独立主格结构
独立主格结构
III. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异 同
独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。
① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为: Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有 自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致
小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。
（without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式）
2.Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
to tell you the truth 说实话 to cut a long story short 长话短
to be frank 坦率地说 tomake matters / things worse 更糟糕的是
① To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.
独立主格结构
Nominative Absolute Constructions
I. 独立主格结构的基本概念
由一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上
一个分词、动词不定式、形容词、副
词或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成,这种
结构在形式上与主句没有关系,通常被
称为独立主格结构。 1.分词
doing
done
逻辑主语+逻辑谓语 2.动词不定式 to do 3.形容词 （being）+adj.
独立主格结构Absolute Structure
独立主格结构Absolute Structure一、独立主格结构的定义独立主格结构（absolute structure）是由名词或代词（人称代词、不定代词等）作逻辑主语加上一个分词、不定式、介词短语、形容词或者副词构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
二、独立主格结构用法独立主格结构的作用相当于一个状语从句（也有说可以当做“背景性”结构），常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
独立主格结构在语法上是一个独立的短语，而不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。
它的位置比较灵活，可以放于句首、句中、句末，通常与句子之间用逗号隔开。
独立主格结构可与状语从句转换，当句中的状语从句与主句主语独立主格看起来很复杂，其实只要把它看成是一个从句的省略就容易了。
Because he is ill, he will not go to school.=Being ill, he will not go to school.Because his mother is ill, he weill not go to school.=His mother being ill, he will not go to school.注意：第一句主从句的主语相同，省略主语后，不会产生混乱。
第二句主从句主语不同，因此应保留从句的主语，只将is变为being，这就是独立主格结构的意义所在。
Because the last bus had gone, we had to walk home.=The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.The dark clouds had disappeared and the sun shone again.=The dark clouds having disappeared, the sun shone again.三、含独立主格结构的例句要点：独立主格结构可与状语从句转换，当句中的状语从句与主句主语不一致的时候，可以去掉连词，用独立主格结构。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构Absolute Structure（Independent Genitive）一、概念：“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式：独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由1分词、2动词不定式、3形容词、4副词、5名词或介词短语担任。
按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。
名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2.名词(代词)+过去分词He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company.他下周去参加一个会议，所有费用由他的公司支付。
We divided the money, he to have half of them .4. 名词(代词)+形容词Computers very small, we can use them widely.电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。
5. 名词(代词)+副词The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。
独立主格结构详解
独立主格结构详解独立主格结构是英语语法中一种常用的结构形式，它由“名词/代词+分词/介词短语”组成。
独立主格结构在句子中扮演补充说明或者强调的作用。
本文将详细解释独立主格结构的定义、用法和注意事项。
一、定义独立主格结构由两个部分组成：一个名词（一般是人或事物）或代词+一个分词或介词短语。
它可以用来修饰整个句子或者作为句子中的附加说明。
二、用法1. 作为独立成分：独立主格结构可以作为句子的独立成分，放在句首或句末，用以修饰或强调整个句子。
例句1: 他的工作做得很出色，他的专业知识丰富。
例句2: 雨停了，地面湿漉漉的。
2. 作为非限制性定语：独立主格结构可以作为非限制性定语，修饰先行词（通常是主语），从而对主句进行补充说明。
例句3: 她坐在沙发上，看着电视。
例句4: 这个问题经过认真考虑，他们得出了一个解决方案。
3. 作为插入语：独立主格结构可以作为插入语，用以引起读者的注意或者加强语气。
例句5: 天气晴朗，阳光明媚，我们决定去郊外野餐。
例句6: 雨停了，风起了，天空顿时恢复了明朗。
三、注意事项1. 独立主格结构的主体和主句主体应一致；2. 如果是一般过去时或一般将来时，独立主格结构的动词需使用过去分词形式；3. 使用独立主格结构时应注意逗号的使用及位置。
总结：独立主格结构是英语语法中的一个重要结构形式，用以修饰、强调句子或补充说明主句内容。
通过使用独立主格结构，我们可以让句子更加丰富、生动，同时也能够更准确地表达出我们想要表达的意思。
在使用独立主格结构时，我们要注意主体一致性、动词形式以及逗号的使用等方面。
通过对独立主格结构的详细解释，相信读者们对其在句中的使用已有了更深入的了解。
在日常写作和口语表达中，希望大家能够灵活运用这一结构，使语言更加精彩。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者主格代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词（现在分词，过去分词, 不定式, 形容词，副词，介词短语）。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
一．常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。
如：The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say.Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
We being League member, the work was well done.They being our friends, we should help them.2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。
如：The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard.3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
什么是独立主格结构
什么是独立主格结构？非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持致。
但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。
独立主格结构的特点是什么？独立主格结构的特点是主要有三点:①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。
独立主格结构的构成是什么？独立主格结构的构成主要分为三类：①名词/代词＋分词（现在分词/过去分词）；②名词/代词＋不定式；③with＋名词/代词＋分词/不定式。
例句：①The test finished（＝When the test was finished），we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。
②The president assassinated（＝Because the president was assassinated），the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被暗杀了，全国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。
.[əˈsæsəˌneɪt]③Weather permitting（＝If weather permits），we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天打算去看你。
④I stood before her with my heart beating fast.我站在她面前，心脏跳得很快。
练习题：①The party will be held in the garden，weatherA. permittingB. to permitC. permittedD. permit②The children went home from the grammar school，theirlessons___for the day.A.finishingB.finishedC.had finishedD. went finished③The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog____ them.A. to followB. followingC. followedD.follows④I couldn't do my homework with all that noise_____A. going onB. goes onC. went onD. to go⑤The lecture（讲座）____, a lively question--and--answer session followed（跟随; 接着）. 尤指法庭、议会等)开庭, 开会A. being givenB. having givenC. to be givenD. having been given答案：A B B A D。
独立主格结构
名词/主格代词+ 名词/主格代词+名词
逻辑主语与后面所跟名词在逻辑上有主谓关系， 逻辑主语与后面所跟名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，表 伴随或进一步补充说明。 伴随或进一步补充说明。
He fought the robber, a stick his only weapon.
There being+名词
There being no buses, they walked to the theatre. There being no c hometown.
The guests having left, he began to take a short rest. All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. It being Sunday, I didn’t go to school.
考虑到她喜欢孩子，教书看来是很适合她的工作。 考虑到她喜欢孩子，教书看来是很适合她的工作。
名词/主格代词+ 名词/主格代词+不定式
名词或代词是不定式动作的执行者， 名词或代词是不定式动作的执行者，与不定式构成 逻辑上的主谓关系， 这种结构可位于句末或句首。 逻辑上的主谓关系， 这种结构可位于句末或句首。多表 示将来的行为，表示“企图” 约定” 示将来的行为，表示“企图”、“约定”等，指的是按 计划安排要做的事。 计划安排要做的事。
Taking everything into consideration, they ought to be given another chance.
考虑到各种因素，他们应该得到另一次机会。 考虑到各种因素，他们应该得到另一次机会。
独立主格结构
独立主格结构独立结构在形式上与主句没有关系，游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系，但在意义上与主句联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语境。
特点： 1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同, 它独立存在.2. 名词或代词与后面的分词，不定式，形容词，介词短语等是主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构可置于句子前，末或句中，用逗号与主句分开。
4. 独立主格结构与句子之间不能使用任何连词，（包括分号）。
一、独立主格结构的常见结构1. 名词（代词）+ 现在分词：Weather permitting, we’ll go outing tomorrow.2. 名词（代词）+ 过去分词：He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.3. 名词（代词）+ 形容词：She came into the room, her ears red with cold.4. 名词（代词）+ 不定式：Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.5. 名词（代词）+ 介词短语：He walked out of the camp, rifle in hand.(= with a rifle in his hand.)二、独立主格结构在句中的作用：时间状语：The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, …….条件状语：Weather permitting, we’ll go outing tomorrow. = If weather permits, ……..原因状语：The storm drawing near, the workers decided to stop working. = Since the storm was drawing near, …….伴随状语：He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. = He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.三、WITH结构1. with+ 宾语+ 现在分词（表示正在发生或发生了的动作）With the boy leading the way, we found his home easily.2. with+ 宾语+ 过去分词（表示被动或完成）He stood silently, with his eyes fixed on the screen.3. with+ 宾语+ 不定式（表示将要发生的动作）With so much homework to do, I can’t go to the party tonight.4. with+ 宾语+ 介词短语With his wife out of temper, he decided to stay at home.5.with+ 宾语+ 形容词She came into the room, her ears red with cold.典型例题：1. The teacher came into the classroom, _________.A. a book in handB. book in his handC. book in handD. a book in his hand2. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ________ on the benches, chairs or boxes.A. having seatedB. seatingC. seatedD. having been seated3. Without the sun’s light _______ the earth’s surface, it would be so cold that life could not exist on earth.A. warmsB. warmedC. warmingD. to warm4.________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.A. Other things being equalB. Were other things equalC. To be equal to other thingsD. Other things to be equal5.All flights ________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceledB. have been canceledC. were canceledD. having been canceled6.All the tasks _______ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week. been fulfilled B. having been fulfilled C. were fulfilledD. had been fulfilled.7.A new technique _______, the production increased by 20 percent.A. to have been worked outB. having worked outC. working outD. having been worked out8._______, everything has changed.A. Time goes onB. Time going onC. As time going onD. With time went on四、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：1. 有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际已成为习惯短语。
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独立主格结构
1．独立主格结构用法归纳
英语的独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，在许多情况下相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1）用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2）用作条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3）用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4）用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head). 他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5）表示补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold).一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末
2．英语独立主格结构常见类型
独立主格类型1：名词（代词）+现在分词
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。
独立主格类型2：名词（代词）+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
独立主格类型3：名词（代词）+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.如果明天没有人来，我
们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
独立主格类型4：名词（代词）+介词短语
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand.士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A girl came in, book in hand.一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back.他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
独立主格类型5：名词（代词）+形容词或副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。
独立主格类型6：There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
独立主格类型7：It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
独立主格前可以有with或without：
e.g. He stood before his teacher with his head down.
He stood before his teacher, his head down.
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.
She came in with a book in her hand.
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.。