Lesson 1 Industrial design
工业设计专业英语
工业设计专业英语Industrial design plays a crucial role in various industries, including manufacturing, product development, and consumer goods. It involves understanding the needs and preferences of the users and translating them into tangible products. Designers in this field are responsible for creating designs that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also efficient and sustainable.Once the design brief is established, designers move on tothe conceptualization phase. This is where they generate ideas and sketch out their concepts. They use various tools and techniques, such as 3D modeling and prototyping, to visualize their ideas and test their feasibility. This phase involves alot of collaboration and iteration to refine the design and ensure that it meets the requirements of the project.After the concept is finalized, designers move on to the production phase. This involves creating detailed drawings and specifications that can be used by manufacturers to produce the product. Designers work closely with engineers and manufacturers to ensure that the product is produced efficiently and meets all the necessary requirements.Industrial design is a constantly evolving field, as new technologies and materials emerge. Designers must embrace these advancements and adapt their skills and knowledge accordingly.They must also be open to feedback and criticism, as it helps them improve their designs and grow as professionals.Industrial design has a significant impact on society and the economy. It contributes to the development of new and improved products that enhance our lives and make them more convenient and enjoyable. It also plays a role in promoting sustainable practices and reducing waste.。
工业设计专业课中英文对照
工业设计专业必修课：思想品德修养与法律基础Cultivation of Ethic Thought and Fundamentals of Law中国近代史纲要Outline of Modern History of China马克思主义基本原理Principles of Marxism毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论Mao Zedong Thoughts, Deng Xiaoping Theories, and the "Three Representativenesses""高等数学ⅠⅡAdvanced Mathematics ⅠⅡ英语ⅠⅡⅢⅣCollege English ⅠⅡⅢⅣ工业设计概论Introduction to Industrial Design设计素描Design sketch设计色彩Color Design艺术概论Introduction to Art设计美学Design aesthetics大学语文College Chinese信息技术基础Basis for Information Technology信息基础实验Experiment of Basis for Information Technology程序设计语言Language Programming程序设计语言实验Experiment of Language Programming体育ⅠⅡⅢⅣPhysical Education ⅠⅡⅢⅣ国防军事导论Introduction to National Defense and Military Affairs 形势与政策Situation & Policy大学生就业与创业Enterprise Starting and Employment of College Students 工程图学ⅠⅡEngineering Graphics工程力学Engineering Mechanics机械设计基础Basis of Mechanical Designing设计基础ⅠⅡBasis of Design ⅠⅡ设计表达ⅠⅡDesign Expression ⅠⅡ视觉和传达设计‘Visual Communication Design造型材料与工艺Modeling Material and Technique工业设计工程基础ⅠⅡEngineering basics of industrial design ⅠⅡ工业设计史History of Industrial Design产品设计原理和方法Principle and Method for Product Design 产品系统设计Systematic Product Design计算机辅助工业设计Computer Assisted Industrial Design人机工程学Ergonomics设计研究Design Research专业选修课：设计素描ⅡDesign Sketch Ⅱ计算机绘图Computer Graphics设计基础ⅢBasis of Design Ⅲ数字化建模ⅠⅡDigitalized Modeling ⅠⅡ模型制作Modeling产品开发设计Product Development Design雕塑Sculpture设计心理学Design Psychology科类选修课：线性代数ⅠLinear Algebra Ⅰ概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics 中外美术史History of Chinese and Foreign Art摄影基础Basis for Photography设计管理Design Management传播学导论Introduction to Communication电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering先进制造技术Advanced Manufacturing Technology。
工业设计概论全英文讲解学习
Introduction to Industrial DesignDesign is a particular human beings in order to achieve the purposes of the creative activities, which includes all man-made goods in the formation process. Industrial design concepts: the current widely used definition of the international Federation of Associations of Industrial Design (ICSID) in 1980 for the annual meeting of the Paris industrial design under the amended definition: "the mass production of industrial products, by virtue of training, technical know-how , Experience and feelings and give visual materials, structure, shape, color, surface processing and decoration to a new quality and qualifications, called industrial design. "1.Traditional industrial designIndustrial design for the people truly understand and play a role in the outbreak of the industrial revolution, to the industrialized mass production conditions to develop. At that time, a large number of industrial products ugly, has seriously affected people's daily life, industrial design as a change in the situation at the time the inevitable means boarded the historical stage. The traditional industrial design refers to the means of production of industrial products conducted by the planning and design, so that with the use of achieving the best possible match between the creative activities. From this concept of the nature of industrial design: first, industrial design aims to obtain a product with the best match between people. This match, not only to meet the demand for use, but also with the physical, psychological and other areas to demand the right match, which precisely reflectsthe people-oriented design ideas. Second, the industrial design is a must? Quot; creative activities. "Industrial design of nature that it is a very broad coverage of the cross-integrate the science, get involved in the many areas of research disciplines, like the industrial society of the adhesive, so that the original Isolated disciplines such as: physics, chemistry, biology, marketing, aesthetics, ergonomics, sociology, psychology, philosophy, etc., mutual contact and mutual exchanges, the form of organic unity. Realization of the objective to reveal the natural The laws of science and subjective, dynamic and creative activities for the arts once again joined hands.2.Modern Industrial DesignTraditional industrial design is the core product design. Accompanied by a history of the development, design content also tends to the development of more extensive and in-depth. Now, the development of human society has entered a modern industrial society, brought about by the design of the material achievements of human existence and its status and way of life is affected by the past can not compare any era, modern industrial design, the concept of this came into being . Modern industrial design can be divided into two levels: general industrial design and narrow industrial design.General Industrial Design (Generalized Industrial Design) Means to achieve a particular purpose, from conception to the establishment of a practical implementation plan, with clear and that by means of a series of acts. It contains all the use of modern means of production and services in the design process. Narrow industrial design (Narrow lndustrial Design)Referring only to product design, that is, against man and nature in the relevance of the tools and equipment made by the response to the demand. In order to survive, including life and to maintain and develop the necessary such as tools, equipment and products, and other material and equipment carried out by design. Product design is the core of products on the user's body, the heart has a good affinity with the match.Narrow the definition of industrial design and industrial design of the traditional definition is the same. As industrial design since have always been based on product design, product design often referred to as industrial design.Industrial Design CategoryAs the field of industrial design increasingly expanding, and in different areas but also has their own characteristics, we can from different angles on the field of industrial design division: 1. The existence of art as a form of classification:1.The existence of art as a form of classification:One-dimensional design, refers only to the design time for the variable; two-dimensional design, also known as graphic design, is targeted at the plane change the subject, such as graphics, text, trademarks, advertising design. Three-dimensional design, also known as three-dimensional design, such as product, packaging, construction and the environment; four-dimensional design, is accompanied by one-dimensional three-dimensional space time (that is, in the form of 3 +1) the design, such as stage design.2.From the human, natural and social correspondence between starting, inaccordance with the disciplines form the essence of the meaning of Category: Human, natural, social composition of the most basic relations between the circles and classification of the relationship generally is:◆ product design: the equivalent narrow indus trial design, 3D design is based;◆ environmental design: including all types of building design, urban and regional planning, construction plans, environmental engineering, etc.;◆ spread to the design of the language, text or graphics as the media and achieve the transfer activities carried out by design. According to the different media Kegui Wei two categories: the text and graphics as the medium of visual communication; language and. Audio media for dissemination of the hearing.3.In accordance with the concept of industrial design and to define Category: With the development of technology and the use of modern technology, industrial design and process design of the boundaries are becoming blurred mouth benefits, some of the original Arts and Crafts design of the design activities of both the industrial design features, such as furniture design and fashion design . Industrial design as a connecting bridge between technology and the market, the rapid expansion of commercial areas in all its aspects:◆ advertising design: including newspapers, magazines, posters, brochures, trademarks, etc.;◆ display design: including the pavement, Showcase, Showcase, signs, exhibitions, advertising tower;◆ packaging design: including wrapping paper, packaging, label ling and packagingof goods;◆ binding design: including magazines, books, artwork, cartoons and layout design. Even in Zichengtiji in the field of construction, industrial design also play an increasingly important role.The content of Industrial DesignIndustrial design in the enterprise has broad application of space. Therefore, enterprises in the industrial design from the level of demand for industrial design point of view of the contents of the enterprises make better use of industrial design, to create greater value, will provide great convenience.1.2.Product Design Product Designindustrial design is the core of enterprise application design is the key link, it will achieve a change in the form of raw materials for a more valuable form. Industrial designers of the people through the physical, psychological, living habits, and so on all the natural attributes of the cognitive and social attributes, product features, performance, form, price, location of the use of the environment, with materials, technology, structure, technology , Shape, color, surface treatment and decoration, cost and other factors, from the social, economic and technical point of view ofcreative design, production and management in enterprises in achieving design quality assurance, under the premise that the product is a product enterprises, market Of goods, but also the ordinary people of supplies to customer needs and business benefits of perfect unity.2.Corporate image design (Corporate ldenlti-fication System, referred to CIS)Enterprise recognition system from a unified corporate philosophy, standardize enterprise behavior and consistent posed by the visual image. Through the CIS design, so that enterprises have the visual impact can be clearly shows that corporate personality, strength and confidence in enterprises is a manifestation. A successful business must be a cohesive internal and external consumers can trust and identity, thereby enhancing corporate reputation, and corporate management objectives and development goals.3.Environmental Design (and the interface between the hardware design) Industrial design as a communication and the environment (construction, transportatio n, room, shopping malls, streets……) between the interface language to intervene in environmental design. Through the different acts, objectives and the needs of awareness, to object to the design - kind of language, people and the environment for the financial - physical, to give a cordial and convenient, comfortable feeling. Focus on solving urban environmental design of human interface between the building and all the problems, such as: information, signal systems, environmental protection programmes, so as to also participate in solvingthe social life of the major issues.4.5.Design Management (Des; 8n Mana8ement, referred to DM)Design activities soon as the operation of enterprises in important part in project management, interface management, design management systems, such as the development of product line management, be good at using design tools, and implementing design-oriented thinking and behavior, and with the strategy or technological achievements Into a product or service process. Design management into the enterprise is an indispensable element for the success of enterprises to follow the design principles and strategies in the development of enterprises in production and business activities of various departments for guidance, to achieve the design objective, value-added products. Successful use of design management, will enable enterprises in the strategic planning stage to contain the operating strategy, strategic advantages for products and enterprises in the competition-set a good foundation.The ultimate aim of industrial design is to meet the physical and psychological needs of many of the largest. Industrial products, arts and crafts people is to meet production and daily needs, no doubt for the industrial design is modern services, to meet the demands of modern people. Therefore, it is first necessary to meet people's physical needs - product features. 1 cup must be able to drink water, a pen must be able to write, a bike must be able to travel, a truck must be able to load and so on. The first industrial design is aimed through the rational planning of productsdue to people more easily use them to better play its effectiveness. In research on the basis of product performance, industrial design also adopted a reasonable shape means so that products can have very spirit of the times, in line with performance, and coordination of environmental products form so that people can have the enjoyment of the United States.Industrial design and industrial modernization is the inevitable product of market competition, designed to target the mass production methods of industrialized products, industrial design of modern human life has a huge impact, but also constrained by the realities of production and living standards.Industrial design companies in the position and role:• Design is a bridge between enterprises and the market: On the one hand, production and technology into the market demand for products, on the one hand the market feedback to promote the development of enterprises enterprises. • • design is a means of value-added products: the biggest role in the enterprise is to raise the value-added products. The value of this additional material is not visible presence, more of the performance of the invisible. Appearance, product image • • Design is an important enterprise resources: good design enterprises will have a better reputation, making enterprises more dynamic, a company's development tools• • design integrity of the enterprise is to establish a means of visual image s: the visual image of business is to establish the appearance of the best brand image,which is the company a unique style.Industrial design creativity is a good product design the most important prerequisite for simplicity is an important indicator of good design, product design is a measure of applicability of another important criterion, a reasonable man-machine relations, human-computer interface harmony, their own language products should be good at self - Notes, and carefully handle every detail, emphasis on regional ethnic characteristics, contains cultural identity, attention to ecological balance, beneficial to the protection of the environment, product design of the eternal.Industrial design should pay attention to follow the following principles: the principle of creativity; principles of market demand; principle of giving priority to the user; business goals principle easy to grasp the principle of aesthetic principles, protection of ecological environment principles.Industrial design related to psychology, sociology, aesthetics, ergonomics, mechanical construction, photography, color science, methodology and design of the three constitute a basis for Into the United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries for industrial design and industrial design definition of the development processU.S. industrial design information ageThe United States is the first country to enter the information age, information technology is the most developed countries. Whether in the computer hardware and software, or in the application of computer technology in all aspects of theworld's leading status. In particular, the popularity of the Internet, so that the United States more fully into society by the information industry as a leader of the new era. In the new economic, cultural background, the United States of industrial design from the beginning of the end of the 20th Century 80, great changes have taken place.At the same time, to Rowe as the representative of the U.S. pioneer in the design has passed away, despite their name to the design of some companies still exist, but these masters of the location of a number of new independent replaced by a design firm. The new design firm in terms of knowledge structure, services or design with the traditional means in the clear very different firms, because they firmly grasp the pulse of the information age, design and rapid expansion of business, established in the industrial sector Good reputation, the U.S. business magazine called American industry a new generation of heroes. The new design consulting company no longer well-known designer for the signs, but in a "design" the name of the word named, stressed that the design is a team event rather than individual work, such as the New York Smart Design, Chicago Design Logic, such as California's Lunar Design. In many cases, the person in charge of these companies are the first generation or second generation of European immigrants, and the famous Forgdesign is originally a German company, the new generation of designers to more European concept to the United States, which will U.S. advanced technology and the European deep historical and cultural traditions closer togetherso that the design of the United States in the information age has made a great leap forward. This is in California, particularly Silicon Valley, particularly conspicuous in this regard because there are many Europeans settled here, on the other hand is also here because of the emerging high-tech industry and the United States earlier in the design of machines predecessors did not have much contact. Here, the design of many new companies have been for Apple, and other high-tech companies. With the traditional industrial design firms to provide industrial products mainly different designs, the new design companies to be able to provide more comprehensive services, they can not only provide product design and engineering design of appearance, can also provide market research, consumer Investigation, human-computer research, public relations and corporate planning site design and maintenance, and other aspects of the services, and global activities. In fact, some new design company has established a global network of services to meet the increasing globalization of world economic trends. Industrial design such a change reflects the changes in the management of enterprises, more and more enterprises in the future in-house research organizations to reduce, instead of social cooperation, not only to reduce expenditure, but also the wider community to seek professional Resources cooperation. In addition, many enterprises to upgrade design as a business quality and to stimulate creative strategic management tool, not only confined to a single product design development activities, thereby greatly expanded the scope of application of industrial design. Given the design of a greater range of needs, design company personnel are notlimited to design, but more professional cooperation. In addition, the design company's design also means a lot because of a computer-aided design and revolutionary changes have taken place, SGI (Silicon Graphic) graphics workstations and Alias, Pro-Designer, such as industrial design software to design more flexible, fast, industrial design itself so And the high-tech.U.S. industrial design in the 1990s Another major change is the high-tech products, including computers, modern office equipment, medical equipment, communications equipment, and so became the main areas of industrial design. Industrial design in the high-tech humanity, in the process of commercialization has played an important role as a bridge. It is the efforts of designers, the previously daunting become high-tech day-to-day work and life indispensable partners.Headquartered in Portland, Oregon, the Ziba (ZIBA) design companies is considered the best international design companies. Ziba's design philosophy is simple to win, and stressed that the products of the plane, the company's product design is the attention to detail, the "God in the details of." At the same time, Ziba also designed the pursuit of fun and harmony through color, shape, details and graphic design products so that a cordial and pleasant and cute humor to Yasugongshang. Ziba companies in recent years with Microsoft, HP, Fujitsu, Intel and other companies to design a number of excellent products, the company developed for Microsoft's "natural" keyboard of its ease of use, human-computerinterface comfortable, unique and novel shape Users are welcome. Ziba also designed a large number of high-tech medical equipment, the design of such products by more concise and bright pieces of modeling to facilitate the operation and cleaning, and trying to make previously complex and daunting process of becoming a medical simple and easy. Ziba Design of the hemodialysis machines with clear, concise touch screen has replaced the previous complex controls and switches, automatic control and install the software, so that medical personnel can easily facilitate the operation, addition, since the use of a modular design, can also Easy entry, to provide on-site services.。
《工业设计专业英语》课程教学大纲
《工业设计专业英语》课程教学大纲课程编号：课程名称：工业设计专业英语英文名称：English for Industrial Design 课程学时：32学时课程学分：2学分适用专业：工业设计课程性质：限定选修预备课程：大学公共英语3~4级1. 课程教学目的通过学习《工业设计专业英语》，学生将掌握工业设计领域使用频率较高的专业词汇和表达方法，进而掌握一些快速、精确阅读理解工业设计专业文献的方法。
通过分析《工业设计专业英语》课程中的范文，学生还将从英语角度理解工业设计的各种学派和思想的设计理念和风格，提高学生的国际交流能力和了解国际工业设计的最新前沿的能力。
2. 教学内容和基本要求第一章：设计史与设计理论工业设计的基本定义、工业设计的简单历史（A History of Design）；当代分工协作关系中工业设计师的位置、基本素质和专业技能要求（What is a Designer）；当代办公形式的巨变对工业设计的要求（Working from Home）；设计管理简介（The Business of Design Management）；设计与文化的关系（Design and Culture）；具有强烈特点、对国际工业设计产生了重要影响的意大利设计风格（Italian Design）。
第二章：产品设计对当代美学和工业设计真实本质形成了某种表述的产品（Products）；现代工作空间中室内产品的设计典范，德国Wilkhahn公司的家居（The Mobile Office）；多种工业设计风格——从Art Nouveau、Art Deco到Bauhaus——的产品设计（From Technology to Style）；当代工业设计与工程技术的经典结合，福特汽车公司的皮卡，轿车与卡车的复合体（Ford Powerforce）；仿生学与工业设计（Insect and Design）；对后现代主义的反思（Total Style）。
工业设计专业英语第三版--第一课-设计引领创新
Design-Led Innovation设计驱动创新By Design Council/UK设计委员会/英国In 2006 our former Chairman, Sir George Cox,was commissioned by The Treasury to undertake a review of creativity in business, and to recommend how the governments, educational institutions and to recommend how the governments, educational institutions and businesses could help support economic growth.Supporting innovation sat at the heart of his recommendations because he saw that the UK currently earns most of our living through high value creative industry, and that without protection,investment and development, our creative industries could falter in the face of developing international competition. Sir George saw that designers working as part of a multi-disciplinary team, with business managers, engineers, scientists and technologists, can support innovation in the UK.设计驱动创新由英国设计委员会/2006年，我们的前主席乔治•考克斯爵士(Sir George Cox)受英国财政部委托，对商业中的创造力进行了一次评估，并就政府、教育机构如何以及政府、教育机构和企业如何帮助支持经济增长提出建议。
[英语学习]工业设计专业英语
![[英语学习]工业设计专业英语](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/6727a954eefdc8d376ee3261.png)
五屏式黄地填漆云龙纹宝座
h
English For Industria2l 2Design
h
English For Industria2l 3Design
h
English For Industria2l 4Design
h
English For Industria2l 5Design
h
English For Industria2l 6Design
and the fine ornamental carving of traditional
Chinese furniture, as represented in this exhibit.
虽然已经习惯了西式家具，但对现代人来说，，每当在家具展 览会中看到那些用料精细、技艺超群以及众多令人赞叹雕饰的 中式传统家具时，还是难免会产生一种怀古之情。
受中国对外贸易快速发展以及先进工艺水平的影响，清代家具 设计逐渐向追求富丽装饰的风格发展。
foreign trade 对外贸易
advanced craftsmanship techniques 先进工艺技术
h
English For Industria1l 5Design
It includes the t'i-hung, or carved lacquer style; t'ien-ch'i in which lacquer is used to fill in an engraved design, then rubbed flat; miao-chi, or outlined lacquer style; and luo-tien, or furniture inlaid with mother-of-pearl.
工业设计专业英语(第三版部分翻译
艺术装饰风格被宣告是“唯一一个总体设计”，艺术装饰必然是在众多消费者中间找到观众的最高产的设计之一。
虽然它起源于19世纪20年代高度专有的法国手工裁剪装潢艺术，但它通过利用廉价的新金属材料，塑料和玻璃而发展迅速，找到了便宜，短期利用，并可以大批生产的装饰用品，如香烟盒，香水瓶，家庭用的陶瓷和玻璃，流行纺织品及各种装饰物，还有可以像鸡尾般甩动的物品。
作为一种装饰风格它可以运用于无数物品的形状和表面装饰，因而赋予它们全部以相同质量的瞬间的现代性和时尚性。
就像许多这个世纪其它的流行风格一样，艺术装饰风格扎根于高雅文化，例如，立体主义、俄国芭蕾、美洲印第安风格和欧洲纯粹主义，但是相对其他文化而言，艺术装饰风格取长补短，装饰特征表现得更为折衷一些。
结合艺术装饰风格在1930年代流行的因素，大规模批量生产使用新材料是商品价格相对低廉的必要条件。
但这些是远远不够的，更深层次的原因是艺术装饰风格具有典型的适应性。
在那段经济萧条的时期，豪华奢侈的装饰风格所带来的美感让当时的消费者有了逃避现实的放松心情。
艺术装饰风格的宣传方式也促进了它的流行，艺术风格被好莱坞应用于多种流行电影中。
通过影片媒体使大量观众接触到装饰风格，除此之外，艺术装饰风格也运用在广告和包装上，使其有效的影响了大量的环境之外，艺术装饰风格也影响到了建筑领域，许多新场所也运用了这种风格，美化建筑的外表，那些新商业的娱乐楼房，例如商场电影院，工厂，甚至于新的豪华游轮，它也被利用于在1933年芝加哥展览之中。
艺术装饰风格开始象征着高效率的现代化生活和新的生活理念，这种动人的方式随着人们对时尚性和社会地位的追求与渴望，艺术装饰风格得到了大量消费者的高度喜爱地位。
艺术装饰的大量应用伴随着消费产品的需求。
但是，从不好的方而来看，艺术装饰风格只是作为一种中档的艺术手法，来装饰非常廉价的商品甚至留有一种杂乱的感觉。
在英国有一群针对低端市场开发产品的地毯制造商，他们意识到了这个新潮流里的商业潜力。
介绍工业设计英文作文
介绍工业设计英文作文英文回答：Industrial design is a field that combines art, engineering, and business to create products that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Industrial designers work in a wide variety of industries, from consumer electronics to medical devices to furniture.The goal of industrial design is to create productsthat are easy to use, efficient, and safe. Industrial designers must also consider the environmental impact of their products and how they will be manufactured.Industrial design is a complex and challenging field, but it is also a rewarding one. Industrial designers have the opportunity to make a real difference in the world by creating products that improve people's lives.中文回答：工业设计是一个结合艺术、工程和商业来创造既实用又美观的产品的领域。
工业设计师在从消费电子产品到医疗设备再到家具的各个行业都有工作。
工业设计的目标是创造易于使用、高效和安全的產品。
工业设计师还必须考虑其产品的环境影响及其制造方式。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Lesson 1Industrial design
Industrial design is a combination of applied art and applied science, whereby the aesthetics, ergonomics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an industrial designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of form, usability, physical ergonomics, marketing, brand development and sales.[2]
The term "industrial design" is often attributed to the designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied it in later interviews) but the discipline predates that by at least a decade. Its origins lay in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance the Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907 and a precursor to the Bauhaus, was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United States.
New words and expressions
aesthetics英音：[i:s'θetiks]美音：[ɛs'θɛtɪks] 美学
ergonomics英音：[,ɚ:gə'nɔmiks]美音：[,ɝgə'nɑmɪks]人机工程学
attribute英音：[ə'tribju:t]美音：[ə'trɪbjut] 归因于
predate英音：[pri:'deit]美音：[pri'det] 在日期上早于
Deutscher Werkbund 德意志制造联盟
precursor英音：[pri:'kə:sə]美音：[pri'kɝsɚ] 先驱、先导、先辈、祖先、前兆
Bauhaus 包豪斯
参考译文：
课文1 工业设计
工业设计是应用艺术与应用科学的结合，据此，为了促进产品的销路，产品的人机工程学及产品可用性得以改进。
工业设计师扮演这样一个角色，即负责研发设计解决方案，以期解决诸如造型、可用性、物理人机工效学、营销、品牌开发和销售方面的问题。
“工业设计”这一术语通常被认为是设计师Joseph Claude Sinel在1919年提出的（尽管他本人在后来的访谈中否认这一说法）但这一行当至少早在10年前就已出现。
它最初被归类于消费类产品的产业化领域。
例如德意志制造联盟，成立于1907年并促使后来的包豪斯的诞生，作为国家资助的一个尝试，试图将传统手工艺与工业化大生产技术进行整合，提高德国与英美的竞争力基础。