考博真题-RS
RS考博复习资料--名词
监督分类用已知样本做训练区，对训练区进行训练，建立判别函数，然后去识别未知像元的过程。
用已知类别的样本去识别其它未知类别像元的过程。
最大似然法根据训练样本的均值和方差评价其他像元值与训练类别之间的相似性，将像元划分到相似度最大的类别中。
其数学公式是基于正态分布的假设。
主成分分析PCA利用波段之间的相互关系，通过数学变换将多波段图像信息集中并压缩到比原波段更有效的、互不相关的少数几个主成分上，使各主成分间具独立性，信息不重复。
混合像元记录了多类不同性质的地面目标的辐射能量的总和的像元高光谱遥感用很窄的（波段带宽约5—10 nm）、大量的（可有几十至上百个波段）、近连续的光谱波段，对地面物体进行遥感成像。
大气纠正消除大气效应（吸收、散射等）的处理。
色度空间彩色坐标系统。
RGB混色系统；HIS坐标系统：“I” （intensity）为明度或光照强度，表示色彩的亮度；“H”（hue）为色调、色度，表示红（R）、绿（G）、蓝（B）等颜色特性；“S” (saturation)为色饱和度，表示色彩的纯洁度。
小波变换能将原始图像分解成一系列具有不同空间分辨率和频域特性的子图像，即一个低通滤波和三个高通滤波图像的空间尺度变换方法。
密度分割将具有连续色调的单色影像按一定密度范围进行分层，对每层赋予不同的色彩用于影像密度分层显示的彩色增强技术全球定位系统是利用多颗导航卫星的无线电信号，对地球表面某地点进行定位、报时和对地表移动物体进行导航的技术系统。
合成孔径雷达合成孔径侧视雷达是利用遥感平台的前进运动，将一个小孔径的天线安装在平台的侧方，以代替大孔径的天线，提高方位分辨力的雷达。
成像光谱仪既能成像又能获取目标光谱曲线的“谱像合一”的技术，称为成像光谱技术。
按该原理制成的扫描仪称为成像光谱仪。
遥感制图以遥感影像和一定的地图符号来制作表现制图对象地理空间分布和环境状况的地图的技术体系。
空间投影将空间卫星摄影或扫描图像获得的地理信息按某种方法转换为平面影像地图或地形图上地理信息的过程。
考博英语真题 (2)
考博英语真题1. Introduction考博英语真题是博士研究生入学考试的一部分，旨在评估考生在英语听、说、读、写方面的综合能力。
本文将介绍考博英语真题的相关信息，包括考试形式和内容，以及考试的重要性和备考建议。
2. 考试形式和内容考博英语真题通常分为听力、阅读、写作和翻译四个部分。
在考试中，考生需要通过听力理解和口语表达、阅读理解和写作能力、以及翻译技巧来展示自己的英语水平。
2.1 听力理解和口语表达在这个部分，考生将会听到一段录音，并根据听到的内容回答相关问题。
这旨在测试考生对于英语语音和语调的理解能力，以及口语表达的流利程度。
考生需要通过听力练习来提高自己的听力水平，在表达方面要注意语速、语调和语音准确性。
2.2 阅读理解阅读理解部分包括阅读一篇英语文章，并回答相关问题。
这部分考试主要测试考生对于英语文本的阅读理解能力，包括对文章主旨、细节和观点的理解。
考生需要通过阅读大量英语文章来提高自己的阅读理解能力，学会抓住关键信息和进行有效的分析。
2.3 写作能力写作部分要求考生根据所给的题目或议题撰写一篇短文。
这部分考试主要测试考生的写作能力和逻辑思维能力。
考生需要通过练习写作来提高自己的组织和表达能力，注意文章结构、语法和词汇的使用。
2.4 翻译技巧翻译部分要求考生根据所给的句子或段落，将其翻译成相应的英文。
这部分考试主要测试考生的翻译能力和对于中英文之间的语言转换的掌握程度。
考生需要通过大量的翻译练习来提高自己的翻译能力，学会准确表达中文含义。
3. 考试的重要性考博英语真题在博士研究生入学考试中占据重要的地位。
英语是国际学术交流的重要工具，博士研究生需要具备一定的英语能力来阅读国际期刊论文、撰写学术文章、与国际学者进行交流。
通过考博英语真题的考试，学校可以对考生的英语能力进行评估，以选择适合的研究生。
4. 备考建议要取得好的考试成绩，考生需要做好充分的备考准备。
•首先，考生需要了解考试的形式和内容，确定备考的重点和重要性。
考博英语历年真题试卷
考博英语历年真题试卷《考博英语历年真题试卷》As an aspiring doctoral student, the journey to obtaining a PhD is a challenging and rigorous one. One of the major milestones in this journey is the examination process, and the English language proficiency test is a crucial component of this process. The "考博英语历年真题试卷" (Doctoral English Language Proficiency Test Past Papers) is an invaluable resource for students preparing for this exam. The past papers provide a comprehensive overview of the types of questions that may be asked in the exam, as well as the format and structure of the test. By studying these papers, students can gain a better understanding of the exam's requirements and expectations, and can tailor their preparation accordingly. Furthermore, the past papers also serve as a valuable practice tool for students. By attempting the questions in the papers, students can assess their current level of English proficiency and identify areas for improvement. This allows them to focus their efforts on areas where they may be weaker, and to develop strategies for tackling different types of questions.In addition to being a practical study aid, the past papers also offer insight into the evolution of the exam over the years. By studying older papers, students can gain a better understanding of how the exam has changed and adapted over time, and can anticipate potential trends or patterns in the types of questions that may be asked in future exams.Overall, the "考博英语历年真题试卷" is an essential resource for any studentpreparing for the English language proficiency test as part of their doctoral studies. By using these past papers as a study aid, students can gain a better understanding of the exam's requirements, assess their current level of proficiency, and develop effective strategies for success. With diligent preparation and the help of these past papers, students can approach the exam with confidence and achieve their goal of obtaining a PhD.。
中科院考博试题特
中科院多科考博试题中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学（博士）注：请将试卷写在答题纸上；不用抄题，但要写请题号；草稿纸上答题无效。
一、名次解释：（20分）二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。
（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。
（12分）五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。
（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。
（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？（8分）中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学（博士）2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1．酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性，请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
（20分）2．什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制？如何证明？真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同？（20分）3．概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。
（20分）4．简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。
（15分）5．吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水？（10分）6．在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用？如果有，其可能的生物学意义是什么？（5分）以下两题中任选一题（10分）7．概述植物或微生物细胞感应（应答）环境刺激因子（如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等）的可能的生物化学过程模式。
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Big Brother's Really Hard TestHi! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. I'm in 3rd grade at Sunshine Elementary School. My big brother David is 24 and he's trying to get into a PhD program at a university called University of Central South in China. It's a really good school for studying science and engineering.Last weekend, David had to take this giant exam called the PhD entrance exam. It looked super duper hard! The exam had sections on listening, reading, writing, and translating between Chinese and English. David studied like crazy for weeks before the test.For the listening part, David had to listen to recordings in English of lectures and conversations. Then he had to answer questions about the main ideas and details he heard. Some of the recordings were about really complicated topics like quantum physics and bioengineering. I tried listening to one of David's practice recordings and it was all just篇2The Big Test for the Really Smart StudentsMy big sister is so smart! She is in university studying to be a doctor or scientist or something. She has to take all sorts of really hard tests. I don't know how she does it. Tests are the worst!The other day, she was telling me and my parents about this huge English test she has to take soon. It's called the PhD English Exam or something like that. PhD must mean "Pretty Hard Doozy" because that's what it sounds like to me!She said it's a requirement for all the students working on their highest degree thingy, like a master's but even higher. I can't imagine having to take a test that big after being in school for so many years already. No thank you!My sister explained that the test has different sections to show you really know English well. There's a listening part where you hear conversations or talks and have to answer questions about the main ideas and details.Then there's a reading section with long passages on serious topics. You need to understand the passages and answerquestions that check if you truly comprehended the main points, structures, and implied meanings. It sounds super hard to me.There are also writing tasks where you have to write essays and summarize information from readings or lectures. My sister said you get judged on your vocabulary, grammar, organization, and how well you support your ideas. Writing has always been one of my biggest struggles in school.But the part that sounds most scary to me is the speaking section! Can you imagine having to speak English in an official test environment? My sister described having to give speeches and respond to questions, all while being recorded. I'd be shaking like a tiny mouse!On top of those sections, there are parts that test your knowledge of grammar rules, sentence structures, and academic vocabulary. My sister has been studying reference books full of terms I've never even heard of. I don't know how she keeps it all straight in her brilliant brain.From what she's told me, it's a marathon test that takes hours to complete. You need incredible stamina along with your language skills. My mom jokes that they should give test-takers little treadmills to walk on so they don't fall asleep!I admire my sister for tackling such an immense challenge. She has always been driven and never shies away from hard work. Still, thinking about that exam makes my head spin. I don't know if the reward of getting credit for the test and moving on in the program is worth all that pressure and difficulty.Then again, I'm just a kid. My biggest tests are my weekly spelling quizzes and hoping I bubbled in the right answers on my math homework. For university students like my big sis who want to earn the highest degrees, conquering the PhD English Exam is just par for the course.I'm rooting for her because I know she's got the brainpower and dedication to knock it out of the park. But you couldn't pay me a million dollars to walk a mile in her shoes! Maybe when I'm older, I'll appreciate academic challenges more. For now, I'll stick to my times tables and thank my lucky stars I don't have to face the "Pretty Hard Doozy" of an English test anytime soon.Those university-level assignments sound harder than climbing Mount Everest! I'll leave the extreme scholarly feats to my sister the super-achiever. I'm sticking to snack times, recess, and hopefully passing third grade. Wish my poor, overstressed sister lots of luck because she's gonna need it!篇3My Big Brother's Hard English TestMy big brother is so smart! He's in university studying really difficult things to become a doctor. But before he can get his special doctor degree, he has to pass this crazy hard English test. It's called the Doctoral English Exam and it's given at his school, Central South University.I'm only 10 years old, but I've heard my brother talking about how stressful this test is. He's been studying English reallyreally hard for months! He has to know all sorts of big vocabulary words that I've never even heard of. And he has to be able to read papers and books from scientists and professors and understand everything they're saying. It's a lot harder than the simple English books I read in school!My brother lets me look through some of his English study materials sometimes. There are chapters upon chapters of scientific words about math, chemistry, biology, and everything else. Reading it makes my head spin! How is anyone supposed to learn the meaning of words like "biochemical" or "thermodynamic"? They sound like spells from Harry Potter! Mybrother has entire lists of these crazy vocabulary words that he has to memorize.Then there are the practice tests he has to take. They give him long passages from research papers and science journals, and he has to answer all of these complicated questions about the main ideas, the evidence used, the author's views and assumptions, and more. He shows me the reading passages sometimes and I can't make any sense of them at all! It's like they're written in code.And that's not even the hardest part of the exam! My brother also has to write a paper in perfect English, using proper academic language and formating. He has been practicing his writing over and over, making sure every single word is used accurately. Mom and dad proofread his practice essays but they always find tons of little mistakes. You can't have any errors at all on this big important test!The exam also has a listening section where my brother has to understand recordings of lectures and conversations between professors. He struggles a lot with that part because the speakers use such advanced vocabulary and speak really fast with complicated sentence structures. My brother makes me read thelistening transcripts out loud to him sometimes to practice, but I always stumble over the words and can't read smoothly.I really feel bad for my big brother. He has been working himself to the bone studying for this insane English test. I don't know how he keeps it all straight in his head! Every night he's hunched over his desk with his face buried in books and notebooks, writing and re-writing practice essays and vocabulary lists. When he's not studying, he looks exhausted.This doctoral English exam is definitely no joke. I can't even imagine having to know that much English when I'm older! Part of me is jealous of how smart and hard-working my brother is. But another part of me is really glad that I'm just a kid and don't have to worry about anything as difficult as this test anytime soon. I'll just be happy learning simple English reading and writing in elementary school for now. My brother is the real English superhero in our family!Everyone has been cheering him on as he gets closer to his test day. We're all rooting for him and know he's going to do awesome. He's been preparing for so long, it would be a shame for all his effort to go to waste. I really look up to him for being able to tackle something as challenging as this English exam. He's going to make our family so proud when he passes!篇4My Big Sister's Big TestHi! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. I love playing outside, reading books, and eating ice cream. But today I want to tell you about something really important that happened to my big sister Amy.Amy is 24 years old and she just finished her master's degree in chemistry at Central South University. That's a really good school in Changsha, which is a big city in China. After getting her master's, Amy decided she wanted to continue studying and get her PhD, which is the highest degree you can get!To get into the PhD program at Central South University, Amy had to take a really difficult exam called the entrance exam for PhD candidates. It had sections testing her English ability, her knowledge of chemistry, and her research skills. Amy studied super hard for months to prepare.The exam was last Saturday and Amy was really nervous leading up to it. The night before, she laid out her pencils, erasers, calculator, water bottle, and snacks on the kitchen table. She wanted to make sure she was totally ready. I remember her pacing back and forth, mumbling chemistry equations under herbreath. My parents kept telling her "You've got this Amy! You're so prepared!"On the morning of the exam, we all got up really early. My dad made Amy's favorite breakfast - an omelet with peppers, onions, and cheese. Amy's hands were shaking as she forced a few bites down. You could tell she had butterflies doingloop-de-loops in her stomach.The exam was held at the Central South University chemistry building, which is this huge fancy place with tons of labs. As we pulled up, I saw hundreds of people streaming inside holding pencil cases and water bottles. They all looked just as nervous as Amy.My mom, dad, and I went with Amy to the registration desk to get her testing room assignment. The lady working there was very stern looking. "Candidate number 4521, testing room 327B," she barked at Amy. Amy gulped and gave us a scared look. We pulled her into a big family hug. "You're going to do great! We love you!" my mom whispered.Then it was time for Amy to go in. She straightened her shoulders, took a deep breath, and strode towards the testing rooms looking determined. We waited outside for what felt like forever!Finally, after six looooong hours, Amy emerged from the building. She looked exhausted but had a little smile on her face. We ran over and smothered her with hugs and kisses. "How did it go? How did it go?" we all shouted. Amy laughed, "It was so hard! That English reading section almost killed me. But I feel like I did pretty well overall!"We went out for Amy's favorite dumplings that night to celebrate her pushing through the big test. She had to wait a few weeks to get her results, but she felt good about it. Sure enough, a few weeks later Amy got the great news that she passed and was admitted to the PhD program! We were all so proud.Now Amy is hard at work on her PhD research. She spends many late nights in the lab running experiments and analyzing data. Sometimes she comes home looking like a zombie from being so tired. But she's living her dream of becoming a chemical researcher.I hope I can be as hard-working and dedicated as my big sister Amy when I grow up. She inspires me to follow my passions and never give up, no matter how difficult the challenge. I'm so proud of her for passing that big entrance exam through all her preparation and perseverance. Maybe I'll be a PhD student at Central South University too someday!篇5The Big Grown-Up TestHi! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. I have to tell you about this really crazy thing that happened to me last week. It was the craziest, most bonkers thing ever!You see, my big sister Mei is a super smart PhD student at Central South University. She's getting her super duper genius degree in microbiology, which is the study of tiny little germs that you can't even see unless you have a really powerful microscope. Isn't that crazy?Anyway, last week Mei had to take this gigantic, huge, enormo test called the "PhD English Examination." It's supposed to be like the most difficult English test in the whole world for people trying to get their PhD. Mei studied super hard for weeks and weeks, reading big heavy books and making notecards and everything.She told me the test was going to be four whole hours long! Can you imagine? I can't even sit still for the one-hour monthly tests we take at my elementary school. Four hours of just reading and writing in English sounds like literal torture to me. But Iguess if you want to get a PhD, you have to be a super genius and take tests like that.The morning of the test, Mei was very nervous. Her hands were shaking as she put on her lucky hair ribbon and packed her pencils and eraser in her backpack. I thought it was funny that a grown-up still used a backpack, but I guess everyone needs somewhere to put their stuff."Don't worry, Mei!" I told her. "You're going to ace this test because you're the smartest person I know after Albert Einstein and Marie Curie."Mei gave me a big hug. "Thanks, squirt. Wish me luck!" And then she headed off to the university to face her big grown-up test.Well, four hours slowly ticked by. Four whole hours! I played outside, had a snack, took a tiny nap, and played some more, and Mei still wasn't home yet. I was starting to get a little worried about her.Finally, after what felt like a million years, Mei came trudging through the door. She looked like a zombie that had been through a tornado! Her hair was sticking up in all directions, her shirt was untucked, and she had huge bags under her eyes."Mei! Are you okay?" I rushed over to see if she needed a glass of water or a nap on the couch."I'm fine, Lily," Mei said in a croaky voice. "Just really, really tired. That test was...intense."Then she told me all about the different sections on the test. There was reading, where you had to read a billion passages about things like economics and biochemistry and answer mega hard comprehension questions.Then there was writing, where you had to write a gorillion word essay arguing whether smoking should be banned in public parks or whatever. Can you imagine? A gorillion words in four hours? My hand would fall off after writing that much!And those were just the start. Mei also had sections testing her listening skills, her verbal skills, her translation abilities, and even using English to present scientific research! It sounded positively grueling. No wonder Mei looked like a wet dishrag when she got home."So...how did it go?" I asked once Mei had gulped down a big glass of water. "Did you ace it and make me and Mom and Dad proud?"Mei shrugged her shoulders. "I don't know, Lily. I really don't know if I passed or not. It was just...so hard. I felt really prepared going in, but there were some sections and questions that completely stumped me. We don't get the results back for a couple months."For the next few months, Mei was a nervous wreck wondering if she had done well enough on the test. She kept imagining worst case scenarios where she failed and had tore-take the whole thing over again next year. I felt really bad for her.Finally, the long-awaited day arrived when Mei got her test results in the mail. She ripped open the envelope with shaking hands...and then broke into the biggest smile I've ever seen! She passed! She freaking passed the PhD English Examination!Mei scooped me up and swung me around in a huge hug. "I did it, Lily! Your big sister is going to be a PhD! All that hard work and effort paid off!"I was so proud of her. Getting through a crazy tough exam like that proved that Mei is one of the smartest, most dedicated people in the whole world. I just hoped that one day, if I ever decide to get a PhD myself, I'll be able to push through super difficult tests like that too.Although let's be honest...four hours of non-stop English? No thank you! I'll stick to the simple one-hour math tests where I am. But good job, Mei! You're amazing!篇6My Big Bro's Hard English TestHi! My name is Xiao Ming and I'm 8 years old. I'm in 3rd grade at Changsha No. 1 Elementary School. My big brother Da Wei is really smart - he's 24 and just finished his master's degree in English at Central South University. Now he wants to get his PhD there too!A few weeks ago, Big Bro had to take a huge English test to try to get into the PhD program. It was the craziest, hardest test I've ever seen! I watched him study for weeks. Let me tell you all about it.First, there was this reeeeeally long reading section. Big Bro had to read like 5 super duper long papers and articles - they looked soooo boring! They were about all sorts of complicated topics like linguistics, literature, philosophy, and history. After reading each one, he had to answer bunches of questions testing if he understood all the confusing details and main ideas. The questions were really hard too, asking him to analyze andcritique the authors' arguments and writing styles. I tried reading one of the passages but I could barely understand a word!Then there was this crazy listening section where Big Bro put on headphones and had to listen to some English lectures, conversations, and presentations. The audio clips were on all these mind-numbing topics again - society, environment, politics, blah blah blah. I fell asleep just listening for 5 minutes! But Big Bro had to keep taking notes while listening and then answer questions testing his comprehension, like picking out the speaker's opinions or the context of certain phrases and stuff. Sounded like torture to me!But that's not all - the test also had a writing section where Big Bro had to write two mega essays in English, one analyzing a piece of literature and one persuasive essay on some philosophical idea. He had to come up with his own arguments and interpretations, organize them clearly, and explain everything in perfect academic English using fancy vocabulary. When I write essays I can barely string a few sentences together, but Big Bro's essays had to be like 800 words each! And the graders would nitpick every little grammar and spelling mistake. No pressure or anything...Lastly, there was this oral section where Big Bro had to have an entire conversation and debate in English with some professors. They threw all these wacky prompts and hypothetical situations at him about random topics like history, culture, politics, you name it. And he had to respond smoothly and analytically, explaining his viewpoints using logic and evidence and junk. Just imagining all those intimidating professors firing questions at me made me want to crawl under my desk!Phew, I'm exhausted just describing this brutally hard test! Big Bro devoted every waking hour for over a month to prepping and practicing for each section. He was constantly reading, writing essays, doing listening drills, reciting speeches out loud, madly highlighting vocab lists, and chugging cups of coffee. By the end he looked like an exhausted zombie.But you know what? After weeks of basically torturing himself, Big Bro rocked that killer exam! His scores in every section were off-the-charts amazing. The professors were crazy impressed with his English skills - he got to demonstrate his total mastery of reading, writing, listening, and speaking at the highest academic level. Now he's been accepted into Central South University's incredibly competitive PhD program to continue his studies! Isn't that awesome?!All I know is, thank goodness I'm still in elementary school with years before I have to take any horrifyingly difficult tests like that. I'll just leave the suffering to my poor big brother while I play video games and dream of summer vacation. But I'm still super proud of Big Bro for being such a genius and working so unbelievably hard. I just hope they go a little easier on him in his PhD classes!。
医学考博英语统考真题
2007 年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversationsbetween two speakers. At the end of each conversation, youwill hear a question about what is said. The question will beread only once. After you hear the question, read the fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right an swer.Sample An swerA B C DNow let 'begi n with questio n Number 1.1.A. To do some experiments.B. To attend a class.C. To review his lessons.D. To take a test.2.A. In a hotel.B. In the hospital.C. In the prison.D. At the airport.3.A. He got an ulcer in his stomach.B. He got hurt in the soccer game.C. He will be discharged soon.D. He got his tumor removed.4.A. She told a lie so as not to hurt Jimmy.B. She felt because she had a headache.C. She hurt Jimmy by telling him a lie.D. She slept off her headache.5.A. His new car is not fast enough.B. His new car moves very fast.C. His new car is a real bargain.D. His new car is somewhat of a financial burden.6.A. Get more time to relax.B. Take some tranquillizers.C. Seek a second opinion.D. Avoid her responsibilities.7.A. He got a headache while establishing the institute.B. He had a hard time getting the institute started.C. Everything was OK at the beginning.D. It is impossible to open such an institute in Seoul.8.ExcitedFrustratedAnnoyedRelieved9.Each class lasts an hour.The class is meeting in an hour and a half.The class meets four hours and a half per week.The class meets for half an hour three times a week. 10.A. The woman was a good skier.B. The woman couldn't ski.C. The woman didn't intend to go skiing.D. The woman didn't like Swiss. 11.A. She's an insurance agent.B. She's an insurance client.C. She's a bank clerk.D. She's a driver.A. He tripped over some crutches.12.B. He had rheumatism in his legs.C. He sprained his foot.D. He broke his leg.13.A. The vacation is almost gone.B. The vacation has just started.C. They are prepared for the new semester.D. They can't wait for the new semester.14.A. She was knocked down by a feather.B. She is shamed of Larry.C. She was really surprised.D. She was proud of Larry.15.A. To visit his son.B. To perform an operation.C. To have an operation.D. To send his son for an operation.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16.A. A pharmacist.B. A visitor.C. A physician.D. A dieter.17.A. Cough.B. Diarrhea.C. Headache.D. Stomach upset.18.A. Pain-killers.B. Cough syrup.C. Antidiarrheas.D. Indigestion tablets.19.A. The cold weather.B. Tiredness caused by traveling.C. The strange food he had eaten.D. The greasy food he had eaten.20.A. Take the medicine from the woman.B. G to see a specialist.C. Stop eating and drinking for a few days.D. Stay in bed for a couple of days. Passage Two21.A. Headaches.B. Insomnia.C. Respiratory problems.D. Digestive problems.22.A. On Monday in Edinburgh.B. On Wednesday in Edinburgh.C. On Monday at Staffordshire University.26.D. On Wednesday at Staffordshire University.24.A. The subjects were asked to write of their free will.B. The subjects were asked to write in a systematic way.C. The subjects were asked to say how often they made entries.D. The subjects were asked if they had written down anything traumatic. 25.A. The diarists who write of their free will.B. The diarists who were students at Staffordshire UniversityC. The diarists who had written about trauma.D. The non-diarists who were susceptible to headaches.Passage ThreeA. A brief history of British pubs.23.A. 94B. 44C. 130D. 135B. Beer-the British national drink.C. Various attempts made to curb drinking in Britain.D. The frustrating opening and closing hours of British pubs.27.A. As early as 659 AD.B. After 659 AD.C. Before the Roman invasion.D. After the Roman invasion.28.A. To restrict drinking hours.B. To restrict travelers to certain drinks.C. To encourage the locals to drink in other towns.D. To encourage inns to lodge various kinds of people.29.A. People were better off.B. The government failed to persuade people from drinking.C. There appeared a new cheap drink.D. Drinkers had found various ways to get around the laws.30.A. The licensing hours have been extended.B. Old people are not allowed to drink in pubs.C. Children are not allowed yet to drink in pubs.D. Big changes have taken place in pubs.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each ofthem. You are to choose the word or phrase that bestcompletes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on theANSWER SHEET.31. The doctor gave him an injection in order to _____ the pain.A. alleviateB. aggregateC. abolishD. allocate32. H is broken arm healed well, but she died of the pneumonia whichfollowed as a _____ .A. complementB. complimentC. complexionD. complication33. Unfortunately, our vacation plans ________ on account of transportstrikes.A fell back B. fell thoughC. fell uponD. fell to34. The _______ climate of Hawaii attracts visitors from all over the world every year.A. genialB. frigidC. genuineD. foul35. This is the ______ in which the organism lives most effectively.A. optimumB. optionC. ordealD. orbit36. The doctor suggests that a good holiday in the country should him____ nicely after his operation.A. set …outB. set …upC. set - offD. set …aside37. His behavior was so ____ that even the merciful people could not forgive him.A. uniqueB. unconventionalC. brutalD. brilliant38. ________ to your present job until you can get a better one.A. Hang aboutB. Hang backC. Hang behindD. Hang on39. Suffering from his leg illness, Tom is very ____ nowadays.A. emaciatedB. eligibleD. excepti onal40. He saved some money for artistic ______ such as fine pain ti ngs. A. don ati ons C . luxuriesSecti on BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phraseunderlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each senten ce. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the origi nal sen ten ceif it is substituted for the un derli ned part. Mark your an swer on the ANSWER SHEET.41. It has been proved that the chemical is lethal to rats but safe for cattle.A. fatalB. reactiveC. uniqueD. vital42. To their surprise, she has bee n nominated as can didate for the Preside ncy.A. recog ni zedB. defi nedC. appo in tedD. promoted43. We cannot look down upon our opponent, who is an experieneed swimmer.C. elasticB. profits D. luresA. playerB. competitorC. refereeD. part ner44. She is regarded as a good nurse in that she attends to patie nts without any compla int.A. sees throughB. looks overC. takes inD. cares for45. It is well known that the minimum penalty for this crime is 2 years ' impris onment.A. conv icti onB. spa nC. mercyD. punishment46. The whole area of the n atio nal and local gover nments tried to wipeout rats to preve nt the spread of disease.A. extermi nateB. domin ateC. determi nateD. con tami nate47. All the students are afraid of him since he is always severe with them.A. vigorousB. rigorousC. vigila ntD. rigid48. The biggest engin eeri ng project that they un dertook was encumbered by lack of fun ds.A. can celledB. conden sedC. hamperedD. haun tedA. playerB. competitor49. In order to be a successful diplomat you must be en thusiastic andmagn etic.A. arroga ntB. in dustriousC. zealousD. attractive50. He is successful as a doctor because of his dynamic personality, heseems to have un limited en ergy.A. meticulousB. vigorousC. aggressiveD. arbitraryPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Many Can adia ns enjoy the luxury of a large amount of livi ng space. Can ada is vast, and the homes are large accord ing to the sta ndardsof many coun ties. Even _ 51__inner cities do not reach the extremes found in other parts of world.Can adia ns appreciate the space and value their privacy. Since families are gen erally small, many Can adia n childre n enjoy the luxury oftheirA. arroga ntB. in dustriousown bedroom. Having more than one bathroom in a house is also considered a modern __52__.Many rooms in Canadian homes have specialized functions.“ Family rooms”are popular features in modern houses; these are __53__“, living rooms”since many living rooms have become reserved for entertaining. Some homes have formal and informal dining areas, __54__.Recreational homes are also popular__55___ Canadians. Some Canadiansown summer homes, cottages, or camps. These may __56__ from a small one-room cabin to a luxurious building that rivals the comforts of the regular residence. Some cottages are winterized for year-round use. Cottages offer people the chance to “geat way from it all. ”They are so popular that summer weekend traffic jams are common, especially in large cities such as Toronto, where the number of people leaving town on Friday night and returning Sunday might __57__the highways for hours.Sometimes, living in Canada means not only having privacy, but also being isolated. Mobility has become a part of modern life; people often do not live in one place long enough to __58__ to know their neighbors. Tenants live their own lives in their apartments or townhouses. Even in private residential areas, where there is some ___59___, neighborhood life is not as close-knit as it once was. There seemsto be __60__ of a communal spirit. Life today is so hectic that there is often little time.51. A. spacious B. crowded C. remote D. deserted52. A. convenience B. comfort C. architecture D. taste53. A. in common B. in particular C. in chief D. in fact54. A. either B. as well C. in turn D. instead55. A. to B. in C. with D. for56. A. transform B. convert C. range D. shift57. A. blocks B . halts C. cuts off D. keeps off58. A. become B. come C. get D. grow59. A . stability B. mobility C. reality D.tranquility60. A. bit B. much C. more D. lessPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and markthe letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe popular idea that classical music can improve your maths isfalling form favor. New experiments have failed to support the widely publicized finding that Mozart 's music promotes mathematical thinking.Researchers reported six years age that listening to Mozart brings about short-tem improvements in spatial-temporal reasoning, the type of thinking used in maths. Gordon Shaw of the University of California at Irvine and Frances Rauscher of the University of Wisconsin in Oshkosh had asked students to perform spatial tasks such as imagining how a piece of paper would look if it were folded and cut in a certain pattern.Some of the students then listened to a Mozart sonata and took the test again. The performance of the Mozart group improved, Shaw found. He reasoned that listening to Mozart increases the number of connections between neurons.But Kenneth Steele of Appalachian State University in North Carolina learnt that other studies failed to find this effect. He decided to repeat one of Shaw's experiments to see for himself.Steele divided 125 students into three groups and tested their abilities to work out how to paper would look if cut and folded. One group listened to Mozart, another listened to a piece by Philip Glass and the third did not listen to anything. Then the students took the test again.No group showed any statistically significant improvement in their abilities. Steele concludes that the Mozart effect doesn't exist. “It 's about as unproven and as unsupported as you can g”eth.e says.Shaw, however, defends his study. One reason he gives is that people who perform poorly in the initial test get the greatest boost from Mozart, but Steele didn't separate his students into groups based on ability. “ We' sretill at the stage where it needs to be examined. ”Shaw says. “I suspect that the more we understand the neurobiology, the more w'ell be able to design tests that give a robust effec”t.61. It has been recently found out that ________A. Mozart had an aptitude of music because of his mathematicalthinkingB. classical music cannot be expected to improve on'se mathC. the effects of music on health are widely recognizedD. music favors one's mathematical thinking62. Which of the following pairs, according to the widely publicized finding, is connected?A. Paper cutting and spatial thinkingB. The nature of a task and the type of thinkingC. Classical music and mathematical performanceD. Mathematical thinking and spatial-temporal reasoning63. In Shaw's test, the students would most probably _____A. draw the image of the cut paperB. improve their mathematical thinkingC. have the idea about classical music confirmedD. increase the number of neurons in their brains64. From Steele's experiment we say that ____ .A. his hypothesis did not get proven and supportedB. it was much more complicated than Shaw'sC. the result were statistically significantD. Shaw's results were not repeatable65. Shaw is critical of ________A. Steele's results presented at a wrong stageB. Steele's wrong selection of the testeesC. Steele's ignorance of neurobiologyD. Steele's test designPassage TwoLong-suffering couples take heart. There is a good reason for those endless arguments in the front of the car: men and women use different parts of the brain when they try to find their way around, suggesting that the strategies they use might also be completely different.Matthias Riepe and his colleagues at the University of Ulm in Germany asked 24 healthy volunteers---half of them men, half women---to find theirway out of three virtual-reality mazes displayed on video goggles. Meanwhile, the researchers monitored the volunteers' brain activity using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. This showed that men and women called on strikingly different brain areas to complete the task. “I didn't expect it to be so dramatic,” says Riepe.Previous students have been shown that woman rely manly on landmarks to find their way. Men use these cues too, but they also use geometric cues, such as the angle and shape of a wall or a corner. Such studies also suggest that men navigate their way out of unfamiliar spaces more quickly, as Riepe found in his study, too.Riepe discovered that both men and women used parts of the parietal cortex towards the top of the brain, the right side of the hippocampus and a few other well-established areas to find their way out. Neuroscientists think that the parietal regions help translate what the eyes see into information about where the body is in space, while the hippocampal region helps progress how objects are arranged.But other regions seemed to be exclusively male or female. The men engaged the left side of their hippocampus, which the researcherssay could help with assessinggeometry or remembering whether they have already visited a location. The women, by contrast, recruited their right frontal cortex. Riepe says this may indicate that they were using their “working memory”, trying to keep in mind the landmarks they had passed.“It fits very well with the animal studies, ”says Riepe. He points out that there seem to be similar differences in rats. For example, damage to the frontal lobe will impair a female 's sense of direction, but not a mal'es.66. The studies on the driving issue have evolved _________A. from the car to the driverB. from the reality to the virtual -ealityC. from the physical cues to the parts of the brainD. from the cues of navigation to the strategies of driving67. The different parts of the brain men and women use to find their wayaround, according to the passage, refer to _______A. the left side of the hippocampus and the right frontal cortexB. the right and left side of their hippocampuses respectivelyC. the right and left hemisphere of their brains respectivelyD. the parietal cortex and the hippocampus as a whole68. The part of the brain women use may help explain whythey ___________ .A. use geometric cues to navigateB. have a better memory than menC. rely mainly on landmarks to find their waysD. behave less aggressively than men in driving69. T he reason for the differences in the sexes, according to Riepe, could beA. the environmental factorB. the psychological factorC. the innate factorD. all of the above70. Which one of the following questions did the studies answer?A. How do women and men drive differently?B. How can we detect the brain activities during driving?C. Why do men and women argue over which route to take?D. Why does the damage to the frontal lobe impair the sense ofdirection?Passage ThreeWork has left you frazzled. Your legs ache when you get back fromthe gym …don 'pop those aspiri ns just yet. Think hot spri ngs. Cranking up a hot tub and hopping in is a actural remedy that can provide significant relief from physical pain and stress.There are more than three million home spas in the U.S. today. Thereare numerous reasons spas have made the move from the decks of Hollywood producers to the back yards of middle America. Spas help reduce the effect of stress on your body, assist in muscle recovery after the stress of exercise, and help heal muscles near arthritic joints.There ate three elements to hydrotherapy that, in tandem, provide these healing effects on the body: heat, buoyancy, and motion. When you exercise, your muscles develop thousands of microscopic tears which result in painful lactic acid build-up in the muscle tissue. Hydrotherapy's motion and warmth cause blood vessels to dilate, lowering blood pressure and speeding the flow of oxygen, endorphins, and cell-repairing nutrients to injured muscles. Additionally, buoyancy of the water reduces the strain on your knees and joints which allow the surrounding muscles to relax. This can be of crucial help to arthritis sufferers, because when joints are inflamed, the surrounding muscles become tense to protect them. Relaxing in a spa then makes your muscles more limber and reduces the pain. Water's healing potential has long been known.We don't tend to associate intelligence with our bodies, yet as Thomas Edison said, “ Greatideas originate in the muscles.”Radical psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich believed that many of us inhibit or deny impulses, feelings, traumas, and stressesby tightening our muscles and creating a kind of “body armor.”He felt that as you cut off the source of pain, you also cut off the source of pleasure. By loosening body armor, byletting muscles relax, you can return to a feeling of flow and creativity.Few things can relax the body more than a home spa. And a relaxed body leads to a relaxed mind. There is no better place to start relaxing than an hour in your home hot springs.71. To begin with, what does the author insist we avoid doing?A. Undergoing physical pain and stress.B. Taking aspirin tablets.C. Going to the gym.D. Relaxing in a spa.72. What does the second sentence in the second paragraph implies?A. The origin of spas.B. The popularity of hot springs.C. The flux of people to mid America.D. The spas as a luxury only for the rich.73. After the stress of exercise, the injured muscles ___A. will lead to arthritisB. contain plenty of microscopic tearsC. can cause blood pressure to declineD. will boost the production of cell-repairing nutrients74. The author contends that our creativity _____A. can be enforced by the‘body armor”B. does not occur in mind but in the musclesC. can be hampered with our muscles tightenedD. is good only when we are free of mental an d physical stress75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Spas, the Best RelaxationB. A Brief History of Spas.C. Spa Resorts in the USAD. Soak AwayStressPassage FourConvincing the public to follow health advice can be tough and time-consuming. This may be why changes to health messages are often fiercely resisted by those whose job is to get the advice across. So, for example, the suggestion that smokers who cannot quit should reduce their exposure to harm by switching to chewing tobacco met with extreme opposition.A still more ferocious debate is emerging over the health impact of sunshine. For the past 20years, advice on sunlight has come from dermatologists who rightly warn people to cover up when they ventureoutside for fear of developing skin cancer. But evidence from researchersin other fields now suggests that short periods in the sun without protection—sometimes as little as a few minutes a day---can preventmost other major forms of cancer.This surprising conclusion stems from findings that vitamin D. which is made by skin cells exposed to the sun's ultraviolet rays, is a potent anti-cancer agent. The researchers who made this discovery are eager to be heard. But their message is about as welcome as a bad rash, particularly in countries such as Australia and the US where fair-skinned immigrants living at Mediterranean latitudes have made skin cancer a huge problem.The American Academy of Dermatology argues that advocating one carcinogen ---- U V radiation --- to protect against other forms of cancer is dangerous and misleading. If people need more vitamin D, they should take a multivitamin or drink milk fortified with it, says the academy. Unfortunately, the solution is not as simple as that. Critics also argue that the protective effect of sunlight is not yet proved. While this may be true, the evidence is very suggestive. The case is built on several studies that bring together cellular biology, biochemistry and epidemiology.And all the criticism of this theory counts for nothing if, as some of its advocates, suggest, the number of people dying for lack of sunlight is four times as high as those dying from skin cancer. At the same time, those advocates must not overstate their case. Everyone wants to save as manylives as they can.What we need now is for national medical research bodies and cancer research organizations to investigate the relative risks and benefits of sunshine. This will almost certainly mean more epidemiological work, which should start as soon as possible. As for the public: give them the facts, including risk estimates for short periods in the sun---and for covering up. It is patronizing（施恩于人的） to assume that people cannot deal with complex messages.What we definitely do not want is a war of words between groups with polarized views, and no prospect of the issue being resolved. That way will only lead to confusion, distrust of doctors and more unnecessary deaths.76. According to the first two paragraphs, the problem seems to be that the public ________A. cannot be reached by health messagesB. is torn between two health messagesC. never trust those health researchersD. are divided over health problems77. The recent opposition goes to ________A. the protective value of sunshineB. the cancer-causing effect of sunshineC. the debate over the health impact of sunshineD. the two controversial messages about skin cancer78. According to the critics, the health impact of sunshine ________A. will be epidemiologically provedB. is misleading the public altogetherC. merits a comprehensive investigationD. can be easily addressed with a simple solution79. The author implies that health messages should be made easy _____A. to debateB. to swallowC. to estimateD. to publicize80. As for the issue, the author suggests that the public ________A. decide on their own how much sunshine is too muchB. avoid unnecessary deaths due to complex messagesC. be provided with reliable and practicable messagesD. facilitate the understanding of health messagesPassage FiveI make my way down the three chilly blocks to an old diner on Commercial Street. I am meeting a new friend for lunch. I 've never been here before: this is not my part of town. And so I arrive early, to sit in an old wooden booth and learn what I can about the place.They call it Katie 's kitchen. One hundred years ago, it was a bar. The barstools remain, but through community donations, it 's now a respectablerestaurant. The hostess, casher, and waiters are residents of a nearby hotel for the transient and unemployed and work here to gain dignity and job skills. Both the hotel and restaurant are run by Sister L, a nun with a heart and a great deal of business sense.My new friend arrives. He works down the street, in a clinic for indigent （穷的）persons; he knows these people. The workers and many of the clients seem to know him too, for I see warmth and proud smiles on their faces as he greets them. Behind him, a few nameless souls wander in from the street in a swirl of December wind.I focus on our waitress. A pretty girl of perhaps 18 years, she is all smiles and grace. I wonder for a moment why she's here ---what her story is;what her dreams are; whether she is raising children on her own. But I cannot hold the thought, for she reminds me of another waitress at my favorite coffee shop---a college student with a bright future.Some time later, I finish my soup and sandwich---a good meal made better because of the smile of the girl who served it. I wipe my mouth and go to pay. Eight dollars and sixty-four cents, for two. To our embarrassment, my friend and I discover that neither of us has cash, and my credit card is not good here.We sheepishly approach Sister L, who smiles and takes my bill. “It o'ka s y.”she says. “We'll buy your lunch. It 'll be our pleasure.”Slowly, I leave the world of the diner. Back at the hospital where I work, my boss laments our financial woes. “ We' rreeally tight,”he says.”。
中科院应化所考博真题高等物理化学及答案
中国科学院长春应用化学研究所二O一O年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题高等物理化学一、选择题〔每题2分，共40分〕1. 物质的量为n 的纯理想气体，该气体的哪一组物理量确定后，其他状态函数方有定值？〔〕〔A〕p 〔B〕V 〔C〕T,U 〔D〕T, p2. 273 K，10p 下，液态水和固态水〔即冰〕的化学势分别为μ(l) 和μ(s)，两者的关系为：〔〕(A) μ(l) >μ(s) (B) μ(l) = μ(s)(C) μ(l) < μ(s) (D) 不能确定3. 一封闭钟罩中放一杯纯水A 和一杯糖水B，静止足够长时间后发现：〔〕〔A〕 A 杯水减少, B 杯水满后不再变化〔B〕 A 杯水变成空杯，B 杯水满后溢出〔C〕B杯水减少, A 杯水满后不再变化〔D〕B杯水变成空杯，A杯水满后溢出4. 硫酸与水可形成H2SO4·H2O(s)、H2SO4·2H2O(s)、H2SO4·4H2O(s)三种水合物,问在101 325 Pa 的压力下，能与硫酸水溶液及冰平衡共存的硫酸水合物最多可有多少种( )(A) 3 种(B) 2 种(C) 1 种(D) 不可能有硫酸水合物与之平衡共存。
5. A 和B 可构成固溶体，在A 中，假设参加B 可使A 的熔点提高，那么B在此固溶体中的含量必_______ B 在液相中的含量。
( )(A) 大于(B) 小于(C) 等于(D)不能确定6. 反响2NH3= N2+ 3H2在等温条件下，标准平衡常数为0.25，那么，在此条件下，氨的合成反响(1/2) N2+(3/2) H2= NH3的标准平衡常数为：( )(C) 2 (D) 17. 在一定温度和压力下，对于一个化学反响，能用以判断其反响方向的是：( )(A) Δr G m(B) K p(C) Δr G m(D) Δr H m8. (1) 处于标准态的CO2(g) 和O2 (g)，其标准燃烧焓值为零(2) 因为Δr G m= -RT ln K p，而K p是由平衡时的组成表示的，所以Δr G m表示平衡时产物的吉布斯自由能与反响物的吉布斯自由能之差(3) 水在25℃, p 下蒸发，求算熵变的公式为ΔS m=(ΔH m-ΔG m)/ T(4) 在恒温，恒压下可逆电池反响，求算熵变的公式为Δr S m= Δr H m/ T上述说法正确的选项是：〔〕(A) 1 , 2(B) 2 , 3(C) 1 , 3(D) 3 , 49.对于催化剂特征的描述，哪一点是不正确的：〔〕(A)催化剂不能实现热力学上不可能实现的反响.(B)催化剂有“中毒〞现象。
东北大学博士研究生英语考试真题
东北大学博士研究生英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Northeastern University Doctoral Graduate English ExamWelcome to the English exam for doctoral graduate students at Northeastern University. This exam is designed to assess your proficiency in English and your ability to effectively communicate in an academic setting. The exam consists of four sections: Reading Comprehension, Writing, Listening, and Speaking.Reading Comprehension:In this section, you will be given a series of passages to read and questions to answer. The passages will cover a range of topics related to your field of study and will test your ability to understand and analyze complex written material.Writing:The writing section of the exam will require you to respond to a prompt by writing an essay. You will be expected to demonstrate your ability to develop a coherent argument, useappropriate academic language, and provide evidence to support your claims.Listening:For the listening section, you will listen to a series of audio recordings and answer questions based on the content. This section will test your ability to understand spoken English and follow along with academic lectures or conversations.Speaking:In the speaking section, you will engage in a conversation with an examiner. You will be asked to discuss a variety of topics related to your field of study and to express your ideas clearly and fluently.Overall, the English exam is designed to assess your ability to use English in an academic setting, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking. It is important to prepare for the exam by reviewing academic English vocabulary, practicing reading and writing in English, and developing your listening and speaking skills.Good luck on the exam, and we look forward to seeing you succeed in your academic pursuits at Northeastern University!篇2Northeastern University Doctoral Graduate School English Exam----------------------------------------------------Part I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions. Read the passage carefully and answer the questions based on the information presented in the passage.Passage 1In recent years, the issue of climate change has become a hot topic in the international community. Many scientists believe that the increase in greenhouse gas emissions is causing global temperatures to rise at an unprecedented rate. This is leading to a number of negative consequences, including more frequent and severe natural disasters, such as hurricanes and droughts. In order to combat climate change, it is essential that countries work together to reduce their carbon footprint and transition to more sustainable forms of energy.1. What is the main topic of this passage?2. What are some of the negative consequences of climate change mentioned in the passage?3. What does the author believe is essential in order to combat climate change?Passage 2The field of artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant advancements in recent years, with AI technologies becoming increasingly integrated into our daily lives. From self-driving cars to virtual assistants, AI has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work. However, there are concerns about the implications of AI on job displacement and privacy. As AI continues to develop, it is important for policymakers to consider the ethical and social implications of these technologies.1. What is the main topic of this passage?2. What are some examples of AI technologies mentioned in the passage?3. What concerns are raised about the implications of AI?Passage 3The rise of social media has had a profound impact on the way we communicate and interact with one another. With platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, we are able to connect with people from all over the world and share our thoughts and experiences instantly. However, there are concerns about the negative effects of social media on mental health, such as increased feelings of loneliness and anxiety. It is important for individuals to use social media responsibly and in moderation.1. What is the main topic of this passage?2. What are some of the benefits of social media mentioned in the passage?3. What concerns are raised about the negative effects of social media?Passage 4The study of biodiversity is essential for understanding the complexity of ecosystems and the importance of conserving our natural resources. Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem balance and providing ecosystem services, such as pollination and nutrient cycling. Despite itsimportance, biodiversity is under threat from human activities, such as deforestation and pollution.1. What is the main topic of this passage?2. What is biodiversity, according to the passage?3. What are some of the threats to biodiversity mentioned in the passage?Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this part, you are required to write an essay on the given topic. You should write at least 250 words.Topic: Discuss the impact of technology on education. How has technology transformed the way we learn and teach? What are some advantages and disadvantages of using technology in the classroom?Part III: Listening Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this part, you will listen to 4 short conversations and 2 long conversations. After each conversation, you will hear some questions. The conversations and questions will be spoken only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Conversation 11. What is the woman's name?A. SarahB. EmilyC. Jessica2. Where is the man from?A. CanadaB. UKC. AustraliaConversation 23. When are they planning to go on vacation?A. Next monthB. Next weekC. Next year4. What does the man recommend bringing on the trip?A. SunscreenB. UmbrellaC. Jacket(......)This is just a sample of the types of questions that may appear on the Northeastern University Doctoral Graduate School English Exam. Good luck to all the test-takers!篇3Northeastern University Doctoral Graduate English ExamReading ComprehensionDirections: There are 4 passages in this section. After reading each passage, answer the questions that follow.Passage 1Climate change is a pressing issue that affects the entire planet. From melting polar ice caps to extreme weather events, the impact of climate change is becoming increasingly apparent. However, there are still those who deny the existence of climate change or its human-caused origins. The scientific community is in overwhelming agreement that climate change is real and that human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, are major contributors to the problem. It is crucial that we take action now to mitigate the effects of climate change before it is too late.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. Climate change denialB. The impact of climate changeC. Human activities contributing to climate changeD. The urgency of taking action on climate change2. According to the passage, what are some human activities that contribute to climate change?A. DeforestationB. RecyclingC. Using public transportationD. Planting treesPassage 2Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives, from healthcare to transportation.AI-powered technologies can analyze large amounts of data at speeds far beyond human capabilities, leading to improved efficiency and decision-making. However, there are concerns about the ethical implications of AI, such as bias in algorithms and the potential for job displacement due to automation. It isimportant for policymakers and the public to address these issues as AI continues to advance.3. What is the main benefit of AI-powered technologies mentioned in the passage?A. Increased job opportunitiesB. Enhanced decision-makingC. Reduced efficiencyD. Limited data analysis4. What are some ethical concerns associated with AI, according to the passage?A. Lack of bias in algorithmsB. Potential job displacementC. Transparency in decision-makingD. Positive impact on societyPassage 3Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are gaining popularity as alternatives to fossil fuels. These clean energy sources produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions and have the potential to reduce our reliance on non-renewableresources. However, there are challenges to scaling up renewable energy production, such as cost and infrastructure limitations. Despite these challenges, investing in renewable energy is essential for a sustainable future.5. What are some benefits of renewable energy sources mentioned in the passage?A. Reduced greenhouse gas emissionsB. Increased reliance on non-renewable resourcesC. Lower cost compared to fossil fuelsD. Limited infrastructure requirements6. According to the passage, what is a challenge to scaling up renewable energy production?A. Lack of public supportB. High costsC. Easy access to infrastructureD. Compatibility with fossil fuel technologiesPassage 4The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on global health and the economy. As countries around the worldimplement measures to contain the spread of the virus, many industries have faced disruptions, leading to job losses and economic instability. The pandemic has also highlighted existing inequalities in healthcare access and healthcare systems. Moving forward, it is crucial for governments and organizations to work together to address these challenges and build resilience for future crises.7. What is the main impact of the COVID-19 pandemic mentioned in the passage?A. Economic stabilityB. Job growthC. Disruptions in industriesD. Improved healthcare access8. According to the passage, what is a key issue highlighted by the pandemic?A. Inequalities in healthcare accessB. Increased global cooperationC. Strong healthcare systemsD. Prevention of future crisesThese questions are just a sample of the types of questions that may appear on the Northeastern University Doctoral Graduate English Exam. Students are encouraged to practice their reading comprehension skills and familiarize themselves with a variety of topics in preparation for the exam.。
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2012年中科院遥感所博士考题1.论述可见光/近红外、热红外和微波遥感成像原理。
大气对不同波段的遥感图像影响有什么异同。
如何对不同波段遥感图像进行大气效应纠正。
2.论述利用热红外遥感监测干旱的原理与方法。
3.什么是定量遥感，论述定量遥感目前发展面临的主要问题以及遥感与GIS的关系。
4.论述GEOSS（全球综合地球观测系统）计划的发展潜力和前景，并选择某一应用领域，设计一个多源遥感综合监测应用系统框架（包括数据源，数据处理和定量遥感产品生产体系、遥感应用流程等）2011年中科院遥感所博士考题1．典型地物的特性，图像上的特点。
2．什么是辐射传输模型。
与定量遥感结合，怎么反演地表反照率、温度、土壤水分。
定量遥感与模型结合，怎么估算地表蒸散、净初级生产力。
3．用卫星遥感监测农作物大面积播种、长势、产量的途径与方法。
4．遥感技术在碳源、碳汇中的意义与作用，面临的问题及发展趋势。
2010年中科院遥感所博士考题2009年考博真题地学分析1光学遥感与微波遥感的特点、区别等。
光学遥感与微波遥感影像的融合方法。
植被、岩石、土壤、水体在光学遥感和微波遥感图像上的特点。
2热红外遥感3结合土地遥感、海洋遥感、地质遥感中的某一个设计一个遥感系统。
4在全球气候变化的背景下，怎么利用卫星遥感监测局部区域对全球气候变化的影响。
2008.03遥感所-遥感地学分析原理(春季)一、遥感应用分析中往往需要地学信息的参与，试说明遥感与地学信息（专题图和专题数据）复合的基本方法？二、大气遥感基本原理，论述大气成分与大气温湿度遥感反演的基本算法，目前大气环境监测面临那些关键问题？三、论述GIS基本原理，任选一应用领域，说明地理信息系统设计的原则和方法？四、分别说明可见光、近红外、热红外与微波遥感的原理及其图像特征，如何通过多源遥感数据的综合利用，提高全国土地资源调查的应用潜力。
2007年地学分析1,植被土壤岩石水体的波谱特性,及其在tm影像上的表现,2,植被归一化指数及其影响因素,叶面积指数,3,谈谈对遥感未来发展的认识,4,即将发射3颗小卫星,具体题目忘了,反正是有关微波遥感原理及图象特点,成像光谱仪原理,热红外成像方面的2004年地学分析1、比较光学遥感、红外遥感、微波遥感三者的波段范围、成像原理、图像特征和应用方面的异同点。
（20）2、说明植被指数中各变量的意义，并分析影响植被指数不确定性的因素。
（25）3、举例说明非遥感信息在定量遥感中的应用原理和方法等。
（25）4、说明MODIS卫星的波段设置、空间分辨率和时间分辨率，并举一例子说明它的应用范围和方法。
（30）2000年中科院遥感所博士生入学考试RS试题二、论述题（任选三，每个25分，共75分）一、微波遥感的成像机理二、多源数据复合的方法及关键技术三、遥感的发展及前沿综述四、结合你的专业，谈谈遥感应用的关键技术2002年中科院遥感所博士入学考试（RS）二简答(40分)1. 多源数据信息融合的基本原理2. 雷达遥感的主要特征3. 纹理特征提取的方法4. 遥感信息地学评价标准三问答(40分)1. 成像光谱仪的基本原理2. 遥感影像解译的主要标志3. 结合您的专业,谈谈遥感应用的关键技术二、简答题（共50分）1、简述关系数据模型的基本概念。
（10分）2、列出中巴资源卫星及Landsat7各通道的波长范围。
（10分）3、简述SPOT5遥感数字图像的特点。
（15分）4、各种来源的空间数据如何准确匹配在一起？（15分）三、问答题（共60分，每题20分，任选三题）1、叙述如何利用GIS技术获取航空遥感图像上的地理信息。
2、试述遥感图像辐射误差的原因与校正方法。
3、叙述Spot、landsat 和Noaa卫星的主要特点和适用领域。
4、说明遥感、地理信息系统与全球定位系统的关系。
复习总结中心投影：投影面是平面、投影中心S在有限远处的投影称作中心投影。
摄影照相机就是中心投影。
地面起伏引起投影误差；中心投影有两个问题：投影面P与地面E不平行也引起投影误差。
正射投影：投影面平行于地面、投影线垂直于地面（S于无穷远处）的投影。
实际上的正射投影——二次投影，即将起伏地面正射投影于一个基准平面上，再进行中心投影，且投影面与基准面平行。
大气窗口：由于大气对电磁波散射和吸收等因素的影响，使一部分波段的太阳辐射在大气中透过率很小或根本无法通过，电磁波辐射在大气传输中透过率较高的波段称为大气窗口。
大气窗口的位置、范围及有效性取决于大气中主要吸收气体的吸收光谱。
目前在遥感中使用的一些大气窗口为：1．0.3~1.15μm：包括部分紫外光、全部可见光和部分近红外光。
其中：0.3~0.4μm：透过率约为70%0.4~0.7μm：透过率大于95%0.7~1.1μm：透过率约为80%2．1.4~1.9μm：近红外窗口，透过率在60%~95%之间，其中1.55~1.75μm通过率较高3．2.0~2.5μm：近红外窗口，透过率为80%4．3.5~5.0μm：中红外窗口，透过率为60%~70%5．8.0~14.0μm：热红外窗口，透过率为80%6．1.0~1.8 mm：微波窗口，透过率约为35~40%左右7．2.0~ 5.0 mm：微波窗口，透过率在50~70%之间8．8.0~1000 mm：微波窗口，透过率为100%地物反射波（光）谱:指地物反射率随波长的变化规律。
基尔霍夫定律:一个物体的波谱发射率等于它的波谱吸收率，即好的吸收体也是好的发射体。
瑞利散射：由半径小于波长的1/10以下的微粒引起的散射叫瑞利散射（Reyleigh Scattering）漫反射：在物体表面的各个方向上都有反射能量的分布，这种反射称为漫反射。
波粒二象性：电磁波既表现出波动性，又表现出粒子性，即所谓的波粒二象性。
连续的波动性和不连续的粒子性是相互排斥、相互对立的；但二者又是相互联系的，在一定条件下可以相互转化。
电磁波谱：按电磁波在真空中波长或频率依顺序划分成波段，排列成谱即为电磁波谱。
地物反射波谱特性：地物波谱反射率随波长而改变的特性称之为地物反射波谱特性。
电磁辐射：当电磁振荡进入空间，变化的磁场激发了涡旋电场，使电磁振荡在空间传播，这就是电磁波，近代物理中，电磁波也称为电磁辐射。
电磁波是横波，在真空中以光速传播，满足：频率(f)×波长λ＝光速（c）能量H＝普朗克常数(h) *频率(f)，电磁波具有波粒二象性。
程辐射（Path radiance）: 遥感传感器中接收到的入射光中，除了在视场内地表反射光和地面热辐射外，大气的散射与自身辐射的光也进入传感器，这部分的光能量称作程辐射。
程辐射是背景噪声的主要来源。
空间分辨率(地面分辨率): 是针对遥感器或图像而言的，指图像上能够详细区分的最小单元的尺寸或大小，or遥感器区分两个目标的最小角度或线型距离的度量。
波谱分辨率：指传感器在接收目标辐射的波谱时能分辨的的最小波长间隔。
间隔越小，分辨率越高。
光谱分辨率:指遥感器所选用的波段数量的多少、各波段的波长位置及间隔的大小。
即选择的通道数、每个通道的中心波长、带宽，这三个因素共同决定光谱分辨率。
时间分辨率：指对同一地点进行遥感采样的时间间隔，即采样的时间频率，也称重访周期。
辐射分辨率：遥感器对光谱信号强弱的敏感程度、区分能力。
即探测器的灵敏度---遥感器感测元件在接收光谱信号时能分辨的最小辐射度差，或指对两个不同辐射源的辐射量的分辨能力。
一般用灰度的分级数来表示。
空间分辨率增大，辐射分辨率降低。
辐射传输方程：是指辐射源经大气层到达传感器的过程中电磁波能量变化的数学模型。
高光谱遥感:高分辨率遥感，它是在电磁波谱的可见光、近红外、中红外和热红外波段范围内，获取许多非常窄的光谱连续的影像数据的技术。
其成像光谱仪可以收集到上百个非常窄的光谱波段信息。
成象光谱仪：通常的的多波段扫描仪将可见光和红外波段分割成几个到十几个波段.对遥感而言,在一定波长范围内,被分割的波段数越多,即波谱取样点越多,愈接近连续波谱曲线,因此可以使得扫描仪在取得目标地物图像的同时也能获得该地物的光谱组成.这种既能成像又能获取目标光谱曲线的’谱象合一”的技术,称为成像光谱技术.按该原理制成的扫描仪称为成像光谱仪.监督分类：监督分类包括利用训练区样本建立判别函数的学习过程和把待分像元代入判别函数进行判别的过程。
监督分类的思想是：首先根据类别的先验知识确定判别函数和相应的判别准则，其中利用一定数量的已知类别的样本（称为训练样本）的观测值确定判别函数中待定参数的过程称之为学习或训练，然后将未知类别的样本的观测值代入判别函数，再依据判别准则对该样本的所属类别作出判定。
非监督分类：非监督分类的前提是假定遥感影像上同类物体在同样条件下具有相同的光谱信息特征。
非监督分类方法不必对影像地物获取先验知识，仅依靠影像上不同地物光谱信息进行特征提取，再统计特征的差别来达到分类的目的，最后对已分出的各个类别的实际属性进行确认。
在没有类别先验知识的情况下将所有样本划分为若干个类别的方法称之为非监督分类，也称聚类（clustering）。
最大似然分类：是经常使用的监督分类方法之一，它是通过求出每个象素对于各类别的归属概率，把该象素分到归属概率最大的类别中去的方法。
图像增强：传感器获取的遥感图像含有大量地物特征信息，在图像上这些地物特征信息以灰度形式表现出来，当地物特征间表现的灰度很小时，目视判读就无法辨认，而图像增强的方法可以突出显示这种微小灰度差的地物特征，图像增强的目的是为了改善遥感图像目视判读的视觉效果，以提高目视判读能力，它也是计算机自动分类的一种预处理方法。
图像增强的实质时增强感兴趣地物和周围地物图像间的反差。
图像增强的方法分为光学增强和数字增强方法两种。
混合像元：遥感图像像元记录的是探测单元的瞬时视场角所对应的地面范围内的目标的辐射能量的总和。
如果探测单元的瞬时视场角所对应的地面范围包含了多类不同性质的目标，则该像元记录的是多类不同性质的地面目标的辐射能量的总和，这样的像元称为混合像元。
全球定位系统：是利用多颗导航卫星的无线电信号，对地球表面某地点进行定位、报时和对地表移动物体进行导航的技术系统。
遥感平台：遥感中搭载传感器的工具称为遥感平台，按高度可分为地面平台、航空平台、航天平台。
大气纠正:太阳光在到达地面目标之前,大气会对其产生吸收和散射作用。
同样,来自目标地物的反射光和散射光在到达传感器之前也会被吸收和散射。
入射到传感器的电磁波能量除了地物本身的辐射以外还有大气引起的散射光,消除这些影响的处理过程称为大气校正。
校正的方法有：利用辐射方程进行大气校正；利用地面实况数据进行大气校正；利用辅助数据进行大气校正。
密度分割:在一张黑白遥感图像上,随地物的反射(或发射)电磁波强度的不同将有所不同的密度分布.如果在图像的最大密度和最小密度之间,人为地分成许多区间,并且将某一区间用同一种密度或同一种颜色表示,不同区间则用不同密度或不同颜色表示,我们称之为密度分割.中心投影:地物任一点A 与空间固定点S 的连线被某一平面p 截获，其交点 a 即称为A 在平面p 上的投影。