Relationship between impact of dose distribution and energy of radioactive ray for metal contrac
血药浓度和药效的关系英文作文
血药浓度和药效的关系英文作文The relationship between blood concentration and drug effectiveness is a crucial aspect of pharmacology and therapeutics. Blood concentration, often referred to as plasma concentration or serum concentration, refers to the amount of a drug present in the bloodstream at a given time. This concentration is directly linked to the drug's effectiveness, as it determines how much of the drugreaches its target site and how potent its therapeuticaction will be.Drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, andexcretion (ADME) are the four primary factors thatinfluence blood concentration. The rate and extent of drug absorption from the site of administration determine how quickly the drug enters the bloodstream. Distributionrefers to how the drug spreads throughout the body,reaching its target tissues and organs. Metabolism, the chemical transformation of the drug within the body, can either increase or decrease its blood concentration, depending on whether the metabolism leads to inactivationor activation of the drug. Excretion, the elimination ofthe drug from the body, is the final step in the ADME process, and it also affects blood concentration.Blood concentration is typically measured in micrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) or nanomoles per liter (nmol/L), depending on the drug and its properties. The optimal blood concentration for a drug is typically determined through clinical trials and pharmacokinetic studies, which aim to establish the dose-response relationship and identify the minimal effective concentration (MEC) and the maximal tolerable concentration (MTC).Drug effectiveness is influenced by both the blood concentration and the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug. A drug with a high affinity for its target site and a low clearance rate from the body is likely to be more effective at lower blood concentrations. Conversely, a drug with low affinity and high clearance may require higher blood concentrations to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.In addition to blood concentration, other factors such as the duration of drug exposure, the route of administration, and the patient's physiological status canalso affect drug effectiveness. For example, drugs administered intravenously typically achieve higher and faster blood concentrations than those administered orally. Similarly, patients with liver or kidney dysfunction may experience altered drug metabolism and excretion, leadingto changes in blood concentration and effectiveness.In summary, the relationship between bloodconcentration and drug effectiveness is complex and multifaceted. Understanding this relationship is crucialfor optimizing drug dosing, achieving desired therapeutic effects, and minimizing adverse effects. Future research in the field of pharmacology and therapeutics will continue to elucidate the intricacies of this relationship, leading to improved patient outcomes and more effective drug therapies. **血药浓度与药效的关系**血药浓度与药效之间的关系是药理学和治疗学中的关键方面。
主效应和影响机制的关系
主效应和影响机制的关系英文回答：The relationship between main effects and the mechanisms of influence is an important aspect in understanding the impact of variables on a particular outcome. Main effects refer to the direct effects of independent variables on the dependent variable, while mechanisms of influence refer to the underlying processes or pathways through which these effects occur.Main effects can be thought of as the overall average effect of a variable on the outcome, without considering any other variables. For example, in a study investigating the effects of different types of exercise on physical fitness, the main effect of exercise type would be the average difference in physical fitness scores between individuals who engaged in different types of exercise, regardless of any other factors.On the other hand, mechanisms of influence provide insights into how and why these main effects occur. They help to explain the underlying processes or pathways through which variables exert their influence on the outcome. Mechanisms can be thought of as the intermediate steps or factors that mediate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In the exercise example, mechanisms of influence could include factors such as changes in cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, or metabolic processes that are influenced by different types of exercise.The relationship between main effects and mechanisms of influence is that main effects provide an overall understanding of the average impact of variables on the outcome, while mechanisms help to explain the underlying processes through which these effects occur. Main effects are often the starting point in understanding the relationship between variables, and mechanisms of influence provide a more nuanced understanding of how and why these effects occur.In research studies, it is common to first examine the main effects of variables before delving into the mechanisms of influence. This allows researchers to establish a baseline understanding of the overall impact of variables on the outcome before investigating the underlying processes. By understanding the main effects, researchers can then design studies to explore the mechanisms of influence in more detail.In conclusion, main effects and mechanisms of influence are closely related in understanding the impact of variables on a particular outcome. Main effects provide an overall understanding of the average impact, while mechanisms of influence explain the underlying processes through which these effects occur.中文回答：主效应和影响机制之间的关系是理解变量对特定结果影响的重要方面。
总生存期及无进展生存期偏倚产生的原因
总生存期及无进展生存期偏倚产生的原因常树建【摘要】总生存期是评价临床疗效的"金标准",但使用总生存期作为疗效判定标准可能存在偏倚.总生存期产生偏倚的可能原因包括:患者从发病到生命终止治疗的非单一性,不同组间治疗存在交叉;肿瘤患者合并慢性病对生存可能产生影响;病程中合并使用了非试验药物,如中药等.作为总生存期的替代指标,无进展生存期偏倚的主要来源为随访时间间隔的长短不同.%Overall survival is the gold standard for measuring clinical efficacy. However,there is bias in using overall survival as endpoint in clinical trial. The bias may be resulted from multiple-line treatments before patient's death,crossover of active treatment arms,the concomitant chronic diseases of the tumor which can affect patient's survival, and the treatment with non-trial active therapies, such as traditional Chinese medicine. Progression free survival( PFS ) can also be considered as a primary end-point. The bias of PFS mainly results from the interval time length of follow-up.【期刊名称】《医学综述》【年(卷),期】2013(019)011【总页数】3页(P1970-1972)【关键词】总生存期;无进展生存期;偏倚【作者】常树建【作者单位】无锡市第四人民医院肿瘤内科,江苏,无锡,214062【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R730.7循证医学时代各种各样的临床试验为临床医师的医学实践提供了依据，但由于临床工作的对象是人，人的特殊性使得临床试验结果的本身往往带有偏倚。
The relationship between doctors and patients
The relationship between doctors and patientsThe doctor-patient relationship is central to the practice of healthcare and is essential for the delivery of high-quality health care in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The doctor-patient relationship forms one of the foundations of contemporary medical ethics. But the relationship is getting more and more serious now.For more analysis on this joint statement on hospital security comes up to nearly 20,000 medical disputes, and in recent years some patients have result to violent attack when they are not satisfied with medical security received.I think the cause is not a single factor but many element that together lead to the current situation.First is the medical reason. The patients and their family think that doctors can handle everything, but actually they can not expect so much. Because there is still something that doctors can’t do.Next is the social element. The doctors are fettered by old conventions, so they are unwilling, and lack of courage to make innovations. Instead, the so called “defensive treatment” is in fashion, which leads to the upraising of medical costs and kindly increases the financial burden of patients. The government wants to provide a suitable environment for the people, but because of the incomplete medical system, doctors get less profit, and that cause them accept bribes.Last may be the media. Some media excessively exaggerate the dark sides of the medical fraternity. And part of media fails to pay attention to this aspect. The irresponsible publicity, on the one hand, which seriously harms the affection of massive medical personnel, and enormously dampens the enthusiasm of medical personnel, on the other hand, which also misdirects the public opinion and the general public. The image of medical personnel greatly reduced in the minds of common people. It will intensify the relationship between the doctor and patient artificially.In order to solve this problem, I think our society needs a sound system of medical treatment to benefit both doctors and patients. Patients are in need of the high-quality health care, and doctors need regulations to protect their rights, and also, they have to improve their medical skills.。
秀丽隐杆线虫在衰老与延缓衰老研究中的应用
秀丽隐杆线虫在衰老与延缓衰老研究中的应用张宗敏【期刊名称】《贵州医药》【年(卷),期】2018(042)006【总页数】3页(P670-672)【关键词】秀丽隐杆线虫;衰老;延缓衰老【作者】张宗敏【作者单位】遵义医学院附属医院,贵州遵义 563000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R383.1衰老是机体各种组织和器官功能随着时间的推移逐渐退行性变化的过程。
衰老可以降低机体面对环境胁迫维持自身稳态的能力，从而增加机体患病和死亡的可能性。
伴随衰老，许多疾病的发病率增加，而这些疾病已逐渐成为人类死亡的主要原因[1]。
秀丽隐杆线虫(C.elegans)由于具有寿命短、身体透明易于观察、饲养成本低、容易获取大量同期化样本、可长期保存、实验可操作性强等优点，已成为衰老研究中常用的模式生物。
在遗传学方面，C.elegans的基因与哺乳类动物在进化上都是保守的，且与人类基因的同源性达60%～80%，可通过基因操作技术获得变异株，构建与衰老及衰老相关疾病相似的模型，使得C.elegans广泛应用于衰老与延缓衰老的研究[2-3]。
1 C.elegans与衰老相关的实验1.1 寿命实验 C.elegans由于其具有寿命短、同期化后可减少个体差异、便于大规模筛选等优点，使其成为寿命实验的优选模型[2]。
在寿命实验中，C.elegans通常使用固体或液体培养基进行培养，其中固体培养基比较常用。
线虫用固体培养基进行培养时，同期化的L1线虫生长于涂布有OP50大肠杆菌的标准线虫生长培养基(NGM)中，待线虫生长到L4期，将线虫转移到添加有测试药物的NGM上。
存活的线虫每天被转移到新的NGM上，并准确记录下当天线虫存活和死亡数目，直至线虫全部死亡，然后计算存活率或死亡率[4]。
线虫液体培养基的寿命分析是在小容积的微孔板中进行的，同期化的L1期线虫在含有大肠杆菌的S培养基中进行培养至L4期，然后将L4期线虫平均分配到微孔板上，向微孔板中添加测试的药物，每天计算一次活体线虫的数量，直至所有的线虫死亡[5]。
对相互影响的看法英语作文 范文
对相互影响的看法英语作文范文In the realm of human interaction, the concept of mutual influence reigns supreme, weaving its intricate web through the tapestry of social dynamics. From the subtle exchanges of body language to the profound impact of shared experiences, the interplay between individuals shapes our perceptions, behaviors, and relationships in profound ways.At the heart of mutual influence lies the fundamental truth that no person is an island unto themselves. Eachindividual exists within a network of connections, constantly sending and receiving signals that subtly mold their thoughts and actions. This interconnectedness forms the basis of social psychology, where the dynamics of influence are studied with meticulous curiosity.One of the most striking manifestations of mutual influence is observed in the phenomenon of conformity. As social beings, humans possess an innate inclination to conform to the norms and expectations of their social groups. This conformity can manifest in various forms, from adhering tofashion trends to adopting certain beliefs or behaviors simply because they are endorsed by the majority.Yet, the influence of others extends far beyond mere conformity; it seeps into the very fabric of our identities. Consider, for instance, the concept of social identity theory, which posits that individuals derive a sense ofself-esteem and belongingness from their membership insocial groups. In this light, the opinions and actions of others serve not only as sources of influence but also as mirrors reflecting back our own sense of identity.Moreover, the impact of mutual influence extends beyond the realm of individual psychology to shape broader societal trends and phenomena. The ripple effects of collective behavior can be witnessed in phenomena such as social movements, where the convergence of individual voices coalesces into a powerful force for change. Similarly, the spread of cultural norms and ideologies across societies highlights the interconnected nature of human influence ona global scale.Yet, for all its ubiquity, the phenomenon of mutualinfluence is not without its complexities and nuances. The interplay between individuals is often characterized by a delicate balance of power dynamics, where some wield influence more effortlessly than others. Additionally, the nature of influence itself can vary widely, ranging from subtle persuasion to overt coercion, depending on the context and intentions of those involved.Furthermore, the process of mutual influence is not always linear or predictable; it is often subject to the whims of chance and circumstance. Serendipitous encounters, unexpected events, and chance conversations can all serveas catalysts for profound moments of influence, shaping the course of our lives in ways we never could have anticipated.In conclusion, the phenomenon of mutual influence serves as a cornerstone of human interaction, permeating every aspect of our social existence. From the subtle nuances ofeveryday interactions to the sweeping currents of societal change, the interplay between individuals shapes the very fabric of our collective experience. In embracing thecomplexity of mutual influence, we gain a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world around us, navigating the intricate dance of human connection with newfound clarity and insight.。
与有关系的英语短语介绍
与有关系的英语短语介绍长久以来，他一直与足球有着密切的关系。
下面是店铺给大家整理的与有关系的英语短语的相关知识，供大家参阅!与有关系的英语短语篇11. These problems concern all of us.这些问题与我们所有的人都有关系.2. They have ties with an American corporation.他们与美国一家公司有关系.3. The stories of his links with the actress had knocked the fun out of him.有关他与那位女演员有关系的传闻使他很不开心。
4. They had been involved in the split between the two organizations.这两人生前与两派之间的分裂都有关系.5. Such sandstones should have similar angular relations to the strike valleys.这种砂岩体与走向谷之间与有类似的交角关系.6. The other reason TB is back is its relationship to AIDS.肺结核病卷土重来的另一个原因与艾滋病有关系.7. The familial kind are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome.家族发病类型与多发性内分泌瘤综合征有关系.8. These differences in day range have important locomotor implications.每天觅食范围的差异,与行进模式的演化大有关系.9. Is there a link between smoking and lung disease?吸烟与肺部疾病之间有关系吗 ?10. Are urethritis of blame gonococcus sex and AIDS relative?非淋菌性尿道炎与艾滋病有关系吗 ?11. And the baby moving at night is much more related to it?与宝宝在夜里动得多有关系吗 ?12. There are several views on the relation between money and life.有几种不同的对于财与命关系的看法.13. This letter relates to the sale Of the house.这封信与卖屋有关系.14. Flash words shows a word and a picture that relates to it.闪光用言语表达展览会词和与它有关系的画.15. Also for the formation of air bubbles and rubber roller.气泡的产生还与上胶网纹辊有关系.与有关系的英语短语篇2杰克还告诉他，罗伯特.埃利斯也许被杀了，而帕默的先遣队的一名成员与亚历克西斯.德拉赞有男女关系。
热原检查中家兔注射细菌内毒素后的升温情况考察
·71·药品评价 Drug Evaluation 2021,18（02）热原检查中家兔注射细菌内毒素后的升温情况考察李杨1，张晓杰1，尹敏1，王立增1，曹大伟1，郑霞2 1.山东泰邦生物制品有限公司，山东 泰安 271000；2.泰安市妇幼保健院，山东 泰安 271000［摘要］目的：考察细菌内毒素剂量与热原检查家兔法家兔体温的关系。
方法：选择未进行任何实验的家兔，每1 kg 家兔体质量分别静脉注射细菌内毒素0.25、0.5、1.0、2.0、2.5、5.0、10.0 EU ，观察家兔注射细菌内毒素后的升温情况。
结果：细菌内毒素注射剂量在0.5 EU/kg 之下时，家兔的体温稳定，在0.5 EU/kg 以上的细菌内毒素注射剂量时，家兔呈现不同温差的升温度数，注射剂量超过2 EU/kg 时，每组有至少一只家兔升温超过0.6 ℃。
结论：热原检查家兔法内毒素剂量>5 EU/kg ，家兔总体均有明显升温；内毒素注射剂量与家兔升温度数存在剂量关系。
［关键词］热原；内毒素类；体温变化；热原检查法；灵敏度；因果律DOI: 10.19939/ki.1672-2809.2021.02.03The Investigation on the Sensitivity of Rabbit Pyrogen TestLI Yang 1, ZHANG Xiaojie 1, YIN Min 1, WANG Lizeng 1, CAO Dawei 1, ZHENG Xia 21. Shandong Taibang Biological Products Co.,Ltd., Taian Shandong 271000, China;2.Taian Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Taian Shandong 271000, China.[Abstract] Objective: Investigate the relationship between the dose of bacterial endotoxin and the body temperature of rabbits with pyrogen test. Methods: Rabbits that have not undergone any experiment were selected, and 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 EU were injected intravenously with bacterial endotoxin per 1kg rabbit body weight. Observe that the temperature rise after the rabbits were injected with bacterial endotoxin. Results: The effects of different doses of endotoxin on the body temperature of rabbits are significantly different. When the injection dose of bacterial endotoxin is 0.5 EU/kg, the body temperature of rabbits is stable. When the injection dose of bacterial endotoxin is above 0.5 EU/kg, the rabbits showed different temperature differences 。