川大考博2002年真题11
四川大学考博英语真题及答案
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I．Reading Comprehension (30%; one mark each)Directions: Read the following six passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, Nell-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction of interesting life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the right mixture of submissiveness and independence. From the moment on they are tested again and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant needto prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of productionor to nineteenth-century “free enterprise” capitalism? Certainly not. Problems the never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system form, a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maxima, production and consumption are ends in themselves, into a humanistindustrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities-those of all love and of reason-are the aims of social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end and should be prevented from ruling man.1. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery” the author intends to deliver the idea that man is ____.[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual’s function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly2. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that ____.[A] they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence3. From the passage we can conclude that real happiness of life belongs to those____.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could dip fir away from this competitive world4. To solve the present social problems the author puts forward a suggestion that we should ____.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors[B] offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D] take the fundamental realities for granted5. The author’s attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of ____.[A] approval [B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion [D] susceptibilityPassage TwoThe government-run command post in Tunis is staffed around the clock by military personnel, meteorologists and civilians. On the wall are maps, crisscrossed with brightly colors arrows that painstakingly track the fearsome path of the enemy.What kind of invader gives rise to such high-level monitoring? Not man, not beast, but the lowly desert locust（蝗虫）. In recent moths, billions of the 3-inch-long winged warriors have descended on Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia, blackening the sky and eating up crops and vegetation. The insect invasion, the worst in 30 years, is already creating great destruction in the Middle East and is now treating southern Europe. The current crisis began in late 1985 near the Red Sea. Unusually rainy weather moistened the sands of the Sudan, making them ideal breeding grounds for the locust, which lays its eggs in the earth. The insect onslaught threatens to create yet another African famine. Each locust can eat its weight (not quite a tenth of an ounce) in vegetation every 24 hours. A good-size swarm of 50 billion insects eats up 100,000 tons of grass, trees and crops in a single night.All $150 million may be needed this year. The U.S. has provided two spraying planes and about 50,000 gal. of pesticide. The European Community has donated $3.8 million in aid and the Soviet Union, Canada, Japan and China have provided chemical-spraying aircraft to help wipe out the pests. But relief efforts are hampered by the relative mildness of approved pesticides, which quickly lose their deadly punch and require frequent replications. The most effective locust killer Dieldrin has been linked to cancer and is banned by many Western countries and some of the affected African nations. More than 5 million acres have been dusted with locust-killing chemicals; another 5 million will be treated by the end of June.On May 30, representatives of Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Mauritania will meet in Algiers to discuss tactics to wipe out the ravenous swarms. The move is an important step, but whatever plan is devised, the locust plague promised to get worse before the insects can be brought under control.6. The main idea of the first sentence in the passage is that ____.[A] the command post is stationed with people all the time.[B] the command post is crowded with people all the time.[C] there are clocks around the command post.[D] the clock in the command post is taken care of by the staff.7. The favorable breeding ground for the locust is ____.[A] rich soil.[B] wet land[C] spaces covered crops and vegetation[D] the Red Sea8. People are alert at the threat of the locust because ____.[A] the insects are likely to create another African famine.[B] the insects may blacken the sky.[C] the number of the insects increases drastically.[D] the insects are gathering and moving in great speed.9. Which of the following is true?[A] Once the pesticides are used, locust will die immediately.[B] Relief efforts are proved most fruitful due to the effectiveness of certain pesticides.[C] Dieldrin, the most effective locust killer, has been widely accepted in many countries.[D] Over 10 million acres of affected area will have been treated with locust-killingchemicals by the end of June.10. The purpose for affected nations to meet in Algiers on May 30 is ____.[A] to devise antilocust plans.[B] to wipe out the swarms in two years.[C] to call out for additional financial aid from other nations.[D] to bring the insects under control before the plague gets worse.Passage ThreeThe London 2012 sustainability watchdog embroiled in a row over the sports ship of the Olympic Stadium by Dow Chemical is to push the International Olympic Committee to appoint an “ethics champion” for future Games.The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 has been bruised by criticism over Dow’s sponsorship of the wrap that will surround the Olympic stadium, particularly since commissioner Meredith Alexander last month resigned in protest.Campaigners believe that Dow has ongoing liabilities relating to the 1984 Bhopal disaster that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 20,000 people and the serious injury of tens of thousands more. Dow, which bought the owner of the plant in 2001, insists that all liabilities have been settled in full.Commission chairman Shaun McCarthy said that its tight sustainability remit did not extend to acting as moral guardian of the Olympic movement but that it would press for such a role to be created when evaluating sponsors for future Games.In addition to sponsoring the 7m pounds wrap that will surround the Olympic Stadium, Dow has a separate 100m dollars sponsorship deal with the IOC that was signed in 2010.But McCarthy also defended the commission’s role in evaluating the Dow deal, after Amnesty International wrote to London 2012 chairman Lord Coe to raise the issue.“What has been lost in all of this story is that a really excellent, sustainable product has been procured, we looked at Locog’s examination of Dow Chemical’s current corporate responsibility policies and, again, Dow achieved that highest score in that evaluation. We verified that.” said McCarthy.“As far as the history is concerned and issues around Bhopal, there is no doubt Bhopal was a terrible disaster and snore injustice was done to the victims. Who is responsible for that injustice is a matter for the courts and a matter for others. We have a specific remit and terms of reference that we operate under and we have operated diligently under those terms.”The commission will on Thursday release its annual review. It finds that “good press” has been made to wands many of Locog’s sustainability target, but that “major challenges” remain.In particular, the commission found that there was no coherent strategy to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon emissions after an earlier scheme to use renewable energy feel through when a wind turbine on the site proved impractical.“We had conversations with Locog over a year ago about this and said they had to demonstrate how they were going to achieve at least 20% carbon reductions through energy conservation if they’re not going to do it through renewable energy,”said McCarthy. “There are some good initiatives, but quite frankly they just haven’t done it.”11. Why was Dow’s sponsorship criticized according to the passage?[A] The products are not sustainable.[B] It was related to Bhopal disaster.[C] It bribed the London Olympic committee.[D] It can’t reduce 20% of the carbon emission.12. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?[A] Commission’s role[B] Commission’s achievements[C] Commission’s complaints[D] Commission’s defense13. Which of the following words can best replace the underlined word “row” (Para.1)?[A] line [B] argument[C] boating [D] course14. What is one of the challenges of the sustainability target mentioned in the passage?[A] Ethic champion of the games.[B] Reduction in carbon emissions.[C] The wind turbine proved to be impractical.[D] Renewable energy is not available.15. Which of the following can best summarize the passage?[A] Commission defends its own role in evaluating controversial.[B] Dow’s way to the 2012 London Olympic Games.[C] Campaign against Dow’s sponsorship.[D] IOC’s review on the controversy.Passage FourAs Facebook dominates the news with its initial public offering, activists are seizing the moment to pressure the company to add some estrogen and ethnicity to its white-male board.A women’s rights group called Ultraviolet, which has been running an online petition that claims to have attracted more than 50,000 signatures, is escalating its push, posting a new YouTube video called “Do Women Have a Future at Facebook?”. The video shows photos of successful women such as Hillary Clinton getting their heads cropped off the replaced with the smiling face of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg.“Facebook has grown off the backs of women, who make up the majority of its users and are responsible for the majority of sharing and fan activity on the site,” the group says in a blurb accompanying the video. An all-male board, the group says, is “not just wrong, it’s bad for business”. A related campaign, called Face It, criticizes the lack of ethnic diversity on the seven-member board. “seven white men: That’s ridiculous,” the group says on its homepage, along side headshots of the men. The campaign, which lists dozens of human-rights groups and corporate executives as supporters, also has its own YouTube video. Called “Face it, Facebook”, the video cites a recent Zuckerberg letter to investors that says:“Facebook was not originally created to be a company. It was built to accomplish a social mission-to make the world more open and connected.”That message is at odds with the pale-faced board, activists say. Susan Stautberg, co-chairwoman of Women Corporate Directors, an organization for female corporate board members, says Zuckerberg’s thinking is flawed. “If you’re trying to expand a company globally, then you want someone on the board who has built a global brand,” she says. “Most of these guys on Facebook’s board all have the same skills-they’re mostly from Silicon Valley and Washington. You want someone who has worked in China and India and rising markets. You want someone who has marketedto women. When you’re putting together a board, you don’t want your best friends, you want the best people.”Having zero female directors does not appear to be a good business plan, research shows. Companies with women on the board perform substantially better than companies with all-mall boards, according to a 2011 study of Fortune 500 companies conducted by the research group Catalyst. The study showed that over the course of four to five years, companies with three or more female board members, on average, outperformed companies with no female board members by 84 percent when it came to return on sales and by 60 percent when it came to return on invested capital.Facebook may secretly be on the lookout for a female board member, according to a recent Bloomberg report. Citing unnamed sources, Bloomberg said Facebook had enlisted the corporate-recruitment firm Spencer Stuart to help seek some diversity. Spencer Stuary says it does not comment on clients due to confidentiality agreements.16. Which of the following descriptions is CORRECT about the Ultraviolet Group?[A] It is a non-government organization.[B] It is appealing for “more female roles in big corporations like Facebook” throughthe Internet.[C] It has the support of many female celebrities such as Hillary Clinton.[D] It is getting more and more support from the society.17. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about the campaign “Face It”?[A] It pointed out the irrational composition of Facebook’s board of directors.[B] The campaign has plenty of human-rights supporters.[C] It indicated the original objective of Zuckerberg’s establishment of Facebook.[D] It is constantly using other media devices to support Facebook.18. The underlined phrase “at odds with” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning of ____.[A] against all odds [B] supported by[C] disagree with [D] waifs and strays19. According to Susan Stauberg, a well-performed business should _____.[A] have a complex system of management.[B] possess the most market globally.[C] have your best and close friends as your board members.[D] have a diverse board member in which everyone has his/her own specialtiesand can contribute different skills into the corporation.20. What will probably happen to Facebook?[A] The corporation will turn to Spencer Stuart for recruiting more female board members.[B] The corporation will dominate the news because its worldwide popularity.[C] The corporation will gradually lose its users because it does not have femaleboard members.[D] None of the above.Passage FiveFor this generation of young people, the future looks bleak. Only one in six is working full time. Three out of five live with their parents or other relatives. A large majority-73 percent-think they need more education to find a successful career, but only half of those say they will definitely enroll in the next few years. No, they are not the idle youth of Greece or Spain or Egypt. They are the youth of America, the world’s richest country, who do not have college degrees and aren’t getting them anytime soon. Whatever the sob stories about recent college graduates spinning their wheels as baristas or clerks, the situation for their less-educated peers is far worse. For this group, finding work that pays a living wage and offers some sense of security has been elusive.Despite the continuing national conversation about whether college is worth it given the debt burden it entails, most high school graduates without college degrees said they believe they would be unable to get good jobs without more education.Getting it is challenging, though, and not only because of formidable debt levels. Ms. McClour and her husband, Andy, have two daughters under 3 and another due next month. She said she tried enrolling in college classes, but the workload became too stressful with such young children. Mr. McClour works at a gas station. He hates his work and wants to study phlebotomy, but the nearest school is an hour and half away.Many of these young people had been expecting to go to college since they started high school, perhaps anticipating that employers would demand skills high schools do not teach. Just one in ten high school graduates without college degrees said they were “extremely well prepared by their high school to succeed in their job after graduation.” These young people worried about getting left behind and were pessimistic about reaching some of the milestones that make up the American dream. More than half-56 percent-of high school graduates without college diplomas said that their generation would have less financial success than their parents. About the same share believed they would find work that offered health insurance within that time frame. Slightly less than half of respondents said the next few years would bring work with good job security or a job with earnings that were high “enough to lead a comfortable life”. They were similarly pessimistic about being able to start a family or buy a home.The online survey was conducted between March 21 and April 2, and covered a nationally representative survey of 544 high school graduates from the classes of 2006-11 who did not have bachelor’s degrees. The margin of sampling error was plus or minus 5 percentage points.21. What does the underlined phrase “spinning their wheels” mean in Paragraph 1?[A] fastening the pace [B] confusing the situation[C] asking for help [D] scooting out22. What will the high school graduates probably do according to the article?[A] Find jobs right after graduation.[B] Receive further study in college.[C] Go to join the national conversation.[D] Pay for the debt.23. What does the story of “Andy and Ms. McClour” try to inform us?[A] They both prefer making money to education.[B] Colleges do not accept students who are married and have children.[C] Although people are eager to join in the college, life burden may block in the way.[D] None of the above.24. What is the financial outlook for this generation compared with their parents?[A] They have a prosperous outlook compared with the last generation.[B] Their financial situation is not as successful as their parents.[C] It depends on how hard they work and their educational background.[D] Not mentioned in the article.25. What can we infer from the last sentence?[A] The online survey is done nationally.[B] The result of the survey is completely trustworthy.[C] There is more or less inaccuracy of the survey.[D] The survey will have a continuous part coming soon.Passage SixSome 60 years ago, George Orwell wrote an allegorical novel, called Nineteen Eighty-Four, to describe life in a futuristic Britain under a one party police-sate presided over by an all-powerful figure known as Big Brother. One of the fealures of the nasty world described by Orwell was its systematic misuse of language, which went by the name of “Newspeak”. By re-defining words and endlessly repeating them, the Ministry of Truth through the Thought Police was able to control what people thought, and through that, their actions. Language was instrumental in destroying the culture.The same technique is being used by different people today, with similar effects. In all areas of public administration, the words “spouse”, “husband” and “wife” have been replace by the word “partner”, although the words are subtly but substantially different in meaning, and convey different realities. In some schools and university departments, feminist ideologues have dictated that the personal pronoun “he” must not be used, and is replaced by the word “they”, which means something different. The word “homophobic”, which just a few years ago was used to describe a person who supported vigilante action against homosexuals, is now being used to describe anyone who defends the universal definition of marriage.Although the transformation of language is seen most obviously around social issues, it is also being used systematically to shape political debate. So, we are told that the federal government is introducing a Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which is newspeak for its new carbon tax. The fact is that the new tax is not remotely concerned with “carbon pollution” at all, but rather with emissions of the gas CO2 which is not a pollutant by any credible definition, but rather, an essential building block in every cell in every living plant and creature. By the government’s own admission, it will not lead to any reduction in CO2 levels, either in Australia or globally. And the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme is being introduced in Australia at the same time the government is expanding exports of coal, which is virtually 100 percent carbon, to countries such as China.We live in a society in which the ordinary meaning of words is being systematically manipulated by spin-doctors and ideologues, as a means of changing the way people think, and, more fundamentally, the way they act. Language is an important part of the culture wars. For those of us who see this as a challenge to the foundations of society, it is important that we identify the problem and expose it.It is clearly preferable to avoid using the new debased, transformed language of the politically-correct left, although this can be difficult in situations where constant usage has already normalized it, as has happened with the term “same-sex marriage”. The alternative phrase, “same-sex unions”, has a different meaning. When such terms are used, they should be identified for what they are: a form of linguistic dishonesty, designed to undermine existing institutions and transform them.26. Which of the following descriptions is INCORRECT about George Orwell’s allegorical novel Nineteen Eighty-Four?[A] It describes a story that happens in the future.[B] One of the features in the novel is the misuse of language.[C] It is the most famous detective novel in the world.[D] It was written in the 20th century.27. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of misuse of language?[A] Feminists insist “he” be replaced by “they”.[B] “Partner” has taken the place of “husband” and “wife”.[C] “Homophobic” is now being employed to refer to defend conventionalunderstanding of marriage.[D] The meaning of “literacy” is no longer restricted to the ability to read and write.28. The example of carbon pollution is used to illustrate _______.[A] transformation of language is usually seen in social issues.[B] transformation of language is also tracked in political debate.[C] transformation of language is generated in the age of information.[D] transformation of language is legitimate to a certain extent.29. The underlined word “credible” in Para. 3 means ______.[A] reliable [B] correct[C] beneficial [D] provable30. According to the passage, transformed language serves to _______.[A] make people sound fashionable[B] change the way people think and act[C] eliminate discrimination against minorities[D] None of the aboveII. Vocabulary (10%; 0.5 mark each)31. The town was flooded when the river burst its banks. To make it worse, thestorm _____ outside.[A] raided [B]ragged [C] raged [D]reaped32. My new laptop can _____ information much more quickly than my old computer.[A] proceed [B] precede [C] produce [D] process33. The country’s failure to abide by the Kyoto Protocol was _____ in all newspapers.[A] announced [B] denounced [C] renounced [D] trounced34. The company has _____ over three decades into a multi-million dollar organization.[A] evolved [B] revolved [C] involved [D] devolved35. We would like to _____ our customers of the best possible service.[A] assure [B] ensure [C] insure [D] ensue36. The government has promised to offer 10 million of emergency food aid to help______ the famine in this region.[A] release [B] relate [C] reveal [D]relieve37. The course _____ two year s’ training into six intensive months.[A] impresses [B] compresses [C] depresses [D] represses38. Make sure you pour the juice into the glass without _____ it.[A] splitting [B] spilling [C] spinning [D] spitting39. The vast majority of people in any culture _____ to the established standard of that culture.[A] confine [B] conform [C] confront [D] confirm40. Tom pointed out that the living standard of urban and _____ people continued to improve.[A] remote [B] municipal [C] rural [D] provincial41. The Egyptians _____ an area almost equal to France and Spain combined.[A] dwell [B] settle [C] reside [D] inhabit42. I’m going to have to take these clothes off, for I’m _____ to the skin![A] dipped [B] soaked [C] immersed [D] submerged43. The WHO has to come up with new and effective measures to _____ his nextmove in the game.[A] limit [B] cut [C] curb [D] keep44. My grandfather sat back in his chair for a few minutes to _____ his next move in the game.[A] think [B] ponder [C] reflect [D] dwell45. At this school we aim to _____ the minds of all the students by reading.[A] cultivate [B] instruct [C] teach [D] coach46. Most doctors _____ on a diet which contains a lot of fat.[A] criticize [B] object [C] oppose [D] frown47. Since you intend to sell your house, how will you _____ of all the furniture?[A] disapprove [B] discard [C] dispose [D] disregard48. The politicians were discussing the best way to _____ democracy and prosperityin their country.[A] hinder [B] foster [C] linger [D] quote49. Only one member of the committee _____ from the final report.[A] dissented [B] crawled [C] whispered [D] redeemed50. We always try to _____ him with financial assistance if necessary.[A] dazzle [B] sanction [C] accommodate [D] terminateIII. Cloze (10%; 0.5 mark each)The term “quality of life” is difficult to define. It (51) a very wide scope such as living environment, health, employment, food, family life, friends, education, material possessions, leisure and recreation, and so on. (52) speaking, the quality of life, especially (53) seen by the individual, is meaningful in terms of the degree (54) which these various areas of life are available or provide (55) for the individual.As activity carried (56) as one thinks fit during on e’s spare time, leisure has the following (57): relaxation, recreation and entertainment, and personal development. The importance of these varies according to the nature of one’s job and one’s life style. (58), people who need to (59) much energy in their work will find relaxation most (60) in leisure. Those with a better education and in professional occupations may (61) more to seek recreation and personal development (e.g.(62) of skills and hobbies) in leisure.The specific use of leisure (63) from individual to individual. (64) the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals. Thus, the following are possible uses of television watching, a (65) leisure activity, a change of experience to provide (66) from the stress and strain of work; to learn more about what is happening in one’s environment; to provide an opportunity for understanding oneself by (67) other people’s life experiences as (68) in the programs.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take (69) his interests and preferences and get (70) in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.51. [A] composes [B] consists [C] covers [D] constitutes52. [A] Basically [B] Frankly [C] Primarily [D] Generally53. [A] when [B] as [C] while [D] which54. [A] to [B] as [C] of [D] in55. [A] satisfaction [B] information [C] respect [D] admiration56. [A] out [B] through [C] away [D] off。
2007-2014年四川大学考博试题 专业课一 资本论》研究与市场经济
2007-2014年四川大学考博试题专业课一《资本论》研究与市场经济2007年考题1、马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2、马克思的扩大再生产理论3、马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较2008年考题1、马克思的货币理论及其现实意义？（30分）2、马克思的资本循环和周转理论及其现实意义？（30分）3、马克思经济危机理论和西方经济危机理论的比较？（40分）2009年考题1、论马克思经济危机理论及其2008年的全球金融危机？（40分）2、论马克思的地租理论及其现实意义？（30分）3、论劳动力价格是如何形成的？（30分）2010年考题1、比较马克思劳动价值论和效用价值论？（40分）2、马克思的平均利润及其生产价格理论及其现实意义。
（30分）3、论马克思的社会资本再生产理论。
（30分）2011年考题1、比较马克思通货膨胀理论和西方通货膨胀理论。
（40分）2、马克思工资理论及其现实意义。
（30分）3、论马克思虚拟资本理论及其现实意义。
（30分）2012年考题1、论马克思价格理论以及应用2、论马克思地租理论及其现实意义3、试比较马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论2013年考题1、论马克思通货膨胀理论与西方货币主义学派通货膨胀理论的异同2、论马克思价值生产与分配理论及其现实意义3、论马克思资本循环与周转理论及其现实意义2014年考题1、论马克思劳动力再生产理论及其现实意义2、试比较马克思土地所有权理论和西方经济产权理论的不同3、论社会总产品实现与中国经济结构调整四川大学博士入学考试参考书：专业课一《资本论》研究与市场经济1、《资本运行论——资本论与市场经济》弓孟谦北京大学出版社2、《经济理论比较研究》洪远朋复旦大学出版社3、《资本论》的现代解析洪银兴经济科学出版社3、《资本论》教程简编洪远朋复旦大学出版社。
2002年真题及解析(word版)
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 1 . As was discussed before, it was not 2 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_ 3 _ ，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 6 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 7 the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in 8 . It is important to do so.It is generally recognized, 9 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 10 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 11 its impact on the media was not immediately 12 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as 13 , with display becoming sharper and storage 14 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 15 generations, with the distance between generations much 16 .It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used to describe the 17 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 18 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 19 view about its economic, political, social and cultural implication s. “Benefits” have been weighed 20 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult.1. ［A］between ［B］before ［C］since ［D］later2. ［A］after ［B］by ［C］during ［D］until3. ［A］means ［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure4. ［A］process ［B］company ［C］light ［D］form5. ［A］gathered ［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked6. ［A］on ［B］out ［C］over ［D］off7. ［A］of ［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into8. ［A］concept ［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective9. ［A］indeed ［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore10. ［A］brought ［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized11. ［A］unless ［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although12. ［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible13. ［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental14. ［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty15. ［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to［D］in line with16. ［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller17. ［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory18. ［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected19. ［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational20. ［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses’ convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?”the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that’s God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it’s the delivery which causes theaudience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed, give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should .[A] take advantage of different kinds of audience[B] make fun of the disorganized people[C] address different problems to different people[D] show sympathy for your listeners22. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are .[A] impolite to new arrivals[B] very conscious of their godlike role[C] entitled to some privileges[D] very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A] have benefited many people[B] are the focus of public attention[C] are an inappropriate subject for humor[D] have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .[A] in well-worded language[B] as awkwardly as possible[C] in exaggerated statements[D] as casually as possible25. The best title for the text may be .[A] Use Humor Effectively[B] Various Kinds of Humor[C] Add Humor to Speech[D] Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .[A] programs ［B］ experts ［C］ devices ［D］ creatures28. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can .[A] fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B] interact with human beings verbally.[C] have a little common sense.[D] respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .[A] make a few decisions for themselves.[B] deal with some errors with human intervention.[C] improve factory environments.[D] cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A] expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B] able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C] far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D] best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A] global inflation. [B] reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy. [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A] price of crude rises. [B] commodity prices rise.[C] consumption rises. [D] oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic. ［B］sensitive. ［C］gloomy. ［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. “It’s like surgery,” he says. “We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you’re a physician, you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide, theNational Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”. He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are p resumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that .[A] doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B] it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C] the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D] patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A] Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B] Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C] The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D] A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38. According to the NAS’s report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A] prolonged medical procedures [B] inadequate treatment of pain[C] systematic drug abuse [D] insufficient hospital care39. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4, paragraph7)?[A] Bold. [B] Harmful. [C] Careless. [D] Desperate40. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A] manage their patients incompetently[B] give patients more medicine than needed[C] reduce drug dosages for their patients[D] prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. （42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. （44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also raises questions concerning “values”. Who will use a technology and to what ends? （45）Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[听力音频]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this part you will hear 15 short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what issaid. The question will be read only once. After you hear the question,you will have 12 seconds to read the four possible answers marked A, B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question number 1.1. A. When they will make up again.B. Why the woman doesn’t want to talk to Lucy.C. What happened to Lucy.D. Why they were close friends in the past.【答案】B【解析】女士讲到再也不想和露西讲话，男士想知道发生了什么，因为女士和露西曾经是好朋友。
【四川大学】博士研究生---副本
1.马克思主义通货膨胀理论与西方货币学派比较2.价值的生产与分配理论3.资本的周转与循环理论2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思地租理论及其现实意义；2.马克思价格理论及其现实意义；3.马克思失业理论与西方经济学失业理论的比较.2012年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.从经济增长方面看通胀的管理；2.欧债危机；3.工业化、城镇化和现代农业化三化关系。
2010年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1、论我国城镇化中的土地流转2、论我国现阶段的收入分配3、论新时期我国的宏观经济政策2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.大宗商品价格波动的意义及其传导机制2.社会主义的生产目的；3.我国的工资理论2011年四川大学博士生入学试题《政治经济学研究》1.马克思的通货膨胀理论及其与西方通货膨胀理论比较2.实体经济与虚拟经济的关系3.论述转变经济发展方式2007年四川大学博士生入学试题《资本论》与社会主义市场经济理论1.马克思的商品理论及其现实意义2.马克思的扩大再生产理论？3.马克思的收入分配理论与西方经济学的收入分配理论比较1.马克思的货币理论及其现实意义2.马克思的资本循环与周转理论3.马克思的经济危机理论与西方经济周期理论的比较2009年四川大学博士生入学试题1.马克思的经济理论与当前金融危机2.马克思的地租理论及其现实意义3.劳动力价格的形成四川大学博士考试辅导，结合中央经济工作会议，我们提出以下问题请加以思考：1.实现经济自主增长的意义及途径（从原来的政策推动经济增长转到……）2.通货膨胀的成因及对策3.高通胀与低增长之间的关系（统筹速度、结构、物价三者的关系）4.经济风险的形成原因及化解对策5.金融风险的形成原因及化解对策6.发展实体经济的意义及途径7.提供发展包容性的途径8.经济金融潜在风险与宏观调控的方向及途径9.宏观调控的“稳中求进”的意义及其途径学科专业代码、专业名称及研究方向导师姓名招生人数考试科目101 经济学院 45人020101 政治经济学 12人01 中国经济改革杨继瑞杨明洪陈永正① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语② 2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③ 3001 政治经济学研究020102 经济思想史 3人01 马克思主义经济理论的形成与发展研究蒋永穆蒋和胜陈永正① 1001 英语或 1002 日语或 1003 俄语② 2001 《资本论》与市场经济理论③ 3002 经济思想史四川大学经济学院定于2012年3月12～19日开设“《资本论》与社会主义经济理论”专题研讨班。
四川大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
四川大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目：细胞生物学一、Give the significance (not the definition ) of the following terms or phrases .Say what they do or why they are important. (10 points ; Answer these question in Chinese or English )1.stem cell2.cell cycle checkpoints3.receptor-mediated endocytosis4.Na+-K+ ATPase5.molecular chaperones二、填空题（毎空1分，共15分）1.胶原是一种分泌蛋白，其合成通路和其它分泌蛋白类似，先在（）切除信号肽，然后在（）装配形成三股螺旋的前胶原分子，同时在（）被糖基化等加工修饰，最后在（）形成成熟的胶原分子，之后装配成胶原。
胶原能够赋予组织（）能力。
2.动物细胞靠（）维持渗透压平衡，植物细胞靠（）维持渗透压平衡，淡水原生生物细胞靠（）维持渗透压平衡。
3.细胞分化的实质是（）4.蛋白质进入细胞器主要有三种方式，即（）、（）和（）5.蛋白二硫键异构酶存在于内质网中，其一级序列（）保证该酶滞留在内质网中。
6.染色体末端的（）在细胞衰老过程中，随着DNA复制而逐渐（）三、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1.一些kinesin（驱动蛋白）相关性蛋白，如CHO1/MKLP1 能使反向排列的微管滑动。
若这些蛋白质对有丝分裂有帮助，那么其在有丝分裂的哪个时期发挥作用：A.前期B.中期C.后期D.末期2.下列哪种缺陷能导致生物大分子储积在溶酶体内：A.吞噬缺陷B.溶酶体膜H+-泵缺陷C.核酸酶缺陷D.自噬缺陷3.两个细胞融合以后，其质膜蛋白混合为下列哪种说法提供了证据：A.质膜蛋白自旋运动B.流体镶嵌模型C.生物膜的脂双层结构D.两种不同质膜蛋白相互作用4.如果丧失紧密连接，位于上皮细胞游离面和基底面的质膜蛋白将：A.保持各自分布区域不变B.混合C.分布区域更加明显D.降解5.正常RB基因翻译形成的RB蛋白功能是：A.抑制转录B.活化转录C.抑制翻译D.活化复制6.下列哪种细胞桥粒含量最丰富：A.平滑肌细胞B.血红细胞C.皮肤上皮细胞D.神经细胞7.为了研究消化道上皮细胞分泌消化酶的活动，哪种方法最适合：A.细胞分级分离技术B.匀浆技术C.放射自显影技术D.扫描电镜技术8.比较高尔基体顺面管网结构与反面管网结构内的蛋白质，将发现：A.二者相同B.CGN内的蛋白质糖基化，TGN内蛋白质没有C.CGN内的蛋白质没有糖基化，而TGN内蛋白质被糖基化D.CGN和TGN内的蛋白质都被糖基化等加工修饰9.哪种分子不能以分子开关的形式在细胞信号传递过程中传递信号：A. Ras蛋白B.G-蛋白C.蛋白激酶D.cAMP10.下列哪种分子能够调节血压：A.cAMPB.NOC.COD.PKC四、实验分析题（共30分）1.下面是有关细胞骨架蛋白由最近几年的研究进展。
2002年医学博士外语真题试卷_真题无答案
2002年医学博士外语真题试卷(总分206, 做题时间90分钟)1.Section ASSS_SINGLE_SEL1.A When they will make up again.B Why the woman doesn" t want to talk to Lucy.C What happened to Lucy.D Why they were close friends in the past.SSS_SINGLE_SEL2.A She shouldn"t take it too seriously.B She should have regular massage.C She should exercise more and work less.D She should exercise her neck and have physical treatment.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.A She convinced the man to take medicine as his major.B She asked the man to give a talk on medicine.C She persuaded the man not to take medicine as his major.D She gave a talk on medicine.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.A Go to see an ophthalmologist.B Go to see a pediatrician.C Go to see an intern.D Go to see a neurosurgeon.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.A She doesn" t know Mary well.B Nancy is the best nurse.C Linda knows Mary.D Nancy is not as good as Linda.SSS_SINGLE_SEL6.A $15.B $56.C 30D 60SSS_SINGLE_SEL7.A In a waiting room.B In a doctor" s office.C In a ward.D In an elevator.SSS_SINGLE_SEL8.A She is on the wrong floor.B She does not know any nurse.C She cannot find the immunization area.D She received an immunization too late.SSS_SINGLE_SEL9.A Three years ago.B This year.C Last year.D In December.SSS_SINGLE_SEL10.A It"s raining.B She doesn"t like playing tennis.C She doesn"t want to get sunburned.D It" s not a holiday.SSS_SINGLE_SEL11.A To do whatever **mittee asks him to do.B To make decisions in agreement with **mittee.C To run **mittee according to his own ideas.D To appoint **mittee chairman himself.SSS_SINGLE_SEL12.A She is absent-minded.B She is hostile.C She is aggressive.D She is controlling.SSS_SINGLE_SEL13.A She doesn" t enjoy the film.B The film is hard to understand.C She saw the film from beginning to the end.D She saw only the lastpart of the film.SSS_SINGLE_SEL14.A Courageous.B Lazy.C Curious.D Cowardly.SSS_SINGLE_SEL15.A She" s looking for her raincoat.B She" s soaking her clothes.C She wants to close the window.D She got caught in the rain.2.Section BSSS_SINGLE_SEL1.A The person loses all self-worth.B The person possesses no spirit.C The person cannot function as a part of a whole.D All of the above.SSS_SINGLE_SEL2.A By working for an organization.B By wearing uniforms.C By being different.D By driving the same car.SSS_SINGLE_SEL3.A To complain **munication and restaurants.B To criticize government interference in people" s lives.C To illustrate the impossibility of wearing uniforms.D To predict the future fashions.SSS_SINGLE_SEL4.A Fashion industry.B The image of an organization.C Advertising industry.D Entertainment industry.SSS_SINGLE_SEL5.A Individuality.B Wholeness.C Qualification.D Uniformity.SSS_SINGLE_SEL6.A In the main lab.B At a computer terminal.C In a small lab.D Before the bulletin board.SSS_SINGLE_SEL7.A To discipline the students who have broken the rules.B To explain why there are not **puters.C To warn the students about the problems with the lab.D To explain the rules of the lab to the students.SSS_SINGLE_SEL8.A They are larger.B They do not have strict rules.C They give privileges to departmental majors.D They are easier to use.SSS_SINGLE_SEL9.A No talking is allowed.B Identification cards must be displayed.C Food and drinks are not allowed.D Computer science majors have priority.SSS_SINGLE_SEL10.A The assistants must know their names.B They tell what their majors are.C Too many non-students use the lab.D **puters require them to operate.SSS_SINGLE_SEL11.A Part of a medical textbook.B A medical journal.C Some microscope slides.D The speaker"s current research.SSS_SINGLE_SEL12.A Reproducing themselves.B Stretching and growing.C Attaching themselves to muscles.D Carrying messages.SSS_SINGLE_SEL13.A Elongated and stringy.B Round **pact.C Flat and transparent.D Flexible and chainlike.SSS_SINGLE_SEL14.A One.B Two.C Three.D Four.SSS_SINGLE_SEL15.A Sensory nerve cells.B Motor nerve cells.C Connecting nerve cells.D All of the above.3.Section A1.An enormous number of people in the world" s poorest countries do not have clean water or adequate sanitation______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA capacitiesB facilitiesC authoritiesD warranties2.Family-planning clinics give out______ advice to people who have decided to limit the size of their families.SSS_SINGLE_SELA insensitiveB interrogativeC contraceptiveD communicative3.Caffeine is the______drug that will just about get you out of the door on time to catch the bus.SSS_SINGLE_SELA miracleB mythC trickD legend4.Today investigators are still far from______a master map of the vasculature of the heart.SSS_SINGLE_SELA constitutingB decodingC draftingD encoding5.I have never seen a more caring, ______group of people in my life.SSS_SINGLE_SELA emotionalB impersonalC compulsoryD compassionate6.By the time I reached my residency, I______treating the patient as a whole human being.SSS_SINGLE_SELA yearned forB broke intoC pass forD made for7.We now obtain more than two-thirds of our protein from animal sources, while our grandparents ______only one-half from animal sources.SSS_SINGLE_SELA originatedB digestedC deprivedD derived8.Obesity carries an increased risk of______.SSS_SINGLE_SELA mortalityB mobilityC longevityD maternity9.The best exercise should require continuous______, rather than frequent stops and starts.SSS_SINGLE_SELA compassionB accelerationC frustrationD exertion10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.SSS_SINGLE_SELA curbB sueC detoxifyD condemn4.Section B1.It would be wildly optimistic to believe that these advances offset such a large reduction in farmland.SSS_SINGLE_SELA take inB make upC cut downD bring about2.To begin with, it is impossible to come up with a satisfactory definition of what constitutes happy and unhappy marriage.SSS_SINGLE_SELA explainB opposeC representD propose3.Politicians often use emotional rather than rational arguments to win the support for their actions and ideas.SSS_SINGLE_SELA applicableB favorableC sensitiveD reasonable4.Tests are one way for a teacher to assess how much a student has learned.SSS_SINGLE_SELA observeB appraiseC appreciateD induce5.Through live television, the world is now able to witness historical events as they happen.SSS_SINGLE_SELA reserveB confirmC perceiveD transmit6.Most experts say that the new tax plan will have a negligible effect on the country" s economic problems.SSS_SINGLE_SELA indefiniteB indispensableC infiniteD insignificant7.I don"t know how you could have left out the most important fact of all.SSS_SINGLE_SELA omittedB fabricatedC pinpointedD embraced8.Family and cultural beliefs and norms are important predictors of health-seeking behavior.SSS_SINGLE_SELA formulationsB standardsC principlesD notions9.There must be a systematic approach to retrieving notes and analyzing them.SSS_SINGLE_SELA regainingB relievingC reversingD rectifying10.To study the distribution of disease within an area, it is useful to plot the cases on a map.SSS_SINGLE_SELA markB allocateC eraseD pose5. PartⅢ ClozeYou feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Your【C1】______of daily activity may change; you find yourself【C2】______and active in the middle of the night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working. You stay in your room and have little contact with people【C3】______with those who speak your language. In your mind, you criticize the people around you—they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed, concerned with insignificant things,【C4】______stupid; **plain a-bout them to any friends you have. You become 【C5】______when you can" t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you really like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S. news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly **parison between life here and the perfect life【C6】______home. Above all, you are homesick almost all the time. If you ever find yourself behaving in ways【C7】______these, you are probably suffering from culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological【C8】______that sometimes has physical effects. It affects people who have moved away from an environment where they know how to live【C9】______a new environment where much isunfamiliar to them—the food, the weather, the language, and especially the【C10】______rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.【C1】A wayB patternC methodD trackSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.【C2】A sleepyB happyC awakeD sadSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.【C3】A forB lestC besidesD exceptSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.【C4】A evenB merelyC indeedD ratherSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.【C5】A offendedB uninterestedC frustratedD isolatedSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.【C6】A hereB thereC backD awaySSS_SINGLE_SEL7.【C7】A the same asB different fromC similar toD familiar withSSS_SINGLE_SEL8.【C8】A situationB conditionC reflectionD positionSSS_SINGLE_SEL9.【C9】A inB atC withinD intoSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.【C10】A unwrittenB writtenC spokenD secrete6. PartⅣ Reading ComprehensionScience is the 4-year pursuit of knowledge that every high school teenager must live through. I often ask myself, when will I ever need to use this stuff when I grow up? The answer is clearly, probably never. I doubt that I will ever need to know the chemical formula of dichromate, or how to correctly identify a combustion reaction. However, where would we be today, without science? Without the great minds of Einstein and Newton, where would we be? How would I be able to write this essay on **puter, if there was no science? Would I be alive today? Would humankind survive through the year and still be around today? Or would dogs be the masters of humans? Would we still be the dominant species on the Earth? So many questions arisebecause the human race depends on the advancement of science. We are dependent on Nabisco to make that cookie you love, 99. 99% fat free, that video **pany to come out with the anniversary game cartridge you want to play so badly, and that **pany to alter the headlights of the car and call it the "new" 98 car. Where would we be without science? We depend on our researchers to make new vaccines and our doctors to make us the way we want ourselves to be. We depend on them to make us "prettier," to perform triple bypasses, to make sure nothing goes wrong when they operate upon us. Doctors depend on science just as much as we depend on science. Lawyers are constantly depending on doctors not knowing their science so they can get rich quick. Just look how much our society depends on the advancement of science. Science, in a way, keeps our society from falling apart. In our society, science is everywhere. Science takes part in our everyday life more than we think. We need scientific progress so that we can simply make it through a day. When most people think of science, they think of it as a laboratory, white coats, and mixingall different-colored chemicals until something blows up. But thefact is that science is a way of life and our future.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.The author" s probable answer to the question where would we be today, without science is______.A it is hard to imagineB we would be nowhere to findC let" s see what happensD not every question has an answer in the worldSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.From the cookie to the car, the author is trying to tell us that science______.A would be nowhere without humansB is picking up its developing paceC raises so many present problemsD is shaping our worldSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.The author implies that science______.A is making doctors and lawyers the richest people in oursocietyB does not involve every professionC needs us as much as we need itD is benefiting everyoneSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.The author seems to draw a conclusion that science______.A does rather than it isB is ubiquitous in our lifeC does not exist in a laboratoryD is not appreciated in the publicSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.The author is most probably______.A a studentB a sociologistC a professor of scienceD a free-lance writer of scienceOsteoporosis used to be called "the silent disease" because its victims didn" t know they had it until it was too late and they suffered a bone fracture. Today, doctors can identify osteoporosis early. Improved understanding of the disease has also led to new treatments and strategies for preventing the disease altogether. For post-menopausal women, the **mon medical response to osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy. Boosting estrogen levels strengthens the entire skeleton and reduces the risk of hip fracture. Unfortunately, it sometimes causes uterine bleeding and may increase the risk of breast cancer. To bypass such side effects, researchers have developed several alternative treatments. Synthetic estrogens called Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators(SERMs)emulate estrogen with slight modifications. Another drug, alendronate, reduces spine, hip and wrist fractures by 50 percent. Researchers have even developed a nasal spray called calcitonin. Each of these alternatives has trade-offs, however. Patients must talk with their doctors to decide which therapy is best for them. The ideal way to address osteoporosis is by adopting a healthy lifestyle. And the best time to do this is in childhood, when most bone mass is accumulated. Because bodies continue building bone until about age thirty, some experts believe that women in their twenties can still increase their bone strength by as much as 20 percent. Calcium, which isavailable in low-fat dairy foods and dark green vegetables, is essential for preventing osteoporosis. So is vitamin D, which aides calcium absorption. Vitamin D comes from sunlight, but dietarysupplements may be helpful in northern climates and among those who don" t get outside. The **ponent is regular moderate exercise because bone responds to the needs that the body puts on it. These are the simple steps that can help make "the silent disease" truly silent.SSS_SINGLE_SEL6.Hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis______.A used to be effective in post-menopausal womenB is most frequently prescribed by doctorsC works perfectly on post-menopausal womenD is most likely to be avoided for its side effectsSSS_SINGLE_SEL7.The best treatment for osteoporosis, according to the passage,______.A is Selective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsB is chosen by the patientC possesses no side effectsD is of individualitySSS_SINGLE_SEL8.To prevent osteoporosis, a healthy lifestyle should be adopted______.A as early as in childhoodB when one is in his twentiesC after bone mass accumulation stopsD as soon as osteoporosis is diagnosedSSS_SINGLE_SEL9.By making "the silent disease" truly silent, the author means that the actions suggested______.A can be the best therapy for osteoporosisB can help eradicate osteoporosisC can help prevent osteoporosisD all of the aboveSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.The author of this passage focuses on the______of osteoporosis.A alternative treatmentB early diagnosisC treatment and preventionD resulting damagesIf you are caught in a downpour, it is better to run for shelter than walk, researchers in the US advise. This may sound obvious, but an earlier study in Britain suggested that you would get just as wet running as walking. In 1995, Stephen Belcher of the University of Reading and his students calculated how much water falls on top of your head and how much you sweep up on your front as you move forward. Obviously, you would get wettest standing still, and less wet the faster you moved. But the Reading team found that thebenefits of running faster than about 3 metres per second—which they described as a walking pace—were tiny. Thomas Peterson and Trevor Wallis, meteorologists at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, had a hunch that this was wrong. They realized that the Reading team had overestimated the average walking pace, so they reworked the calculations for a walking pace of 1.5 metres per second and a running speed of 4 meters per second. Peterson and Wallis conclude in the latest issue of Weather that a walker would get 16 per cent wetter than a runner over a distance of 100 meters in drizzle. In heavy rain, this would rise to 23 per cent. When the researchers allowed for the way that runners tend to lean forward, sheltering the front of their bodies but increasing the rainfall on their backs, they found that a walker would get 36 per cent wetter than a runner in heavy rain. Not content with theory alone, Peterson and Wallis decided to test their ideas. " If verification requires an $ 80 million satellite, one may have to forgo verification, " says Peterson. "But if it involves a simple experiment, that" s another matter. " Peterson and Wallis are roughly the same size. Wearing identical clothing, one ran 100 meters in heavy rain and the other walked. They weighed their clothes before and after the experiment. This showed that the walker bad absorbed 0.22 kilograms of water, while the runner had soaked up only 0. 13 kilograms. This is about 40 per cent less, is line with the model" s predictions. Belcher says that his team" s work was a bit of fun, and that apart from the confusion over what a typical walking speed is, their results were similar to those of Peterson and Wallis. "I"m delighted to see that their experiments gave results in qualitative agreement with the model," says Belcher. But why not just take an umbrella? For anyone thinking of taking the easy way out, Wallis has a warning: "Running with an umbrella has a negative impact on your aerodynamics. "SSS_SINGLE_SEL11.The Reading team and the American meteorologists presented different results in investigating______.A how far people can run per second in a downpourB the benefits of running for shelter in a downpourC whether people can run fast in a downpourD the average walking pace in a downpourSSS_SINGLE_SEL12.According to the American researchers, the Reading team made an error in calculating______.A the average walking paceB the amount of the rainfallC the time and distanceD the running speedSSS_SINGLE_SEL13.Which of the following, according to the American researchers, gets the least wet?A Running in drizzle.B Walking in drizzle.C Running in heavy rain.D Walking in heavy rain.SSS_SINGLE_SEL14.They verified their model predictions by experimenting______.A on themselvesB with a satelliteC on the twins of the same sizeD with sophisticated calculating devicesSSS_SINGLE_SEL15.The similar results, according to Belcher, refer to______.A the amount of rain water absorbedB the average running speedC the average walking paceD all of the aboveEnglish speakers pick up pitch in the right hemispheres of their brains, but speakers of certain other languages perceive it on the left as well. It all depends on what you want to learn from pitch, Donald Wong of the Indiana School of Medicine in Indianapolis told the meeting last week. Earlier studies have shown that when an English speaker hears pitch changes, the right prefrontal cortex leaps into action. This fits in with the idea that emotive nuances of language—which in English are often carried by the rise and fail of the voice—are perceived on the right. But in "tonal" languages like Thai, Mandarin and Swedish, pitch not only carries emotional information, but can also alter the meaning of a word. Wong and his colleagues suspected that a speaker of tonal language would register pitch in the left side of the brain—in particular Broca" s area, which processes the linguistic content of language. To test this, the team asked English speakers and Thai speakers to listen to 80 pairs of Thai words, and tracked the blood flow in their brains using positron emission tomography. The volunteers had to decide whether the two words sounded the same, either by consonant or by tone. In some eases, the words had no intelligible meaning. None of the words was emotionally charged, so even when Thai speakers could understand them, there was no right-side activation. But sure enough the Thai speakers consistently lit up the left side of the brain, especially Broca" s area, while the English speakers did not. The researchers are now planning to repeat the experiment with Thai speakers using whole sentences , complete with emotional information. " Both hemispheres will be engaged, " predicts Wong.SSS_SINGLE_SEL16.The reason why pitch is registered on the right hemisphere, according to the passage, is that itA belongs to the English language exclusivelyB is an emotive nuance of languageC can be easily heardD is a regular soundSSS_SINGLE_SEL17.When the emotion-free words were heard in the test, they______.A were registered on the English speakers" right hemispheresB slowed down the blood flow in the volunteers" brainsC activated the Thai speakers" left hemispheresD sounded exactly the same to the volunteersSSS_SINGLE_SEL18.A tonal language______.A possesses no pitchB carries pitch with dual functionsC is superior to the English languageD holds more linguistic content than EnglishSSS_SINGLE_SEL19.In Wong" s future experiment, the volunteers______.A will use either their right or left hemispheresB will use both English and a tonal languageC will listen to emotionally-charged sentencesD will listen to more pairs of emotionally-charged wordsSSS_SINGLE_SEL20.What is the passage mainly about?A Two hemispheres to the sound of speech.B Two functions of pitch in language.C Two hemispheres of the human brain.D Two languages and two hemispheres.We are all members of a culture. How we interpret the reality around us, what we consider to be reasonable statements and behavior, and what we believe to be health and illness all stem from the culture we share with some people and not with others. Those whose cultural experiences differ from our own will also differ in their beliefs and interpretations of reality. We are all rooted in an ethnic group as well, even if this group is simply the so-called " majority" of white, middle-class, protestant heritage. The degree to which we identify with an ethnic past will vary according to the strength with which family tradition has maintained that identity, and to the degree that the family chooses to assimilate into the larger society. The extent of an individual" s or a family" s identification with an ethnic heritage is as important as the specific features of that heritage. American society is ethnically and culturally diverse, **munity health nurses will find themselves practicing in communities that reflect this diversity. A particular family or a **munity may belong to an ethnic or cultural group very different from the nurse" s own. **munity health nurses who are most sensitive to variations in clients" beliefs and behaviors will be most effective in promoting their wellness. Community health nurses can achieve thissensitivity by examining their own culture in order to understand howit colors their world view and their interactions with individuals, families, **munities. Recognizing that clients are individuals as well as members of a larger culture, nurses will reject stereotypical views of clients" ethnic groups that can **munication and diminish their effectiveness. Indeed, culture mediates all social encounters, including those between nurse and client, and its study can enhance the effectiveness of health care services.SSS_SINGLE_SEL21.We live in the social environment______.A without different cultural experiencesB of the same behavior and beliefC with a shared cultureD of the same raceSSS_SINGLE_SEL22.The author is mainly talking about in the second paragraph______.A assimilation into a large societyB identification with an ethnic heritageC the conflict between identification and assimilationD the contradiction between an ethnic group and the majoritySSS_SINGLE_SEL23.According to the passage, a nurse cannot function well in a community______.A that reflects ethical and cultural diversityB without assimilating into its ethnic heritageC that is sensitive to his/her beliefs and behaviorsD without recognizing its ethical and cultural diversitySSS_SINGLE_SEL24.Community health nurses are supposed to______.A be sensitive to variations in clients" beliefs and behaviorsB abandon the stereotypical views of clients" groupsC examine their own cultureD all of the aboveSSS_SINGLE_SEL25.Which of the following can best summarize the general idea of the passage?A Identification with and assimilation into ethnic groups.B Novel and stereotypical views of ethnic groups.C Communication **munity.D Culture and health care.I" m in the unusual position of being both a computer scientist and a professional musician. On **puter side, I" m best known for my workin virtual reality, a term I coined in the early 1980s. As a musician I write, perform, and record my own work. Canons for Wroclaw, a concerto I created for virtual instruments, was performed last December by the Chamber Orchestra of Wroclaw, Poland. All of this means that I have a few deeply felt ideas about Napster, the free software millions of people use to share their music collections over the Internet. Big **panies see Napster as theft because they can" t collect royalties when people use it. So they have asked the courts to kill it. As I write this, a settlement seems to be emerging. Napster will probably begin to charge for its services and pay royalties to at least some **panies. Whatever happens, the legal decisions surrounding Napster are important for reasons that transcend the music business and extend to our basic concepts of what it means to be free in a democracy. I believe the anti-Napster forces have failed to foresee dangerous implications of their course of action. They aren" t thinking about the harsh logic at the core of this technology. They do not understand what I call the Law of the Excluded Digital Middle; Digital tools can be either open or closed but resist being anything in between. An open digital tool is onethat can be used in unforeseen ways. A tool like e-mail, meant to send text, might also—surprisingly—be used to send music. A closed tool is one in which there are technical restrictions that prevent unforeseen uses. The advantage of open tools is that more people can create new things with them; consequently, they tend to be more innovative. Closed tools are usually created because it is thought they will be more profitable; An owner can control them well enough to enforce bill collection. Of course, the open software movement energetically promotes the idea that innovation ends up generating more money than control does.SSS_SINGLE_SEL26.The Napster issue______.A is one concerning copyright infringement or violationB is a dispute between **panies and the courtC has been settled in favor of music lovers。
2002川大高等代数及答案
2002川大高等代数及答案四川大学2002年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试题一、(本题满分24分，每小题8分) 解答下列各题.51. 证明多项式f (x ) =x -5x +1在有理数域Q 上不可约.证明：由s a n =1、r a 0=1，又(s , r ) =1r有的可能值为±1，带入验证有f (1) =-3、f (-1) =5s故f (x ) 不含有理根，则f (x ) 只能分解为二次多项式和三次多项式的乘积232232有f (x ) =(x +a 1x +1)(x +b 1x +c 1x +1) 或f (x ) =(x +a 2x -1)(x +b 2x +c 2x -1)⎧a 1+b 1=0⎧a 2+b 2=0⎪a b +c +1=0⎪a b +c -1=0⎪111⎪222 得方程⎨a 1c 1+b 1+1=0和⎨a 2c 2-b 2-1=0，两方程无解⎪⎪⎪⎩a 1+c 1+5=0⎪⎩a 2+c 2-5=05故f (x ) =x -5x +1在有理数域Q 上不可约22. 设A 为n 阶方阵且A +A =2E . 其中E 为n 阶单位矩阵. 证明：r (A -E ) +r (A +2E ) =n ，其中r (A ) 表示矩阵A 的秩.证明：r (A -E ) +r (A +2E ) =r (E -A ) +r (A +2E ) ≥r [(E -A ) +(A +2E )]=r (3E ) =n 即r (A -E ) +r (A +2E ) ≥n ①2由A +A =2E ，得(A -E )(A +2E ) =O有A +2E 的列向量全部是方程(A -E ) X =θ的解，有r (A +2E ) ≤n -r (A -E ) 即r (A -E ) +r (A +2E ) ≤n ②由①、②，得r (A -E ) +r (A +2E ) =n23. 设n 维线性空间V 上的线性变换T满足：T=T. 证明：T+E可逆，其中E为恒等变换.证明：取V 的一组基ε1, ε2, , εn令T在这组基下的矩阵为T ，有T+E在这组基下的矩阵为T +E2由T =T ，得T 的特征值为1、0，有T +E 的特征值为2、1，则T +E ≠0故T +E 可逆，则T+E可逆⎡-13-10⎤2002A 二（本题满分12分）设A =⎢，求. ⎥2116⎣⎦λ+1310=(λ-1)(λ-2) =0 ，有A 的特征值为1、2 解：λE -A =-21λ-1410=当λ=1时，有E -A =-21-00基础解系有n -r (E -A ) =1个向量构成，α1=(5, -7)’151010=当λ=2时，有2E -A =-21-00基础解系有n -r (2E -A ) =1个向量构成，α2=(2, -3)’-12002-1=P -1A 2002P =Λ2002 令可逆矩阵P =(α1, α2) ，有P AP =Λ，有(P AP )2002A 有200352132⎡15-7⋅2⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤=P Λ2002P -1=⎢=⎢⎥⎢⎥2002⎥⎢2002-7-32-7-5-21+21⋅2⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣10-5⋅22003⎤⎥-14+15⋅22002⎦三、（本题满分12分）设V 是数域F 上的三维线性空间. 证明：不存在V 的线性变换T使⎡01-2⎤⎡110⎤⎢-12-2⎥B =⎢011⎥A =得T在V 的两组基下的矩阵分别为：⎢⎥和⎢⎥⎢⎢⎣001⎥⎦⎣001⎥⎦证明：反证法，设存在这样的矩阵A 、B .由A 、B 为同一线性变换T在V 的两组基下的矩阵，则有A ≅Bλ-1022=(λ-1) 3，有A 的特征值为1、1、1 λ-11-121-12000 0λE -A =1λ-2当λ=1时，有E -A =1-12=00000故特征值1对应n -r (E -A ) =2个线性无关的特征值向量①λ-1λE -B =0-10-1=(λ-1) 3，有B 的特征值为1、1、1 λ-0-10-1 0λ-1当λ=1时，有E -B =0000故特征值1对应n -r (E -B ) =1个特征向量②由①、②与A ≅B 矛盾，则假设矛盾故不存在V 的线性变换T使得T在V 的两组基下的矩阵分别A 、B4443四(本题满分12分) 设α, β, γ是三次方程x +3x -1=0的根，求α+β+γ的值.4444解：令x 1=α、x 2=β、x 3=γ，x 1+x 2+x 3的首项为x 1，有x 14322x 20121x 300010-00-00-0→σ14-0σ2σ3σ4=σ141-00-00-0→σ13-1σ2σ3σ4=σ12σ2σσσσ=σ→σσσσ=σ1σ3→2-22-00-00-012342-11-11-00-0123422444422有x 1+x 2+x 3=σ1+a σ1σ2+b σ2+c σ1σ3取x 1=1、x 2=1、x 3=0，有σ1=2，σ2=1，σ3=0 有4a +b =-14 ①取x 1=1、x 2=2、x 3=0，有σ1=3，σ2=2，σ3=0 有18a +4b =-64 ②取x x ，有σ121=2=x 3=11=C 3=3，σ2=C 3=3，有9a +3b +c =-26 ③由①、②、③，得a =-4、b =2、c =4有x 4444221+x 2+x 3=σ1-4σ1σ2+2σ2+4σ1σ3由方程x 3+3x -1=0根与系数的关系得，σ1=0、得α4+β4+γ4 =18五、（本题满分16分）利用正交变换将实二次型f (x 1, x 2, x 3) =x 1x 2+x 1x 3+x 2x 3化为标准形. 并写出相应的正交变换和标准形. ⎡⎢011⎤⎢22⎥解：二次型矩阵为A =⎢1⎢201⎥2⎥⎢11⎥⎢⎣220⎥⎥⎦σC 33=3=1σ2=3、σ3=1λλE -A =-121-2-1212λ-1λ-12111-=-λ-222-λ001211-=(λ+) 2(λ-1)221λ+2-11A 的特征值为-、-、122111--22211-E -A =000当λ=-时，有22000-1n -r (-E -A ) =2个线性无关的向量构成，α1=(1, -1, 0)’ 、α2=(1, 0, -1)’ 基础解系由21当λ=1时，有-E -A =-121-212121-111-2213-=024001-123-4 0-基础解系由n -r (E -A ) =1个向量构成，α3=(1, 1, 1)’ 把α1、α2、α3正交化β1=α1=(1, -1, 0)’ β2=α2-(α2, β1) 111β1=α2-β1=(, , -1)’(β1, β1) 222(α3, β1) (α3, β2)β3=α3-β1-β2=α3=(1, 1, 1)’(β1, β1) (β2, β2)γ1=β12β3β6113=(1, -1, 0)’ 、γ2=2=(, , -1)’ 、γ3==(1, 1, 1)’ β12β2222β3312122f (x , x , x ) =-y -y +y C =(γ, γ, γ) 令正交矩阵123123 123，有X =CY ，即有22-1六、（本题满分12分，每小题6分）设A 、B 是n 阶实正交矩阵，t 为矩阵A B 的特征根-1的重数. 证明：（1）det(AB ) =1的充要条件是t 为偶数. （2）A +B 的秩r (A +B ) =n -t .证明：（1）由A 、B 是n 阶实正交矩阵，有AB (AB )’ =ABB ‘ A ‘ =E ，则AB 为实正交矩阵-1-1由AA ‘ =E ，得A =A ‘ ，即A B =A ‘ B由A 与A ‘ 对应相同的特征值，则AB 与A ‘ B 对应相同的特征值-1有det(AB ) =det(A ‘ B ) =det(A B )实正交矩阵的特征值只能是1和-1 故det(AB ) =1n -t⋅(-1) t =(-1) t ，则有det(AB ) =1的充要条件是t 为偶数-1-1（2）由A 可逆，有r (A +B ) =r [A (A +B )]=r (E +A B ) =n -t七、（本题满分12分）设α1, α2, , αm 为欧氏空间V 的一组线性无关向量，而β1, β2, , βm 和γ1, γ2, , γm 为V 的两组正交向量组. 假设对每个1≤i ≤m ，βi 和γi 均可以由α1, α2, , αi 线性表出. 证明：存在m 个实数a 1, a 2, , a m 使得βi =a i γi 1≤i ≤m .证明：令W =L (α1, α2, , αm ) ⊆V取W 两组标准正交基ε1, ε2, , εm 、e 1, e 2, , e m有(ε1, ε2, , εm ) =(β1, β2, , βm ) Λ1、(e 1, e 2, , e m ) =(γ1, γ2, , γm ) Λ2 则Λ1、Λ2为对角矩阵，有Λ1、Λ2为对角矩阵-1-11(ε1, ε2, , εm ) =(e 1, e 2, , e m ) A ，有(β1, β2, , βm ) =(γ1, γ2, , γm ) Λ2A Λ-1 ①则A 为正交矩阵由βi 和γi 均可以由α1, α2, , αi 线性表出，有(β1, β2, , βm ) =(α1, α2, , αm ) B 、(γ1, γ2, , γm ) =(α1, α2, , αm ) C-1则B 、C 为上三角矩阵，有C B 为上三角矩阵有(β1, β2, , βm ) =(γ1, γ2, , γm ) C B ②-1-1-1-1由①、②，得Λ2A Λ1=C B ，则A =Λ2C B Λ1有A 为上三角矩阵，则A 为上三角矩阵③-1-1-1-1-1-1由A ‘ =A =(Λ2C B Λ1)’ =Λ1’ B ‘ (C )’ (Λ2)’ ，有A 为下三角矩阵④-1由③、④，得A 为对角矩阵，则A 为对角矩阵-1有(β1, β2, , βm ) =(γ1, γ2, , γm ) Λ2A Λ1=(γ1, γ2, , γm ) Λ-1令Λ=diag (a 1, a 2, , a m ) ，即证βi =a i γi 1≤i ≤m。