材料成型及控制工程专业英语-_1.MATERIALS_AND_THEIR_PROPERTIES
材料成型专业英语单词
1.material science and engineering 材料科学与工程2.material processing and controlengineering 材料成型及控制工程3.graphite n. 石墨graphitization n.石墨化graphitic adj.石墨化的4.malleable adj. 有延展性的，可锻性的，韧性的~ iron 可锻铸铁5.magnesium n.镁6.nodule n.球，结节，石墨球nodular adj. 球状的~cast iron 球墨铸铁7.pearlite 珠光体ferrite 铁素体8.matrix n. 基体9.anneal v. 使退火10.n ormalize v. 正火11.c hromium 铬12.m etallurgy n. 冶金（学、术）13.u ndercooling n. 过冷14.n ucleus 核15.a ustenite n. 奥氏体~steel 奥氏体钢16.a ustenize v. 奥氏体化17.a ustenitize v. 使奥氏体化18.a gitation n. 搅拌，鼓动19.c arbide n. 碳化物20.h omogeneous adj. 同类的，同族的，相似的，均匀的，同质的，均一的21.a luminium n. 铝22.l ever n.杠杆23.r adius n. 半径，半径距离；辐射光线，径向射线24.d eoxidant n. 脱氧剂25.a dverse adj. 逆的，相反的，敌对的；不利的，有害的26.s egregation n. 分离，分开，隔离；偏析27.d uctile adj.可延展的，有延（弹）性的，可塑的，可锻的，柔性的~iron球墨铸铁28.e lectrode n. 电极29.c erium n.铈30.c alcium 钙31.e utectic adj.共晶的；n.共晶体32.i nsulate v.使绝缘，隔离33.i nsulation n. 绝缘体，绝热，保温34.i nsulator n.绝缘体，绝热体35.r efractory adj. 耐熔的，n. 耐火材料36.a ntimony n.锑37.u ltrasonic adj. 超声波的，超音的n.超声波38.p arameter n. 参数，参量39.H ERF high energy rate forming 高能快速成型40.f use v. 熔化，熔合，熔接41.t in n. 锡42.c opper n.铜43.b ronze n. 青铜，古铜44.n ickel n. 镍45.E MPA, SEM,TEM46.b ainite n. 贝氏体47.m artensite n. 马氏体48.t emper n. 回火49.i ntermetallic a. 金属间（化合）的50.m echanism n. 机械，机构，机制，作用原理51.e mbrittle v. 使变脆，脆化52.e mbrittlement n. 脆性，脆裂53.f riction n.摩擦力54.v iscous adj. 粘（性，滞，稠）的55.s have v. 剃（齿），刮（平，面）削，刨，修整56.s having n. 刮片，削片，剃片57.p eel v. 剥片，脱壳，剥落~off58.b illet n. 钢坯，棒料，短棒59.d iameter n. 直径60.c omponent n. 组分，元件零件，组件61.m anganese n.锰62.s ulphide n.硫化（物）63.j oint n. vt. 焊缝，结合处，分型面64.c ementite n. 渗碳体65.c entrifugal adj.离心的，利用离心力的66.i nsoluble adj. 不溶的，难以溶解的67.d endrite n. 树枝晶68.g lobule n.小球,滴69.j olt v.n. 振（击，动，实），颠簸，摇动70.h orizon n. 地平线，水平线，水平面71.j oint n. v. 焊缝，结合处，分型面72.c entrifugal adj. 离心的，利用离心力的73.i nsoluble adj.不溶的，难以溶解的；不能解决的，不能解释的74.o xide n. 氧化物75.p uncture n. 刺，穿刺；刺痕，刺穿；vt.刺，刺穿，刺破；揭穿，使无用，削弱vi. 被刺穿，被戳穿76.p rimary adj. 最初的，原始的，原有的，原本的，基本的，基层的，初级的，初等的，首要的，主要的n. 居首位的事务，原色，基色，初选77.s pherical adj. 球的，球形的，球面的，球面图形的，天体的78.m ould cavity 型腔79.p ouring temperature 浇注温度80.t he primary austenite 初生奥氏体81.h eat-affected zone 热影响区82.m olecular adj. 分子的，摩尔的83.o xidation n.氧化（作用）84.e utectoid n.adj. 共析（的），共析体（的）85.s pheroidization 球化处理86.m etallic matrix composite 金属基复合物87.n ucleation 形核88.a short-range order 近程有序89.a long-range order 远程有序90.e mbryo n. 胚，胚胎91.c luster n.(同类事务或人的)一串，一束，一簇；建筑群，房屋群92.a ntimony n.锑93.r unning system=gating system 浇注系统94.s lag n.熔渣，炉渣95.z inc 锌96.m etallographic structure 金相组织97.d ross n. 浮渣，废物，杂质98.h ydraulic press 水压机99.e xtrusion die 冲压模100.arsenic 砷，三氧化二砷101.boron 硼102.phosphorus 磷103.phosphorous 亚磷的，含磷的104.dioxide 二氧化碳105.argon 氩106.piston n.活塞107.pneumatically adv 空气地，压缩空气推动的108.the volume free energy 体积自由能109.molten puddle 熔池110.porous adj. 多孔的，有孔的111.nitrogen n. 氮气112.gas-shielded arc welding 气体保护电弧焊113.fume n. 烟雾，气味114.transparent adj. 透明的，清澈的115.finishing 修整，精加工116.plastic forming process 塑形成形工艺117.。
《材料成型及控制工程_专业英语阅读_》翻译
第一章材料及其性能1。
1金属和非金属许多属性具有材料之一，其机械性能，在大多数情况下，是最重要的，因此，他们将在本书太多的考虑。
所有关键部件和元件，其中一个高可靠性的要求，都是用金属制作的，而不是玻璃，塑料或石头。
已升了SEC，金属的特点是金属键；在正离子占据晶格的网站和周围的电子气。
所有非金属离子和共价键。
这些类型的债券是刚性的，是由于两个不同的电荷离子的静电引力。
由于金属键，金属塑性变形能力和自我强化的塑性变形。
因此，如果在一个物质或者元素的形状是这样，有应力集中的缺陷，在这些点上的应力可以达到一个巨大的价值，甚至导致开裂。
但是，由于材料的塑性越高，金属在塑性变形这一点，说，在裂纹尖端，经过强化，骨折的过程中，涉及到一个逮捕。
这不是在非金属发生。
他们是不可能的塑性变形和自我强化；因此，裂缝将尽快在缺损的尖端的应力超过一定值时发生。
这些事实说明为什么金属是可靠的结构材料和不可超越的非金属材料。
1。
2铁合金以上的人类使用的金属材料，重量90%铁合金。
这代表了范围广泛的组织工程材料的一个巨大的家庭及相关性质。
工程设计要求结构承重或电力传输大多数涉及铁合金。
作为一个实际问题，这些合金分为基于碳在合金成分两大类。
钢通常包含在0。
05和2重量%的碳。
铸铁通常含有2和4.5重量%的碳之间。
在钢的范畴，我们应当区分是否显着量的合金元素碳以外的使用。
的组合物的5重量%的总的非碳的加入将作为低合金高合金钢之间的边界。
这些合金元素都经过精心挑选，因为他们总是带来大幅增加材料成本。
只有在性能如强度高、耐蚀性能提高的改进证明他们是必不可少的。
2。
钢的热处理的1原则热处理在现代机械工程的作用不能被高估。
在因热处理金属性能的变化是极为重要的意义。
2。
1。
1温度和时间目的的任何热处理工艺是通过加热到指定的温度和随后的冷却产生在金属结构所需的变化。
因此，在热处理的主要因素是温度和时间，所以，任何热处理过程可以在温度时间（Tτ）坐标表示热处理条件的特点是通过以下参数：加热温度T最大，即为合金金属加热的最高温度；在加热温度τH保温时间；加热速率νH和冷却速率如果加热（或冷却）是在一个恒定的速率，温度时间关系会以各自的角度倾斜的直线描述。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语阅读翻译
第 5 章塑料成型及模具5. 1. 1 注塑模具5.1.1 一般注塑成型技术的处理器的持续发展的要求越来越多。
注塑成型过程中最重要的问题无疑是正确的注射。
因为设计成型形状的影响不大，如有的建设最多样化的注塑部件的机器。
高效的生产主要取决于注塑模具。
模具的耐久性取决于他们的护理和治疗。
由于总是硬化和地面的运动部件和模具型腔，他们之间产生500000和100000000张。
为了便于建设，降低制造成本，注塑模具成为标准化.一些公司提供基本现成的方形或圆形，立即使用. 只需插入标准或卸料板模具设计的基础，那么，必须安装到基础。
5.1.2 个基本模具结构5.1.2.1 工作原理注塑模具基本上由两个半形. 模具的一半包含浇道衬套和热流道系统，喷射系统。
成型部分是设在分界线另一半的房子。
5.1.2.2 单或者多腔模具要成立一个关于在注塑模具型腔的选择计算，需要准确掌握的材料，要处理的注塑机和模具。
蛀牙和相对整机成本decrease.The 生产对于一个给定的成型零件所需的时间越来越多的模具成本增加，取决于壁厚，注射速度，回收率，冷却dolded 材料所需的时间，冷却模具的能力和保压时间期限，如必要的附带倍，射血时间，延迟时间等。
因此，决定确定的腔数取决于：（1）尺寸（成型零件的数量，交货时间顺序）（2）形状的模具零件（尺寸质量要求）（3）注塑机（锁模力，塑化和注射容量）（4）模具成本有几个已知的程序计算腔的经济。
不幸的是，他们是如此不同，这是不可能的凝结。
作为一个例子：理论最大。
腔数是F2必须等于或比F1小。
F1是: 注塑模具的注射模成型车间成型车间，造型车间注塑成型注射成形的研磨（地上，地下）磨削，磨光单型腔模具单型腔注射模的多腔腔达到词语和术语的最大数量模多型腔注射模的阻尼力夹紧力; 合模力塑化（使）成为可塑;（使）可塑注射容量注射容量。
5.1.3 三板式注射模具三板式注射模具是具有两个分型面的注射模具，这种模具带有浇口，也就是直浇道在模型中和塑件相分离。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语--1.MATERIALS-AND-THEIR-PROPERTIES
1.1 Metals and Non-metalsWords and termsdefinite－确定的、明确的defect－缺陷plastic deformation塑性变形stress concentrator 应力集中点self-strengthening自强化the tip of a crock裂纹尖端☐Among numerous properties possessed by materials，their mechanical properties，in the majority of cases，are the most essential and therefore，they will be given much consideration in the book．☐在一些主要应用场合，机械性能是材料的各种性能中最重要的性能，因此，本书中将重点讨论。
▪consideration 考虑，需要考虑的事项，报酬☐All critical parts and elements，of which a high reliability （可靠性）is required，are made of metals, rather than of glass，plastics or stone.☐由于各种关键零部件的可靠性要求高，均用金属而不是玻璃、塑料或石头制造。
▪is required 翻译时将英文中的被动语态，改译为汉语中的主动语态。
▪rather than 而不是☐As has been given in Sec.1-1，metals are characterized by the metallic bond（金属键），where positive ions （正离子）occupy the sites of the crystal lattice （晶格）and are surrounded by electron gas（电子云）．☐正如Sec1-1中所说，金属主要由金属键组成（其特征主要……）。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语及翻译【范本模板】
最新消息1-2the benefits of civilization which we enjoy today are essentiallydue to the improved quality of products available to us 。
文明的好处我们享受今天本质上是由于改进质量的产品提供给我们。
the improvement in the quality of goods can be achieved with proper design that takes into consideration the functional requirement as well as its manufacturing aspects. 提高商品的质量可以达到与适当的设计，考虑了功能要求以及其制造方面.The design process that would take proper care of the manufacturing process as well would be the ideal one。
This would ensure a better product being made available at an economical cost.设计过程中,将采取适当的照顾的生产过程将是理想的一个.这将确保更好的产品被使可得到一个经济成本.Manufacturing is involved in turning raw materials to finished products to be used for some purpose. 制造业是参与将原材料到成品用于某些目的。
In the present age there have been increasing demands on the product performance by way of desirable exotic properties such as resistance to high temperatures, higher speeds and extra loads。
材料成型级控制工程专业英语阅读
材料成型级控制工程专业英语阅读材料成型级控制工程专业英语阅读1.2.1 Plain Carbon Steel 普通碳钢Hot-rolled steel delivered （供给）by steelmaking works as rolled sections(bars, beams，sheets．tubes，etc) is the most wildly used material for manufacture of various machines，machine tools, building structures，consumer goods，etc．Delivered steel should have the properties as specified by State Standards（国家标准）．钢铁制造车间供给的热轧钢主要为棒材、柱材、板材、管材等，热轧钢是制造各种机械、机器工具、建筑结构和消费品中应用最广泛的材料。
所供给的钢应具有国家标准规定的各种性能。
In the RSSU．Plain carbon steels are classified into three groups：A, B and C，depending on their application.在RSSU中，普通碳钢根据其用途分为A、B、C三类。
A: If a steel is to be used for making products without hot working (welding, Forging．Etc.). Its structure and properties in the final product will be the same as delivered from the rolling mill．In that case the user requests for a steel of warranted（保证）mechanical properties，while the chemical composition is not guaranteed（保证、担保）．A:如果钢在制造产品的过程中没有进行热加工（焊接、锻造等），则最终产品的组织和性能将与轧厂提供的相同。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语--1.MATERIALS-AND-THEIR-PROPERTIES解析
1.1 Metals and Non-metalsWords and termsdefinite－确定的、明确的defect－缺陷plastic deformation塑性变形stress concentrator 应力集中点self-strengthening自强化the tip of a crock裂纹尖端☐Among numerous properties possessed by materials，their mechanical properties，in the majority of cases，are the most essential and therefore，they will be given much consideration in the book．☐在一些主要应用场合，机械性能是材料的各种性能中最重要的性能，因此，本书中将重点讨论。
▪consideration 考虑，需要考虑的事项，报酬☐All critical parts and elements，of which a high reliability （可靠性）is required，are made of metals, rather than of glass，plastics or stone.☐由于各种关键零部件的可靠性要求高，均用金属而不是玻璃、塑料或石头制造。
▪is required 翻译时将英文中的被动语态，改译为汉语中的主动语态。
▪rather than 而不是☐As has been given in Sec.1-1，metals are characterized by the metallic bond（金属键），where positive ions （正离子）occupy the sites of the crystal lattice （晶格）and are surrounded by electron gas（电子云）．☐正如Sec1-1中所说，金属主要由金属键组成（其特征主要……）。
材料成型及控制工程专业外语阅读
3. 1. 1 Dynamic Structural Change
During the deformation of austenite at hot-working temperatures and constant strain rate, the characteristic form of stress-strain curve observed is illustrated in Fig. 3. 1. These curves are for low-alloy steels,tested in torsion,but are similar to those obtained for other steels in the austenitic condition tested in torsion,tension,or compression. After initial rapid work-hardening the curves go through a maximum associated with the occurrence of dynamic recrystallization. The peak in flow stress occurs after some low fraction of recrystal lization has taken place so the strain to the peak (εp) is always greater than the critical strain for dynamic recrystallization (εc).
It can be seen from Fig.3.1 that εp increases systematically with Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z),independent of the particular combination of strain rate (ε) and temperature (T/K) in the relationship Z = εexp Qdef/RT
材料成型及控制工程专业英语
A an ionic or a covalent bond离子或共价键at the tip of a crack裂纹尖端as a practical matter 根据实际情况alloy composition合金浓度absence缺乏alloying element合金元素high/low alloy steels高低合金钢austenitic奥氏体antimony锑austenite to pearlite奥氏体到珠光体axis 纵坐标abscissa横坐标a coarse grained 粗大晶粒annealing 退火Account for解释Activation energy活化能Anchor抛锚Austenitic grains奥氏体成状结构Actual grain size 实际晶粒An anchor for the backing material of the mold 一个模具的基底材料的锚B beam梁bar棒材brittleness脆性bend of 变弯曲Be about linear关于线性Bring about造成Binder粘合剂Brittleness脆性Be attributed to 归因于……Be extremely abrasive to punches 对凸模非常耐磨C Cast irons铸铁corrosion resistance合金浓度critical part and element关键零部件corrosion resistance耐磨性crystal lattice晶格charges电荷carbon content含碳量corrosion atmosphere腐蚀环境chromium铬corrosion腐蚀crystalline fracture结晶断面cementite碳化铁crucibles坩埚catalytic converters催化转换器cementite 渗碳体concentration 集中carburizing 渗碳critical rate 临界速度Carbonitrides碳氮化物Carbides碳化物Cell size晶胞大小Cell misorientation细胞取向差Casting铸造Centrifugal casting离心铸造Coarse-grained silica粗大晶粒的二氧化硅Concentrate聚集浓缩Creep strength蠕变强度Cooling rate冷却Crystallization 结晶Combustion燃烧Constitutional diagram状态图Constituents组份Chain-like链状Coarsening of Austenite grains粗化奥氏体晶粒D defect缺陷deoxidation去氧ductile易延展的designation名称deformation变形dislocation motion位错运动high/low ductility塑性ductile iron球墨铸铁，韧性铁ductility韧性die castings压铸dental alloys牙齿的合金Depends v. 依赖disperse 分散depletion 消耗尽decomposes分解diffusionless martensite transformation 无扩散马氏体转变Deformed elongated structure变形细长结构Dislocation cell formation位错胞的形成Dislocation density位错密度Dynamic recrystallization 动态再结晶Static recrystallization静态再结晶Ductility and toughness塑性（延展性）和韧性Distortion 变形（畸变）Depends依赖Deformability可变形性Diminishes减小Diffusion扩散Decomposition 分解Diffusion扩散Deformability n. 可变形性Diminishes减小Diffusion扩散Decomposition分解E Exceed超越electrostatic attraction静电吸引electrical conductivity导电性electronics industry 电子产业Equilibrium平衡electron microscope 电子显微镜Evacuated排空的Embrittling impurities 杂质脆化Equiaxed等轴的，各项等大的Eddy current losses涡流耗损Equilibrium平衡F Fracture断裂ferrous alloys铁合金forging锻造ferrite铁素体heat resistant alloys耐热合金formability可成形性forged锻造的fabrication制造fabrication制造Foams v. 起泡沫Fabrication制造Fine grains小晶粒Formation of Austenite 奥氏体形成Ferrite gain铁氧体收益Flow stress流变应力Flask型腔Fine，equiaxed grains细小等轴晶粒Fluid tightness液体密闭性Fatigue strength疲劳强度Foams起泡沫Fabrication制造Fine grains小晶粒Formation of Austenite 奥氏体形成G General-purpose plain steels普通钢gray iron灰铸铁finely faceted细面的graphite石墨galvanization通流电Grains成状结构granular粒状的Grain boundary strengthening晶界强化Grain growth颗粒增长H Hot-rolled steel热轧钢higher strength高强度hardness硬度hot working热处理Heating temperature加热温度Homogeneous austenite均匀奥氏体homogeneous均匀hypereutectoid 过共析体hypoeutectoid 亚共析体hypoeutectoid ferrite 亚共析铁素体hypereutectoid cementite 过共析渗碳体Hinged and fastened with a screw device用螺纹设备来连接并固定I Bad Impurities有害杂质immense极大的inferior较低的Inhomogeneous 不平均Inherent fine grained本质粗大晶粒Incubation period 孕育期Is accompanied with 伴随着Interrupted 中断打断incubation period 孕育期isothermal decomposition ofaustenite 奥氏体的等温转变Internal cavitation and fracture behaviors内部的气穴现象和断裂行为Investment molds 熔模铸造Invert倒置In wrought form按照加工的形式impaire损害J justificationL less liable to grain coarsening 晶粒粗化不易lamellar薄片状的left hand curve左边的曲线logarithmic 对数lamellar structure 层状结构Lubricant润滑剂Lost wax process失蜡铸造法M Mechanical property机械性能martensite马氏体malleable可塑的molten metal金属液molybdenum钼Molecules 分子Macromolecules 大分子measure of its stability 衡量它的稳定性Metallographic examination of quenched specimens淬火试样的金相检验N Nitrites亚硝酸盐类niobium铌Nucleation of pearlite珠光体形核normalizing正火Nitrides氮化物O Oxidation氧化ore reserves矿藏量oxides氧化物Overheat 过热P Plasticity塑性plastic deformation塑性变形precipitation-hardening steels沉淀硬化钢phase 相properties性能porosity多孔precipitates析出物，沉淀物passivation钝化作用platinum coatingsPearlitic grain 珠光体Pearlite（ferrite+cementite）珠光体是有铁素体和渗碳体组成的Pearlite transformation珠光体表面Polymers 聚合物Polymerization 聚合物白金涂料Pinning of subboundaries钢钉的分界限Plastic flow塑性流动Plastic-bonded shell molds塑性粘结壳型Plaster molds 石膏模Pour into 倒入Precision-cast精铸Precision精度Q Quench冷却quasi-eutectoid 伪共析R Rolling mill轧钢厂resistance阻力radiators散热器rival竞争的radiation shielding辐射防护层Rigidity of刚性的Retarded 迟钝的Retarded adj. 智力迟钝的recrystallization再结晶Retention保留Recovery 回火Recrystallized再结晶Replica复制品Refractory material耐火材料S Structural materials结构材料self-strengthening自强化stress concentrator应力集中点state standard国家标准stamping冲压sheet板材stainless steels不锈钢springs弹性shrinkage减少spheroidal球状的solution hardening固溶淬火solubility可溶性Single grain 单晶Spontaneous 自发sorbite索氏体superposition重叠structural 结构strain hardened 应变强化saturation 饱和Softening软化Stored energy储存的能量Stress 应力Strain rate应变率Subgrain and dislocation strengthening亚晶和位错强化Superplasticity超塑性Static recovery静态恢复Strain rate应变率Stress strain应力应变Strength and stiff 强度和硬度Stress rupture应力破坏，应力断裂Surface finish 表面光洁度Setting and firing固化Sand is rammed or packed沙子是冲压和晒满的T Thermal保热的tenacious紧密的tensile strength抗拉强度tantalum钽tungsten钨The liability of austenite to grain coarsening趋向The final grain size最终晶粒尺寸The rate of transformation 转变温度The rate of nucleation 形核速度The rate of crystal晶核Thermoplastic polymers热塑聚体Transparency 透明的troostite 屈氏体tempering 回火Torsion扭转tension拉伸compression 压缩Two orders of magnitude两个数量级Thermally activated热启动Thermosetting resin热固性树脂Tolerance公差U Undercooling 过冷undercooled austenite 过冷奥氏体undercool过冷V Viscosities粘度vanadium钒W Weight reduction测量结构wrought alloys可锻合金welding焊接Work hardening 加工硬化Wooden pattern 木制的模板Withdrawn取出Wax蜡烛Weakness缺点Y Yield屈服Yield strength屈服强度。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语版介绍-完整版-狂砍幸福
Material molding and control engineering research through the hot working to change the microstructural structure, macro properties and surface shape, the hot working process of the relevant technological factors on the influence of the materials, solve the molding process development, molding equipment, process optimization theory and method. The die design theory and method, the mould manufacturing of material, heat treatment, processing methods. This subject is the development of national economy of pillar industry.This specialized raise has materials science and engineering theory basis, material molding process and control engineering, mould design and manufacture professional knowledge, can in machinery, mould, material molding manufacture engaged in scientific research, application development, technology and equipment for the design, manufacturing and operation management, the advanced engineering and technical personnel and management personnel. This major is divided into two training module:(1)welding forming and control:Training to adapt to the needs of society, grasp the basic theory of welding forming, metal material welding, welding inspection, welding methods and equipment, welding production management comprehensive knowledge of the senior technical personnel.(2) the mold design and manufacturing:Master the material plastic forming the basic theory, the die design and manufacture, die computer-aided design, materials such as plastic processing production management comprehensive knowledge of the senior technical personnel.The professional bachelor's, master's with PhD degree of engineering and architecture, students can choose to further study. Students can to machinery manufacturing, automotive and shipping manufacture, metal and rubber and plastic materials processing, etc and welding material molding, engaged in the mould design and manufacturing, and related control of the production process, technical development, scientific research, business management, trade marketing, etc. This major wide employment, the market demand, the employment situation is good.Material molding and control engineering is the predecessor of the metal casting professional. The early liberation, China's metal materials professional belongs to the discipline of the machinery, metal forming belong to major in mechanical engineering. Due to the needs of the development of the industry, our country in the early days of the steel smelting level and scale improve soon, corresponding promoted the metal especially steel molding the professional development. Beijing steel institute (now the Beijing science and technology university), wuhan iron and steel institute, shenyang mechanical engineering college is China's earlier a batch of metal forming research institutions. Other universities in the mechanical engineering also have metal casting molding subject, these professional training for our country in the early days of a large number of socialist construction personnel. The-60-s, under the help of the Soviet union, China's rapid development of industry, the corresponding molding the professional have gained great achievements, all kinds of machine manufacturing needs a lot of metal parts, and these parts of the strength and hardness and size requirement enhances unceasingly, metal forming level and therefore get improved a lot.At present, the material molding and control engineering has become one of the components materials to an important process, the modern industrial development on parts of the performance requirements more and more high, some application of materials depends not only on the material itself all sorts of function, but also on its mechanical properties can be processed. Therefore, material molding industry has been accompanied by the development of new high technology ceaselessly. In the 90 s, China has built a large number of modern material molding enterprise, make our country material processing standards have been raised, some export added value of products improve. At present our country some enterprise production of stamping, stretch forming parts already exported to Japan motor corporation the company of affiliation, Toshiba corporation the company of affiliation, Fuji, motor, kawasakiheavy industries, wu mountain instrument corporation and other enterprise. By cold forming, hot extrusion process of copper pipe production has been exported to the United States, Germany and Australia and other countries.Our country material molding and control technology is still needs further development, computer control forming technology in our country at present is still in the initial stage, and in this industry the technology level of our country in the world still is backward, and our country to this domain product demand is big rise, thereby material molding field would be in the next few years for considerable development. 21 century information industry, material industry, the energy industry will be the national production of the three pillar industries, and material molding and control technology material industry is one of the important parts, it would involve all fields of national production.。
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
As a practical matter，these alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between 0.05 and 2.0 wt％carbon The cast irons generally contain between 2.0 and 4.5 wt％ carbon． wt%——weight percent carbon—碳
Bond n. 结合(物), 粘结(剂), 联结, 公债, 债券, 合同
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Because of the metallic bond，metals are capable of plastic deformation （塑性变形）and self-strengthening（加工硬化） upon plastic deformation. Therefore , if there is a defect（缺 陷） in a material or if the shape of an element is such that there are stress concentrators ,the stresses in these points may attain a great value and even cause cracking .
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
1.2.1 Plain Carbon Steel 普通碳钢
Hot-rolled steel delivered （供给）by steelmaking works as rolled sections(bars, beams，sheets．tubes，etc) is the most wildly used material for manufacture of various machines， machine tools, building structures，consumer goods， etc．Delivered steel should have the properties as specified by State Standards（国家标准）． 钢铁制造车间供给的热轧钢主要为棒材、柱材、板材、管材 等，热轧钢是制造各种机械、机器工具、建筑结构和消费品 中应用最广泛的材料。所供给的钢应具有国家标准规定的各 种性能。
由于具有金属键，金属在(塑性)变形时具有塑性以及在塑性 变形基础上产生的加工硬化的象。因此，如果材料或者其某 部分中有缺陷，会导致应力集中，在这些点的应力会达到很 大甚至产生裂纹。
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
but since the plasticity of the material is high，the metal is deformed plastically in that point，say，at the tip of a crack， undergoes strengthening, and the process of fracture comes to an arrest.
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Among numerous properties possessed by materials，their mechanical properties，in the majority of cases，are the most essential and therefore，they will be given much consideration in the book．
这一现象则不会在非金属中出现。非金属不能进行塑性变形 和发生加工硬化现象。因此，一旦某处缺陷的应力超过某一 定值后，就会产生断裂。
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
These facts explain why metals are reliable structural materials and can not be excelled by non—metallic materials
The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys．
工程设计中主要要求铁合金能够承受结构载荷或进行能量传 输。
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
All non—metals have an ionic or a covalent bond(共价键)， these types of bond are rigid and are due to electrostatic attraction of two ions of unlike charges． 非金属主要由离子键或者共价键组成。这些类型的化学键不 是通过电荷间，而是离子间的静电吸引连接在一起的。这种 连接是刚性的。
在钢的分类中，我们还需明确是否使用了大量的合金中非碳 合金元素。高合金钢和低合金钢的严格界限在于非碳合金元 素的含量是否超过了5%wt.
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
These alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased materials costs．They are justified only by essential improvements in properties such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance．
deoxidafion脱氧
hot-rolled steel热轧钢
magnesium [化]镁
manganese〈化〉锰(元素符号为 Mn) phosphorus磷 sulphur 硫 impurity n.杂质, 混杂物, 不洁, 不 纯
beam线材
State Standard国家标准 forging锻造 alloying element合金元素 harmful impurity有害杂质 welding焊接 stamping冲压
人类所用的金属材料中90％的都为铁合金。这则说明功能材 料种类繁多，其组织和性能也各种各样。
Note：the long sentence should be decomposed into clause ( short sentence).
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
由于各种关键零部件的可靠性要求高，均用金属而不是玻璃、 塑料或石头制造。
is required 翻译时将英文中的被动语态，改译为汉语中的主 动语态。
rather than 而不是
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
As has been given in Sec.1-1，metals are characterized by the metallic bond（金属键），where positive ions （正离子） occupy the sites of the crystal lattice （晶格）and are surrounded by electron gas（电子云） ． 正如Sec1-1中所说，金属主要由金属键组成（其特征主 要……）。金属键就是正离子占有晶格位置，周围包围着电 子云。
Arrest-t停止、扣留、制动、逮捕。Fracture－裂纹、断裂
但是由于材料的塑性好，金属可以在这些位置产生塑性变形， 即：裂纹尖端产生硬化，会推迟断裂过程的产生。
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
This does not occur in non-metals．They are uncapable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening. Therefore, fracture（断裂） will occur as soon as the stresses at the tip of a defect exceed a definite v金中碳含量将其分为两大类：钢铁 一般含有0.05-2.0wt％的碳，铸铁一般含有2.0-4.5％wt的碳。
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Within the steel category，we shall distinguish whether or not a significant amount of alloying elements other than carbon is used．A composition of 5wt％ total non-carbon (非 碳元素) additions will serve as all arbitrary boundary between low alloy and high alloy steels．