An Analysis of Conversational Implicature in Pride and Prejudice
Conversational Implicature 会话含义
An Overview
1 Significance of the Notion of Implicature 2 Conventional Implicature & Conversational Implicature 3 Grice’s Distinction between Generalized Conversational Implicature and Particularized Conversational Implicature
关于“自然意义”，他举了这样一个例子：
Those spots meant measles (那些斑点意味着麻疹)。
他指出，如果不存在施事者（因而也不涉及施事者的意图），话
语的意义只是“自然地”被理解，那么，这类话语就只表达“自 然意义”。
关于“非自然意义”，Grice 认为它具有如下特点：
S发出U，具有非自然意义，当且仅当： (i) S发出U，试图在H那儿引起某种效果Z； (ii) 通过H认可S的意图而使S的愿望不折不扣地实现。 S→说话人 H →听话人
B’s implicature:
Sorry, I don’t know the exact time of the present moment, but I can provide some information from which you may be able to deduce the appropriate time, namely ‘the milkman has come’.
Another example:
A: Can you tell me the time?
B: Well, the milkman has come. B’ semantic and literal meaning: Well, the milkman came at some time prior to the time of speaking .
(完整版)语用学级期末复习思考题
I。
Put the following English terms into Chinese. (1'×10＝10’)所指对象referent所指论Referential theory专有名词 proper name普通名词 common nouns固定的指称记号 rigid designators指称词语deixical items确定性描述语definite descriptions编码时间 coding—time变异性variability表示反复的词语 iterative表述句 constative补救策略redressive strategies不可分离性 non—detachability不确定性indeterminacy不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行bald on record without redressive actions 阐述类言语行为 representatives承诺类言语行为 commissives指令类言语行为directives表达类言语行为expressives，宣告类言语行为declarations诚意条件 sincerity condition次要言外行为 secondary illocutionary act等级含义 scalar implicature等级划分法 rating scales副语言特征 paralinguistic features非公开施行面子威胁行为 off record非规约性non—conventionality非规约性意义 non-conventional implicature非论证性的 non—demonstrative非自然意义non—natural meaning (meaning—nn)否定测试法negation test符号学 semiotics构成性规则 constitutive rules古典格莱斯会话含义理论 Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature关联论Relevance Theory关联原则Principle of Relevance归属性用法 attributive use规约性含义conventional implicature人际修辞 interpersonal rhetoric篇章修辞textual rhetoric含蓄动词 implicative verbs合适条件 felicity conditions呼语 vocatives互相显映 mutually manifest会话含义 conversational implicature话语层次策略 utterance-level strategy积极面子positive face间接言语行为 indirect speech acts间接指令 indirect directives结语 upshots交际意图communicative intention可撤销性 cancellability可废弃性 defeasibility可推导性 calculability跨文化语用失误cross—cultural pragmatic failure跨文化语用学cross—cultural pragmatics命题内容条件 propositional content condition面子保全论 Face-saving Theory面子论 Face Theory面子威胁行为 Face Threatening Acts （FTAs）蔑视 flouting明示 ostensive明示－推理模式ostensive—inferential model摹状词理论Descriptions粘合程度 scale of cohesion篇章指示 discourse deixis前提 presupposition前提语 presupposition trigger强加的绝对级别absolute ranking of imposition确定谈话目的 establishing the purpose of the interaction确定言语事件的性质 establishing the nature of the speech event 确定性描述语 definite descriptions认知语用学 cognitive pragmatics上下文 co—text社会语用迁移sociopragmatic transfer社交语用失误 sociopragmatic failure施为句 performative省力原则 the principle of least effort实情动词 factive verbs适从向 direction of fit手势型用法 gestural usage首要言外行为 primary illocutionary act双重或数重语义模糊 pragmatic bivalence/ plurivalence顺应的动态性 dynamics of adaptability顺应性adaptability语境关系的顺应(contextual correlates of adaptability)、语言结构的顺应(structural objects of adaptability)、顺应的动态性（dynamics of adaptability)和顺应过程的意识程度（salience of the adaptation processes）。
Conversational-Implicature
E.G • A：How is C getting on in his job? • B：Oh, quite well, I think. He likes his
colleagues, and hasn’t been to prison.
• E.g. You are the cream in my coffee
3可推导性calculability
With the literal meaning or the sense of the utterance on the one hand，and the cooperative principle and the maxims on the other，it follows that an addressee would make the inference in question to preserve the assumption of cooperation.-------Levinson,1983
Manner maxim
• 1.avoid obscurity of expression. • 2.avoid ambiguity • 3.be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity) • 4.be orderly.
• For various reasons, people don’t strictly obey the principle of cooperation and the related standards.
英语专业八级语言学 经典总结
一、语言和语言学1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language任意性 arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性 duality 指语言由两层结构组成创造性 creativity 指语言可以被创造移位性 displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点2、语言的功能（不是很重要）信息功能 informative人际功能 interpersonal施为功能 performative感情功能 emotive function寒暄功能 phatic communication娱乐功能 recreational function元语言功能 metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学 phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学 phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学 morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学 syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则语义学 semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。
如语素和句子的意义语用学 pragmatics 在语境中研究意义4、宏观语言学 macrolingustics心理语言学 psycholinguistics 社会语言学 sociolinguistics 人类语言学anthropological linguistics 计算机语言学 computational linguistics5 语言学中的重要区别规定式和描写式：规定式：prescriptive说明事情应该是怎么样的描写式：descriptive 说明事情本来是怎么样的共时研究和历时研究：共时：synchronic 研究某个特定时期语言历时：diachronic 研究语言发展规律语言和言语：语言：langue指语言系统的整体言语：parole指具体实际运用的语言语言能力和语言运用：乔姆斯基(chomsky提出)能力：competence用语言的人的语言知识储备运用：performance 真实的语言使用者在实际中的语言使用二、语音学1、语音学分支发音语音学articulatory phonetics研究语言的产生声学语言学acoustic phonetics 研究语音的物理属性听觉语音学 auditory phonetics 研究语言怎样被感知2 IPA（国际音标）是由daniel Jones琼斯提出的三、音位学1、最小对立体minimal pairs2、音位 phoneme3 音位变体 allophones4 互补分布 complementary distribution5 自由变体 free variation6 区别特征 distinctive features7 超音段特征 suprasegmental feature音节 syllable 重音stress 语调tone 声调intonation四形态学1 词的构成语素morpheme 自由语素free morpheme 粘着语素bound morphemeRoot 词根词缀affix 词干stem屈折词汇和派生词汇 inflectional affix and derivational affix2 特有的词汇变化lexical change proper新创词语invention 混拼词blending 缩写词abbreviation首字母缩写词 acronym 逆构词汇back-formation例：editor—edit类推构词analogiacal creation 例：work-worked,,slay-slayed外来词 borrowing五句法学1 范畴category 数number 性gender 格case 时tense 体aspect一致关系concord 支配关系govenrment2 结构主义学派the structure approach组合关系 syntagmatic relation词和词组合在一起聚合关系 paradigmatic 具有共同的语法作用的词聚在一起结构和成分 construction and constituents :句子不仅是线性结构liner structure还是层级结构hierarchical structure (句子或短语被称为结构体，而构成句子或短语即结构体的称为成分)3 直接成分分析法 immediate constitutional analysis指把句子分成直接成分－短语，再把这些短语依次切分，得到下一集直接成分，这样层层切分，直到不能再分4 向心结构和离心结构endocentric and exocentric constructions向心：指一个结构中有中心词，例an old man ,中心为man离心：指结构中没有明显的中心词。
天津外国语大学801英语语言文学历年考研真题
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，犹如病重 的喘 声。
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unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.
5) _____refers to the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
Section Four:英语语言学方向 分 (70 points) Questions in this section are set for applicants to the MA program of English Linguistics. 1.Multiple Choice: (20 points) Directions: Fill in the blanks with appropriate linguistic terms or answer the questions as required. Write the answers on the ANSWER SHEET. 1) ____means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 2) ____________ deals with the way in which speech sounds are produced. 3）____________ refers to a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. 4）____________is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a
(完整版)语用学-5--Conversational-implicature
1. What is an implicature? E.g. A: I have a fourteen year old son. B: Well, that's all right. A: I also have a dog. B: Oh, I'm sorry.
Conversational implicature
Divergence in meaning: Formal devices VS. natural L Formalist VS. informalist Construct an ideal L Inadequte attention to the nature and
E.g. The duck ran up to Mary (p) and licked her (qBut this is not always true in real life as in the above example. Whenever p & q is true, it logically follows that q & p is true:
The logical representation of conjunction: p & q
This logical expression stands for: if p is true and q is true, then p & q is true. If either p or q is not true (i.e. false), then the conjunction of p and q is necessarily false.
B means more than what he or she says, but A can understand it or interpret it well in the context. How does this happen? How does the hearer get from what is said to what is meant, from the level of expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning.
语言学The Theory of Conversational Implicature
Content
• • • • Violation of the Maxim of Quantity Violation of the Maxim of Quality Violation of the Maxim of Relation Violation of the Maxim of Manner
Violation of the Maxim of Relation
· be irrelevant
• A: What time is it? B: The mail has already come. • A: What do you intend to do today? B: I have a terrible headache.
Content
• 8.2.1 The Cooperative Principle (CP) • 8.2.2 Violation of the Maxims • 8.2.3 Characteristics of Implicature
8.2.1 The cooperative Principle (CP)
• To specify the CP further, Grice introduced
four categories of maxims as follows： • Quantity:(数量准则) • Quality:(质量准则)
• Relation(关系准则) • Manner(方式准则)
Quantity
2. Not be brief
A: Did you get my assignment?
B: I received two pages clipped together and
covered with rows of black squirrels.
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编25
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编25(总分：72.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.There has been a maxim in 1which claims that "You are what you say". (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：quantity）解析：解析：格莱斯的数量准则指1．使你的话语如(交谈的当前目的)所要求的那样信息充分；2．不要使你的话语比要求的信息更充分。
即说你该说的。
2.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grice）解析：解析：格赖斯认为一定存在一些管理话语产生和理解的机制。
他把这种机制称为合作原则，在这个大原则下有四条准则，它们分别为数量、质量、关系和方式准则。
3. 1were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Performatives）解析：解析：施为句是用来做事的，既不陈述事实，也不描述情况，且不能验证其真假。
4.In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the 1principle proposed by J. Grice.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Cooperative）解析：解析：通常在对话中，所有的参与者都被希望能够遵守由格莱斯提出的合作原则，这样就不会有会话含义的产生。