成都电子科技大学 细胞生物学 2015-2016年硕士研究生考研真题
2000~2015年历年852细胞生物学试题整理-分类版-独家整理--2016考研必备
1．细胞生物学发展历史2000细胞学说是英国科学家胡可创立的（）现代细胞生物学的基本特征是把细胞的生命活动和亚细胞的分子结构变化联系起来。
（）20012.Wilson 根据光学显微镜下所见,绘制的细胞模式图上能见到_______.A 内质网B 核糖体C 吞饮泡D 核仁1.原核细胞与真核细胞虽有许多不同,但都有:A核仁B核糖体C线粒体D内质网201511、2014年诺贝尔奖属于领域。
问答2、用三个例子论述细胞生物学在现代生物学中的意义（500-800）2．细胞的基本结构与化学组成2000核糖体几乎存在于所有细胞内。
（）细胞核是关键的细胞器之一，没有细胞核的细胞是不能存活的。
（）2.自然界最小的细胞是（）A.病毒B.支原体C.血小板D.细菌3.英国疯牛病病原体是（）A.DNA病毒B.RNA病毒C.类病毒D.朊病毒（prion）20012.Wilson 根据光学显微镜下所见,绘制的细胞模式图上能见到_______.A 内质网B 核糖体C 吞饮泡D 核仁16.前病毒是_______.A RNA病毒B逆转录RNA病毒C整合到宿主DNA中的逆转录DNAD整合到宿主DNA中的DNA病毒20021．细胞的体积有大小不同，但各种细胞核的大小常县殊不大。
(+) 3．体外培养的细胞，一般保持体内原有的细胞形态。
(-)1．最小最简单的细胞是：(B)A．病毒；B。
支原体；C。
细菌D。
红细胞20041、对细胞的概念，近年来比较普遍的提法是：有机体的————（）A、形态结构的基本单位B、形态与生理的基本单位C、结构与功能的基本单位D、生命活动的基本单位4、SARS病毒是（）A、DNA病毒B、RNA病毒C、类病毒D、朊病毒问答1、和细胞相比为什么说病毒是非细胞形态的生命体。
200519、病毒是非细胞形态的生命体，它的复制可在细胞外实现。
20、从细胞匀浆中分离出来微粒体不是一种细胞器。
28、细胞学说创建时提出_____A）细胞由细胞膜、细胞核、细胞质组成B）一切动植物都由细胞组成，细胞是一切动植物的基本单位C）细胞只能来自细胞D）生物个体发育的过程就是细胞不断增殖和分化的连续过程29、原核细胞和真核细胞相比，共有的特征中，哪一条描述是不正确的A）都有细胞膜B）都有内质网C）都有核糖体D）都有两种核酸，DNA，RNA20061. 成熟的哺乳动物红细胞没有细胞核，但有转录活性。
621英语水平测试-电子科技大学2015硕士入学考试真题
电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题电子科技大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目及代码汇总•111单独考试政治理论•241法语(二外)•242德语(二外)•243日语(二外)•244英语(二外仅日语方向) •288单独考试英语•601数学分析•602高等数学•613分子生物学•615日语水平测试•616公共管理综合•621英语水平测试•622心理学综合•623新闻传播理论•625宪法学•688单独考试高等数学•689西方行政史•690中国近现代史•691政治学原理•692数学物理基础•694生物学综合•694生物学综合•695口腔综合•804行政法与行政诉讼法学•805新闻传播实务•806行政管理综合•808金融学基础•809管理学原理•811大学物理•812地理信息系统基础•813电磁场与电磁波•814电力电子技术•815电路分析基础•818固体物理•820计算机专业基础•821经济学基础•824理论力学•825密码学基础与网络安全•830数字图像处理•831通信与信号系统•832微电子器件•834物理化学•835线性代数•836信号与系统和数字电路•839自动控制原理•840物理光学•845英美文学基础知识及运用•846英语语言学基础知识及运用•847日语专业基础知识及应用•852近代物理基础•853细胞生物学•854国际政治学•855辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义•856测控通信原理•857概率论与数理统计•858信号与系统•859测控通信基础•860软件工程学科基础综合电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目:621英语水平测试注：无机读卡，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part there are 5 passages, each with some questions or incomplete statements. Read them carefully and then choose from the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D to answer the questions or complete the statements. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1Oh no, not Anthony Weiner again.The older generation never gets it. Anthony Weiner, a candidate for mayor of New York, admitted this week to having sent more snaps of himself to a digital acquaintance. As any youngster could have told him, the way to find love is to send photos of your face.Consider Will, a 24-year-old up-and-coming film director in California. He meets potential dates via a smartphone app called Tinder. It finds potential matches who are nearby—your phone always knows where you are—and shows him photos from their Facebook profiles. Will can like or reject each photo. If a woman he likes also likes him, both are alerted and can start chatting.Tinder is quick (you can scroll through dozens of photos in minutes) and spares your blushes (you never know if someone rejects you). Will has already had three romantic encounters and hundreds of matches, he says. Justin Mateen, a co-founder of Tinder, says it has made 100m matches since its launch in September, and led to 50 marriage proposals. He adds: “The app has only really been going for nine months. There could be a baby popping out soon.”Americans are dating longer, which creates opportunities for matchmakers. Some are quite direct.Bang with Friends (BWF), another app, allows users to specify which of their Facebook friends they would like to spend the night with. If both parties feel the same way, BWF notifies them. If not, no one is any the wiser. BWF was booted from Apple’s app store, but that hasn’t stopped it from creating 200,000 pairings since its January launch. BWF’s boss, admits he came up with the concept while “a bit tipsy”.Such apps make it easier to find potential partners, but don’t seem to have turned America into a nation of bed-hoppers. Young women claim to have had a median of 3.6 male intimate friends while young men 6.1 female ones. These figures may be inaccurate—men may exaggerate; women may undercount—but they have not changed much in years.Parents fret that staring at screens all day has made youngsters socially inept face-to-face. A第1 页共12 页survey by two dating sites found that 36-38% of Americans aged 21-34 ask for dates by text message. But when they meet, they must still make their moves in person. Witty joking and a well-placed wink still have their uses.1. It can be summarized from the first three paragraphs that _________.A. we used to judge a potential match by his or her appearanceB. one can find love by sending his photos to a digital acquaintanceC. Anthony Weiner is trying to win more votes from digital friendsD. Tinder will probably replace traditional matchmakers worldwide2. The sixth paragraph is focused on _________.A. the huge success that BWF has achievedB. the serious consequence of digital datingC. the evolution of matchmaking in the U.S.D. the future developments of Facebook3. The last paragraph implies that _________.A. excessive use of apps leaves youngsters socially awkwardB. most young people find love through text messagesC. people in love often move their homes before marriageD. verbal or non-verbal language is still used during dates4. Potential matches found by Tinder are probably _________.A. young, single, and nearbyB. poor, married, but lonelyC. illiterate, retired, but divorcedD. far-away, busy, and happyPassage 2The human body contains enormous quantities of energy. In fact, the average adult has as much energy stored in fat as a one-ton battery. That energy fuels our everyday activities, but what if those actions could in turn run the electronic devices we rely on? Today, innovators around the world are banking on our potential to do just that.Movement produces kinetic energy, which can be converted into power. In the past, devices that turned human kinetic energy into electricity, such as hand-cranked radios, computers and flashlights, involved a person’s full participation. But a growing field is tapping into our energy without our even noticing it.Consider, for example, a health club. With every step you take on a treadmill and with every muscle curl, you turn surplus calories into motion that could drive a generator and produce electricity. The energy from one person’s workout may not be much, but 100 people could contribute significantly to a facility’s power needs.That’s the idea behind the Green Microgym in Portland, Oregon, where machines likes tationary bikes harvest energy during workouts. Pedaling turns a generator, producing electricity that helps to power the building. For now, body energy supplies only a small fraction of the gym’s needs, but the amount should increase as more machines are adapted. “By being extremely energy-efficient and combining human power, solar and someday wind, I believe we’ll be able to be net-zero for electricity sometime this year,” says the gym’s owner, Adam Boesel. His bikes, by the way, aren’t the flirts to put pedal power to work. In some parts of the world, cyclists have been powering safety第2 页共12 页lights for years with devices called bicycle dynamos, which use a generator to create alternating current with every turn of the wheels.Dance clubs are also getting in on the action. In the Netherlands, Rotterdam’s new Club WATT has a floor that harnesses the energy created by the dancers’ steps. For now, it’s just enough to power LED lights in the floor, but in the future, more output is expected from newer technology.5. Using human body energy as power supplies _________.A. requires us to be strongB. is a great new ideaC. proves to be difficultD. is increasingly popular6. It can be learned that the Green Microgym _________.A. is using human, solar and wind power to produce electricityB. is the first to use bikes to harvest human body energyC. will be able to satisfy its power needs by using green energyD. will introduce the technology to other parts of the world7. What is the author’s most likely comment on the application of body energy?A. It is unrealistic at present.B. It has a promising future.C. Its effect is still unknown.D. It depends on the energy cost.Passage 3The first of Laurence Smith’s two weddings was meant to take place in the midwinter snow not far south of the Arctic Circle. The second foresaw balmy blue skies in Palm Springs, California. As it turned out, the guests were greeted by rain and slush in the far north, then by a chill and more rain in the Californian desert.If the weather is capable of surprising him, why should anyone trust Mr. Smith’s forecast for 2050? Because the growing freakiness of weather is precisely his point. Climate change is one of four mega-trends, along with globalization, population growth and surging demand for natural resources, that he thinks will shape the world over the coming decades. The first part of his book The New North: The World in 2050 is a familiar tale of teeming cities, roaring trade, harder-to-get-at oil and rising sea levels.But Mr. Smith comes into his own when he explores the consequences of these trends (climate change especially) for the quarter of the Earth that lies at latitudes above 45°N. A geographer at the University of California, Los Angeles, he specializes in the frozen lands of Russia, Canada, Alaska and Iceland. The region is about to undergo a great transformation.The planet’s warming may be global, but climate-change models predict it will be amplified in the north. Permafrost will melt and settlement patterns will change. Inland, construction will become trickier and ice roads less dependable, so development will gravitate to the coasts. By mid-century the Arctic Ocean may be briefly free of sea ice in September, a boon to shipping. Crops will spread north as seal hunters become farmers.Interest in the region’s vast and increasingly accessible natural resources is already growing, along with the potential for conflict over the rights to these riches. Mr. Smith believes there is every chance that the development of the “new north” will be peaceful, thanks to habits of cooperation and第3 页共12 页an internationally accepted rule book for laying down rights to the seabed. He sees a leading role for the region’s indigenous peoples.By 2050 the answers to some very big questions should be clear: what happens to the north’s massive stocks of carbon in the soil as it defrosts; whether great schemes to channel freshwater from north to south are attempted; how populous, resource-hungry China works with Russia’s emptying, resource-rich Far East. Mr. Smith reckons an area about one and a half times the size of the United States will be habitable, albeit for much of the year still cold and dark. The development of the new north, he thinks, might resemble that of the American West, dotted with settlements formed for mining and trade.Obscuring the view of 2050, however, is a caveat that looms as large as an Arctic iceberg. Mr. Smith sets ground rules that allow him to extrapolate into the future without worrying about disruptions such as game-changing leaps in technology. This is an “informed thought-experiment”rather than a proper prediction. But for anyone curious about the new north—let alone thinking of investing in Arctic derivatives—it is an instructive exercise.8. The word “boon” in the fourth paragraph can be replaced by _________.A. prohibitionB. prosperityC. benefitD. catastrophe9. According to Laurence Smith, the following are all very likely to happen in the future decadesEXCEPT _________.A. The local people in the “new north” will benefit from the climate changeB. The development of the “new north” will be on a peaceful processC. The natural resources in the “new north” will be able to exploitedD. The large amounts of carbon in the “new north” soils will be safely controlled10. What can be inferred from the passage?A. The author takes a skeptical attitude towards Laurence Smith’s predictions of the Arctic.B. The author reckons Laurence Smith is somewhat optimistic in imagining the “new north”C. Laurence Smith did a lot of experiments in combining geographical predictions andeconomic development.D. Laurence Smith shares with the author that the future of the Article depends on ourawareness and actions.11. Which of the following titles is more appropriate for the passage?A. The Arctic: The de-icing ageB. Climate Change: Humankind’s futureC. A Day Dreamer: Laurence Smith’s new writing styleD. 2050: The end of the worldPassage 4The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unslanted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as第4 页共12 页community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as “local”news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense.The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the “facts”. This insistence raises two questions: What are the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough?As to the first query. Consider how a so-called “factual” story cones about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten, which he considers most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. This is important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph. This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called “factual” or “objective” story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their general background, and their “news neutralism,” arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather then subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be. (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels.) Of an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the pay he gives a story—promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.12. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is _________.A. Interpreting the News.B. Choosing Facts.C. Subjective versus Objective Processes.D. Everything Counts.13. Why does the writer of an article select ten out of fifty available facts?A. His editor is prejudiced.B. Space is limited.C. The subject is not important.D. The newspaper is arbitrary.14. What is the least effective way of “slanting” news?A. Placement.B. Concentration.C. InterpretationD. His editor is prejudiced.15. Why should the lead sentence present the most important fact?A. It will influence the reader to continue.B. It will be the best way to write.C. Some readers do not read beyond the first paragraph.D. It will gratify the editor.第5 页共12 页Passage 5One of the most pivotal moments in American literature occurred near the end of the nineteenth century as authors such as a young man named Stephen Crane began to embrace a literary style forged in Europe a bit earlier and which would come to be known as naturalism. Crane was born to parents in the ministry and grew up in a household grounded in religious beliefs and context. Yet, before long, Crane had, for the most part, rejected religion and the idea of divine intervention in favor of a more hands-on approach to the world. As he began to develop as a writer, naturalist themes of man versus nature, the unrelenting power of nature, and an objective view of the world began to dominate his writing. Naturalists attempted to depict the most accurate view of life unadulterated and unobstructed by external commentary or spiritual intervention. Ultimately Crane’s masterful short story The Open Boat stands as one of the most complete and developed works of the naturalist genre.The first apparent element of naturalism in The Open Boat is its subject matter—a shipwreck. Being as true to life as possible is one of the most common goals of a naturalistic writer, and, in this short story, Crane is no exception. It did not come from Crane’s imagination. Rather, it stemmed from his personal experience. As a young war reporter, Crane was on his way from Florida to Cuba when his vesse1, the Commodore, encountered a violent tempest. Within hours, the ship had sunk, leaving a few lucky survivors on a tiny lifeboat to be subjected to the full of nature. Throughout the story Crane depicts scene after scene as if they were snapshots or a shorn film of what the men in the boat were up against. Through his prose, Crane is able to reveal the unadulterated brutal realism manifest in nature itself.As Crane continues with the theme of man versus nature in The Open Boat, the element of pessimism crucial to any naturalistic work, becomes quite apparent. The men are at the mercy of the storms and the seas and cannot do much to save themselves. In this sense, Crane reveals the indifference of nature and the universe in relation to the life or plight of human beings in general. It’s obvious to him that angels will not swoop down and save the unfortunate men. The situation of the shipwreck is ideal because ordinary, everyday people must face an extreme situation from which it is more than likely that they will perish. Crane continually creates a mood of impending doom and the punishing nature of the universe throughout the story. Along the way, he provides little commentary on the situation, forcing readers to place themselves immediately on the boat with the men while enforcing the dark tone of the story. But, even to Crane and most naturalist writers, all is not lost.While Crane’s work The Open Boat is a dark account of a chance situation that turns fatal for many, but not all, of the crew of the Commodore, it also sets forth the main elements of a naturalistic literary work at the turn of the twentieth century. Despite the fact that nature can be unrelenting and compassionless towards humans at any given moment, Crane ultimately shows how individuals still always have the capacity to strive together to overcome hardships and disaster. Furthermore, the accuracy and detail by Crane shun any possibility of a sugarcoated reality and reveals the true ferocity of nature as it is.16. Which of the following can be inferred from the first paragraph about Stephen Crane?第6 页共12 页A. He enjoyed the ministry and listening to preachers.B. He did not enjoy writing when he was young.C. He was rivaled by no other author of his time.D. He was not in tune with the beliefs of his parents.17. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the underlinedsentence in the first paragraph?A. Naturalists liked to place their own opinions on spirituality in their writing.B. Naturalists placed more emphasis on representing life as it appeared to them.C. Naturalists tried to embody the most precise view of life by looking to religion.D. Naturalists believed the life was obstructed by outside ambition and spirituality.18. According to the second paragraph, The Open Boat is important as a naturalist work because_________.A. it is true account taken from Crane’s own personal experienceB. the story is completely fabricated from Crane’s imaginationC. it is based on a series of events in a shipwreck that Crane heard ofD. it does not attempt to glorify Crane’s heroism against nature19. The author discusses nature in the third paragraph in order to _________.A. show how Crane believes divine power will save humanityB. note that nature itself is stronger than all of humankindC. indicate that nature does not care for strife among peopleD. reveal how it is pessimistic toward life on Earth20. According to the fourth paragraph, the men in the boat are significant because _________.A. they show that by banding together, human beings can surviveB. they represent the ultimate downfall of life according to CraneC. they allow fate to run its course and decide their own futureD. they discount nature and do not take it seriously until the endPart II Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.21. The general manager usually _________ a question before he gives his answer.A. pondersB. extractsC. imploresD. enlists22. His classmates dislike him for his _________ as he always boasts about his family.A. reclusionB. pomposityC. prideD. austerity23. The writer told several _________ about his colleagues and made everybody laugh.A. legendsB. mythsC. fablesD. anecdotes24. She must have been pretty _____ to fall for such an old trick.A. interestedB. gullibleC. enthusiasticD. shrewd25. This is the ______ piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.A. trueB. originalC. realD. genuine第7 页共12 页26. A lack of appetite may be ________ of a major mental or physical disorder.A. inquisitiveB. initiativeC. indicativeD. informative27. The self-image controls a person’s attitudes or _________ of what happens to her.A. interpretationsB. approachesC. commitmentsD. simulations28. By the year 2040, Yale University will need over eight acres of land to _________ its library.A. manipulateB. accommodateC. illuminateD. obligate29. If you don’t know where you’ re going in life, you are _________ to wind up somewhere else.A. possibleB. inevitableC. optionalD. liable30. As far as marriage is concerned, it is mutual care and love that _________.A. mountsB. discountsC. countsD. calculates31. If the ten amendments that _________ the Bill of Rights of the US Constitution were a familyof ten children, you wouldn’t want to be the Third.A. includeB. embraceC. compriseD. involve32. The person in custody must, prior to interrogation, be clearly informed that he has the right toremain _________.A. silentB. taciturnC. speechlessD. consent33. The road wound rather _________ into a valley, in which the Pemberley House was situated.A. unprecedentedlyB. abruptlyC. promptlyD. irreversibly34. There is some reason for not giving up my career and _________ a different one.A. taking inB. bringing aboutC. arising fromD. embarking on35. Their house was in close _________ to ours, so we became intimate friends in time.A. vicinityB. contactC. relationD. community36. What all this _________ rhetoric obscured was the lack of hard evidence that violent mediaactually turns children into killers.A. multiculturalB. innovativeC. hyperbolicD. interactive37. A(n) _________ reading approach to reading is a combination of approaches—global, analyticand synthetic—used to suit the convenience of the reader.A. literalB. innovativeC. liberalD. eclectic38. _________ with languages gives you an edge in many jobs and professional opportunities, butis especially valuable in fields such as advertising, business, education and foreign affairs.A. ThresholdB. FacilityC. SpecializationD. Accommodation39. Rather than dictate how I think it ought to work, I would tell my employees to _________something that will work.A. get back toB. get out ofC. come along withD. come up with40. The visitors were impressed by the facilities planned and programmed ________ theirinterrelationships.A. in terms ofB. in aspects ofC. in units ofD. in case ofPart III Cloze (20 points)Directions: Fill in each blank with ONE appropriate word to complete the passage. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.第8 页共12 页Passage A:A new report published on November 4th takes a different approach.GlobalWebIndex (GWI), a market-research firm 41 local partners in 32 countries, surveys 170,000 consumers a year and recently began to ask detailed questions about internet use. It 42 China and India in the top three for Facebook users. SimilarWeb, 43 does IP-based analysis, does not even put China in the top ten.One reason for the 44 is that in many developing markets devices are widely shared. Conversely, more than three-quarters of respondents in the GWI report said they used more than one 45 . 46 factor is the spread of virtual private networks (VPNs) and proxy servers, which 47 it possible to surf the web through a foreign server.Once restricted to the tech-literate, these are now common and easy to use. Chinese citizens who want to vault the Great Firewall to use Facebook can do so with a couple of clicks. Foreign fans of the BBC can use the 48 trick to watch its programs via iPlayer, supposedly barred 49 Britain. Since VPNs and proxy servers are clustered in 50 with favorable rules, such as Sweden and the Netherlands, any count of visits to such sites will be skewed. 41. ____________42. ____________43. ____________44. ____________45. ____________46. ____________47. ____________48. ____________49. ____________50. ____________Passage B:Happy hours are not necessarily happy, 51 do they last for an hour, but they have become a part of the ritual of the office worker and businessman.52 weekdays in pubs and bars throughout America, there is the late afternoon happy hour. The time may 53 from place to place, but usually it is held from four to seven. 54 the workday is finished, office workers in large cities and small towns take a relaxing pause and do not go directly home. They head off 55 for the nearest bar or pub to be with friends, co-workers and colleagues. Within minutes the pub is filled to capacity 56 businessmen and secretaries, office clerks and stock executives. They gather 57 the bar like birds around a fountain or forest animals around a watering hole and chat about the trifles of office life or matters more personal. This is their desert garden, the place to relieve the day’s stress at the office.At these happy hours, social binding occurs 58 people who share the same workplace or similar professions. They may chat about each other or talk about a planned project that has 59 to meet a deadline. In this 60 , these places become extensions of the workplace and constitute a good portion of one’s social life. 51. ____________52. ____________53. ____________54. ____________55. ____________56. ____________57. ____________58. ____________59. ____________60. ____________第9 页共12 页Part IV Paraphrasing (20 points)Directions: Paraphrase the underlined parts. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Consult any encyclopedia and you will find Charles Babbage credited with having conceived the first automatic digital computer. (61) Dig deeper, however, and it quickly becomes apparent that Babbage had a lot of help.Others before him had already tried to build calculating contraptions, notably Gottfried Leibniz, a German mathematician. (62) Babbage held regular salons and founded clubs where his ideas were sharpened. And there was also Ada Lovelace, his collaborator and the world’s first computer programmer.The argument against the great man theory of invention is not new. (63) But the main merit of Walter Isaacson’s new book The Innovators is to show that this is particularly true in information technology—despite the customary lionization of many of its pioneers, from Babbage and Alan Turing to Bill Gates and Linus Torvalds.All appear in Mr. Isaacson’s book, which explains its length. Whether their worlds revolved around the computer itself, the microchip, software, the PC, the internet or everything in between—these are all stories that show that invention always has many fathers (and mothers). (64) In fact, those who tried to go it alone tended to fail.(65) Mr. Isaacson thinks geniuses are important but they have to be seen in the context of times they lived in and the people they collaborated with. John von Neumann was a Hungarian-born polymath who worked on the ENIAC, one of the first programmable machines. His name is associated by many with early advances in programming and software architecture. (66) But it was a group of women who were at the forefront of programming, because back then it often involved plugging in wires and throwing switches. “If the ENIAC’s administrators had known how crucial programming would be…they might have been more hesitant to give such an important role to women,” he quotes one of them, Jean Jennings, as saying.(67) The ENIAC also shines a light on another issue: how innovation should best be commercialized. In 1945 von Neumann published a paper summarizing the project’s ideas—making it impossible for others on the team to patent them. The debate over whether innovation is better served by sharing intellectual property or by protecting it has been heated.(68) Mr. Isaacson clearly thinks that innovation is all about getting the mix right, though he doesn’t put it quite that way. If a brilliant leader is too self-involved, as was the case with William Shockley, an American physicist who helped invent the transistor radio, things fall apart. (69) Similarly, teams that lack a willful visionary often falter, as happened after Steve Jobs left Apple. Groups with a wide variety of specialities and experiences do much better than a bunch of left-brainers.The Innovators has not quite lived up to its own advice of getting the mix right. (70) Mr. Isaacson could have dedicated more pages to what he calls “lessons from the journey”, rather than retelling at length stories that other books have already laid out, even if he does give them credit. Then again, just like great technology, a good book doesn’t just emerge from nowhere.第10 页共12 页。
2015年电子科技大学成都考研真题693医学综合
电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：693医学综合内科部分一、A型题：1-40小题，每题1.5分；41-50题，每小题2分；共80分。
在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中，请选出一项最符合题目要求的答案。
1. 人体内铁的主要吸收部位在A. 十二指肠及空肠上段B. 回肠C. 结肠D. 直肠2. 人血浆中主要运输内源性甘油三酯的脂蛋白是A. CMB. VLDLC. LDLD. HDL3. 分光光度法测定蛋白质含量依据的原理是A. 蛋白质分子大小不同B. 蛋白质是两性电解质C. 蛋白质紫外吸收性质D. 蛋白质溶液的亲水胶体性质4. 胆碱能M受体活化产生的效应是A. 心脏活动兴奋B. 支气管平滑肌收缩C. 胃肠平滑肌舒张D. 膀胱逼尿肌舒张5. 30岁男性患者，检查发现其血钠升高，血钾下降，全身血容量增加，血压升高，此时最可能的原因是A. 糖皮质激素增加B. 交感-肾上腺髓质活动加强C. 激肽系统活动加强D. 醛固酮增多6. 肺炎球菌肺炎，炎症消散后，肺部常见的是A. 肺部遗留纤维化B. 肺泡受损产生局部肺气肿或肺大泡C. 肺组织完全恢复正常D. 造成胸膜粘连增厚7. 对于放射治疗及化疗最敏感的肺癌类型是A. 鳞状上皮细胞癌B. 未分化细胞癌C. 腺癌D. 细支气管肺泡癌8. 以下不宜应用β阻滞剂的疾病是A. 二尖瓣脱垂B. 肥厚型心肌病C. 急性心肌梗死D. 变异型心绞痛9. 消化性溃疡病最常见的并发症是A. 幽门梗阻B. 出血C. 癌变D. 穿孔10. 结节性多动脉炎与系统性红斑狼疮，下列哪一项最具有鉴别诊断价值的是A. 关节痛B. 肾脏损害C. 白细胞计数增加，嗜酸性粒细胞增加，血小板增加D. ANA阳性11. 肝性脑病患者血氨增高，导致中枢神经系统功能紊乱最主要的机制是A. 干扰大脑的蛋白质代谢B. 干扰大脑的脂肪代谢C. 干扰大脑的水盐代谢D. 干扰大脑的能量代谢12. 一哮喘患者，表现为焦虑、烦躁、呼吸频率加快，能正确回答问题，但只能说单字，双肺可闻及满布哮鸣音，其可能诊断为A. 哮喘急性发作(轻度)B. 哮喘急性发作(中度)C. 哮喘急性发作(重度)D. 哮喘急性发作(危重)13. 老年人，出现呼吸节律不规则，伴有昏迷及双侧病理征，常见于A. 脑干出血B. 蛛网膜下隙出血C. 头外伤D. 脑炎14. 以下哪个发生消化道出血时不应输血小板A. 特发性血小板减少性紫癜B. 过敏性紫癜C. 血小板无力症D. 再生障碍性贫血15. 小剂量地塞米松抑制试验用于鉴别A. Cushing病与Cushing综合征B. Cushing病与异位ACTH综合征C. 单纯性肥胖与Cushing综合征D. 肾上腺皮质肿瘤与Cushing综合征16. 发生原位溶血时，红细胞破坏的部位最主要是在A. 肝脏B. 脾脏C. 血管内D. 骨髓17. 慢性肺源性心脏病肺动脉高压形成的最重要因素是A. 缺氧B. 呼吸性酸中毒C. 肺血管痉挛D. 高碳酸血症18. 巨细胞病毒性肺炎的病理类型通常是A. 大叶性肺炎B. 小叶性肺炎C. 间质性肺炎D. 伴肉芽肿形成的肺炎19. 胃溃疡发生上腹痛的特点，下列哪项最符合A. 劳累、天气骤变诱发B. 性质多样，可胀痛也可灼痛C. 呈进食-疼痛-缓解的过程D. 与刺激性饮食有关20. 艾滋病主要传播途径A. 性接触传染B. 注射C. 母婴传播D. 血液及血制品21. 患者平卧位时，如果叩诊移动性浊音阳性，游离腹水量至少已达A. 500mlB. 1500mlC. 2000mlD. 1000ml22. 预防丙型病毒性肝炎的最主要措施是A. 易感人群注射丙种球蛋白B. 加强血制品管理C. 阻断母婴传播D. 加强粪便、水源管理23. 慢性肾功能衰竭患者发生慢性肾脏病-矿物质骨异常（即肾性骨营养不良或肾性骨病）的最主要原因是A. 尿钙排泄增多B. 长期代谢性酸中毒C. 肾小球滤过率下降导致高磷血症D. 维生素D缺乏24. 患者男性，50岁，头晕，夜尿增多，入院后非同日两次坐位测量血压上肢血压为155/90 mmHg，下肢为170/100 mmHg，父母均患高血压病。
813电磁场与电磁波-电子科技大学2015硕士入学考试真题
电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题电子科技大学2016年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目及代码汇总•111单独考试政治理论•241法语(二外)•242德语(二外)•243日语(二外)•244英语(二外仅日语方向) •288单独考试英语•601数学分析•602高等数学•613分子生物学•615日语水平测试•616公共管理综合•621英语水平测试•622心理学综合•623新闻传播理论•625宪法学•688单独考试高等数学•689西方行政史•690中国近现代史•691政治学原理•692数学物理基础•694生物学综合•694生物学综合•695口腔综合•804行政法与行政诉讼法学•805新闻传播实务•806行政管理综合•808金融学基础•809管理学原理•811大学物理•812地理信息系统基础•813电磁场与电磁波•814电力电子技术•815电路分析基础•818固体物理•820计算机专业基础•821经济学基础•824理论力学•825密码学基础与网络安全•830数字图像处理•831通信与信号系统•832微电子器件•834物理化学•835线性代数•836信号与系统和数字电路•839自动控制原理•840物理光学•845英美文学基础知识及运用•846英语语言学基础知识及运用•847日语专业基础知识及应用•852近代物理基础•853细胞生物学•854国际政治学•855辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义•856测控通信原理•857概率论与数理统计•858信号与系统•859测控通信基础•860软件工程学科基础综合“电磁场与电磁波”试题 共 3 页 第 1 页电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：813 电磁场与电磁波注：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，做在试卷或草稿纸上无效。
一、填空题（每空2分，共30分）1. 在介电常数02.5e e =的电介质中，已知电场强度23V/m x y z E e x e y e z =++r r r r，则介质中的自由电荷体密度为r = 3C /m 、极化（束缚）电荷体密度为p r = 3C /m 。
电子科技大学(成都)考研历年真题之853细胞生物学2012--2015年考研真题
细胞生物学试题 第 1 页 共 5 页
5. 与其他膜相结构细胞器相比，线粒体内膜富含有的特殊脂类为: ( A. 心磷脂 B. 卵磷脂 C. 胆固醇 ） C．过氧化物酶体 ) C. 9Í3 三联管 ）
)
D. 磷脂酰乙醇胺
6. 膜蛋白高度糖基化的细胞器是： （ A．溶酶体 B．高尔基休
D．线粒体
7. 电镜下，中心粒的超微结构是: ( A. 9Í2 二联管
18. 高尔基体能将溶酶体的各类酶选择性地包装在一起，是因为这些蛋白质具有： （ A．Ser-Lys-Leu B．KKXX 序列 ） C．M6P 标志 D．KDEL 序列
19. 下列哪一类不属于细胞表面受体?（ A. 离子通道偶联受体 C. 甾体激素受体
B. G 蛋白偶联受体 D. 酶偶联受体 ）
20. 植物细胞壁中的纤维素和果胶质是在下述哪一细胞器中合成的?（ A．高尔基体 B．光面内质网 C．粗面内质网
23. 在一个细胞周期中，cdc 蛋白激酶的含量（ A. 发生周期性变化 C. 受周期蛋白 B 的调控 B. 是恒定的
D. 前几者都不是 ）
24. 内质网中可以识别不正确折叠的蛋白并促使其重新折叠的是： （ A. Bip 蛋白 B. Sec61 蛋白 C. 钙结合蛋白 ） C. GTP D. TTP
D. 细胞核中 ）
12. caspase 家族中，起细胞凋亡执行者作用的是： （ A. caspase 1、4、11 C. caspase 3、6、7 B. caspase 2、8、9 D. caspase 3、5、10 ）
13. 不能用于研究膜蛋白流动性的方法是： （ A. 荧光抗体免疫标记 C. 光脱色荧光恢复
B. 荧光能量共振转移 D. 荧光标记细胞融合 ） D. α-GTP
2015电子科技大学研究生试卷答案
1一．填空题(每空3分，共15分)1.不同构的3阶简单图的个数为__4___。
2．图1中的最小生成树的权值为__20____。
3.基于图2的最优欧拉环游的总权值为____37___。
4.图3中块的个数为___4____。
5.图4中强连通分支的个数为____3____。
二．单项选择(每题3分，共15分)1．关于图的度序列，下列命题错误的是( D ) (A) 同构的两个图的度序列相同；(B) 非负整数序列12(,,,)n d d d 是图的度序列当且仅当1ni i d =∑是偶数；(C) 如果非负整数序列12(,,,)n d d d (2)n ≥是一棵树的度序列，那么序列6 图1图2图3图42中至少有两个整数的值为1；(D). 如果非负整数序列12(,,,)n d d d 是简单图的度序列，那么在同构意义下只能确定一个图。
2．关于n 阶简单图的邻接矩阵()ij n n A a ⨯=，下列说法错误的是（ C ） (A) 矩阵A 的行和等于该行对应顶点的度数； (B) 矩阵所有元素之和等于该图边数的2倍；(C) 不同构的两个图，它们的邻接矩阵特征谱一定不同； (D) 非连通图的邻接矩阵一定可以表示为准对角矩阵形式。
3.关于欧拉图，下面说法正确的是( B ) (A) 欧拉图存在唯一的欧拉环游； (B) 非平凡欧拉图中一定有圈； (C) 欧拉图中一定没有割点； (D) 度数为偶数的图一定是欧拉图。
4.关于哈密尔顿图，下列命题错误的是( B )(A)设G 是3n ≥的简单图，若其闭包是完全图，则G 是哈密尔顿图； (B) 若n 阶单图的闭包不是完全图，则它一定是非哈密尔顿图； (C)若G 是哈密尔顿图，则对于V 的每个非空顶点子集S ，均有()G S S ω-≤；(D) 若G 是3n ≥的非H 单图，则G 度弱于某个,m n C 图。
5.关于偶图，下列说法错误的是( B ) (A) 偶图中不存在奇圈；(B) 非平凡偶图的最大匹配是唯一的；(C) (0)k k 正则偶图存在完美匹配；(D) 偶图中，最大匹配包含的边数等于最小点覆盖包含的顶点数。
电子科技大学2015年硕士研究生分子生物学考研真题_电子科技大学专业课真题
电子科技大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：613 分子生物学注：所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。
一、名词解释（30分，每题3分）1、DNA半保留复制2、GU-AG法则3、核酶4、核定位序列NLS5、同源结构域6、单核苷酸多态性SNP7、基因敲除8、操纵子9、顺式作用元件10、管家基因二、填空题（30分，每空1分）1、参与真核生物细胞核所有基因转录的转录因子是蛋白。
2、克隆来自人基因组约500kb长的DNA片段，最佳载体是。
3、大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶I的生物功能有、和作用。
用蛋白水解酶作用DNA聚合酶I，可将其分为大、小两个片段，其中片段叫Klenow片段，失去了活性。
4、hnRNA加工过程中，在mRNA上出现并代表蛋白质的DNA序列叫；不在mRNA上出现，不代表蛋白质的DNA序列叫。
5、某dsDNA分子中，5′-ATCGCTCGA -3′为模板链，若转录为mRNA，其碱基排列顺序应为。
6、RNA生物合成中，RNA聚合酶的活性需要模板，原料是。
7、蛋白质的生物合成是以为模板，以为原料直接供体，以为合成杨所。
8、大肠杆菌的RNA聚合酶为多亚基酶，由 亚基和 因子组成，参与转录起始的是酶，而参与延伸的是酶。
9、能形成DNA-RNA杂交分子的生物合成过程有、，形成的分子基础是。
10、HIV中文全称是。
11、转录激活因子一般具有结构域和结构域。
12、从Bacillus amyloliquefaciens菌株H中分离出来的第一种限制性内切酶应命名为。
13、原核生物基因表达的“默认”状态是，因此基因表达调控的方式主要是；而真核生物基因表达的“默认”状态是，故其基因表达调控的方式主要是。
三、选择题（30分，每题1分）1、EST (Expressed sequence tags) 序列本质上是( )A、基因组DNAB、cDNA序列C、mRNA序列D、多肽序列2、真核生物染色体组装的结构层次（从低级到高级）是( )A、染色质纤维→核小体→组蛋白八聚体→染色体环B、核小体→组蛋白八聚体→染色体环→染色质纤维C、组蛋白八聚体→核小体→染色质纤维→染色体环D、核小体→组蛋白八聚体→染色质纤维→染色体环3、病毒不具备的生命特征是( )A、细胞结构B、生长和繁殖C、对环境的适应性D、新陈代谢4、重复序列在基因组中占据比例最高的生物是( )A、大肠杆菌B、果蝇C、拟南芥D、人5、放疗可用来治疗许多癌症如白血病，高剂量的射线摧毁快速分裂细胞的原理是它可导致( )A、DNA交联B、DNA去甲基化C、DNA双链断裂D、DNA分子上嘌呤脱落6、端粒酶是一种( )A、依赖于DNA的DNA聚合酶B、依赖于DNA的RNA聚合酶C、依赖于RNA的DNA聚合酶D、依赖于RNA的RNA聚合酶7、下列可用于制备重组DNA的要素是( )A、质粒B、两个不同来源的DNAC、限制性核酸内切酶D、上述都是8、以下双链DNA结构中，最不易被限制性内切酶降解的是( )A、CTATACTGCAGCB、CTCAATTGAAC、GCACCGGTCCTD、A TGGTTAACTGG9、真核生物体内最容易发生的自发点突变是( )A、C→UB、C→TC、A→GD、T→G10、Griffith和Avery所做的肺炎球菌实验是为了( )A、证明DNA的复制是半保留复制B、筛选抗肺炎球菌的药物C、证明DNA是生命的遗传物质D、分离引起肺炎的细菌11、SD (Shine-Dalgarno) 序列是指( )A、在mRNA分子的起始密码上游8-13个核苷酸处的序列B、在DNA分子上转录起始位点前8-13个核苷酸处的序列C、16s rRNA 3'端富含嘧啶的序列D、启动基因转录的特征序列12、催化真核细胞rDNA转录的RNA聚合酶是( )A、RNA聚合酶IB、RNA聚合酶IIC、RNA聚合酶IIID、RNA聚合酶I和III13、真核细胞核mRNA在加帽反应中引入到5′端的连接方式是( )A、5′→ 3′B、3′→ 5′C、5′→ 5′D、3′→ 3′14、分离获得一段dsDNA分子，长为1000bp，经检测其中G的含量为200个，则每条ssDNA分子中碱基组成正确的是( )A、G＋C=400B、A＋T=300C、G＋C=800D、A＋T=80015、以下不会出现在一个cDNA克隆中的序列是( )A、外显子B、5′非翻译区C、多聚腺苷酸尾巴D、TATA框16、以下关于启动子的描述，正确的是( )A、mRNA开始被翻译的那段DNA序列B、RNA聚合酶最初与DNA结合的那段DNA序列C、可能转录不同基因的那段DNA序列D、开始生成的mRNA序列17、目前，国际上普遍采用模式生物，如酵母、线虫、果蝇、爪蟾及小鼠等，来揭示许多生命现象的机理，可以用这些模式生物作研究的最重要的原因是( )A、易于培养，花费少B、生活周期相对短C、代表不同进化时期D、生命活动的基本机理相对保守18、下列事件中，不属于表观遗传调控的是( )A、DNA甲基化B、组蛋白乙酰化C、mRNA 加尾D、RNA干扰19、下列各项中，不属于真核生物基因表达转录前水平调节的过程是( )A、RNA编辑B、染色质丢失C、染色体DNA的修饰和异染色质化D、基因重排20、有人发现了一种新的限制性内切酶，其识别的碱基序列是GCGCNNNNNGCGC，如果用这种酶消化一段长约500Kb的DNA序列，得到的消化产物的平均大小约是( )A、4kbB、1kbC、64kbD、16kb21、下列对基因概念描述正确的是( )A、基因是一段染色体B、顺反子是将基因描述为一个功能单位C、一个基因一个酶非常准确地表达出了基因的特性D、一个基因就是一个突变子22、一个线性dsDNA分子经6次连续复制后，原始DNA占总DNA的比例是( )A、1/64B、1/32C、1/12D、1/623、在细胞分化过程中，具有相同DNA的细胞( )A、含有不同的基因B、可能转录不同的基因C、以相同的速率分化D、必须发育也相似24、下列不是PCR反应所需的是( )A、Mg2＋离子B、引物C、脱氧核苷酸D、连接酶25、无义密码子的功能是( )A、编码n种氨基酸中的每一种B、使mRNA附着于任一核糖体上C、编码每一种正常的氨基酸D、规定mRNA中被编码信息的终止26、某研究人员想培育出一种个体硕大的超级老鼠，他最有可能成功的方式( )A、延缓细胞衰老B、破坏p53基因功能C、过量表达生长因子D、促进细胞分化27、指导合成蛋白质的结构基因大多数是( )A、单拷贝序列B、中度重复序列C、高度重复序列D、回文序列28、以下不能实现基因敲除(Gene Knockout) 的技术是( )A、Cre/Loxp 位点特异性重组B、T-DNA插入失活C、TALEN靶向核酸酶技术D、RNAi干扰29、下列对密码子特性描述正确的是( )A、密码子的简并性是指每个氨基酸有1-3个编码密码子B、密码子间没有间隙C、所有生物中的密码都是相同的D、上述各项30、以下各种可变剪接方式中不可能发生的是( )A、外显子跳过B、内含子保留C、可变的5′剪接位点D、改变外显子连接的顺序四、简答题（60分）1、简述真核生物RNA的转录后加工过程。
电子科技大学【2015 年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题】241专业课真题
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