The Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest - 1066
Progress of the Invasion
• Battle of Hastings on 14 Oct. ----The king was killed.
• marching around the coast of Kent to London, Southwark • English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned on 25 December 1066.Biblioteka Women’s rights
• The Norman Conquest gradually influenced the legal position of women in England
English emmigration
• Following the conquest, large numbers of Anglo-Saxons, including groups of nobles, fled the country .
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The Norman Conquest - 1066
England was united under the leadership of Alfred the Great. He managed to defeat most of the Viking raiders. By the 11 century England was one united country with one single set of laws. Having defeated the vikings, Anglo Saxons were soon given a new challenge
Lectuer 7 The Norman Conquest and The Magna Carta
• By listing all feudal estates, the Domesday Book enabled William to strengthen his authority by demanding oaths of allegiance from all tenants on the land, as well as from the nobles and churchmen on whose land the tenants lived. • The survey was executed by groups of officers called legati, who visited each county and conducted a public inquiry. • These officers asked a set of questions to supply the information from which the Domesday Book was compiled.
Norman Conquest (1066)
the Battle of Hastings
King Harold
Duke of Normandy -William the Conqueror
He was formally crowned on Dec. 25, 1066 in Westminster Abbey, and became William I.
• William was a hard ruler, punishing England, especially the north, when it disputed his authority. • His power and efficiency can be seen in the Domesday Survey, a census for tax purposes. • He appointed an Italian clergyman as archbishop of Canterbury. • He promoted church reform, by the creation of separate church courts, but retained royal control.
The Norman Conquest
4.He was the first Norman King of England from 1066 until 1087.
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His main achievement：
He invaded England in September 1066, defeating Harold II at the Battle of Hastings(黑斯廷战役) on 14 October 1066. He was crowned as the king of England on December 2,1066.
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Cultural heritage
Compiled Doomsday Book (A property record) Bayeux Tapestry explains the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England as well as the events of the invasion itself Built castles throughout England
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哈罗德（图右拔箭者）在黑斯廷斯战役中阵亡
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The origin of Norman Conquest
The Norman conquest of England took place in 1066. At the beginning of 1066, the Anglo Saxon ruler of England, Edward the Confessor was on his deathbed. Since he had no children, there was no direct heir to the throne and he had not publicly designated any heir to succeed him.
Norman Conquest与中世纪英语
• Norman conquest给英国历史带来了深远 的影响，它使英国和欧洲大陆的关系更为 密切，促进了英国的经济和文化的发展， 也带来了Norman人的生活方式和法国的文 明。 • Norman人所使用的语言是法语的一种方言， 被称为Norman French，是属于拉丁语系 的一种语言，同英语的关系颇远。
• 由于大量的法语词持续不断地涌入，英语 中常有同源异体词（doubles）的现象发生。 因此往往有两个从同一个法语词借入的英 语单词，由于借入的时间不同，结果是： 不同发音、拼写有差别，词义也有所不同， • 如：warden，guardian； • catch，chase； • warranty，guarantee。
• 6）日常生活：dress，dinner，beef，collar， lace，fry，stable，park，forest。 • 7）舒适、排场及奢华为法语；简陋朴素为英语： • Norman French：castle， city， pleasure， chair • English：house，town，gladness，stool • 8）英语：cow，sheep， pig， calf， deer • 法语：beef，mutton，pork，veal，venison • 9）Norman风格的建筑及关于艺术：pillar， palace，tower，art，beauty，design
• 古代英语不是统一的语言，而是一种有明 显方言的语言。古代英语有4种方言，以西 Saxon方言为标准语，Beowulf即为古代英 语诗歌。 • 古代英语每个名词的格多达四种，即主格 （nominative）、对格（accusative）、 所有格（genitive）和与格（dative）。动 词也是凭借屈折形式表示人称、数、时态 及语气等，词尾变化十分繁杂。
名词解释
Norman C onquest:（诺曼征服）The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror landed his army in Oct.1066 and defeated king Harol d.Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He replace d .the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in EnglandHouse of Lords:(英国国会上议院)Chartist Movement:(宪章运动）In 1836 a group of skilled workers and small shopkeepers for med the London Working Men‘s Association. It aimed ―to se ek by every legal means to place all classes of society in possession of equal political and social rights They drew up a charter of political demands in 1838, with the intension of presenting it to Parliament.Lord Chancellor：(英国上议院的法官）Gold Rush：（淘金）Mayflower：（五月花号）：Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day----The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.Louisiana Purchase：（路易斯安娜购买案——美国从法国购买的一个州价值$15million)House of Representatives:(众议院）p243。
英国文学史
III.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
• 《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》 • It is a verse romance of 2530 lines, derived from Celtic legend.It was considered as the best of Arthurian romance. • A. Plot: • B. Story: • C. Themes: • D. Summary: •
A. Plot
• 1)The Green Knight’s challenge • 2) Sir Gawain’s hard journey • 3) Three days of Gawain’s sojourn(逗留) at the castle • 4) Gawain went to the Green Chapel
• William the Conqueror became the King of England in the year of 1066, thus feudalism was established in England. Middle English literature is a combination of French and Anglo—Saxon elements. English literature almost stood still. During the three centuries after the Norman Conquest, large scale of French literature was introduced into England. And because the church had a practical monopoly of literature during much of the Middle Ages, by far the largest proportion of surviving Middle English literature is religious. Literature that the Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure, which can be seen in Romance, the most prevailing kind of literature in the feudal England.
英国文学复习总结
英国文学复习总结详解Part one:Early and medieval English literature1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》------the national epic of the English people ,it is also the epic of the Anglo-Saxon.(P3)2.The name of the terrible monster------Grendel(格伦德尔)(P3)3.the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration(头韵)，others are metaphor （暗喻）and understatement(保守陈述)(P5)4The Norman Conquest （诺曼征服）marks the establishment of feudalism in England. (P6)5.The romance(传奇文学)(P8)The most popular of literature in fedual England was the romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.The hero of the romance was the the knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons.It was written for the noble class(贵族的文学) Romances falls into three cycles :“matters of Britain”( adventures of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table),“matters of France” (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)“matters of Rome”. (Alexander the Great and so forth)6. William Langland威廉·朗兰------ Piers the Plowman《耕者皮尔斯》(P11)7.The ballads(民谣)(P17)The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.It is a story told in song ,usually in 4-line stanzas[ˈstænzə],with the second and fourth lines rhymed.It was written for common people(平民文学). The subjects of ballads are various in kind,as the struggle of young loves against their feudal-minded families,the conflict between love and wealth ,the cruelty of envy,the criticism of the civil war,and the matters of class struggle. The most famous ballads are the ballads of Robin Hood.8. Geoffrey Chaucer’ Contributions<1>Father of English poetry in 14th century.Chaucer introduces from France the rhymed stanzas of various types instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse,especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter(the heroic couplet) to English poetry.(P26)<2>Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.(P26)<3>the founder of English realism(P23)The Prologue(序言)suppies a miniature of the English society of C haucer’s time<4>. he forerunner of humanisim (P24 倒数第二行)9. Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”..(P20)10.The Romaunt of the Rose(translated from Franch)《玫瑰传奇》Troilus and Criseyde(adapted from the Italian)《特洛勒斯和克莱西》10. Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟------The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》The tales of the Knight,the Pardoner（卖赎罪券者），the Nun’s Priest (尼姑的牧师)，the Wife of Bath,together with the Prologue,are the best of the whole collection.(P24)（了解一下）Part two:The English renaissance1.historical background1.The Reformation(宗教改革)2. the Authorized Version(钦定版圣经)3. The Enclosure movement（圈地运动） 4 The commercial expansion（贸易扩张）5 The war with Spain（与西班牙战争）6Renaissance（文艺复兴）7 Humanism（人文主义）（P27-30）2.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔 Utopia《乌托邦》Utopia is More's masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and a returned sailor.It is divided into two books.(P37)Book I of " Utopia" is a picture of contemporary social conditions of England.BookⅡwe have a picture of an ideal commonwealth (Utopia )in some unknown ocean.(P37)3. Thomas Wyatt(托马斯·韦阿特): He first introduced the sonnet into England from Italy.Surrey(萨里)，in his tranlation Virgil’s Aeneid《埃涅伊德》,wrote the first English blank verse(无韵诗)，later masrerly handled by Shakepeare and Milton.4 Philip Sidney(菲利普·锡德尼)Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apology for Poetry《为诗辩护》5.WalterRaleigh(华尔特·罗利) Discovery of Guiaana《发现圭亚那》,Historty of the world6."the poets' poet" of the period was Edmund Spenser.T he Shepherd’s Calendar《牧羊人日记》，Epithalamion《新婚颂歌》，masterpiece The Faerie Queen 《仙后》7. The Faerie Queen《仙后》（P42）<1>Spenser’s grestest work,is a long poem planned in 12 books,he only finished 6.the work was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.<2>each guest has a knight,each knight represents a virtue(美德),as Holiness（圣洁）,Temperance(温和)，Chastity(贞洁)，Friendship,Justice （正义）and Courtesy(谦恭).<3>The knight as a whole symbolize England,the evil figures stand for his enemies,as King Philip of Spain,Mary Queen of Scots(both Catholics) or church of Rome.<4>The thoughts of the poem are nationalism,humanism,puritanism<5>The Faerie Queen is written in a special verse form ,consisits of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine亚历山大诗行),with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc c , the form called "Spenserian Stanza"(斯宾塞诗节) （P43）8.John Lyly（约翰·黎里）------Euphues《优弗依斯》was written in a peculiar style known as "Euphuism"（优弗依斯体或绮丽体）(P44)9. Francis Bacon（弗朗西斯·培根）the founder of English materialist philosophy(唯物主义) and modern science（P45）<1>Advancement of Learning《学问的演进》<2> New Instrument《新工具》---a statement of what is called the Inductive Method (归纳法)<3>Eassy《随笔》These essays cover a wide variety of subjects, such as love, truth, friendship, parents and children, beauty, studies, riches, youth and age, garden, death and many others. （P46）Of study《论读书》10.The Miracle Play(奇迹剧)(P46)The miracle were simply plays based on Bible stoies,such as the creation of the world,Noah(诺亚)and the flood, and the birth co Christ.They were at first performed in the churches.But after the actors introduced secular(世俗)and even commercial elements into the performance,it was forbidden inside the church ,so it got into the market place.11.Morality play(道德剧)(P47)A morality presented the conflict of good and evil with allegorical persons,such as Mercy(怜悯)，Peace,Hate,Folly and so on.They contended for the possession of one’s soul.The morality was dreary performance with endless speech-making of those abstract characters.so into the plays Vice(恶习)who was the predecessor of the modern clown.12.The Interlude(插剧)13.The classical drama------comedy and tragedy14."University Wits"(大学才子) They were Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene,Lodge and Nash). wrote for the stage of the time.15. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗·马洛)t he most gifted of the "University Wits".（P50）Marlowe's best plays : Tamburlaine the Grea《帖木儿大帝》t, The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》.（P51）The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is Marlowe' s masterpiece.The doctor sold his soul to Devil so he may live 24 years in all voluptuousness.(P53)Marlowe's Literary Achievement（P55）<1>Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works.<2>He first made blank verse(unrhymed iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.<3>Marlowe's dramatic achievement lies chiefly in his epical and at times lyrical verse.<4>His works paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist –Shakespeare - whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.16 Ben Jonson（本·琼森）--- V olpone, or the Fox, 《福尔蓬奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist.《炼金术士》，Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》，Bartholomew Fair《巴梭罗缪市集》（P94）William Shakespeare1. Shakespeare’s career may be divided into four major phrases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing, and late periods.（P60）详见课本2.His great ComediesA Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》，The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》，As You Like It《皆大欢喜》，Twelfth Night《第十二夜》are Shakespeare’s great comedies.3.The Character Analysis of Shylock 夏洛克人物形象分析He is greedy. He accumulates as much wealth as he can He is also cruel. In order to revenge, he would rather claim a pound of flesh from his enemy Antonio than get back his loan.他是贪婪的，竭尽全力敛财；他也是残忍的，为了复仇，宁愿割安东尼奥一磅肉用来偿还欠款。
French and English during Norman Conquest诺曼征服时期的英语与法语
4. Knowledge of French Among the Middle Class
• We have mentioned that by the end of the twelfth century the knowledge of English was not unusual among members of the highest class, it seems equally clear that the knowledge of French was often found somewhat further down in the social scale----- the Middle Class-----who were brought into association with the governing class
2.2.1 Knowledge of English among the Upper Class 2.2.2 Knowledge of French among 来自he Middle Class
contents
3. About Loanwords From French
3.1 Borrowing Words Show French Culture’s Influence on British Culture 3.2 Borrowing Words Show the Improvement of National Relationship
1.2 The Norman Conquest
• Edward the Confessor (1042—1066) −the English King
– died in 1066 without an heir – three claimants to the throne
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The Norman Conquest
& Influence
The Norman Conquest 1The influence of the Norman Conquest
2目录CONTENTS
Anglo-Saxon Period
1.The invasion of Angles and Saxons
Middle of 5th Century
2.The Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy(七国时代)
Early 7th Century
3.The unification of Englang
9th Century, King Egbert of Wessex
4.the King of England Ethelred
Background of Norman Conquest
◆After the 8th Century, Normans(descendants of Vikings 维京人) who lived in Scandinavia Peninsula and the Baltic Sea began to expand outward. In A.D.911,
the chief leader of Norman Rolon conquered parts of France and established Normandy.
◆In 1002, the King of England Ethelred married Emma, the sister of the Duke(公爵) of
Normandy.
◆The Danish invasion
◆Edward, the son of Ethelred
and Emma, became the King
of England
Ethelred (King of England)Emma (the sister of Duke of Normandy)Edward Robert I (Duke of Normday)
William
Cousin
Harald(the son of Godwin): King of England after the death of Edward
Relationship
Leader of the
Norman Conquest
In order to fight against the
domestic feudal aristocracy(贵族
),king Edward hiered a lot of
Norman hierarch（教主）and he
had promised the English throne
to William,a Duke of Normandy.
But after the death of
Edward,the Parliament chose
Harold as king. So William led
his army to invade England to
claim for the throne.
King Harold
William the Conqueror
At the end of September 1066, William called up the feudal lords of Brittany, Normandy and Picardy to make a plan to invade England .
In October 14th, The British army was defeated in the battle in Hastings.,Harold was killed, and London surrendered.
In December 25th, William was crowned king of England at the Westminster Abbey in London, The Norman Dynasty (1154-1066) began to rule the kingdom.They succeeded in conquering the whole England and the "Norman Conquest" marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon period.
1. The bringing of Roman civilization to England.
2. The growth of nationality, a strong centralized government.
3. The new language and literature.
Consequences--about English churches
The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.民事法庭
1.William does everthing what Pope（教皇）wants
2.William lets Lang Frank to serve as the archbishop of Canterbury （坎特伯雷大主教）, the Vatican(罗马教廷)becomes kingship's huge support
3.William is religious, he actively associates with clergies(神职人员) and always consults with them
Consequences--Governmental systems:
Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.
1.According to this system, the King owned all the land personally.
2.William gave his barons large estates(私有土地)in England.
3.One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath(誓约)of allegiance(拥护)，not only to their immediate lord(直接地主), but also to the king.
Consequences--about Language
Language Speakers
French Lords,nobles
English masses
Latin scholars,clergymen
More exemples
Art : ballet , etiquette礼节, champagne
Military:honor,duty,conquer
Food :pig---pork(法语porc),cattle---beef（法语bœuf）Law :judge,justice,prison
Property:estate,entail,heir,inheritance
Consequences--about society
Marriage
Most Normans continued to contract marriages with other Normans or other continental families rather than with the English. Within a century of the invasion, intermarriage between the native English and the Norman immigrants had become common.
Slavery
The major change was the elimination of slavery in England, which had disappeared by the middle of the 12th century.In some places, such as Essex, the decline in slaves was 20 per cent for the 20 years. The main reasons for the decline in slaveholding appear to have been the disapproval of the Church and the cost of supporting slaves, who unlike serfs, had to be maintained entirely by their owners.。