduates who race along thoughtless of safety, with long scarves (in various colours to denote their college) wound round their necks.Continuing, I find my way to the river which flows behind the college buildings and curls about the town in the shape of a horseshoe. This narrow river is the Granta, and a little farther on changes in name to the Cam. It flows slowly and calmly. The “Blacks”, as thi s part of the town behind the colleges is called, have been described as the loveliest man-made view in English. It is indeed beautiful. To the felt, across the stream, there are no buildings, merely meadows, colleges’ gardens and lines of tall trees. Ever ything is very green and peaceful. On the river bank are willow trees with their branches bending into the water and, at intervals along the river, stone bridges cross the stream and lead into the colleges which line the bank. The deep coloured brick or stone of college walls, sometimes red and sometimes grey, is 500 years old. The walls rise out of their own reflection in the water and their colour contrasts charmingly with glimpses of the many green lawns.Walking along the river bank, where the only sound is the noise of gentle wind in the tree tops, I came to my college, King’s College. Across a bridge and beyond a vast carpet of green lawn stands King’s College Chapel, the largest and most beautiful building in Cambridge and the most perfect example left of English fifteenth-century architecture.The colleges join one another along the curve of the river. Going through a college gate one finds one is standing in an almost square space of 70 yards known as a “court”. Looking down into the court on all sides are the buildings where the students live. The colleges are built on a plan common to all. There is a chapel, a library, and a large dinning-hall. One court leads to another and each is made beautiful with lawns or a fountain or charming old stone path. The student gets a good impression of all the English architectural styles of the past 600 years---the bad as well as the good.There are 28 colleges, excluding three for women students. Women students do not play a very active part in university life at Cambridge, but they work harder than men.It is difficult to walk around the quite courts of the colleges without feeling a sense of peace and scholarship. And the sense of peace that green lawns always suggest to me is found in the town too, for often one is surprised to meet open stretches of grass in the midst of the streets and house giving a charmingly cool countryside effect and reminding one of the more graceful days of eighteenth century. I’ll finish as I began on that note, the feel ing one has here of the past in the present, of continuing tradition and firm faith.Task 3【答案】A. 1) b) 2) c)B.“F ive Secrets” for Getting a Student VisaSecret One: Get free, accurate information by visiting the US Embassy website.Secret Two: Be thoroughly prepared.Bring: I-20 form or IAP form;Diploma(s);Standardized test score reports (TOEFL, GRE, GMAT, LSAT, etc.);All letters and e-mails from the school, esp. those discussing financial aid;Evidence of funding for the applicant’s studies;Business cards;Any other documents that might be important.Secret Three: Answer the questions that are asked. Don’t give the visa officer a prepared speech.Secret Four: Tell the truth.Secret Five: Come back to China in two ways:1) Come back to see your family and maintain your ties to China.2) Come back to China after graduation.【原文】On March 7, US Consul General David Hopper and three other officials from the Visa Section of the American Embassy met with students at Peking University. One of the officials presented “Five Secrets” for getting a studentvisa.Secret One:Get free, accurate information on applying for a student visa. Visit the US Embassy website. There is no charge for using these resources. Why pay to get the same information from other sources?Secret Two:Be thoroughly prepared. Make sure you bring:Y I-20 form (or IAP-66 form);Your diploma(s);Your standardized test score reports (TOEFL, GRE, GMAT, LSAT, etc.);All letters and e-mails from the school, especially those that discuss scholarships, assistantships, fellowships and other forms of financial aid;Evidence of funding for your studies (bank documents, etc.);Your business cards (if you have a job);Any other documents that you think might be important.Secret Three:Answer those questions that are asked. Don’t give the visa officer a prepared speech! Here’s an example of what to avoid.Visa officer：Hi, how are you today?Applicant：I’m going to study chemical engineering at X University.Visa officer：X University? I've been to the campus many times.Applicant：I will surely return to China and find a good job with a major multinational company.Visa officer：So tell me, what color is the sky?Applicant：I was given a teaching assistantship because the school believes my test scores and credentials are excellent．These people are not communicating, and the applicant is not advancing his cause!Secret Four：Tell the truth. If the visa officer thinks you’re lying, you won’t ge t a visa.Secret Five：Come back to China. We mean that in two ways：1. Come back to see your family and maintain your ties to China．Keep up your friendships and professionalcontacts here．Students returning on vacation d on’t eve n need to come in for an interview；they can simply use the drop-box service offered at many CITIC Bank locations.2. Come back to China after you graduate. Use those advanced skills and theories that you learn in the US tomake China a better place．Task 4【答案】A.1) You are not well suited for it. / You do not have the necessary qualities or abilities for it.2) You cannot go back to the previous situation. /You cannot change your mind.3) You can’t change halfway the subjects you choose to study.B. 1) b) 2) a) 3) c) 4) a) 5) a) 6) b)C.References:In the text, John criticizes the British university system for being too specialized in their curriculum, and argues that the American system is a better one. But Peter, the US student, doesn’t agree. In the debate, encourage students to refer to the points made by Peter or john in the conversation. They may also use their own experience at a Chinese university to support their viewpoints.John’s arguments for a broader course of study:—Students who follow a broader course will have a better understanding of the world in general, and they will be more flexible in their jobs, so that if things go wrong they will be able to change jobs more easily.—Things are changing so rapidly that we have to change with them. Too much emphasis on specialization makes it difficult for us to renew or update our knowledge.—The majority of British students never use 90 percent of what they have studied at university, because what they learned is too academic and difficult.Peter’s arguments against John:—There are too many subjects today. You won’t be competent in anything if you don’t focus. Life is short.You can’t do everything.—People usually know what they want to do in high school.—There are not many alternatives if students want to learn enough to be competent in their subject.—American students with a first degree don’t have the depth of knowledge they should have.—Specialization is particularly important in sciences.—People need to acquire a lot of pure knowledge, particularly in technical and scientific areas. The importance of pure knowledge should not be underestimated.【原文】John: I disagree, Peter. I don’t think it really matters what your educational background is. Anyone who is bright enough is going to do well whatever their education.Peter: But John, …John: In fact, I think some people carry on with their education when they would do a lot better to get out and start building their own careers by learning things in real life.Peter: Yes, but the whole point is, life is getting so much more complicated these days that unless you carry on with your studies you just can't cope.John: For certain things, and certain people, okay. But to my mind, the big problem in education is that you specialize too quickly. I mean, in England, you start specializing from the third year in secondary school, when you're about 14. And it gets steadily narrower until you do your A-levels in only two or three subjects. You either do languages, or natural sciences, or social sciences.Peter: But surely these days you have to, John—you can't possibly study everything, because there's just too much. John: Yes, but how many kids at the age of 16 really know what they want to do? How many of them are convinced that the three subjects they've chosen, or have been recommended, are the ones that will let them follow the careers they eventually decide on?Peter: Oh, I think most young people who stay on at school have a fair idea of what they want to do.John: I'm not so sure, Peter. And after all, that's not the end of it. When they get to university in England, the subjects they study are so narrow that they are only good for one thing; so they are stuck with it.Peter: But I don't really see that there is any alternative if people are going to learn enough to be competent in their subject. They've got to specialize early, and I suppose those that realize they've made a mistake can always swap to something else.John: Ah, but that's just it. You can't. Suppose you study languages at university and then decide that you are not cut out for it and would like to be a doctor. You've burnt your bridges. You can't just change horses in midstream;you've got to go right back to the beginning and you lose years. I think the American system is much better. Peter: In what way?John: Well, for your first degree you've got to study a fairly wide range of subjects, and you can choose them yourself, within certain limits.Peter: Fine, but doesn't that mean that American students with a first degree don't have the depth of knowledge they should have?John: Should have for what?Peter: Well, they often aren't accepted for postgraduate work in England with just a first degree.John: Maybe not, but I don't really think that's important. They come out with a pretty good general knowledge in a wide area. After all, when you think about a lot of the stuff English students have to study, what good is it to them afterwards? I'm sure the majority of British students never use 90 percent of what they studied at university.Peter: That may be true of some arts subjects, but what about the sciences?John: Even there, a lot of what they do at university is so academic and abstruse that they will never be able to put it to any practical use. I'm sure they would benefit far more from on-the-job experience. And if they've had a broader course of study they've got two advantages.Peter: How do you mean?John: First of all, they will have a better understanding of the world in general, so they will be more flexible in their jobs, and then if things do go wrong they will be able to switch jobs more easily.Peter: That all sounds very simple, but I think you're still underestimating the amount of pure learning that you need these days, particularly in technical and scientific areas. I mean even at school these days, children have to learn far more things than we did when we were at school.John: All the more reason why we should not try to concentrate on such a few things at such an early age. Things are changing so rapidly these days that we have to change with them. When we were younger, there was a pretty good chance that we would be able to carry on in the profession we'd chosen until we retired. But these days, people have got to be prepared to change their jobs and learn new skills as technology moves ahead. Take just the area of the office, for example. How many offices...Task 5【答案】domestic, diversity, flexibility, more than 3,600, campuses, enrolled students, industries, about 3 million, Harvard, Stanford, community colleges, state universities, faculties, ethnic minorities, subjects and course options, student, consumer, flexibility, specialize, a higher education, postsecondary, a new career, retired people【原文】That a record 453,787 foreign students from 180 countries attended colleges and universities in the US in the past academic year is perhaps the most vivid indication that there are important advantages in American higher education.No other country receives even half as many foreign students, yet international students represent only 3% of the total enrollment at US colleges and universities. In all, some fifteen million students attend America's institutions of higher education.These statistics illustrate four major features of the American higher education system which make it attractive to both domestic and foreign students: size, diversity, flexibility and accessibility.Today there are more than 3,600 institutions of higher education in the United States. Some of the large state university systems, such as those in New York, California and Texas, comprise dozens of campuses and hundreds of thousands of enrolled students. Indeed, higher education has become one of the biggest "industries" in the US, employing some three million people.The range and diversity of institutions and programs of study in the US are even more impressive. The system encompasses both prestigious private universities such as Harvard and Stanford, which are among the best in the world, and local publicly-funded community colleges; both huge state university campuses enrolling 40,000-50,000 students and tiny private institutes with fewer than 100 students.American higher education is diverse in other ways, too. Not only do most colleges and universities enroll foreign students, but foreign faculty and visiting scholars play an important role on many campuses, particularly the large universities. In most comprehensive institutions, there are as many female students as male, and the numbers of students and faculty from ethnic minorities, particularly Asian-Americans and Hispanic-Americans have been steadily increasing. As a result, the campus communities of many American universities reflect in microcosm the diversity of larger society.Higher education in the US is also unique in offering an enormous variety of subjects and course options, ranging from Aerospace Engineering to Women's Studies and from Art to Zoology. Because it is dependent on tuition for funding, higher education in the US is student-centered and consumer-oriented; institutions teach what students want to know and what society as a whole thinks is useful. For example, the large public universities of New York, Ohio State University, and the University of Texas at Austin offer hundreds of different degree programs and have academic catalogs listing thousands of courses.The variety of programs and courses contributes to the flexibility of the American system. Undergraduates usually begin their program taking "general education," "liberal arts," or "core curriculum" courses—in order that they might become more "well-rounded" students—and only later select their major in many cases, not until their second year.Because they do not specialize from the very beginning, undergraduate students have more options than their counterparts in other countries. Not infrequently, American undergraduates change their mind and decide to take a different major, but this does not oblige them to start over, for at least part of their course work can still be applied to the new degree.Most academic programs include "elective courses" which students can sometimes take outside their main field of study. This gives them added choice in planning their education, and enables them to broaden their perspective bylearning about other subjects. Thus, much is left up to student, who is expected to choose from a bewildering variety of institutions, degree programs and courses, and often must depend on his/her academic advisors for help in planning a program of study.The size, diversity and flexibility of the American higher education system all contribute to its accessibility. Americans take for granted that everyone, regardless of their origin, should have a right to a higher education, and opportunities do exist for a large percentage of college-age young people to pursue postsecondary studies. It should be remembered that in the US the category "higher education" can encompass vocational, technical, professional and other specialized training.Fundamental to American culture is the high value it places on education. At whatever level, education is considered a form of self-improvement, which can lead to new career opportunities, economic advances and personal betterment, regardless of one's age. An increasing number of older, "non-traditional" students are attending college and university in the US, many having gone back for additional training or to prepare for a new career. Moreover, as many as fifteen million Americans, including large number of retired people, enroll in noncredit college courses (in other words, courses not leading to a degree) every year.Task 6【答案】A.1) b) 2) a) 3) a) 4) c) 5) b)B.I.A.1. little use for the liberation of African people2. to overcome the social and technological backwardnessB.1.formal education, society2. catalyst, social changeII.A. the world`s best, the most appropriateB. integrate education and life, and education and productionC. we should judge a child or and an adult by their academic abilityIII. the formal education system, society as a whole, cooperativeness, a desired to serve【原文】Part 1We know that something called “education” is a good thing. And all African states therefore spend a large proportion of government revenue on it. But, I suspect that for us in Africa the underlying purpose of education is to turn us into black Europeans, or black Americans, because our education policies make it quite clear that we are really expecting education in Africa to enable us to emulate the material achievements of Europe and America. We have not begun to think seriously about whether such material achievements are possible or desirable.The primary purpose of education is the liberation of man. To “liberate” is to “set free”. It implies impediments to freedom having been thrown off. But a man can be physically free from restraint and still be unfree if his mind is restricted by habits and attitudes which limit his humanity.Education is incomplete if it enables man to work out elaborate schemes for universal peace but does not teach him how to provide good food for himself and his family. It is equally incomplete if it teaches man to be an efficient tool user and tool maker, but neglects his personality and his relationship with his fellow human beings.There are professional men who say, "My market value is higher than the salary I am receiving in Tanzania." But no human being has a market value—except a slave. When people say such things, in effect they are saying, "This education I have been given has turned me into a marketable commodity, like cotton or sisal." And they are showing that, instead of liberating their humanity by giving it a greater chance to express itself, the education they have received has degraded their humanity. Their education has converted them into objects—repositories of knowledge like rather special computers.We condemn such people. Yet it is our educational system which is instilling in boys and girls the idea that their education confers a price tag on them—which ignores the infinite and priceless value of a liberated human being, who is cooperating with others in building a civilization worthy of creatures made in the image of God.Part 2A formal school system, devised and operated without reference to the society in which its graduates will live, isof little use as an instrument of liberation for the people of Africa. At the same time, learning just by living and doing in the existing society would leave us so backward socially and technologically that human liberation in the foreseeable future is out of the question. Somehow we have to combine the two systems. We have to integrate formal education with the society and use education as a catalyst for change in that society.Inevitably it takes time to change. We have not solved the problem of building sufficient self-confidence to refuse what we regard as the world's best (whatever that may mean), and to choose instead the most appropriate for our conditions. We have not solved the problem of our apparent inability to integrate education and life, and education and production. We have not solved the problem of overcoming the belief that academic ability marks out a child or an adult as especially praiseworthy, or as deserving a privileged place in society.This is not a failure within the formal education system. It is a failure of society as a whole. Indeed, the educationalists have advanced in these matters more than other sections of the community. But our society has not yet accepted that character, cooperativeness and a desire to serve are relevant to a person's ability to benefit from further training.Task 7【原文】For beauty and for romance the first place among all the cities of the United Kingdom must be given to Oxford. The impression that Oxford makes upon those who, familiar with her from early years, have learnt to know and love her in later life is remarkable. Teeming with much that is ancient, she appears the embodiment of youth and beauty. Exquisite in line, sparkling with light and colour, she seems ever bright and young, while her sons fall into decay and perish. "Alma Mater!" they cry, and love her for her loveliness, till their dim eyes can look on her no more.And this is for the reason that the true lovableness of Oxford cannot be learnt at once. As her charms have grown from age to age, so their real appreciation is gradual. Not that she cannot catch the eye of one who sees her for the first time, and, smiling, hold him captive. This she can do now and then; but even so her new lover has yet to learn her preciousness.Unit 2Task 1【答案】A. 1) c) 2) d) 3) b)B. 1) T 2) F 3) TC. b→e→d→a→c【原文】Dear Ann Landers:I buried my husband yesterday. We were married for 23 years. My hand is not very steady but I must write this letter. Perhaps it is grief therapy for myself, but whatever the reason I hope you will not think I am out of my head.Our marriage was what you might call "average". We had more than our share of arguments, but on balance we had more fun together than most couples our age. I am Italian and Bill was Irish. Maybe that explains a few things. Anyway, I loved him very much and I know he loved me.We had an argument Wednesday night. It was a bitter quarrel and we both said things we shouldn't have. Thursday morning I fixed Bill a good breakfast but we didn't speak. I figured we'd patch things up at supper. That afternoon at 4 o'clock he was dead. It was a massive heart attack, his first. By the time I reached the hospital, he was gone.Years ago you gave some advice on how to have a good marriage. You said, "Never go to bed mad." How I wish I had taken that advice. It's awful to know that our last words were angry ones.I hope every married couple who reads this will ask themselves this question: "If I never see my beloved again, what were the last words we spoke to one another?" That's something to think about, isn't it? Too Late For Me!Task 2【答案】1) Donald, whom Olivia loves, has proposed marriage to her.2) She cannot make up her mind because it is wartime and she does not have enough time to know more about Donald and ensure her feelings.3) She thinks Donald probably just wants to marry himself off before he is killed in the war.【原文】。