Design Standards for Railway Structures and Commentary(Concrete Structures) 2007-03(OCR)
DIN 6701-2 英文
A2
Bonded joints on rail vehicles and parts of rail vehicles with average safety requirements
A3
Bonded joints on rail vehicles and parts of rail vehicles with low safety requirements
3.1
Classification of bonded joints
Table 1 classifies bonded joints on rail vehicles and on components and parts of rail vehicles as a function of the relevant safety requirements. The classification of the bonded parts into part classes is based on the potential effect of failure of the bonded joint as stated by the relevant design companies/engineers. The same applies for repairs to bonded joints and for repairs realized by adhesive bonding. The part classes must be indicated on drawings. The relevant design engineer must involve the supervisor in charge of the bonding work (SIC) in the process of assigning bonded parts to classes. Table 1 – Classification of bonded joints Class A1 Description Bonded joints on rail vehicles and parts of rail vehicles with high safety requirements Examples
铁路词汇
铁路，铁道railway railroad铁路线railway line, railroad line铁路网railway network, railroad network铁道科学railway science铁路技术railway technology铁路等级railway classification国有铁路national railway, state railway地方铁路local railway, regional railway私有铁路private railway合资铁路joint investment railway, jointly owned railway 标准轨铁路standard-gage railway窄轨铁路narrow-gage railway米轨铁路meter-gage railway宽轨铁路broad-gage railway单线铁路single track railway双线铁路double track railway多线铁路multiple track railway重载铁路heavy haul railway高速铁路high speed railway电气化铁路，电力铁路electrified railway, electric railway 干线铁路main line railway, trunk railway市郊铁路suburban railway地下铁道，地铁subway, metro, underground railway工业企业铁路industry railway矿山铁路mine railway轻轨铁路light railway, light rail高架铁路elevated railway单轨铁路，独轨铁路monorail, monorail railway磁浮铁路magnetic levitation railway, maglev森林铁路forest railway山区铁路mountain railway既有铁路existing railway新建铁路newly-built railway改建铁路reconstructed railway运营铁路railway in operation, operation, operating railway专用铁路special purpose railway干线trunk line, main line支线branch line铁路专用线railway special line货运专线railway line for freight traffic,freight special line, freight traffic only line客运专线railway line for passenger traffic,passenger special line, passenger traffic only line客货运混合铁路railway line for mixed passenger and freight traffic铁路运营长度，运营里程operation length of railway, operating distance, revenue length列车运行图train diagram铁路建筑长度construction length of railway区间section区段district轨距rail gage, rail gauge轮重wheel load轴重axle load最大轴重maximum allowable axle load限制轴重axle load limited限界clearance, gauge限界图clearance diagram铁路建筑限界railway construction clearance, structure clearance for railway, railway struction gauge基本建筑限界fundamental construction clearance, fundamental structure gauge 桥梁建筑限界bridge construction clearance, bridge structure gauge隧道建筑界限tunnel construction clearance, tunnel structure gauge铁路机车车辆限界rolling stock clearance for railway, vehicle gauge机车车辆上部限界clearance limit for upper part of rolling stock机车车辆下部限界clearance limit for lower part of rolling stock装载限界loading clearance limit, loading gauge阔大货物限界clearance limit for freight with exceptional dimension, clearance limit for oversize commodities接触网限界clearance limt for overhead contract wire, clearance limit for overheadcatenary system, overhead catenary system gauge 列车与线路相互作用track-train interaction轮轨关系wheel-rail relation, wheel-rail interaction 粘着系数adhesion coefficient车轮滑行wheel sliding, wheel skid车轮空转wheel slipping牵引种类kinds of traction, category of traction牵引方式mode of traction牵引定数tonnage rating, tonnage of traction装载系数loading coefficient速度speed持续速度continuous speed限制速度limited speed, speed restriction均衡速度balancing speed构造速度construction speed, design speed最高速度maximum speed临界速度critical speed重载列车heavy haul train高速列车high speed train超长超重列车exceptionally long and heavy train 列车正面冲突train collision列车尾追train tail collision列车尾部防护train rear end protection伸缩运动fore and aft motion蛇行运动hunting, nosing列车压缩train running in列车拉伸train running out列车分离train separation列车颠覆train overturning列车动力学train dynamics列车空气动力学train acrodynamics机车车辆振动vibration of rolling stock 纵向振动longitudinal vibration横向振动lateral vibration垂向振动vertical vibration摆滚振动rock-roll vibration浮沉振动bouncing, vibration测滚振动rolling , vibration测摆振动swaying, vibration点头振动pitching, nodding摇头振动yawing, hunting机车车辆共振resonance of rolling stock 机车车辆冲击impact of rolling纵向冲击longitudinal impact横向冲击lateral impact垂向冲击vertical impact货运站综合作业自动化automation of synthetic operations at freight station行车指挥自动化automation of traffic control编组场综合作业自动化automation of synthetic operations in marshalling yard铁路运营信息系统railway operation information system铁路数据交换系统railway data exchange system运营系统模拟simulation of operation system铁路法railway law铁道法规railway act铁路条例railway code铁路技术管理规程regulations of railway technical operation综合运输comprehensive transport, multi-mode transport, intermode transport国际铁路联运international railway through traffic大陆桥，洲际铁路transcontinental railway, intercontinental railway, land-railway 国际联运协定agreement of international through traffic国际联运议定书protocol of international through traffic国际铁路联运公约convention of international railway through traffic铁路新线建设newly-built railway construction铁路技术改造technical reform of railway, technical renovation of railway, betterment and improvement of railway铁路主要技术条件main technical standard of railway, main techincal requirement of railway单位工程unit project分部工程part project分项工程item project预可行性研究pre-feasibility study项目建议书proposed task of project可行性研究feasibility study设计阶段design phase, design stage三阶段设计three-step design, three-phase design两阶段设计two-step design, two-phase design一阶段设计one-step design, one-phase design初步设计preliminary design技术设计technical design扩大初步设计enlarged preliminary design, expanded preliminary design施工图设计construction detail design, working-drawing design变更设计altered design设计概算apporximate estimate of design, budgetary estimate of design个别概算individual approximate estimate综合概算comprehensive approximate estimate总概算sum of approximate estimate, total estimate, summary estimate修正总概算amended sum of approximate estimate, revised general estimate 调整总概算adjusted sum of approximate estimate投资检算checking of investment预算定额rating of budget, rating form for budget概算定额rating of approximate estimate, rating form for estimate投资估算investment estimate估算指标index of estimate机械台班定额rating per machine per team, rating per machine-team工程直接费direct expense of project, direct cost of project工程间接费indirect expense of project, indirect cost of project工程预备费reserve fund of project设计鉴定certification of design, appraisal of design竣工决算final accounts of completed project铁路用地right-of-way铁路勘测railway reconnaissance调查测绘survey and drawing of investigation, investigation survey, investigation surveying and sketching地形调查topographic survey地貌调查topographic feature survey, geomorphologic survey地质调查geologic survey经济调查economic investigation, economic survey水文地质调查hydrogeologic survey土石成分调查survey of soil and rock composition土石物理力学性质physical and mechanical properties of soil and rock土石分类classificaion of soil and rock地基承载力bearing capacity of foundation, bearing capacity of ground, bearing of subgrade隧道围岩分级classification of tunnel surrounding rock地质图测绘survey and drawing of geological map, surveying and sketching of geological map勘探exploration, prospecting挖探excavation prospecting钻探boring, exploration drilling物探geophysical prospecting室内测试indoor test, laboratory test原位测试in situ test静力触探static sounding, static probing, cone penetration test动力触探试验dynamic penetration test标准贯入试验standard penetration test区域地质regional geology工程地质engineering geology不良地质unfavorable geology特殊地质special geology工程地质条件engineering geologic, requirement, engineering geologic condition 气象资料meteorological data冻结深度freezing depth地震基本烈度basic intensity of earthquake, seismic basic intensity工程地质图engineering geological map地层柱状图column diagram of stratum, graphic logs of strata, drill log of stratum 洪水调查flood survey河道调查river course survey冰凌调查ice floe survey, frazil ice survey汇水区流域特征调查survey of catchment basin characteristics水文断面hydrologic sectional drawing, dydrologic section, hydrologic cross-section主河槽main river channel设计流速design current velocity设计高程，设计标高design elevation河流比降slope of river, comparable horizon of river历史洪水位historic flood level最高水位highest water level, HWL通航水位navigation water level, NWL桥涵水文hydrology of bridge and culvert水利半径hydraulic radius桥前壅水高度backwater height in front of bridge, top water level in front of bridge桥渡勘测设计survey and design of bridge crossing水面坡度slope of water surface水文测量hydrological survey泥石流流域catchment basin of debris flow分水岭watershed, dividing ridge汇水面积catchment area, water collecting area, drainage area洪水频率flood frequency设计流量design discharge设计水位design water level施工水位construction level, construction water level, working water level 设计洪水过程线designed flood hydrograph容许冲刷allowable scour一般冲刷general scour局部冲刷local scour, partial scour铁路测量railway survey线路踏勘，草测route reconnaissance初测preliminary survey定测location survey, alignment, final location survey导线测量traversing, traverse survey光电导线photoelectric traverse地形测量topographical survey横断面测量cross leveling, cross-section survey, cross-section leveling线路测量route survey, profile survey, longitudinal survey既有线测量，旧线测量survey of existing railway线路复测repetition survey of existing railway, resurvey of existing railway 测量精度survey precision, precision of survey均方差，中误差mean square error最大误差，极限误差maximum error, limiting error中线测量center line survey中线桩center line stake加桩additional stake, plus stake外移桩shift out stake, stake outward, offset stake水准点高程测量benchmark leveling中桩高程测量，中平center stake leveling曲线控制点curve control point放线setting-out of route, lay out of route交点intersection point副交点auxiliary intersection point转向角deflection angle分转向角auxiliary deflection angle坐标方位角plane-coordinate azimuth象限角quadrantal angle经纬距plane rectangular coordinate断链broken chain投影断链projection of broken chain断高broken height铁路航空摄影测量，铁路航测railway aerial photogrammetry铁路航空勘测railway aerial surveying航带设计flight strip design, design of flight strip铁路工程地质遥感remote sensing of railway engineering geology 测段segment of survey航测选线aerial surveying alignment航测外控点field control point of aerophotogrammetry全球定位系统global positioning system, GPS像片索引图index of photography三角测量trigonometric survey, triangulation精密导线测量precise traverse survey, accurate traverse survey三角高程测量trigonometric leveling隧道洞外控制测量ouside tunnel control survey隧道洞内控制测量in tunnel control survey, through survey隧道洞口投点horizontal point of tunnel portal, geodetic control point of portal location of adit桥轴线测量survey of bridge axis铁路选线railway location, approximate railway location, location of railway route selection平原地区选线location in plain region, plain location越岭选线location of mountain line, location of line in mountain region, location over mountain山区河谷选线mountain and valley region location, location of line of in mountain and valley region丘陵地段选线hilly land location, location of line on hilly land工程地质选线engineering geologic location of line线间距distance between centers of tracks, midway between tracks车站分布distribution of stations方案比选scheme comparison, route alternative投资回收期repayment period of capital cost纸上定线paper location of line缓坡地段section of easy grade, section of gentle slope紧坡地段section of sufficient grade非紧坡地段section of unsufficient grade, section of insufficient grade导向线leading line, alignment guiding line拔起高度,克服高度height of lifting, lifting height, ascent of elevation横断面选线cross-section method of railway location, location with cross-section method, cross-section method for location of line展线extension of line, development of line, line development展线系数coefficient of extension line, coefficient of development line套线overlapping line线路平面图track plan, line plan线路纵断面图track profile, line profile站坪长度length of station site站坪坡度grade of station site控制区间control section, controlling section最小曲线半径minimum radius of curve圆曲线circular curve单曲线simple curve缓和曲线transition curve, easement curve, spiral transition curve缓和曲线半截变更率rate of easement curvature, rate of transition curve复曲线compound curve同向曲线curves of same sense, adjacent curves in one direction 反向曲线reverse curve, curve of opposite sense夹直线intermediate straight line, tangent between curves坡度grade, gradient, slope人字坡double spur grade限制坡度ruling grade, limiting grade加力牵引坡度pusher grade, assisting grade最大坡度maximum grade临界坡度critical grade长大坡度long steep grade, long heavy grade动力坡度momentum grade均衡坡度balanced grade有害地段harmful district无害地段harmless district变坡点point of gradient change, breake in grade坡段grade section坡段长度length of grade section坡度差algebraic difference between adjacent gradients竖曲线vertical curve分坡平段level stretch between opposite sign gradient缓和坡度slight grade, flat grade, easy grade起动缓坡flat gradient for starting加速缓坡easy gradient for acceleration, accelerating grade坡度折减compensation of gradient, gradient compensation, grade compensation 曲线折减compensation of curve, curve compesation隧道坡度折减compensation of gradient in tunnel, compensation grade in tunnel 绕行地段detouring section, round section换侧,换边change side of double line容许应力设计法allowable stress design method破损阶段设计法plastic stage design method极限状态设计法limit state design method概率极限状态设计法,可靠度设计法probabilisatic limit state design method地震系数法seismic coefficient method路基subgrade, road bed, formation subgrade岩石路基rock subgrade渗水土路基permeable soil subgrade, pervious embankment非渗水土路基non-permeable soil subgrade, impervious embankment特殊土路基subgrade of special soil软土地区路基subgrade in soft soil zone, subgrade in soft, clay region泥沼地区路基subgrade in bog zone, subgrade in morass region, subgrade in swampland膨胀土地区路基，裂土地区路基subgrade in swelling soil zone, subgrade in expansive soil region盐渍土地区路基subgrade in salty soil zone, subgrade in saline soil region多年冻土路基subgrade in permafrost soil zone特殊条件下的路基subgrade under special condition河滩路堤embankment on plain river beach滨河路堤embankment on river bank水库路基subgrade in reservoir, embankment crossing reservoir崩塌地段路基subgrade in rock fall district, subgrade in collapse zone岩堆地段路基subgrade in rock deposit zone, subgrade in talus zone, subgrade in scree zone滑坡地段路基subgrade in slide岩溶地段路基，喀斯特地段路基subgrade in karst zone洞穴地段路基subgrade in cavity zone, subgrade in cavern zone风沙地段路基subgrade in windy and sandy zone, subgrade in desert雪害地段路基subgrade in snow damage zone, subgrade in snow disaster zone泥石流地段路基subgrade in debris flow zone路基横断面subgrade cross-section路基面subgrade surface, formation路基面宽度width of the subgrade surface, formation width路拱road crown, subgrade crown路肩Road shoulder, subgrade shoulder路肩高程formation level, shoulder level路堤embankment, fill路堑cut, road, cutting半堤半堑part-cut and part-fill section, cut and fill section基床subgrade bed, formation基床表层surface layer of subgrade bed, formation top layer, surface layer of subgrade基床表层bottom layer of subgrade, formation base layer, bottom layer of subgrade bed一般路基general subgrade, ordinary subgrade最小填筑高度minimum fill height of subgrade, minimum height of fill临界高度critical height基底foundation base, base路堤边坡side slope of embankment, fill slope talus坡脚toe of side slope护道berm取土坑borrow pit路堤填料embankment fill material, embankment filler, filling material of embankment填料分类classification of filling material岩块填料rock block filler, rock filler, rock fill粗粒土填料coarse-grained soil filler, coarse-grained soil fill细粒土填料fine-grained soil filler, fine-grained soil fill压实标准compacting criteria相对密度relative density压实系数compacting factor, compacting coefficient最佳含水量optimum moisture content, best moisture content最佳密度optimum density, best density核子密度湿度测定determination of nuclear density-moisture路基承载板测定determination of bearing slab of subgrade预留沉落量reserve settlement, settlement allowance反压护道berm with superloading, berm for back pressure, counter swelling berm 石灰砂桩lime sand pile换土change soil, soil replacement爆破排淤blasting discharging sedimentation, silt arresting by explosion, discharge of sedimentation by blasting抛石挤淤throwing stones to packing sedimentation, packing sedimentation by throwing stones, packing up sedimentation by dumping stones路堑石方爆破rock cutting blasting, rock blasting in cut定向爆破directional blasting浅孔爆破shallow hole blasting深孔爆破deep hole blasting洞室药包爆破chamber explosive package blasting, chamher blasting扬弃爆破abandoned blasting, abandonment blasting抛掷爆破pin-point blasting松动爆破blasting for loosening rock药壶爆破pot hole blasting裸露腰包爆破adobe blasting, contact blasting路堑边坡cutting slope, side slope of cut堑顶top of cutting slope, top of cutting路堑平台platform of cutting, berm in cutting弃土堆waste bank, bankette, spoil bank挡土墙retaining wall重力式挡土墙gravity retaining wall衡重式挡土墙balance weight retaining wall, gravity retaining wall with relieving platform, balanced type retaining wall锚定板挡土墙anchored retaining wall by tie rods, anchored bulkhead retaining wall, anchored plate retaining wall加筋土挡土墙reinforced earth retaining wall, reinforced soil retaining wall锚杆挡墙anchored bolt retaining wall, anchoraged retaining wall by tie rods管柱挡墙cylindrical shaft retaining wall沉井挡墙caisson retaining wall抗滑桩anti-slide pile, counter-sliding pile护墙guard wall护坡slope protection, revertment, pitching排水沟weep drain, drainage ditch, drain ditch边沟，侧沟side ditch天沟gutter, overhead ditch, intercepting ditch吊沟suspended ditch跌水hydraulic drop截水沟intercepting ditch, catch-drain急流槽chute排水槽drainage channel渗水暗沟blind drain渗水隧洞leak tunnel, permeable tunnel, drainage tunnel渗井leaching well, seepage well渗管leaky pipe平孔排水horizontal hole drainage反滤层reverse filtration layer, inverted filter, protective filter 检查井inspection well, manhole砂井，排水砂井sand drain隔断层insulating course, insulating layer透水路堤pervious embankment, permeable embankment渗水路堤immerseable embankment排水砂垫层sand filled drainage layer, drainage sand blanker 坡面防护slope protection护岸revetment, shore protection导流堤diversion dike拦石墙stone cut off wall, stone falling wall, but tree落石槽stone falling channel, trough for catching falling rocks 柴排firewood raft, mattress, willow fascine固沙造林stabilization for sands by afforestation挡风墙wind-break wall防风栅栏wind break fence砂土液化sand liquefaction中-活载CR-live loading, China railway standard loading桥梁标准活载standard live load for bridge桥梁荷载谱bridge load spectrum换算均布活载equivalent uniform live load设计荷载design load主力principal load恒载dead load土压力earth load静水压力hydrostatic pressure浮力buoyancy列车活载live load of train列车离心力centrifugal force of train列车冲击力，冲击荷载impact force of train 冲击系数coefficient of impact人行道荷载sidewalk loading附加力subsidiary load, secondary load列车制动力braking force of train列车牵引力tractive force of train风荷载wind load列车横向摇摆力lateral swaying force of train 流水压力pressure of water flow冰压力ice pressure冻胀力frost heaving force特殊荷载particular load船只或排筏的撞击力collision force of ship or raft地震力seismic force地震烈度earthquake intensity地震震级earthquake magnitude施工荷载constructional loading荷载组合loading combination铁路桥railway bridge公铁两用桥combined bridge, combined highway and railway bridge, combined rail-cum-road bridge跨线桥，立交桥overpass bridge, grade separation bridge, flyover高架桥viaduct旱桥dry bridge人行桥foot bridge, pedestrian bridge圬工桥masonry bridge钢桥steel bridge铆接钢桥riveted steel bridge栓焊钢桥bolted and welded steel bridge全焊钢桥all welded steel bridge摩擦结合式高强度螺栓high strength friction grip bolt扭剪式高强度螺栓torshear type high strength blot螺栓示功扳手bolt wrench with indicator混凝土桥concrete bridge钢筋混凝土桥reinforced concrete bridge预应力混凝土桥prestressed concrete bridge先张法预应力梁pretensioned prestressed concrete girder后张法预应力梁post-tensioned prestressed concrete girder部分预应力混凝土桥partially prestressed concrete bridge结合梁桥composite beam bridge低高度梁shallow girder无碴无枕梁girder without ballast and sleeper型钢混凝土梁，劲性骨架混凝土梁girder with rolled steel section encased in concrete, skeleton reinforced concrete girder简支梁桥simply supported beam bridge连续梁桥continuous beam bridge悬臂梁桥cantilever beam bridge板桥slab bridge空心板桥hollow slab bridge板梁plate girder工形梁I-beam箱形梁box girder槽形梁trough girder桁架truss拆装式桁架demountable truss刚架桥，刚构桥rigid frame bridge斜腿刚架桥，斜腿刚构桥strutted beam bridge, slant-legged rigid frame bridge悬板桥，悬带桥stressed ribbon bridge悬索桥，吊桥suspension bridge斜拉桥cable-stayed bridge浮桥pontoon bridge, floating bridge, bateau bridge拱桥arch bridge固端拱，无铰拱fixed-end arch双铰拱two-hinged arch三铰拱three-hinged arch实腹拱spandrel-filled arch, solid-spandrel arch空腹拱open-spandrel arch双曲拱two-way curved arch, cross-curved arch系杆拱，柔性系杆刚性拱tied arch榔格尔式桥，刚性系杆柔性拱桥Langer bridge, flexible arch bridge with rigid tie 洛泽式桥，直悬杆式刚性拱刚性梁桥Lohse bridge, rigid arch bridge with rigid tie and vertical sespenders尼尔森桥Nielsen systen bridge尼尔森式骆泽梁桥，斜悬杆式刚性拱梁桥Nielsen type Lhse bridge, rigid arch bridge with fight tie and inclined suspenders活动桥movable bridge竖旋桥bascule bridge平旋桥swing bridge升降桥lift bridge正交桥right bridge斜交桥skew bridge曲线桥curved bridge曲梁curved beam特大桥super maior bridge大桥major bridge中桥medium bridge小桥minor bridge单线桥single track bridge双线桥double track bridge多线桥multi-track bridge正桥，主桥main bridge引桥approach spans上承式桥deck bridge半穿式桥，中承式half through bridge, midheight deck bridge 下承式桥through bridge双层桥double-deck bridge永久性桥permanent bridge临时性桥，便桥temporary bridge跨径，跨度span净跨clear spam桥梁全长overall length of bridge桥下净空underneath clearance主梁中心距center to center distance between main girder节间长度panel length梁高depth of girder拱度camber挠度deflection节间panel锚跨，锚孔anchor span悬跨，吊孔suspended span桥梁上部结构superstructure 腹板web plate翼缘flange翼缘板flange plate弦杆chord member腹杆web member斜杆diagonal member竖杆vertical member吊杆suspender hanger加劲杆stiffener节点panel point节点板gusset plate拼接板splice plate缀条lacing bar缀板stay plate, tie plate侧向水平联结系lateral bracing横联sway bracing制动撑架braking bracing桥门架portal frame纵梁stringer横梁floor beam, transverse beam桥面系floor system端横梁end floor beam起重横梁jacking floor beam梁端缓冲梁auxiliary girder for controlling angle change 应变时效strain ageing碳当量carbon equivalent钢丝steel wire钢丝束bundled steel wires钢绞线steel strand钢筋reinforcement, steel bar箍筋stirrup纵向钢筋longitudinal reinforcement弯起钢筋bent-up bar架立钢筋erection bar构造钢筋constructional reinforcement预应力筋tendon套管sheath梁腋haunch（桥涵）拱圈arch ring拱肋arch rib拱顶rach crown拱矢rise of arch起拱点springing拱腹soffit拱腹线intrados拱背钱extrados桥塔bridge tower, pylon索平面cable plane缆索cable斜缆stay cable, inclined cable吊缆suspension cable索鞍cable saddle索夹cable band, cable clamp锚座socket锚碇anchorage明桥面open deck, ballastless deck, open floor 桥梁道碴槽ballast trough道碴桥面ballasted deck, ballasted floor桥梁护轨guard rall of bridge桥梁护木guard timber of bridge桥枕bridge tie, bridge sleeper桥上人行道sidewalk on bridge步行板foot plank避车台refuge platform伸缩缝expansion joint正交异性板orthotropic plate栏杆railing, handrail, handrailing泻水孔drainage opening直结轨道track fastened directly to steel girders抗剪连接件，抗剪结合件shear connector支座bearing固定支座fixed bearing活动支座expension bearing, movable bearing平板支座plate bearing摇轴芝座rocker bearing滚轴支座roller bearing球面支座spherical bearing板式橡胶支座laminated rubber bearing盆式橡胶支座pot rubber bearing聚四氯乙烯支座poly-tetrafluoroedthylene bearing, PTFE bearing 涡流激振wortex-excited oscillation弛振galloping颤振flutter扰流板spoiler风嘴wind fairing桥梁自振周期natural vibration period of bridge浮运架桥法bridge erection by floating架桥机架设法erection by bridge girder erecting equipment顶推式架设法erection by incremental launching拖拉架设法launching method赝架式架设法erection with scaffolding悬臂架设法catilever erection, erection by protrusion悬臂灌注法cast-in-place cantilever construction, free cantilever segmental concreting with suspended formwork悬臂拼装法cantilevered assembling constrution, free cantilever erection with segments of precast concrete预制混凝土构件precast concrete units, precast concrete members活动模架逐跨施工法segmental span-by-span construction using form traveller桥梁合龙closure就地贯注法cast-in-place method, cast-in-situ method活动吊篮travelling cradle顶进法jack-in method旋转法施工，转体施工erection by swing method液压式张拉千斤顶hydraulic tensioning jack桥梁下部结构substructure桥台abutment重力式桥台gravity abutment埋置式桥台buried abutment锚定板式桥台anchor slab abutmentU形桥台U-shaped abutment耳墙式桥台abutment with cantilevered retaining wall台身abutment body前墙front wall台帽abutment coping翼墙wing wall锥体护坡quadrant revetment, truncated cone banking台后填方filling behind abutment桥墩pier空心桥墩hollow pier实体桥墩solid pier重力式桥墩gravity pier柔性桥墩flexible pier拼装式桥墩assembly pier, pier constructed with precast units 制动墩braking pier柱式桥墩column pierV形桥墩V-shaped pier圆端形桥墩round-ended pier圆形桥墩circular pier矩形桥墩rectangular pier排架式桥墩pile bent pier墩身pier body, pier shaft墩帽pier coping围栏railing around coping of pier or abutment承台bearing platform破冰体ice apron, ice-breaking cutwater, ice guard地基foundation, foundation soil, subgrade加固地基improved foundation, improved ground天然地基natural foundation, natural ground桥梁基础bridge foundation扩大基础spread foundation明挖基础open-cut foundation, open excavation foundation沉井基础open caisson foundation浮式沉井基础floating caisson foundation沉井刃脚cutting edge of open caisson围堰cofferdam双壁钢围堰钻孔基础double wall steel cofferdam bored foundation 预制钢壳钻孔基础prefabricated steel shell bored foundation泥浆套沉井法slurry jacket method for sinking caisson空气幕沉井法air curtain method for sinking caisson沉箱基础pneumatic caisson foundation管柱基础tubular column foundation桩基础pile foundation预制桩precast pile就地灌注桩cast-in-place concrete pile, cast-in-situ concrete pile螺旋喷射桩auger injected pile摩擦桩friction pile支承桩bearing pile钻孔桩bored pile挖孔桩dug pile钢桩steel pile钢管桩steel pipe pile钢板桩steel sheet pile板桩sheet pile木桩timber pile钢筋混凝土桩reinforced concrete pile砂桩sand pile挤密砂桩sand compaction pile流砂quick sand, drift sand送桩pile follower试桩test pile斜桩batter pile, raking pile, spur pile护筒pile casting重锤夯实法heavy tamping method灰土换填夯实法method of lime-soil replacement and tamping灌注水下混凝土underwater concreting, concreting with tremie method 导流建筑物regulating structure丁坝，挑水坝spur dike顺坝longitudinal dam河床铺砌river bed paving码头wharf排架bent脚手架scaffold悬空脚手架hanging stage, hanging scaffold 铁路涵洞railway culvert涵洞孔径aperture of culvert管涵pipe culvert箱涵box culvert拱涵arch culvert盖板涵slab culvert无压力涵洞inlet unsubmerged culvert压力式涵洞outlet submerged culvert半压力式涵洞inlet submerged culvert明渠open channel, open ditch, open drain 倒虹吸管inverted siphon潮汐河流tidal river淤积silting, siltation流冰ice drift铁路轮渡railway car ferries轮渡站ferry station轮渡栈桥ferry trestle bridge渡轮ferry boat轮渡引线，轮渡斜引道ferry slip铁路隧道railway tunnel山岭隧道mountain tunnel越岭隧道over mountain line tunnel水下隧道，水地隧道subaqueous tunnel, underwater tunnel地铁隧道subway tunne, underground railway tunnel浅埋隧道shallow tunnel, shallow-depth tunnel, shallow burying tunnel 深埋隧道deep tunnel, deep-depth tunnel, deep burying tunnel单线隧道single track tunnel双线隧道double track tunnel多线隧道multiple track tunnel车站隧道station tunnel地铁车站subway station, metro station特长隧道super long tunnel长隧道long tunnel中长隧道medium tunnel短隧道short tunnel隧道群tunnel group地铁工程subway engineering, metro engineering洞口tunnel opening。
对《铁路隧道防灾疏散救援工程设计规范》主要技术标准的解析
1郾 1摇 铁路隧道防灾疏散救援研究历程回顾 国内铁路隧道防灾技术研究工作肇始于 1987 年
Analysis of the Main Technical Standards in Code for Design of Rescue Engineering for Disaster Prevention and Evacuation of Railway Tunnel
MA Zhi鄄fu, AN Yu鄄hong
不难看出,铁路隧道防灾研究的重点从最初的隧 道内货物列车火灾事故转到隧道内旅客列车火灾事 故。 由于隧道内旅客列车火灾事故具有严重的生命伤 害风险和高度的社会敏感性,需要通过提高社会风险
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
188
铁道标准设计
第 62 卷
标准,在进行全面的灾害预防体系标准下,采取安全适 用、经济合理的疏散救援等减灾措施,具有重大的社会 效益。 因此,本文对铁路隧道防灾疏散救援工程的主 要技术标准进行解析,期望规范使用者进一步了解规 范制定的思想脉络。
收稿日期:2017 11 30;修回日期:2017 12 06 作者简介:马志富(1969—) ,男,教授级高级工程师,1992 年毕业于西 南交通大学隧 道 工 程 专 业, 工 学 学 士, 主 要 从 事 隧 道 技 术 研 究 工 作。 E鄄mail:mazhifutj@ 126. com。
第 62 卷摇 第 9 期 2018 年 9 月
文章编号:1004 2954(2018)09 0187 06
铁道标准设计 RAILWAY摇 STANDARD摇 DESIGN
Vol. 62摇 No. 9 Sep. 2018
对《 铁路隧道防灾疏散救援工程设计 规范》 主要技术标准的解析
2023年最新铁路建设施工现行标准规范目录
2023年最新铁路建设施工现行标准规范目录本文档旨在提供2023年最新铁路建设施工现行标准规范的目录，以便相关方面能够更好地了解和遵守这些标准规范。
本目录总结了铁路建设施工中的各个方面，包括设计、材料、施工和安全等，并指出了各项标准规范的具体内容。
以下为2023年最新铁路建设施工现行标准规范的目录：1.设计标准规范铁路线路设计标准铁路桥梁设计标准铁路隧道设计标准铁路站场设计标准2.材料标准规范铁路轨道材料标准铁路桥梁材料标准铁路隧道材料标准铁路站场材料标准3.施工标准规范铁路线路施工标准铁路桥梁施工标准铁路隧道施工标准铁路站场施工标准4.安全标准规范铁路线路安全标准铁路桥梁安全标准铁路隧道安全标准铁路站场安全标准请注意，本文档仅为目录，具体的标准规范内容需要根据实际需要和相关法律法规进行查阅。
建议相关方面在进行铁路建设施工时，请遵守并参考相应的标准规范，以确保施工质量和安全性。
以上为2023年最新铁路建设施工现行标准规范的目录。
The document provides the index of the latest standards and ___ railway n。
including design。
materials。
n。
and safety。
___.The following is the index of the latest ___ 2023:1.Design standards and nsRailway track design standardsRailway bridge design standardsRailway ___ ______ standards2.Material standards and nsRailway track material standardsRailway bridge material standards______3.n _______________4.___Railway track safety standardsRailway bridge safety standardsRailway ___ standards___ standardsPlease note that this document only provides the index。
《市域铁路设计规范》主要技术标准
孙 海 富
（中 国铁路 设 计 集 团有 限公 司， 天 津 ３００１４２）
摘要 ：研究 目的 ：市 域铁 路是介于城际铁路和城市轨道交通之 间的一种交通 方式 ，最高设计速度 １６０ ｋｍ／ｈ，技 术标 准侧 重国铁制式 ，运营管理侧重地铁模 式。车辆 选型采用宽体 车和窄体 车两种 ，设 计活载采 用 ｚｓ荷载 。 各专 业技 术标 准围绕市域铁路功能定位 、车辆选 型及设计 活载进 行 了专 题研究 ，编制 形成 《市域铁 路设计规 范》，为推动我国城 镇化发展和满足市域铁路建设需求提供 良好条件 。
Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓ：（１）Ｔｈｅ ｍａｘｉｍｕｍ ｈｅｉｇｈｔ ｏｆ ｓｔｒ ｕｃｔｕｒｅ ｇｕａｇｅ ｉｓ（５ ６５０＋Ｙ）ｍｍ ｆ ｏｒ ｗｉｄｅ ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ｂｏｄｙ，（５ ５００＋ Ｙ）ｍｍ ｆ ｏｒ ｎａｒｏｗ ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ｂｏｄｙ，ｔｈｅ ｍａｘｉｍｕｍ ｗｉｄｔｈ ｉｓ ２ ２００ ｍｍ ｆｏｒ ｗｉｄｅ ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ｂｏｄｙ ａｎｄ ２ ０００ ｍｍ ｆｏｒ ｎａｒｒｏｗ ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ｂｏｄｙ．（２）ＺＳ ｌｉｖｅ ｌｏａｄ ｉｓ ｕｓｅｄ ｆ ｏｒ ｄｅｓｉｇｎ ｏｆ ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ ｒａｉｌｗａｙ．（３）Ｔｈｅ ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｒｅｇｉｏｎａｌ ｒａｉｌｗａｙ ｃａｎ ｂｅ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ ｒａｉｌｗａｙ ＣＴＣＳ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ ｏｒ ｔｈｅ ＡＴＣ ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ ｏｆ ｕｒｂａｎ ｒａｉｌ ｔｒａｎｓｉｔ．（４）Ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｃｅｎｔｅｒｓ ｏｆ ｔｒａｃｋｓ ｏｆ ｗｉｄｅ ｂｏｄｙ ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ｉｓ ４．０ ｍ．ｄｉｓｔａｎｃｅ ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ ｃｅｎｔｅｒｓ ｏｆ ｔｒａｃｋｓ ｏｆ ｎａｒｏｗ ｂｏｄｙ ｖｅｈｉｃｌｅ ｉｓ ３．８ ｍ．（５）Ｔｈｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ ａｒｅａ
《客运专线无砟轨道铁路设计指南》
英文回答：The Guide is intended to provide specific policy and technical specifications for the design of a dedicated line—free—orbit railway to ensure the safety,fort and transport efficiency of train traffic. The design of a rail—free track is important as an importantponent of high iron transport. This guidance coversthe design of orbital lines, the selection of orbital materials, the design of orbital bed structures, orbital technical requirements, etc., and is intended to guide engineers and designers in their design inpliance with relevant standards and requirements. To provide engineering personnel with a design and implementation reference, taking into account the realities ofthe passenger line and advanced technology, with emphasis on reform development and efficient transport under the policy approach.本指南旨在针对客运专线无砟轨道铁路的设计提供具体的政策和技术规范，以确保列车行驶安全、舒适和运输效率。
铁路基础设施(英文简介)
IntroductionTrack is the base upon which the railway runs. To give a train a good ride, the track alignment must be set to within a millimeter of the design. Track design and construction is part of a complex and multi-disciplinary engineering science involving earthworks, steelwork, timber and suspension systems - the infrastructure of the railway. Many different systems exist throughout the world and there are many variations in their performance and maintenance. This page looks at the basics of infrastructure and track design and construction with drawings, photos and examples from around the world. Some information was contributed by Dan McNaughton, Simon Lowe and Mike Brotzman.ContentsBackground - Basic Construction - The Sub-Structure - Ballast - Track - Sleepers (Ties) - Rails - Rail Welding - Gauge - Modern Track Forms - Ballasted vs Non-Ballasted Track - Structures - Gauging - Monuments and Datum Plates - Curves - Cant - Turnouts - Crossings - Types of Turnouts - Examples of Turnouts.BackgroundThe track is a fundamental part of the railway infrastructure and represents the primary distinction between this form of land transportation and all others in that it provides a fixed guidance system. The track is the steering base for the train and has evolved from an ancient design of vehicle guidance with origins dating, some historians have suggested, from the Sumerian culture of 2000 BC. The modern railway version is based on the steel wheel running on a steel rail. Other forms of guided vehicle technology exist; rubber-tyred trains, magnetic levitation and guided busways, for example, but these are not dealt with here. There is a good description of the French-based rubber tyred train technology available at The Rubber Tyred Metro.Basic Construction（this fucking pic！）Track is the most obvious part of a railway route but there is a sub-structure supporting the track which is equally as important in ensuring a safe and comfortable ride for the train and its passengers or freight. The infrastructure diagram here shows the principal parts of an electrified, double-track line.The total width across the two-track alignment will be about 15 m (50 ft) for a modern formation. The "cess" shown each side of the alignment is the area available for a walkway or refuge for staff working on the track.The Sub-StructureThis part of the road consists of three main elements; the formation, the sub-ballast and the ballast. The formation is the ground upon which the track will be laid. It can be the natural ground level or "grade" or it can be an embankment or cutting. It is important that the formation is made of the right materials and is properly compacted to carry the loads of passing trains.The formation under the track has a "camber" rather like that seen on a roadway. This is to ensure ease of water run-off to the drains provided on each side of the line. The track itself is supported on "ballast", made up of stones - usually granite or, in the US, basalt - below which is a layer of sand, which separates it from the formation. For new or renewed formations, the sand is normally laid over some sort of geotechnical screen or mesh to separate it from the foundation material below. In the past, asphalt or plastic sheeting has been used to prevent water seepage.Catenary masts (if the line is electrified on the overhead system) are located outside the drains and, beyond them, there is a walkway area. This may just be a cleared path for staff to walk safely, avoiding passing trains or, on modernised routes, a properly constructed path. Next to this path will be a cable trough. These were originally concrete but are nowadays often made of plastic. Cables crossing the track are protected by a plastic tube, usually bright orange in the UK. Proper cable protection is essential to prevent damage by animals, track maintenance tools, weather and fire.Usually, the edge of the railway property is outside the pathway or cable runs. If the line is built through an area requiring an embankment or cutting, the slopes will be carefully designed to ensure that the angle of slope will not take an excessive width of land and allow proper drainage but without risking an earth slip. The slope angle depends on the type of soil available, the exposure, the climate and the vegetation in the area. Drainage ditches are often added along the edges of cuttings and embankments. In the UK, fences are always provided along the boundary line of the railway to protect the public from wandering onto thetrack. Even so, there are a few accidents every year when trespassers are killed or injured by trains or electric conductor rails. Many countries around the world don't fence their railways, assuming people will treat them like roads and look both ways before crossing. They don't.BallastBallast is provided to give support, load transfer and drainage to the track and thereby keep water away from the rails and sleepers. Ballast mustsupport the weight of the track and the considerable cyclic loading of passing trains. Individual loads on rails can be as high as 50 tonnes (55 US or short tons) and around 80 shorttons on a heavy haul freight line. Ballast is made up of stones of granite or a similar material and should be rough in shape to improve the locking of stones. In this way they will better resist movement. Ballast stones with smooth edges do not work so well. Ballast will be laid to a depth of 9 to 12 inches (up to 300 mm on a high speed track). Ballast weighs about 1,600 to 1,800 kg/cu/m. See also Ballasted vsNon-Ballasted Track below.TrackThe usual track form consists of the two steel rails, secured on sleepers (or crossties, shortened to ties, in the US) so as to keep the rails at the correct distance apart (the gauge) and capable of supporting the weight of trains. There are various types of sleepers and methods of securing the rails to them. Sleepers are normally spaced at 650 mm (25 ins) to 760 mm (30 ins) intervals, depending on the particular railway's standard requirements.Sleepers (Ties)Traditionally, sleepers (known as ties in the US) are wooden. They can be softwood or hardwood. Most in the UK are softwood, although London Underground uses a hardwood called Jarrah wood. Sleepers are normally impregnated with preservative （注入防腐剂）and, under good conditions, will last up to 25 years. They are easy to cut and drill and used to be cheap and plentiful. Nowadays, they are becoming more expensive and other types of materials have appeared, notably concrete and steel.Concrete is the most popular of the new types (left). Concrete sleepers are much heavier than wooden ones, so they resist movementbetter. They work well under most conditions but there are some railways which have found that they do not perform well under the loads of heavy haul freight trains. They offer less flexibility and are alleged to crack more easily under heavy loads with stiff ballast. They also have the disadvantage that they cannot be cut to size for turnouts and special trackwork. A concrete sleeper can weighs up to 320 kg (700 lbs) compared with a wooden sleeper which weighs about 100 kg or 225lbs. The spacing of concrete sleepers is about 25% greater than wooden sleepers. Typical concrete sleepers are shown in the photo below:Another type of concrete sleeper is shown in this drawing. This is the twin-block sleeper.The design consists of two concrete blocks joined by a steel bar. It is 30% lighter than a regular concrete sleeper, allowing it to be moved manually. It is popular in France (where it is called Stedef) and for some lighter track forms like those used for tramway systems. Here is an example in Sheffield.It shows twin block and wooden sleepers in the same track. The sleepers shown in the above photo are supplemented with wooden sleepers at the crossover, because it is easier to cut the timber to the correct size. Sleepers at crossovers and turnouts vary in size according to their position in the layout.Steel sleepers are also now used on more lightly used roads, but they are regarded as suitable only where speeds are 100 mi/h (160 km/h) or less.In the US most ties are made of oak soaked in creosote, cost on average between $22-$29 each. Iit used to be up to $35-$40 per tie in the late 80's. They can last up to 20 years. Most Class 1 RR's will replace them after 5-10 years and then sell them as used. Concrete ties are $42 dollars. They are popular in the western US and on passenger lines in the east. Recently, composite ties have come on themarket. They are made of something like old tires and recycled plastic. They can be used and spiked like regualar ties, cost about 50% less and save on trees.RailThe standard form of rail used around the world is the "flat bottom" rail. It has a wide base or "foot" and narrower top or "head". The UK introduced a type of rail which was not used elsewhere - apart from a few UK designed railways. This was known as "Bullhead" rail and is shown in comparison with the standard type in the diagram left.Bullhead rail was originally designed with reuse in mind. It was intended that it would be turned over when the top had worn but this proved impossible becausethe underside also wore where it had been secured to the sleeper. Bullhead rail has to be mounted in a special "chair" made of cast iron and secured by a "key" wedged between the rail web and the chair. The chairs are secured to the sleepers by "coach screws". The arrangement can be seen in the first photo below:Bullhead Rails Flat bottom railThe second photo above shows a flat bottom rail clipped to a baseplate under the rail. Flat bottom rails can also be "spiked" directly to the sleepers. A wide headed nail is driven into the sleeper on each side of the rail so that the foot of the rail is held by the heads of the spikes. Long stretches of track were laid in record times across the US in the pioneering days of railroad development using this method of securing rails to "ties". Nowadays, heavier loads and faster trains require more sophisticated systems.Normally, the rail rests on a cast steel plate which is screwed or bolted to the sleeper. The rail is attached to the plate by a system of clips or clamps, depending on the design. The older UK standard design was an elastic spike with a sprung, curved top which secures the rail. There are a number of variations seen around the world. One of the most popular is the "Pandrol" clip seen above. A resilient pad will be provided between the rail and the base plate and around the securing clip, where required to provide insulation for the track circuits, if installed.The infrastructure owning company in the UK (currently known as Network Rail), has adopted UIC60 rail (which weighs 60 kg/m or 125 lb/yd) as its standard for high speed lines. The present standard is equivalent to the UIC 54 rail, which weighs about 113 lbs/yd or 54 kg/m. Did you know, there are 2,400 sleepers (ties) in a mile of track?In the US, rail weight varries from 80-90 lb/yd (pounds/yard) in small yards to100-110 lb/yd on light duty track and between 130 and 141 lbs on heavy duty track. Rail of 141 lbs is the new main line standard. The Pennsylvania RR used a special 155 lb/yd rail, which was the heaviest ever rolled for mainline operations. Some of it is still in place with 8-bolt joints instead of the more usual6-bolt joints. It is over an inch taller than comparable 141 pound rail. Highest price steel rail costs $700 a ton (2000lbs). A 133 pound rail costs $46.55 per yard (0.92 m.).Older track is jointed. In the UK, about 35% of track is still jointed, although this is continuously falling as new rail is installed. Rails were normally laid in standard lengths bolted together by what are called fishplates in the UK or splices in theUS. The joints allowed sufficient space for expansion as they were provided at 60 foot intervals in the UK and 39 foot in the US, allowing them to be carried in a standard 40 ft flat wagon. The joints were always staggered in the US whereas the UK placed them side by side. The result of the US staggered joints can be seen in the curious rolling motion of freight cars running on poorly maintained track. The reason for the staggering is that, in the US it was determined thatafter jointed rail has been in place for a time it starts to drop and creates a depression. When a wheel falls into the depression and begins to climb out again it exerts a force. If the two joints were in parallel this force would be much larger and the joints might snap. This is not considered a problem in the UK and Europe, probably because of the lighter axle loads.Nowadays, rail is welded into long lengths,which can be up to several hundred metres long. Expansion is minimised by installing and securing the rails in tension. Provided the tension is adjusted to the correct level, equivalent to a suitable rail temperature level, expansion joints are not normally needed. Special joints to allow rail adjustment are provided at suitable locations as shown in the photo below:Adjustment switches are also provided to protect turnouts and at locations where a change in the rail design or size occurs.Rail tends to creep in the main direction of travel so "rail anchors" ("anti-creepers" in the US) are installed at intervals along the track. They are fitted under the rail against a base plate to act as a stop against movement.Rail WeldingModern trackwork uses long welded rail lengths to provide a better ride, reduce wear, reduce damage to trains and eliminate the noise associated with railjoints. Rail welding is a complex art (or science) depending on how you feel about it. There are two main types of welding used for rails: Thermit welding and Flash Butt welding.GaugeThe standard track gauge - the distance between the two rails - is 4 ft. 8½ in or 1435 mm. but many other gauges, wider and narrower than this, are in use around the world. Gauge is often intentionally widened slightly on curved track.There is some additional information on Track Gauges at the Pacific Southwest Railroad Museum site.Modern Track FormsThere are now a range of modern track forms using a concrete base. They are generally used in special locations such as tunnels or bridges where a rigid base is required to ensure track stability in relation to the surrounding structures. This type of track, usually called "slab track" or "non-ballasted" track, often appears as shown in the diagram below:The earth mat is a steel mesh screen provided on electrified railways to try to keep stray return currents from connecting to utilities pipes and nearby steel structures. Earthing must be strictly controlled otherwise serious and expensive problems will occur, made more serious and expensive because they involve other people's property.Some slab track systems have the sleepers resting on rubber or similar pads so that they become "floating slab track". Floating track is used as a way of reducing vibration. Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway is fond of it, since its lines run through very densely populated areas.Ballasted vs Non-Ballasted TrackThe basic argument for different track designs will be based on the bottom line - cost; cost of installation and cost of maintenance. There are however, other issues such as environment - noise, dust and vibration - or engineering issues such as space, location, climate and the type of service intended for the track.There are a wide variety of track forms and systems incorporating some form of concrete base or support which doesn't need ballast. Almost all of these require less depth of construction than ballasted track. However, the accuracy of installation must be higher than that needed for ballasted track. Slab track will not be adjusted after installation but ballast can be packed to align track as required. The ability of ballast to allow track realignment is one of its most serious weaknesses. The lateral movement caused by passing trains on curved track is one of the major causes of maintenance costs added to which is the crushing caused by axle weight and damage due to weather and water. Ballast damage leads to tracks "pumping" as a train passes and, eventually, rail or sleeper damage will occur, to say nothing of the reduced comfort inside the train and the additional wear on rolling stock. Apart from regular repacking or "tamping", ballast will have to be cleaned or replaced every few years.Another aspect to the ballasted track design, is the dust which is caused during installation and as it wears or gets crushed. It does however, offer a useful sound deadening quality.Fixed track formations using slab track or a concrete base of some sort do not suffer from such problems. However, the installation of slab track is reported to cost about 20% more than ballasted track. To balance this cost, the maintenance costs have been quoted as reduced by 3 to 5 times that of ballasted track on a high speed line in Japan.If low levels of use are foreseen, or if low capital cost is a more important requirement, ballasted track would be the choice. For a heavily used railway, particularly one in a structurally restricted area like a tunnel or viaduct,non-ballasted track must be the best option on grounds of low maintenance cost and reduced space requirements. However, care must be taken during design and installation to ensure the best out of the system.StructuresTo ensure that the path required for the passage of trains is kept clear along the route of a railway, a "structure gauge" is imposed. This has the effect of forming a limit of building inside which no structures may intrude. The limit includes not only things like walls, bridges and columns but also pipes, cables, brackets and signal posts. The "structure gauge" will vary with the curvature of the line and the maximum speeds allowed along the section in question.Although the civil engineer is prevented from allowing his structure to intrude into the train path, the rolling stock engineer also has limits imposed on the space his train may occupy. This space is referred to as the "kinematic envelope". This area designates the limits the train can move laterally and vertically along the route. As for the structure gauge, the kinematic envelope will be affected by speed and features of train design such as the bogie suspension and special systems it may have like tilting.GaugingThe line of route has to be checked from time to time to ensure that the structures are not interfering with the gauge. A line is always gauged when a new type of rolling stock is to be introduced. It is important to see that the small variations in track position, platform edge, cable duct location and signal equipment hasn't been allowed to creep inwards during maintenance and renewal programmes.Gauging used to be done by hand locally (and still is from time to time in special circumstances) but nowadays, it is mostly done with a special train. The train used consist of a special car with a wooden frame built almost to the gauge limits. Theedges of the frame were fitted with lead fingers so that, if they hit anything as the train moved along, they would bend to indicate the location and depth of intrusion.Modern gauging trains are fitted with optical or laser equipment. The optical system uses lights to spread beams of light out from the train as it runs along the line. Suitably mounted cameras record the breaks in the light beams to provide the gauging information. The train can run at up to 50 mi/h (80 km/h) but, of course, the runs have to be done at night. Laser beams are also used but, as they rotate round the train and form a "spiral" of light, the method suffers from gaps which can allow intrusions to be missed.Monuments and Datum PlatesAlong the line of route various locations are marked by a fixed post in the track or a plate on a nearby structure to indicate the correct level or position of thetrack. These are called monuments or datum plates. Measurements are taken from these to confirm the correct position of the track.CurvesCurves in the track are almost a science on their own. Careful calculations are required to ensure that curves are designed and maintained properly and that train speeds are allowed to reach a reasonable level without causing too much lateral stress on the track or inducing a derailment. There are both vertical curves and horizontal curves. There is also a section of track on either side of a curve known as the transition, where the track is changing from straight to a curve or from a curve of one radius to one of another radius.CantCant is the name used to describe the cross level angle of track on a curve, which is used to compensate for lateral forces generated by the train as it passes through the curve. In effect, the sleepers are laid at an angle so that the outer rail on the curve is at a higher level than the inner rail. In the US, it is known as superelevation.Of course, there will usually be trains of different types, permitted speeds at different levels, which travel the same curve. Also, there will be occasions when trains stop on the curve. This means that the degree of cant has to be fixed at a compromise figure to allow the safety of stopped trains and the best speeds for all the trains using the curve.In practice, faster trains are allowed to travel round the curve at a speed greater than the equilibrium level offered by the cant setting. Passengers will therefore feel a lateral acceleration similar to what they would feel if there was no cant and the train was travelling at a lower speed round the curve. The difference between theequilibrium cant required by the higher speed and the actual cant is known as the cant deficiency.Cant is measured either in degrees or in linear dimensions. On standard gauge track (1435 mm or 4ft. 8½ins.) 150 mm or 6 ins. of cant is equal to 6 degrees. This is the normal maximum in the UK. The maximum amount of cant deficiency allowed is 110 mm (4½ ins.).TurnoutsI have used the word "turnout" to describe the junctions in trackwork where lines diverge or converge so as to avoid "points" (UK) or "switches" (US), both of which terms can be confusing. In the railway "trade", turnouts are referred to as "switch and crossing work". A turnout consists of a number of parts as follows:The moving part of the turnout is the switch "blade" or "point", one for each route. The two blades are fixed to each other by a tie bar to ensure that when one is against its stock rail, the other is fully clear and will provide room for the wheel flange to pass through cleanly. Either side of the crossing area, wing and check rails are provided to assist the guidance of the wheelsets through the crossing. CrossingsThe crossing can be cast or fabricated. Rails are usually made of steel with a large iron content but a little manganese is added to crossings and some heavily used rails to increase resistance to wear. Below is a photo of an example of a cast manganese crossing. A crossing is also sometimes referred to as a "frog". Types of TurnoutsThere are a number of standard layouts or types of turnouts, as shown in the following diagrams.These can be found anywhere but the trend is to make layouts as simple as possible in order to reduce installation and maintenance costs. The more complex layouts are usually only used where space is limited.Examples of TurnoutsThe uses of turnouts are wide ranging and cover many variations. A few examples are offered below to show the diversity available.Trap Points are provided at the end of a siding or loop line to protect the main line from a train or vehicles which accidentally pass beyond the limits of the siding. They are normally unpowered trailing points, i.e. they allow a train to pass safely through one direction but will cause the train to be derailed if it passes in the wrong direction.Similar points called Catch Points were often provided at the lower end of a gradient to derail runaway vehicles. In the photo shown here, the points are provided at the limit of authorised shunting.High Speed SwitchHigh Speed trains require high speed turnouts. In Japan, theso-called "bullet train" or "Shinkansen" has special routes and trackwork. Turnouts are designed for 160 km/h (100 mi/h) operation. In the example shown here, there are seven point motors to operate the very long and heavy switch blade. Similar turnouts are provided for the TGV high speed lines in France.Switched CrossingA switched crossing (sometimes referred to as a swing nose crossing or moveable frog) will normally be provided for turnouts with a very acute angle. The crossing will have a powered element which will be set for the required route at the same time as the switch blade is set.The blades of a turnout are normally moved remotely using an electrically operated point machine. The machine contains the contacts which confirm the points are moved and locked in the correct position for the route set. Point machines are normally located to one side of the track but a new generation of machines is now appearing where the mechanism is contained in a sleeper fitting between the rails.US Switch MachineIn some parts of the US. electro-pneumatic point machines are used. They are referred to as switch motors. The London Underground also used e.p. motors. They require an air main to be laid alongside the track and compressors to supply the air. They can also cause problems with condensation due to climatic changes. This photo also shows a heater used to keep the turnout blades free of ice and snow during bad weather.Sources:Railway Age; Modern Railways; International Railway Journal; Railway Gazette International; Mass Transit; Trains Magazine.。
铁路工程建设项目水土保持方案技术标准
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OUTLINE OF DESIGN STANDARDS FOR RAILWAY STRUCTURES AND COMMENTARY (CONCRETE STRUCTURES)
ION OF THE CONCRETE STANDARD
The latest edition of the "Design Standards for Railway Structures (Concrete Structures)" was published in April 2004, hereinafter referred to as the "2004 edition standard." The previous standard was revised to the 2004 edition standard in order to follow the conversion to performance-based regulations of the code provisions of the national technical norm; "Ministerial ordinance that stipulates technical standards pertaining to railways." The 2004 edition standard has been used for the design of railway structures throughout Japan. The highlights of the revision to the 2004 edition standard are (1) the adoption of a performance-based design method, (2) the extension of the applicability of high-strength materials, and (3) the adoption of the latest durability improvement technologies. Some of the latest concrete technologies are also incorporated. The 2004 edition standard has 16 chapters. The standard also includes several appendices that summarize the results of the technical studies conducted for the revision. Table 1 shows the table of contents of the standard.
Table 1 Contents of Design for Railway Structures (Concrete Structures)
Chapter No. 1 2 Title General Basis of Design Required Performance and its Verification for Structures Actions Materials Computation of Response Values Verification of Safety Verification of Serviceability
CONTENTS
I DESCRIPTION OF THE CONCRETE STANDARD .............................................................................. 1 II A BRIEF HISTORY OF REVISIONS OF THE DESIGN STANDARD .................................................. 1 III VERIFICATION PROCEDURE IN THE CONCRETE STANDARD ..................................................... 3 IV SUMMARY OF THE CONCRETE STANDARD .................................................................................... 3 1. General ................................................................................................................................................ 3 2. Basis of Design .................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Required Performance and Performance Verification of Structures .................................................... 4 4. Actions ................................................................................................................................................. 6 5. Materials .............................................................................................................................................. 9 6. Computation of Response Values ...................................................................................................... 11 7. Verification of Safety ......................................................................................................................... 12 8. Verification of Serviceability ............................................................................................................. 14 9. Verification of Restorability .............................................................................................................. 14 10. Assessment of Durability .................................................................................................................. 16 11. Prerequisite of Verification ................................................................................................................ 18 12. Construction and Maintenance .......................................................................................................... 18 13. Members ............................................................................................................................................ 18 14. Structures .................... :...................................................................................................................... 18 15. Structural Details ............................................................................................................................... 19 16. Bearings ............................................................................................................................................. 19 17. Appendices ........................................................................................................................................ 20 V VERIFICATION EXAMPLES, DESIGN GUIDEBOOKS, AND VERIFICATION SOFTWARE ........ 20 1. Verification Examples ....................................................................................................................... 20 2. Design Guidebook ............................................................................................................................. 20 3. Verification Software ......................................................................................................................... 21