overlapsignaling

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A按钮：button矮柱信号机：dwarf signal按钮表示：indication of depressed button安全接点：safe contact安全电路：vital circuit；safety circuitB闭路电路：closed circuit并置信号：double Signal location表示：indication表示灯：indication lamp表示盘:indicating panel表示器：indicator并联条件：parallel requisition平行进路：parallel route车场：yardC车站通过能力:carrying capacity of a station车组(钩车）:cut错误锁闭：false locking程序框图：flow chart操纵台：operating console重叠区段：overlap section处理机:processor车站信号：signal at stations出站信号机：starting signal车站咽喉：throat of a station错误开放信号:wrong clearing of a signal错误办理：wrong handling错误显示:wrong indicationD大站继电集中联锁：all relay interlocking for terminal 电路：circuit导通：conduction敌对进路:conflict route敌对信号：conflicting signal渡线：crossover电气集中联锁：electric interlocking电动转辙机:electric switch machine导向安全：failure on the safe side灯丝断丝：filament burn—out第一接近区段:first approach section第一离去区段:first section after the departure地面信号：ground signal；wayside signal动接点：heel contact定位锁闭：locked normal道岔锁闭：locked out switch定位接点：normal contact电源屏：power supply panel到发线:receiving—departure track短路：short circuit调车进路:shunting route调车信号，调车信号机：shunting signal单断：single break单置信号机：single signal location动程:stroke道岔密贴:switch closure道岔控制电路：switch control circuit道岔表示:switch indication道岔区段：switch section道岔启动：switch starting道岔转换：switch TransactionEF分路道岔：branch turnout分割区段：cut—section发车进路:departure route；outgoing route非调车进路：hold route for shunting进站信号机：home signal非集中联锁：interlocking with locally worked points非集中道岔：locally operated switch反位锁闭：locked reverse非联锁区：non—interlocking area非安全电路:non—vital circuit防止重复开放信号：prevention of repetitive clear of a signal 防护道岔：protective turnout反位接点：reverse contact分路：shunt非自复式按钮:stick buttonG轨道电路分割：cut—section of a track circuit股道有效长：effective length of a track故障-安全:fail-safe干扰：interference供电线：power line过程控制：process control关闭信号：put a signal at stop钢轨绝缘:：rail insulation轨道电路：track circuit轨道空闲:track clear轨道占用：track occupied轨道区段：track sectionH缓放继电器:slow release relayIJ交流电源屏：AC power supply panel交流轨道电路：AC track circuit挤岔报警：alarm for trailled switch继电集中联锁：all relay interlocking接近表示:approach indication接近锁闭:approach locking接近区段:approach section集中联锁：centralized interlocking集中供电：centralized power supply集中道岔：centralized operated switch接点闭合:contact closed紧急制动:emergency braking警冲标：fouling post尖端杆：front rod绝缘不良:insulation fault接口:interface机械锁闭：mechanical locking极性交叉：polar transposition；staggering polarity 进行信号:proceed signal进路程序控制：programmed route control接受端：receiving end接车信号：receiving signal继电器：relay继电器吸起：relay energize继电器释放:relay release继电器室:relay room解锁：release解锁电路:release circuit进路解锁：releasing of a route进路：route进路锁闭：route locking进路预排：route presetting进路解锁:route release进路一次解锁：route Release at once进路分段解锁：sectional route release尽头信号机:signal for sub-end track咽喉信号机：signal in throat section挤岔：trailing of a switchK开放信号：clear a signal开放信号显示：clear signal indication控制台：control desk;console控制对象:controlled object可靠性:reliability空间间隔制：space—interval system开闭器：switch circuit controllerL联系电路：connecting circuit联锁道岔：interlocked switch联锁：interlocking联锁区：interlocking area联锁设备：interlocking equipment联锁表：interlocking table逻辑电路：logical circuit漏解锁：missing release零层端子:terminals of layer zero of relay racks列车进路：train route列车信号:train signalM命令:command冒进信号:overrun a signalNOP偏极继电器：pole biased relay平行作业：simultaneous workingQ取消进路:cancel a route牵出线:draw-out track前接点：front contact侵入限界绝缘：insulated joints located within the clearence 区间：section;wayside区间占用:section occupiedR熔断器:fuse人机接口：man—machine interface人工解锁：manual release人工分路：manual shuntS事故：accident色灯信号机：colour-light signal死区段：dead section双断：double break设备故障：equipment failure瞬时分路:instantaneous shunt锁闭电路：lock circuit锁闭条件：lock requisition锁闭：locking实时控制：real time control三点检查：released by three sections时序电路:sequential circuit时间间隔制:time—interval system时间继电器：time relay上行方面：up side上行咽喉：up throat上行:up line；up traffic视觉信号：visual signalT铁路运输自动控制：automatic railway control条件电源:conditional power source跳线：jumper透镜式色灯信号机：multiple light signal通路：path铁路信号：railway signaling条件:requisition停车信号:stop signal通过进路:through route通过信号:through signalUVW无岔区段：switchless section违章作业：working against regulationsX小站继电集中联锁：all relay interlocking for waystation信号机前方：in advance of a signal信号机后方：in rear of a signal信息交换：information exchange吸起时间:pick up time吸起值:pick up value显示距离:range of a signal选路：route selection排列进路:route setting进路信号机：route signal信号显示：signal aspect and indication信号开放：signal at clear信号关闭：signal at stop信号露：signal box信号控制电路：signal control circuit信号机电灯电路：signal lighting circuit信号机调压:voltage regulation of signal lamps小站:waystationY引导信号：calling—onsignal迂回进路：detour route；alternative route预告信号：distant signal；approaching signal硬件:hardware允许信号：permissive signal有极继电器：polarized relay一送多受轨道电路：single feeding and multiple receiving track circuit Z自动选路:automatic routing自动停车：automatic train stop注意信号：caution signal照查锁闭：check locking组合电路:combinational circuit直流电源屏：DC power supply panel 直流继电器:DC relay站场型网络：geographical circuitry 重力式继电器:gravitation relay专用线：industrial siding正线:main track中途返回：midway return operation 最大限制信号:most restrictive自闭电路:stick circuit转辙机：switch machine终端：terminal组合：unit block组合架：unit block assembly rack。

在卵巢癌小鼠中,Trp53或Pik3ca的突变使I型卵巢癌向II型卵巢癌发展的过程中,转变为一种更有侵袭性的表型。

TUMORIGENESIS AND NEOPLASTIC PROGRESSIONType I to Type II Ovarian Carcinoma ProgressionMutant Trp53or Pik3ca Confers a More Aggressive Tumor Phenotype in a Mouse Model of Ovarian CancerRong Wu,*Suzanne J.Baker,y Tom C.Hu,*Kyle M.Norman,*Eric R.Fearon,*zx and Kathleen R.Cho*zxFrom the Departments of Pathology*and Internal Medicine,z and the Comprehensive Cancer Center,x University of Michigan Medical School,Ann Arbor, Michigan;and the Department of Developmental Neurobiology,y St.Jude Children’s Research Hospital,Memphis,TennesseeAccepted for publication December10,2012.Address correspondence to Kathleen R.Cho,M.D., Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School,1506A.Alfred Taub-man BSRB,109Zina Pitcher, Ann Arbor,MI48109-2200.E-mail:kathcho@.A dualistic pathway model of ovarian carcinoma(OvCA)pathogenesis has been proposed:type I OvCAs are low grade,genetically stable,and relatively more indolent than type II OvCAs,most of which are high-grade serous carcinomas.Endometrioid OvCA(EOC)is a prototypical type I tumor,often harboring mutations that affect the Wnt and phosphatidylinositol3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathways.Molecular and histopathologic analyses indicate type I and II OvCAs share over-lapping features,and a subset of EOCs may undergo type I/type II progression accompanied by acquisition of somatic TP53or PIK3CA mutations.We used a murine model of EOC initiated by conditional inactivation of the Apc and Pten tumor suppressor genes to investigate mutant Trp53or Pik3ca alleles as key drivers of type I/type II OvCA progression.In the mouse EOC model,the presence of somatic Trp53 or Pik3ca mutations resulted in shortened survival and more widespread metastasis.Activation of mutant Pik3ca alone had no demonstrable effect on the ovarian surface epithelium but resulted in papillary hyperplasia when coupled with Pten inactivation.Ourﬁndings indicate that the adverse prognosis associated with TP53and PIK3CA mutations in human cancers can be functionally replicated in mouse models of type I/type II OvCA progression.Moreover,the models should represent a robust platform for assessment of the contributions of Trp53or Pik3ca defects in the response of EOCs to conventional and targeted drugs.(Am J Pathol2013,182:1391e1399;/10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.12.031)Surgical pathologists continue to use traditional morphology-based schemes for classifying ovarian carcinomas(OvCAs). The schemes are based largely on the degree of resemblance of the OvCAs to non-neoplastic epithelia in the female genital tract.However,mounting clinicopathologic and molecular data have led Kurman and Shih1to propose a“dualistic”model of OvCA pathogenesis in which OvCAs are divided into two main categories,type I and type II.1e3 Type I OvCAs are suggested to be low-grade,relatively indolent and genetically stable tumors that typically arise from recognizable precursor lesions such as endometriosis or so-called borderline(low malignant potential)tumors.Type I OvCAs frequently harbor somatic mutations(eg,KRAS, BRAF,CTNNB1,PTEN)that dysregulate speciﬁc cell signaling pathway factors or certain chromatin remodeling complexes(eg,ARID1A).Type I OvCAs include most endometrioid,clear cell,and mucinous carcinomas and low-grade serous carcinomas.In contrast,type II OvCAs are proposed to be high-grade,biologically aggressive tumors from their outset,with a propensity for metastasis from small-volume primary lesions.Most type II OvCAs are high-grade serous carcinomas,virtually all of which harbor mutant TP53 alleles.4These tumors have a high level of chromosomal instability.5Although varied gene defects besides TP53 mutation have been identiﬁed in type II tumors,with the exception of frequent genetic/epigenetic inactivation of BRCA1/2and NF1,RB1,and CDK12mutations,each of the somatic gene defects is found in a small fraction of tumors.6e8Notably,recent data suggest that many(and perhaps most)high-grade serous carcinomas arise from Supported by National Cancer Institute grants RO1CA94172(K.R.C.) and RO1CA135554(S.J.B.)and Department of Defense grant W81XWH-10-2-0013(K.R.C.and E.R.F.).Copyrightª2013American Society for Investigative Pathology. Published by Elsevier Inc.All rights reserved./10.1016/The American Journal of Pathology,Vol.182,No.4,April2013epithelium in the fallopian tube,rather than the ovarian surface epithelium(OSE).9e11The identiﬁcation of precursor lesions with p53protein overexpression and clonal TP53 mutations in the fallopian tube epithelium(including“p53 signature lesions”and tubal intraepithelial carcinomas) suggests TP53mutation is an early event in the pathogenesis of most type II OvCAs.12The dualistic pathway model represents an advance in conceptualizing OvCA pathogenesis,but the model is likely an oversimpliﬁed view of a complex group of cancers.For example,there are uncertainties about classiﬁcation of clear cell carcinomas as type I versus type II,because their molecular features are more in keeping with type I tumors, but cytologic grade and clinical behavior are often more like type II tumors.3As another example,there is signiﬁcant overlap in the morphologic and molecular features of high-grade serous and high-grade endometrioid OvCAs(hereafter referred to as EOCs)such that some pathologists now default the majority of gland-forming or near-solid cyto-logically high-grade OvCAs to the serous category and consider“true”high-grade EOCs to be rare or nonexistent.13 In this scenario,all low-grade EOCs would be classiﬁed as type I,and the category of high-grade EOCs would be eliminated.In a prior analysis of a substantial number of primary human EOCs,we found that mutations predicted to activate the canonical Wnt and phosphatidylinositol3-kinase(PI3K)/ AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathways frequently co-occur in low-grade EOC,a prototyp-ical type I OvCA.14Activation of Wnt signaling typically occurs as a consequence of oncogenic CTNNB1mutations,or rarely bi-allelic APC inactivation,whereas PI3K/AKT/ mTOR signaling is usually activated because of PTEN inac-tivation and/or oncogenic PIK3CA mutations.Notably,we identiﬁed4of21tumors with gene expression and/or muta-tional proﬁles like type I EOCs,but the tumors had also acquired TP53mutations,suggesting type I/type II progression may occur in a sizeable subset(nearly20%)of EOCs.14Similarly,we identiﬁed four EOCs with mutations in both PTEN and PIK3CA,rather than a single mutation dys-regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling.Importantly,TP53 mutation has been associated with adverse outcome in women with endometrioid carcinomas of the endometrium and ovary,15e18and PIK3CA mutation has been linked to poor outcome in patients with several types of cancer,including carcinomas of the endometrium,breast,and colon.19e22The effect of PIK3CA mutations on the prognosis of patients with OvCA is unclear,because some studies have shown an adverse effect on outcome,whereas others showed no or even a favorable effect.23e25The notion that type II tumors can progress from type I tumors is not unique to EOCs.Indeed, type I/type II progression in serous carcinomas has also been described and is often associated with acquisition of TP53mutation.26e29We previously described a murine model for type I human EOC in which concurrent dysregulation of Wnt and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is achieved through condi-tional inactivation of the Apc and Pten tumor suppressor genes in the OSE.14In this model,ovarian bursal injection of recombinant adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase (AdCre)in Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxf/ﬂox mice results in the devel-opment of EOC-like tumors with complete penetrance.The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of mutant Trp53and Pik3ca on the ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/Àmurine EOC tumor phenotype as models of type I/type II progression.Materials and MethodsStrains of Transgenic MiceIn Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂox/ﬂox mice,conditional inactivation of the Apc and Pten tumor suppressor genes in the mouse OSE (MOSE)results in ovarian tumor development with100% penetrance.14Trp53LSL-R172H/þ(01XM2),Trp53R270H/þ(01XM1),and Trp53ﬂox/ﬂox(01XC2)mice were purchased from the National Cancer Institute(Bethesda,MD)mouse repository and cross-bred with Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂox/ﬂox mice to generate the respective triple transgenic strains.Pik3ca LSL-E545K/þmice were developed in which a conditional mutant(LSL-E545K) allele is knocked into one of the endogenous Pik3ca loci.30 Cre-mediated deletion of a lox-STOP-lox cassette inserted upstream of theﬁrst coding exon activates expression of Pik3ca E545K from the endogenous locus.The mice were crossed with Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂox/ﬂox mice to generate triple transgenic Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Pik3ca LSL-E545K/þmice.All strains were maintained on a mixed C57BL/6;FVB;129background. Induction of Murine Ovarian TumorsFor tumor induction,5Â107plaque-forming units of replication-incompetent AdCre(purchased from the University of Michigan’s Vector Core)with0.1%Evans blue(Sigma-Aldrich,Indianoplis,IN)were injected into the right ovarian bursal cavities of6-to10-week-old female mice as previously described.14,31In each mouse,the left ovarian bursa was not injected and served as control. Mouse Histopathology and ImmunohistochemistryAll tumor-bearing mice were euthanized per the Committee on Use and Care of Animals guidelines at the University of Michigan for end-stage illness and humane endpoints and then examined at necropsy.The genital tract and other major organs were collected from each mouse,ﬁxed in10%(v/v) buffered formalin,and embedded in parafﬁn.H&E-stained tissue sections were evaluated by a board-certiﬁed surgical pathologist with expertise in gynecologic cancer diagnosis (K.R.C).Immunohistochemical staining was performed with standard methods;antigen e antibody complexes were detected with the avidin-biotin peroxidase method with the use of3,30-diaminobenzidine as the chromogenic substrate.Wu et al-The American Journal of PathologyAntibodies used in this study include rat anti-cytokeratin8 (CK8,#TROMA1;Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, University of Iowa);rabbit anti-p53(Vector Laboratories Inc., Burlingame,CA),rabbit anti e phospho-AKT(Ser473;#4060; Cell Signaling Technology,Inc.,Danvers,MA),rabbit anti-PTEN(clone138G6,#9559;Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.),mouse anti e b-catenin(Transduction Laboratories, Lexington,KY),goat anti e E-cadherin(R&D Systems,Minneapolis,MN),rabbit anti e WT-1(sc-192;Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Inc.,Dallas,TX),and rabbit anti-PAX8 (NBP1-74734;Novus Biologicals,Littleton,CO).Genotyping and Recombination Analysis of Mouse TumorsGenomic DNA was isolated from tail snips,ovarian tumors,or other organs,and PCR was performed with primers that allowed distinction between endogenous,genetically modiﬁed,and recombined alleles(primer sequences are available on request). Representative data are shown in Supplemental Figure S1. Statistical AnalysisGraphs were constructed and statistical functions were analyzed with GraphPad Prism version5(GraphPad Soft-ware Inc.,La Jolla,CA).Kaplan-Meier survival curves were compared separately for each experimental pair by log-rank (Mantel-Cox)tests;P<0.05was considered statistically signiﬁcant.Metastasis between groups was compared with a c2contingency table test for independence.ResultsMore Aggressive Phenotype of Murine ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/ÀOvarian Tumors with the Addition of Somatic Missense Trp53MutationsSomatic missense substitutions in the TP53gene which result in the R175H and R273H alleles are among the most frequently identiﬁed p53mutations in human cancers;both the R175H and R273H TP53alleles have been studied for their loss-of-function effects on the transcription activity of p53,as well as for potential gain-of-function effects.In OvCAs,R273H,R248W, and R175H are the most common missense TP53mutations (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer;http://www.sanger. /perl/genetics/CGP/cosmic?action Z gene&ln Z TP53). As a means of modeling type I to type II progression of EOCs, we introduced the murine equivalents of the R273H(R270H) and R175H(R172H)mutations into Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox mice. Speciﬁcally,Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox mice were crossbred with mice that carried a conditional mutant Trp53LSL-R172H allele32or constitutive mutant Trp53R270H allele33to yield Apcﬂox/ﬂox; Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53LSL-R172H/þand Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Figure1The phenotype of murine ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/Àovarian tumors ismore aggressive with the addition of missense Trp53mutations.Kaplan-Meiersurvival curves of Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53LSL-R172H/þmice(n Z11)andApcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox littermate controls(n Z9)(A)and Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53R270H/þmice(n Z11)and Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox littermatecontrols(n Z10)(B)after ovarian bursal AdCre injection.H&E-stainedsections of ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/À;Trp53R172H/þovarian tumors showing glandularepithelial differentiation admixed(C)with more poorly differentiated spindle-cell areas(D).Representative metastases on the surface of the liver(E)andkidney(F;aggregate of metastatic tumor cells indicated by an arrow)areshown.Immunohistochemical staining of p53in representative ovarian tumorsarising in Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53LSL-R172H/þ(G)and Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53R270H/þ(H)mice.Scale bars:100m m(C e H).Models of Ovarian Cancer Progression The American Journal of 1393Trp53R270H/þmice.Ovarian tumors were induced by injection of AdCre into the right ovarian bursa,and tumor-bearing mice were monitored for several weeks thereafter.Mice with ApcÀ/À; PtenÀ/Àovarian tumors also expressing R172H or R270H mutant p53had signiﬁcantly shorter survival than littermate mice with ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/Àtumors that had wild-type Trp53 alleles(P Z0.0001and P Z0.0227,respectively)(Figure1,A and B).Similar to the ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/Àovarian tumors we previously described,tumors expressing mutant p53showed areas with glandular,overtly epithelial differentiation admixed with more poorly differentiated spindle-cell areas(Figure1,C and D).Metastatic carcinoma,represented by small tumor implants on the surface of abdominal organs,including liver and kidney(Figure1,E and F),was identiﬁed more frequently in mice expressing R172H mutant p53than Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox; Trp53þ/þtumor-bearing littermates(P Z0.025).Microscopic lung metastases were observed only in mice whose tumors expressed mutant p53,albeit in a small fraction.Immunohis-tochemical staining showed nuclear accumulation of p53in the tumor cells expressing either the R172H or R270H mutant (Figure1,G and H);in some cases p53overexpression was focal and in others more diffuse.Data collected from ovarian tumor-bearing Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53LSL-R172H/þand Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53R270H/þmice are summarized in Table1.Mice Bearing ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/À;Trp53À/ÀTumors Have the Shortest Survival and Frequently Develop Bulky Metastatic DiseaseBecause null and missense Trp53mutations have been shown to have different effects on the tumor phenotype in several mouse model systems34and roughly10%of TP53 mutations in human EOCs result in loss of p53protein expression(ie,nonsense,insertion,deletion;http://www. /search/s),we also wished to test the effects of Trp53deletion in the ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/Àmodel of EOC. Notably,in humans,distant metastases are nearly eightfold more common in patients with OvCAs that carry TP53null mutations compared with those with missense mutations.35Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox mice were crossed with mice harbor-ing conditional knockout(Trp53ﬂox)alleles,allowing Cre-mediated deletion of Trp53exons2through10.36Ovarian tumors were induced in Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53ﬂox/ﬂox as well as Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53ﬂox/þand Apcﬂox/ﬂox; Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53þ/þlittermates with bursal AdCre injection. Mice with ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/À;Trp53À/Àovarian tumors had signiﬁcantly reduced survival than mice with ApcÀ/À; PtenÀ/Àtumors in which one or both Trp53alleles were intact(P Z0.0006and P Z0.0004,respectively).No signiﬁcant difference in survival was observed between mice whose tumors had Cre-mediated deletion of one Trp53 allele compared with mice with two intact alleles(P Z 0.3482)(Figure2A and Table1).At necropsy,all of the tumor-bearing Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53ﬂox/ﬂox mice had grossly visible abdominal metastases(Figure2B).Repre-sentative photomicrographs of tumors arising in Apcﬂox/ﬂox; Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53ﬂox/ﬂox and Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53ﬂox/þmice are shown in Figure2,C and D.The distribution of tumor growth outside of the ovary was similar to that seen in patients with OvCA stage IV disease,because some mice showed deep extension of tumor into the parenchyma of liver(Figure2E)and/or kidney,and one mouse had metastasis to the lung(Figure2F).Metastatic carcinoma was observed signiﬁcantly less frequently in tumor-bearing Apcﬂox/ﬂox;Ptenﬂoxﬂox;Trp53þ/þlittermates(P Z0.016). ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/À;p53À/Àovarian tumors and their metastases were poorly differentiated,but the epithelial components showed strong expression of E-cadherin(Figure2G)and cytokeratin8(not shown).As expected,the tumor cells showed complete absence of p53expression(Figure2H). EOC Development in Mice Requires Combined Defects in Canonical Wnt and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling,Even in the Presence of Mutant p53Studies of human high-grade serous OvCAs and precursor lesions in the fallopian tube suggest that TP53mutations occur early and may be required for their development.In contrast,only a subset(z20%)of type I EOCs withTable1Effects of Missense and Null Trp53Mutations on the ApcÀ/À;PtenÀ/ÀTumor PhenotypeTrp53genotype Tumor size(mm3)Metastasis(n/N)P*Lungmetastasis(n/N)Mediansurvival(days)P yLSL-R172H/þ4752.7Æ1767.88/111/11570.0250.0001þ/þ4632.8Æ2178.62/90/976R270H/þ4331.2Æ1383.34/111/11710.7570.0227þ/þ4838.2Æ1868.13/100/1075ﬂox/ﬂox3068.7Æ877.09/91/957ﬂox/ﬂox vsﬂox/þ,0.0006ﬂox/þ3137.6Æ1536.96/80.0160/864ﬂox/ﬂox vsþ/þ,0.0004þ/þ2422.8Æ1351.72/60/669.5ﬂox/þvsþ/þ,0.3482*Determined by c2test.y Determined by log-rank test for median survival.ﬂox,ﬂox(del ex2-10).Wu et al-The American Journal of Pathologycanonical Wnt and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway defects also have TP53mutations,suggesting that mutant p53is not required for EOC development but may be asso-ciated with type I to type II progression.In previous studies,we showed that EOCs fail to develop unless both Wnt and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways are concomitantly dysregulated.Speci ﬁcally,no tumors formed after ovarian bursal AdCre injection in any of 61Apc ﬂox/ﬂox or 63Pten ﬂox/ﬂox mice.14Here,we wished to test whether Trp53point mutations (R172H or R270H)could cooperate with dysregulation of either canonical Wnt or PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in initi-ating EOCs in our mouse model.Ovarian bursal AdCre injec-tion was performed in Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox /þ;Trp53LSL-R172H /þ(n Z 2)and Apc ﬂox /þ;Pten ﬂox/ﬂox ;Trp53R270H /þ(n Z 2)mice,and animals were monitored for up to 9months.Although only a small number of mice with each genotype were tested,none of the mice developed ovarian tumor,further supporting the conclusion that dysregulation of both Wnt and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is required for murine EOC development,even in the presence of mutant p53.Mice with Apc À/À;Pten À/À;Pik3ca E545K /þEOCs Have Shortened Survival Compared with Mice with EOCs Lacking Mutant Pik3caIn our previous analysis of 21human EOCs with type I OvCA gene expression and mutational pro ﬁles,7had mutations predicted to dysregulate PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling,including 3EOCs that had inactivating PTEN mutations in addition to activating PIK3CA mutations in exons 9or 20.14,37Because frequent mutations in PIK3CA exons 1to 7have been reported in endometrial adenocar-cinomas,38we subsequently evaluated these exons in our set of EOCs.One additional tumor (which also had mutant PTEN )was found to harbor two mutations in PIK3CA exon 1(R88Q and K111N;Cho laboratory).Both of these have previously been reported as gain-of-function muta-tions.39e 41To determine effects of mutant Pik3ca on our murine EOC tumor phenotype,Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox mice were crossed with mice in which a conditional mutant (LSL-E545K)allele is knocked into one of the endogenous Pik3ca loci.Ovarian bursal AdCre injection was used to induce tumors in Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Pik3ca LSL-E545K /þand Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Pik3ca þ/þlittermates.Mice with Apc À/À;Pten À/À;Pik3ca E545K /þtumors (n Z 11)had signi ﬁcantly shorter survival (P Z 0.0003)and more frequent ascites and metastasis than littermate controls (n Z 11),with Apc À/À;Pten À/Àtumors lacking mutant Pik3ca (Figure 3A and Table 2).The addition of mutant Pik3ca had no appreciable effect on tumor morphology (Figure 3,B and C).As observed by Liang et al 42and Kinross et al,43activation of mutant Pik3ca alone (n Z 4)was insuf ﬁcient to initiate tumors in the MOSE.However,in contrast to these other studies,we did not observe signi ﬁcant epithelial hyperplasia in mice expressing only mutant Pik3ca in the MOSE (Figure 4A).Ovarian bursal injection of AdCre in Pten ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pik3ca LSL-E545K /þmice resulted in the development of nonepithelial hamartoma-like tumor masses (to be reported separately)in 9of 11mice similar to those reported in the soft tissue of humans with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndromes.44In addition,all 11Pten ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pik3ca LSL-E545K /þmice displayed micropapillary proliferation of the MOSE that resembled low-grade (type I)serous carci-noma between 9and 30weeks after AdCre administration (Figure 4,B and C).The hyperplastic epithelium showed strong expression of CK8,WT1,and PAX8,consistent with a Mulle-rian epithelial rather than mesothelial proliferation (Figure 4,D,E,and F).In addition,as expected,the hyperplastic epithelial cells were negative for Pten (Figure 4G)but showed elevated expression of p-AKT (Figure 4H).The changes inourFigure 2Mice bearing Apc À/À;Pten À/À;p53À/Àtumors have shortestsurvival and develop bulky metastatic disease.A :Kaplan-Meier survival curves of Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Trp53ﬂox/ﬂox (n Z 9),Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Trp53ﬂox /þ(n Z 8),and Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Trp53þ/þ(n Z 6)mice after ovarian bursal injection of AdCre.B :Image of representative tumor-bearing Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Trp53ﬂox/ﬂox mouse showing grossly visible ovarian tumor (white star )and abdominal metastasis (black star ).Representative photomicro-graphs of H&E-stained sections showing primary ovarian tumor from Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Trp53ﬂox/ﬂox mouse (C ),primary ovarian tumor from Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Trp53ﬂox /þmouse (D ),parenchymal liver metastasis (E ),and lung metastasis (F )in tumor-bearing Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Trp53ﬂox/ﬂox mice.Immunohistochemical stains showing strong expression of E-cadherin (G )and absence of p53expression (H )in sections from a representative Apc À/À;Pten À/À;p53À/Àovarian tumor.Scale bars:100m m (C e H ).Models of Ovarian Cancer ProgressionThe American Journal of Pathology- 1395Pten ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pik3ca LSL-E545K /þmice are similar to the hyper-proliferative surface epithelium observed by Kinross et al 43after expression of Pik3ca H1047R in the MOSE.Mice with several other combinations of mutant Apc,Pten ,and Pik3ca alleles were also tested for their ability to form ovarian tumors after bursal AdCre injection (Table 2).In previous work,we showed that none of the 20Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox /þmice and only 1of the 20Apc ﬂox/þ;Pten ﬂox/ﬂox mice developed OvCA after AdCre injection.14In this study,we found that AdCre induced OvCAs in two of ﬁve Apc ﬂox /þ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Pik3ca LSL-E545K /þmice,whereas the other three mice displayed hamartoma-like masses and micro-papillary proliferation of the MOSE similar to that observed inPten ﬂox ﬂox ;Pik3ca LSL-E545K /þmice.The carcinomas were not accompanied by hamartomatous lesions,presumably because the carcinomas progressed rapidly and may have overgrown early hamartomatous lesions.Similarly,four of six Apc ﬂox ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox /þ;Pik3ca E545K /þmice developed OvCAs after AdCre injection.None of the Pten ﬂox /þ;Pik3ca LSL-E545K (n Z 3)or Trp53R270/þ;Pik3ca LSL-E545K (n Z 4)mice developed ovarian surface epithelial alterations or tumors after AdCre injection within the 40-week surveillance period.Hence,tumor formation is most ef ﬁcient when both alleles of Apc and Pten are inactivated,but addition of mutant Pik3ca increases the frequency of tumor formation when one copy of either Apc or Pten is intact.DiscussionUnderstanding differences in the biology and genetics of type I versus type II OvCAs is considered critical for identifying new therapeutic strategies that will improve outcome for patients with OvCA.Type I OvCAs are char-acterized as low-grade,slow-growing tumors that are more resistant to conventional chemotherapy but more likely to be responsive to hormonal therapy than their high-grade (type II)counterparts.45The type I tumors have a more favorable prognosis,largely because many are diagnosed when the tumors are con ﬁned to the ovary and curable with surgical removal.It is important to emphasize that women with advanced-stage type I tumors have a poor prognosis.In a recent study of >600consecutive OvCAs,no signi ﬁcant difference in progression-free or overall survival was observed between women with advanced-stage type I versus type II tumors.46Because many women with type I tumors will die of their disease,understanding the molecular events underlying type I tumor progression and metastasis and how type I and type II tumors differ are important goals.The dualistic model originally argued for the existence of two distinct pathogenetic pathways for OvCA development,but molecular and histopathologic analyses suggest that the two pathways are not mutually exclusive and that a sizeable subset of endometrioid (and smaller subset of serous)carcinomas may undergo type I /type II progression,perhaps associated with acquisition of TP53and/or PIK3CA mutations.The murine model systems described herein provide support for the adverse prognostic effects of TP53and PIK3CA mutations observed in human endometrial,ovarian,and other types of carcinomas.The murine EOCs that develop in our model system show morphologic features similar to their human counterparts,including distinct gland formation and occasional foci of squamous differentiation.Unlike typical primary human EOCs,the murine tumors also show areas of less-differentiated cells with spindle-cell morphology,possibly representing epithelial-mesenchymal transition.14It is dif ﬁcult to compare survival of tumor-bearing mice with that of patients with EOC,in part because women with EOC are usually treated with surgical resection (with or without chemotherapy),andthisFigure 3Mice with Apc À/À;Pten À/À;Pik3ca E545K EOCs have shortenedsurvival.A :Kaplan-Meier survival curve of tumor-bearing Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Pik3ca E545K /þ(n Z 11)and Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox (n Z 11)mice.Photomicrographs of representative primary OvCAs from Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox (B )and Apc ﬂox/ﬂox ;Pten ﬂox ﬂox ;Pik3ca E545K /þ(C )mice.Scale bars:100m m (B and C ).Wu et al-The American Journal of Pathology。

211133184_海外铁路信号特殊控制及信号显示规则研究

海外铁路信号特殊控制及信号显示规则研究赵丽（北京全路通信信号研究设计院集团有限公司，北京 100070）摘要：结合英国铁路信号工程设计基础理论和美国铁路信号基础知识，介绍海外铁路信号运营规则相关的指导文件和信号控制原理，详细说明英国、美国铁路运营规则中特有的控制方式及信号显示规则的差异，并提出海外铁路信号工程实施的建议，以期对海外项目设备研制及工程实施提供一定参考。

关键词：运营规则；控制方式；信号显示规则中图分类号：U284 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1673-4440(2023)04-0096-05Research on Special Control and Signal Aspect andIndication Rules of Overseas Railway SignalingZhao Li(CRSC Research & Design Institute Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100070, China) Abstract: Combining the basic theory of the United Kingdom(UK) railway signaling engineering design and the basic knowledge of the United States(US) railway signaling, this paper introduces related guidance documents of operating rules and signaling control principle adopted in overseas railways, elaborates the unique control methods and the difference regarding to signal aspect and indication rules in the UK and the US railways and puts forward suggestions for the implementation of overseas railway signalling engineering. It is expected to provide some reference for equipment development and engineering implementation of overseas projects.Keywords: operating rules; control method; signal aspect and indicution rulesDOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4440.2023.04.018收稿日期：2022-08-01；修回日期：2023-04-11作者简介：赵丽（1984—），女，工程师，本科，主要研究方向：铁路信号系统研究及标准化，邮箱：****************.cn。

IT专业英语词汇精选（T2）

IT专业英语词汇精选(T2)tlc task level controller 任务级别控制器tlc terminal link control 终端链路控制tlc threshold logic circuit 阈值逻辑电路.tlc swat的编译工具命令语言源码文件格式〖后缀〗tlct total life cycle time 生命周期总计时间tld threshold logic device 阈值逻辑设备tld top – level domain 顶级域名tle threshold logic element 阈值逻辑单元tle trunk line equipment 中继线设备tli transmission layer interface 传输层接口tli transport level interface 传送级接口〖unix〗tll television laser link 电视激光传送线路tlm telemeter 遥测装置tlm telemetry 遥测tlm time linearization method 时间线性化法tlm transmission line matrix 传输线路矩阵tlp transmission layer protocol 传输层协议tlp telephone line patch 电话线路修补tlp terminal link process 终端链路进程.tlp timeline的项目文件格式〖后缀〗tlr toll line release 长途线路释放tlrn time – lagged recurrent networktls transport layer security 传输层安全（1995年5月ietf推出的协议）tlt transportable link terminal 可运输的链路终端tlu table lookup 查找表tlu threshold logic unit 阈值逻辑单元.tlx 电传文件格式〖后缀〗tlxau telex access unit 电传接入部件tlz transfer on less than zero 小于零转移tm tape mark 磁带标记tm tape module 磁带模块tm teaching machine 教学机tm technical manual 技术手册tm technical memorandum 技术备忘录tm terminal management 终端管理tm terminal mobility 终端设备机动性（个人通信服务－pcs的三项功能之一）tm terminal monitoring 终端监视程序tm terminal multiplexers 终端多路复用器tm thematic mapper 主题映射程序tm time modulation 时间调制tm tone modulation 音调调制tm trade mark 商标tm traffic manager 传输量管理器tm transcription machine 录放机tm translation memory 翻译记忆（德国塔多斯机器翻译公司的核心技术）tm transverse magnetic field 横向磁场tm traymenu “桌面与资源管理专家” 〖软件名〗tm turing machine 图灵机（即不受存储容量限制的假想计算机）tm turkmenistan 土库曼斯坦（域名）tm-pdu test management pdu 测试管理－协议数据单元tma terminal movement area 终端活动区tmas transport maintenance & administration system 传送器维护管理系统tmc telecommunication maintenance center 远程通信维护中心tmc thinking machines corp. “思考机器”公司（美国，研制了大规模并行处理机，1994年破产）tmc transmission maintenance center 传输维护中心tmd telemetered data 遥测数据tmde test measurement and diagnostic equipment 测试的度量诊断设备tmds transmission minimized differential signaling 传输最小化差别信令（提供传输数字信号到显示器的技术）tmdt total mean down time 总平均关机时间tmf technology managers forum 技术经理论坛tmf through – mastergroup filter 经由主群滤波器tmf transmission monitoring facility 传输监控设备tmf trunk maintenance file 中继线维护文件.tmf wordperfect for win的标记公制字体文件格式〖后缀〗tmgb telecommunications main grounding busbar 远程通信主接地汇流排tmis technical maintenance information system 技术维护信息系统tmis technical meetings information service 技术会议信息服务处（美国）tmis television management information system 电视管理信息系统tmis transportation management information system 运输管理信息系统（中国铁道部的）tmm telex main memories 电传主存储器tmm transparent monitor mode 透明监视模式，直通监视模式tmn telecommunications management network 远程通信管理网络tmn telephony management network 电信管理网络tmn time management networking 时间管理联网tmo telegraphic money order 电汇汇单.tmo zortech c++的共用优化程序默认输出文件格式〖后缀〗tmp temporary 暂时tmp terminal monitor program 终端监视器程序.tmp 临时文件格式〖后缀〗tmr triple modular redundancy 三重模块冗余tmr trunked mobile radio 中继的移动无线通信tmrs traffic measuring and recording system 通信交往的测量和记录系统tms task management services 任务管理服务tms technical and management support 技术和管理支持tms technology management services 技术管理服务tms telecommunications management services 远程通信管理服务tms telecommunications message switch 远程通信报文转换tms telemetry modulation system 遥测调制系统tms telephony management system 电信管理系统tms test monitor system 测试监控系统tms testing method select 测试方法选择tms text management system 文本管理系统tms thesaurus management system 词表管理系统tms tight master – slave (synchronous system) 紧耦合主从同步系统tms time – multiplex switching 时间多路复用交换tms time – multiplexed switch 时间多工开关tms traffic measurement system 传输量测量系统tms transmission measurement set 电平表tms transportation management system 运输业管理系统tms truth maintenance system 真值维护系统.tms telemate的脚本文件格式〖后缀〗tmsf track, minute, second and frame 音轨、分钟、秒和帧〖cd播放器〗tmsi temporary mobile station identity 临时移动站标识tmtc thru – mode tape converter 通过式磁带转换器tmtc tri – model tape converter 三模型带转换器tmu transmission message unit 传输报文单元tn target network 目标网络tn task number 任务数tn telephone network 电话网tn telephone number 电话号码tn terminal node 终端节点tn transaction number 事物处理编号tn transport network 传送网络tn tunisia 突尼斯（域名）tn twisted nematic 扭曲向列相tnc terminal network controller 终端网络控制器tnc total numerical control 全部用数字表示的控制tnc track navigation computer 跟踪导航计算机tndf transnational data flows 跨国数据流tnds total network data system 全部网络数据系统tnef transport neutral encapsulation format 传送中性封装格式tnet (terminal and computer network) 终端与计算机网络tng tone generator 双音频发生器tni traffic noise index 通行噪音指数tni trusted network interpretation 可信网络翻译tnic telex network identification code 电传网络标识码tn-lcd twisted nematic – liquid crystal display 扭曲向列相液晶显示器tnrec tone receiver 双音频接收机tns temporal noise shaping 现时噪音整形技术〖mpeg〗tns tone sender 双音频发送器tns transparent network substrate 透明网络底层（奥瑞克公司的）tnt the news toolkit 新闻网工具包tnt total network tester 全网测试器tnv telecommunication network voltage circuit 电信网电压电路tnw tactical nuclear weapon 战术核武器tnz transfer on non – zero 非零转移to target option 目标选项to telegraph office 电报局to telegraph operator 电报员to telephone operator 话务员to time – out error 过时错误to tonga 汤加（域名）toa take off angle 发射角〖天线〗toa terminal operations activity 终端操作活动toa type of address 地址类型toc table of contents 内容表〖光盘〗toc technical operation center 技术操作中心toc television operating center 电视控制中心toc time out circuit 超时线路toc total ownership cost 总体拥有成本.toc 目录表文件格式〖后缀〗tocar task – oriented computer architecture 面向任务的计算机体系结构tocc technical operation control center 技术操作控制中心tocs terminal – oriented computer system 面向终端的计算机tod technical objective document 技术目标文档tod time of day 昼夜计时（即cpu使用的24小时制）todc time-of-day clock 昼夜时钟toe tape overlap emulator 磁带重叠仿真器toe total operating expense 总操作费用toes trade – off evaluation system 交替使用的鉴定系统tof time – of – filing 归档时间tof top – of – file 文件头，文件头标记符tol telephonic oriented language 面向电话使用的语言tol test – oriented language 面向测试的语言tol type of line 线路类型tolar terminal online availability reporting 终端在线可用性报告tolr toll restricted 限制长途呼叫tom technical operations manager 技术操作管理器tomb raider 《古墓丽影》〖游戏名〗ton type of number 编号类型tongfang 同方光驱·清华〖品牌〗tonics telephone operations network integration control system 电话操作网络综合控制系统too time of origin 起始时间top technical and office protocol 技术和办公室协议，top协议topas total outside plant administration system 全部车间外管理系统topms telemarketing operations performance management system 电话推销运行表现管理系统topp task oriented plant practice 面向任务的车间实践top tech thermal overheat protection technology 过热保护tops teletype optical projection system 电传光学投影系统tops thermoelectric outer planet spacecraft 热电外行星太空船tops time – sharing operating system 时间共享的操作系统tops total operation processing system 总操作处理系统tops trancendental operating system 先验性操作系统tor telegraph on radio 无线电报tor transmission over radio 无线传输tortos terminal oriented real time operating system 面向终端的实时操作系统tos tape operating system 磁带操作系统tos time ordered system 时间有序系统tos type of service 服务类型，业务类型.tos atari st的自提取存档文件格式〖后缀〗tosbac toshiba scientific and business automatic computer 东芝科学与商用自动计算机toshiba tokyo shibaura electric co. ltd. 东京芝蒲电气有限公司，东芝电气有限公司（日本）tosl terminal – oriented service language 面向终端的服务语言toss terminal – oriented support system 面向终端的支持系统tosnuc toshiba numeric control 东芝数字控制公司tot telephone organization of thailand 泰国电话组织tot time of transmission 传输时间tot total 全体，总数tot transfer of technology 技术转让tot transfer open time 传送开始时间tote teleprocessing on – line test executive 远程处理在线测试执行程序tp east timor 东帝汶（域名）tp tape terminal printer 磁带终端打印机tp teleprocessing 远程处理tp television program 电视节目tp tenting program 测试程序tp terminal processor 终端处理器tp terminal protocol 终端协议tp test position 测试位置tp time pulse 时钟脉冲tp top priority 最高优先级tp tracking program 跟踪程序tp traffic padding 通信量填充tp transaction processing 事务处理tp transparency 投影胶片tp twisted pair 双绞线〖网络〗.tp turbo pascal的配置文件格式〖后缀〗.tp turbo profiler的会话状态文件格式〖后缀〗.tp3 harvard graphics 3.0的模板文件格式〖后缀〗tpa tape pulse amplifier 磁带脉冲放大器tpa telematic protocol architecture 远程信息处理协议体系结构tpa transfer and propagation agent 传送与宣传代理tpa tunable parametric amplifier 可调参数放大器tpad teleprocessing analysis and design program 远程处理分析和设计程序tpad terminal packet assembler disassembler 终端分组汇编反汇编程序tpap transaction processing applications program 事物处理的处理应用程序.tpb hijaak的可下载pcl soft字体备份文件格式〖后缀〗tpc test pattern check 测试模式复选tpc time – to – pulse height converter 时间－脉冲振幅转换器tpc time polarity control 时间极性控制tpc transaction processing council 事物处理委员会tpc twisted – pair channel 双扭线通道tpc two – phase commit 二相提交，双相委托tpc typewriter and paper – tape control 打字机与纸带控制器tpc typewriter paper tape reader controller 打字机纸带阅读器控制器tpc-d transaction processing performance council benchmark d 事物处理处理性能委员会基准dtpci transport protocol control information 传送协议控制信息tpd time pulse decoder 时间脉冲解码器tpd time pulse distributor 时间脉冲分配器tpd total program diagnostic 总程序诊断tpd transient propagation delay 瞬态传播延时tpd trivial problem discriminator 琐碎问题鉴别器tpddi twisted pair distribution data interface 双绞线分布数据界面tpdu transfer protocol data unit 传送协议数据单元tpdu transport protocol data unit 传送协议数据单元tpf transaction processing facility 事物处理处理工具tpe test pattern evaluator 测试模式评定器tper teleprocessing error record 远程处理错误记录tpf theoretical peak fillrate 理论峰值填充率〖3d芯片〗.tpf hijaak的可下载pcl soft字体备份文件格式〖后缀〗tpg test pattern generator 测试模式发生器tpg timing pulse generator 定时脉冲发生器tpg total precedence grammar 总体优先语法.tph turbo pascal的帮助文件格式〖后缀〗tpi target position indicator 目标位置显示器tpi tracks per inch 每英寸磁轨数tpi transport provider interface 传送器接口tpis telecommunication products information retrieval and simulation 电信产品信息检索和模拟tpl table producing language 表生成语言tpl telecommunication –oriented programming language 面向远程通信的编程语言tpl telecommunication programming language 远程通信编程语言tpl terminal processing language 终端处理语言tpl terminal programming language 终端编程语言tpl test point logic 测试点逻辑tpl test procedure language 测试过程语言tpl test program language 测试程序语言tpl transmission protocol layer 传输协议层.tpl turbo pascal的常驻单元库文件格式〖后缀〗.tpl harvard graphics 2.0的模板文件格式〖后缀〗tplc test program and logic computer 测试程序与逻辑计算机tpm technical performance measurement 技术性能测量tpm telemetry processor module 遥测处理器模块tpm tracks per millimeter 每毫米磁轨数tpms transaction processing management system 事物处理处理管理系统tpn timed petri net 计时佩特里网tpn trading partners network 贸易伙伴网tpn trading process network 贸易过程网络tpon telephony over passive optical network 在无源光纤网上通电话.tpp borland pascal 7.0的受保护方式单元格式〖后缀〗单元tppc telecommunications public policy committee 远程通信公共政策委员会tppc transaction processing performance council 事务处理性能委员会（权威的计算机性能测试机构）tpr tape programmed raw data 磁带程控原始数据tpr teleprinter 电传打字机tpr telescopic photograph recorder 带望远镜头的录像机tps task parameter synthesizer 任务参数合成器tps terminals per station 每工作站终端数tps terminal polling system 终端轮询系统tps terminal programming system 终端编程系统tps thermal protection system 热防护系统tps timing pulse shaper 定时脉冲整形器tps transactions per second 每秒事务处理次数（用于服务器测试）tps transaction processing system 事物处理处理系统tpt propagation delay time 传播延时tpt temporary program table 临时程序表tpt train positioning tracking 火车定位跟踪tpt transport 输送，转移，传送tpt twisted pair transceiver 双绞线收发器tptc teleprocessing test center 远程处理测试中心tp-tcp iso transport service on top of the tcp 基于传输控制协议的国际标准化组织的传送服务〖因特网〗tpu terminal processing unit 终端处理单元.tpu turbo pascal的单元常数文件格式〖后缀〗.tpu vaxtpu editor命令文件格式〖后缀〗tpw theme park world 《主题公园世界》〖游戏名〗.tpw turbo profiler for windows的会话状态文件格式〖后缀〗.tpw turbo profiler for windows的单元常数文件格式〖后缀〗.tpz 由tar和gnuzip (.tar.gz) 生成的压缩存档文件格式〖后缀〗tqc total quality control 完全质量控制tqm total quality management 完全质量管理tr tape recorder 磁带记录器tr tape residence 磁带驻留tr technical reference 技术引用tr technical report 技术报告tr telegraph repeater 电报转发器tr tele – recording 电视屏幕录像tr telephone repeater 电话转发器tr terminal ready 终端就绪〖指示灯〗tr test report 实验报告tr test requirements 测试要求tr throughput ratio 吞吐量比率tr token – ring 令牌环tr track 磁道tr tracking radar 跟踪雷达tr traffic route 通信交往路由tr transient response 瞬态响应tr transmit and receiving 发射与接收tr transmitter – receiver 收发两用机tr transparent routing 透明路由选择tr trouble report 故障报告tr trunk relay 中继线中继tr trust relation 委托关系〖网络〗tr turkey 土耳其（域名）.tr turbo debugger for dos的会话状态设置文件格式〖后缀〗.tr 适用于troff -man (cawf2.zip)的城域网网页输入文件格式〖后缀〗.tr2 turbo debugger for win32的会话状态设置文件格式〖后缀〗tra traffic – restart – allowed 允许通信交往重新开始trac text reckoning and compiling 电文的合计与编译trace tolls recording and computing equipment 长途电话纪录与计算设备trace transaction control and encoding 事物处理控制和编码tracis traffic records and criminal justice information system 交通记录与刑事审判信息系统tradacomm trading data communication 贸易数据通信tradex target resolution and discrimination experiment radar 分辨和识别目标的实验雷达tradic transistor digital computer 晶体管数字计算机tradic transistorized airborne digital computer 晶体管化的机载数字计算机trai telecom regulatory authority of india 印度电信管理局tram trademark reporting and monitoring 商标报告与监视tramps text information retrieval and management program system 文本信息检索和管理程序系统transac transistorized automatic computer 晶体管化自动计算机translang translator language 翻译程序语言trau transcode rate adapter unit 译码速率适配器单元trawl tape read and write library 带读写库trax (transaction processing system) 事物处理处理系统trc technology reports center 技术报告中心（英国）trc telegram retransmission center 电报重传中心trc television relay center 电视转播中心trc token ring connection 令牌环连接trc transmission and receive control equipment 播送与接收控制设备trc transmission and reception controller 传送与接收控制器trc transverse redundancy check 横向冗余复选trc trunk resource coordinator 中继线资源协调器.trc power ctrace的调试支持文件格式〖后缀〗trd token ring d 象征性环网d标准〖网络〗trdy transmit buffer ready 发送缓冲器就绪.tre pc-tools的目录树文件格式〖后缀〗trend 中凌电脑〖厂标〗trf tuned radio frequency 调谐射频trfa tuned radio – frequency amplifier 调谐射频放大器tri telemanagement resource international 远程管理国际资源trial technique for retrieving information from abstracts of literature 文献摘编信息检索技术trice transistorized real – time incremental computer 晶体管化实时增量计算机tridac three – dimensional analog computer 三维模拟计算机trident 泰鼎公司（中国台湾，出品显示器和音效芯片等）〖厂标〗trim tailored retrieval and information management 定做的检索和信息管理系统trimedia 三媒体处理器（ps公司1997年开发）〖品牌〗trinitron 特丽珑显象管，贵翔显示器（索尼公司研制）triplex 中国台湾启亨（出品显卡、声卡、56k调制解调器等）trl transistor resistor logic 晶体管电阻逻辑（电路）trm test request message 测试请求报文trm time ratio modulation 时间比率调制trm transmission resource managementtrm trunk memory 中继线存储器.trm windows 3.x的终端设置文件格式〖后缀〗trms technical requirements management system 技术要求管理系统trn terrestrial radio navigation 地面无线电导航trn token ring network 象征性环状网络.trn quattro的翻译支持文件格式〖后缀〗tropo (tropospheric scatter communications) 对流层散射通信tros transformer read – only store 变压器只读存储体trp television remote pickup 远距离电视摄像管trp transmission reference point 传输参考点trpb truncated reverse path broadcast 删节的反向路径广播trr trouble recorder 故障记录器trs telegram retransmission system 电报重传系统trs teleoperator retrieval system 远程操作员检索系统trs terrestrial radio system 陆地无线电通信系统trs texture rendering speed 纹理贴图速度〖显卡测试〗.trs micrografx的可执行文件格式〖后缀〗trsm token ring switching module 令牌环交换模块trt token rotation timer 令牌轮流定时器trtl transistor – resistor – transistor logic 晶体管－电阻－晶体管逻辑（电路）trtv transistorized television receiver 晶体管电视接收机trump teller register unit monitoring program 出纳寄存器监视程序trw traffic – restarted – waiting 等待通信交往重新开始.trw turbo debugger for windows的会话状态设置文件格式〖后缀〗ts tag switching 标记交换ts task switching 任务切换ts technique specifications 技术规范ts telecommunication service 远程通信服务ts telephone subscriber 电话用户ts televised speech 电视讲话ts temporary storage 暂存ts terminal series 终端系列ts terminal server 终端服务器ts terminal service 终端服务ts terminal station 终端站ts terminal strip 终端剥离ts test set 试验装置ts text segment 正文段ts the sims 《模拟人生》〖游戏名〗ts time sharing 时间分享，分时ts time slice 时间片断，时间分段ts time slot 时间空档，时隙ts time switch 时间开关ts time – space 时间空间ts timing selector 定时选择器ts timing sequence 定时顺序ts tracking system 跟踪系统ts transmission services 传输服务ts transient state 瞬态ts transport service 传送服务ts traveling software 移动软件公司（美国，出品离线阅读器、远程控制器等因特网工具）ts trunking system 干线系统ts tunneling server 隧道服务器ts-ansi (ansi committee for telecommunications standards) 美国国家标准学会远程通信标准委员会ts / dms time – shared / data management system 时间共享数据管理系统tsa target service agent 目标服务代理tsa technical support association 技术支持同盟tsa test signal analyzer 测试信号分析器tsa time slot access 时间空档接入tsa time – slot assignment 时间空档分配tsap transfer service access point 传送服务访问点〖osi〗tsap transport layer service access point 传送层服务接入点tsap transport service access point 传送服务接入点tsapi telephony services application programming interface 电话服务应用编程接口（网威公司针对局域网推出）tsapi telephone services application programming interface 电话业务应用编程接口tsap-id transfer service access point – identifier 传送服务访问点标识符tsar time sharing activating report system 分时启动报告系统tsb target specification block 目标说明块tsb technical system board 技术系统布告牌tsb terminal status block 终端状态块tsb time switch bus 时间开关总线tsbo timing signal bus out 定时信号输出总线tsbp time sharing business package 时间分享业务软件包tsc tagram system corp. 标记内存系统公司（美国，电脑主机）tsc tally systems corp. 记录系统公司（美国，出品网管工具）tsc time – assigned synchronous composite 时间指派的同步合成tsc time – sharing control 时间分享控制tsc time sharing control task 时间分享控制任务tsc transit switching center 中转交换中心tsc transmitter start code 发送器起始代码tsc trunking system controller 中继线系统控制器tsc two subcarrier system 两个副载波系统〖彩电〗tscc telemetry standards coordination committee 遥测标准协调委员会tsds time – sharing diagnostic supervisor 时间分享诊断管理程序tsdu transport service data unit 传送业务数据单元tse test support equipment 测试支持设备tse time slice end 时间分段结束tses time sharing executive system 时间分享执行系统tses transportable satellite earth station 移动式卫星地面站tsf through supergroup filter 经由超群滤波器tsfs trunk servicing forecasting system 中继线维修预测系统tsg telegraph signal generator 电报信号发生器tsg test signal generator 测试信号发生器tsg time slot generator 时间空档发生器tsh technical support hotline 技术支持热线tsi task status index 任务状态索引tsi time – slot interchange 时间空档互换tsi total system intervention 全系统干预tsi transmitting subscriber identification 发送用户识别tsl three – state logic 三态逻辑tsl time series language 时间序列语言tsl tree searching language 树搜索语言tsl tri – state logic 三态逻辑（电路）tsl trouble – shooting loop 故障查找环路tslt transportable satellite communications link terminal 可运输的无线通信链路终端tsm time sharing multiplex 时间分享多路传输，时分多工tsm time stage memory 时间阶段存储器tsm total storage management 总存储管理tsm tree storage management 子目录存储管理tsmc Chinese Taiwan semiconductor manufacturing co. 中国台湾半导体制造公司（世界最大的半导体厂商）tsn task sequence number 任务序号tso technical standard order 标准技术规范tso time sharing operation 时间分享操作，分时操作tso time sharing option 时间分享选项，可选分时软件包〖mvs〗tsos time sharing operating system 时间分享操作系统，分时操作系统tsp tabloid – size printer 大幅面打印机tsp telephony api service provider 电话应用编程接口服务提供商tspl telephone systems programming language 电话系统编程语言tsps time sharing programming system 时间分享编程系统，分时编程系统tsr technical support center （ibm中国）技术支持中心tsr terminate – and – stay – resident 终止驻留程序，内存驻留程序tsr track specification record 磁轨规格记录tsr transfer service redirect 传送服务重新定tsr transparent static routing 透明静止路由选择tss task selecting strand 任务选择串tss telecommunication standardization sector 电信标准部门tss telecommunications switching system 电信交换系统tss teletype switching system 电传机转换系统tss terminal security system 终端安全系统tss time – sharing service 时间分享服务，分时服务tss time – sharing system 时间分享系统，（ibm360）分时系统tss toll switching system 长途交换系统tss transaction security system 交易安全系统tss transportation support system 运输业支持系统tss tributary status slot 从属状态存储槽tss trunk servicing system 中继线维修系统tss trunk and signaling subsystem 中继线和信令子系统tssc touchstone software corp. “试金石”软件公司（美国，出品反病毒工具）tst time sharing terminal 时间分享终端，分时终端tst time – space – time 时间－空间－时间.tst wordperfect for win的打印机测试文件格式〖后缀〗tsts transparent spanning tree schema 透明生成树状轮廓图tsw tele software 电信软件tsw trouble – shooting wizards 疑难解答向导tsx time sharing executive 时间分享执行程序tt telephoned telegraph 电话电报tt teletext 图文电视tt teletype 电传打字机tt toll ticket 长途电话单tt tracking telescope 跟踪望远镜tt transaction terminal 事物处理终端tt trinidad & tobago 特立尼达和多巴哥（域名）tt-fr tunable transmitter, fixed receiver 可调发射机，固定接收机tta test target array 测试目标阵列tta theatre television authority 电视剧场ttbomk to the best of my knowledge 就我所知〖网语〗ttc table top computer 桌上计算机，台式计算机ttc telemetry tracking and command 遥测跟踪和指令ttc telephone toll call 长途电话呼叫ttc terminating toll center 终端长途电话局ttc&m tracking, telemetry, control, and monitoring 跟踪、遥测、控制和监视ttcn tree and tabular combined notation 树状图与表格相结合的注释ttd temporary text delay 文本暂时延迟符ttdl terminal transparent display language 终端清晰显示语言ttdr tracking telemetry data receiver 跟踪遥测数据接收机tte telecommunication terminal equipment 远程通信终端设备ttf transport terminal function 传送终端功能.ttf true type 字体文件格式〖后缀〗ttfn ta – ta for now 多谢多谢〖网语〗ttis toll transit and incoming switch 长途中转和入局开关ttk toyo tsushinki kaisha 东洋通信机械公司ttl terminating test line 终端测试线路ttl time to live （信息包）生存时间〖因特网〗ttl toll terminal loss 长途电话终端损耗ttl transistor – transistor logic 晶体管晶体管逻辑（电路）ttm two – tone modulation 双音频（信号）调制ttos toll transit and outgoing switch 长途中转和出局开关ttp teller transaction processor 柜员交易处理程序〖p＋〗ttp telnet terminal protocol 远程注册终端协议ttp timed token passing 计时标记通过ttp timed token protocol 定时令牌协议ttr target tracking radar 目标跟踪雷达ttr teletype translator 电传打字机译码器ttr touch tone registration 按钮式音频注册登记ttrt target token rotation timer 目标令牌循环定时器tts tank thermal sight 坦克热成像瞄准镜tts target tracking system 目标跟踪系统tts teletype setting (-er) 电传打字机定位（器）tts television training system 电视训练系统tts text to speech 文本语音转换技术，全程化语音技术tts transaction tracking system 事务处理跟踪系统tts transmission test set 传输测试装置tts transmission testing device 传输测试设备ttts toll trunk transit switch 长途中继线中转开关ttu teletype terminal unit 电传终端设备ttu terminal timing unit 终端定时器ttul talk to you later 以后再谈〖网语〗ttx teletex 智能用户电报tty teletypewriter 电传打字机tu tape unit 带装置tu terminal unit 终端装置tu tilt up 仰摄tu timing unit 定时器tu transmission unit 传输设备tu tributary unit 附属单元tua telecommunications users’ association远程通信用户协会tuba tcp and udp with bigger addresses 具有较长地址的传输控制协议和用户数据报协议tubi tape unit bus in 磁带机输入总线tubo tape unit bus out 磁带机输出总线tuf telecommunications users’ foundation电信用户基金会（英国）tug tributary unit group 附属单元组tulip tcp and udp over light weight ip 因特网少量目录访问协议上的传输控制协议和用户数据电报协议tulip 郁金香电脑（欧洲，荷兰）〖品牌〗〖厂标〗tunip tcp and udp over nonexistent ip 因特网不存在目录访问协议上的传输控制协议和用户数据电报协议tur traffic usage recorder 通信交往用法记录器.tut 教程文件格式〖后缀〗tuv 德国技术监督协会tuvm turbo universal voice module “涡轮”通用语音模块tuwds international ursigram and world days service 国际无线电科学协会广播节目和世界日业务tv television 电视tv television vision channel 电视图像信道tv throughput with voice 带语音的吞吐量tv transfer vector 转移向量tv threshold value 阈值tv tree view 树形视图tv tuvalu 图瓦鲁（域名）.tv paradox的表格视野设置文件格式〖后缀〗.tv1 wordperfect for win的doc 1高于插入点溢出文件格式〖后缀〗.tv2 wordperfect for win的doc 2高于插入点溢出文件格式〖后缀〗.tv3 wordperfect for win的doc 3高于插入点溢出文件格式〖后缀〗.tv4 wordperfect for win的doc 4高于插入点溢出文件格式〖后缀〗.tv5 wordperfect for win的doc 5高于插入点溢出文件格式〖后缀〗.tv6 wordperfect for win的doc 6高于插入点溢出文件格式〖后缀〗.tv7 wordperfect for win的doc 7高于插入点溢出文件格式〖后缀〗.tv8 wordperfect for win的doc 8高于插入点溢出文件格式〖后缀〗.tv9 wordperfect for win的doc 9高于插入点溢出文件格式〖后缀〗tva television audio 电视音频tva / cue television audio / cue 电视伴音 / 字幕tvb transmit control block 传送控制块tv-bm tv – based multimedia 基于电视的多媒体，多媒体电视tvbs tv broadcast by satellite 卫星电视广播tvc television camera 电视摄像机.tvf dbase的表格视图设置文件格式〖后缀〗tvg time variation of gain 增益的时变tvi television interference 电视干扰tvi transient voltage indicator 瞬时电压指示器tvig television inertial guidance 电视惯性制导tvist television information storage tube 电视信息存储管tvm television monitor 电视监视器tvn transcend virtual networking 超常虚拟联网tvo total value of ownership 拥有电脑的总价值t-vod true video – on – demand 纯粹视频点播tvr television recording 电视录像技术tvr temperature variation of resistance 阻温度变化tvro television receive only 只接收电视〖卫星天线〗tvs telemetry video spectrum 遥测视频频谱tvs television shopping 电视购物tvs television viewing system 电视观看系统tvs triangular voltage sweep 三角形电压扫描tvsc television sound channel 电视伴音通道tvsg television signal generator 电视信号发生器tvspg television synthetic pattern generator 电视合成图案发生器tvsw television switch 电视开关tvt television teletypewriter 电视电传机tvt television translator 电视翻译器，电视转发器tvt television typewriter 电视打字机tvt the virtual tourist 虚拟游客tvtuner tv tuner 电视调谐器tw Chinese Taiwan 中国台湾省（域名）tw teleworking 家庭办公tw terminal line word 终端线路字tw traveling – wave 行波tw twin wire 双芯引线，双芯电缆twa transient working area 过渡工作区，临时工作区twa traveling – wave amplifier 行波放大器twain technology without an interesting name 无名技术（为应用软件和图像捕获之间的接口标准）twb two way beeping 双向寻呼twc three – way calling 三方呼叫twc two way channel 双向信道twdt temporary word descriptor table 暂时字描述符twg team ware group 组件集团公司（美国，出品电子邮件客户软件）twi time warner inc. 时代华纳公司（世界最大传媒集团，2000年1月10日被美国在线公司并购）twinhead 伦飞电脑〖厂标〗见：tctwinpro “双高能”系列显卡（生产商：omni ）〖品牌〗twk traveling wave klystron 行波速调管two traveling wave oscillator 行波振荡器two traveling wave oscillograph 行波示波器。

铁道信号(自动控制)专业词汇英文翻译汇总01

铁路信号专业词汇英文翻译1 、4毫米锁闭 check 4mm opening of a switch point2、矮型信号机 dwarf signal3、安全电路 vital circuit4、安全接点 safety contact5、按钮 push-in button6 、按钮表示 button indication7、半自动闭塞机 semi-automatic block machine8、半自动闭塞联系电路 liaison circuit with semi-automatic blocks9 、半自动化驼峰系统 semi-automatic hump yard system10、保护区段 overlap protection block section11 、备电源 stand-by power source12 、被控点 controlled point13 、闭路式轨道电路 close type track circuit14 、闭塞分区 block section15、闭塞机 block instrument16、臂板接触器 contacts operated by semaphore17 、臂板转极器 pole changer operated by semaphore18、变压器箱 transformer box19、标准分路灵敏度 standard shunting sensitivity20 、表示 indication21、表示灯 indication lamp22、表示灯电源 power source for indication lamp23 、表示电路 indication circuit24 、表示对象 indicated object25 、表示杆 indication rod26、表示连接杆 connecting rod for indication27 、表示盘 indicating panel28 表示器 indicator29 表示周期 indication cycle30 并联式轨道电路 multiply connected track circuit31 并置信号点 double signal location32 不对称脉冲轨道电路 asymmetrical impulse track circuit33 不限时人工解锁 manual non-time release34 材质不良 bad material35 操纵台 operating console36 侧撞 conering37 测长 distance-to-coupling measurement38 测试环线 test loop39 测速 speed measurement40 测重 weight sensing41 测阻 rollability measurement42 插接不良 plug-in trouble43 岔中绝缘 insulated joint within a turnout44 场间联系电路 liaison circuit between yards45 车档表示器 buffer stop indicator46 车辆存在监测器 presence monitor47 车辆加速器 car accelerator48 车轮传感器 wheel detector49 车门自动控制 automatic train door control50 车站控制 station master control51 出站信号机 starting signal52 储风罐 air reservoir53 储酸室 acid store room54 传动系统 driving system55 传输继电器 transmitting relay56 串联式轨道电路 serially connected track circuit57 磁路系统 magnetic circuit58 从属信号机 dependent signal59 错溜 miseroute60 错误办理 wrong handling错误关闭信号 false stopping of a signal62 错误解锁 false release63 错误开放信号 wrong clearing of a signal64 错误锁闭 false locking65 错误显示 wrong indication66 大功率转辙机 heavy duty switch machine67 大站电气集中联锁 relay interlocking for large station68 带柄道岔表示器 switch indicator with level69 带动道岔 switch with follow up movement70 单独操纵继电式电气集 individual level type all-relay interlocking71 单独操纵作业 manual operation72 单断 single break73 单轨条式轨道电路 single rail track circuit74 单频感应器 single frequency inductor75 单线臂板信号机 single wire semaphore signal76 单线继电半自动闭塞 single track all-relay semi-automatic block system77 单向自动闭塞 single-directional running automatic block78 单置信号点 single signal location79 弹力继电器 spring-type relay80 导管调整器 pipe compensator81 导线导轮 wire carrier82 导线调整器 wire compensator83 导线反正扣 wire-adjusting screw84 导线立轮 vertical wheel85 导线平轮 horizontal wheel86 导线平轮组 horizontal wheel assembly87 导线装置 wire installation88 导向安全 failure to the safe side89 到发线出岔电路 protection circuit with switch lying in receiving-90 道岔表示 switch indication91 道岔表示电源 power source for switch indication92 道岔表示器 switch indicator93 道岔错误表示 false indication of a switch94 道岔定位表示 switch normal indication95 道岔动作电源 power source for switch operation96 道岔反位表示 switch reverse indication97 道岔封锁 switch closed up98 道岔控制电路 switch control circuit99 道岔控制电源 power source for switch control100 道岔密贴 switch point closure101 道岔启动 switch starting102 道岔区段 section with a switch or switches103 道岔人工解锁 manual release of a locked switch104 道岔失去表示 loss of indication of a switch105 道岔顺序启动 sequential starting of switches106 道岔顺序转换 sequential transiting of switches107 道岔锁闭表示 switch locked indication108 道岔握柄 switch lever109 道岔中途转换 switch thrown under moving cars110 道口接近区段 approach section of a highway level crossing111 道口闪光信号 highway level crossing flashing signal112 道口室外音响器 highway level crossing out door audible device 113 道口信号机 highway level crossing signal114 道口信号控制盘 highway level crossing signal control panel115 道口遮断信号 highway level crossing obstruction signal116 道渣电阻 ballast resistance117 灯光转移 to transfer of lighting indication118 灯丝断丝 filament burn-out119 灯丝断丝报警 alarm for burnout of filaments120 敌对信号 conflicting signal121 地面感应器 wayside inductor122 地面设备 wayside equipment123 地中电缆盒 underground cable terminal box124 第二接近区段 second approach section125 第二离去区段 second departure section126 第一接近区段 first approach section127 第一离去区段 first departure section128 电动臂板电锁器联锁 interlocking by electric locks with electric semap129 电动臂板信号机 electric semaphore signal130 电动传送设备 electric motor operated conveyer131 电话闭塞 telephone block system132 电机集中联锁 electro-mechanical interlocking133 电空传送设备 electropneumatic conveyer134 电码轨道电路 coded track circuit135 电码自动闭塞 automatic block with coded track circuit136 电气路牌闭塞 electric tablet block system137 电气路牌机 electric tablet instrument138 电气路签闭塞 electric staff system139 电气路签机 electric staff instrument140 电气锁闭 electric locking141 电压过低 voltage below level142 电压自动调整器 automatic voltage regulator143 电液转辙机 electrohydraulic switch machine144 电源端子 terminals for power supplies145 电源转换屏 power switching over panel146 调车表示器 shunting indicator147 调车表示器电路 shunting indicator circuit148 调车区电气集中联锁 interlocking for shunting area149 调车线始端减速器 tangent retarder150 调车信号机 shunting signal151 调度集中分机 field equipment of ctc152 调度集中总机 control office equipment of ctc153 调度控制 dispatchers control154 调频轨道电路 frequency modulated track circuit155 叠加轨道电路 overlap track circuit156 定点停车 stopping a train at a target point157 定反位锁闭 normal and reverse locking158 定期维修 periodical maintenance159 定位接点 normal contact160 定位锁闭 normal locking161 动程 stroke162 动接点 contact heel163 动态长度 distance-to-go164 动作杆 throw rod165 动作连接杆 operating rod for driving a switch166 对向重叠进路 route with overlapped section in the opposite dire 167 额定值 rated value168 扼流变压器 impedance transformer169 二次参数 secondary parameter170 二显示自动闭塞 two-aspect automatic block171 发车表示器 departure indicator172 发车表示器电路 departure indicator circuit173 发车进路信号机 route signal for departure174 发车线路表示器 departure track indicator175 发车信号 departure signal176 反位接点 reverse contact177 反位锁闭 reverse locking178 反装 left-handed machine179 方向电源 directional traffic power source180 方向转接器 directional switch181 防护变压器 protective transformer182 防护道岔 protective turnout183 防护区段 protected section184 防止重复 prevention for repetitive clear of a signal 185 妨害故障 hindrance fault186 非安全电路 non-vital circuit187 非机械化驼峰设备 unmechanized hump yard equipment 188 非集中道岔 locally operated switch189 非进路调车 to hold route for shunting190 非进路调车电路 circuit to hold a route for shunting 191 非联锁道岔 non-interlocked switch192 非联锁区 non-interlocking area193 非自复式按钮 stick button194 分割区段 cut section195 分路 shunt196 分路道岔 branching turnout197 分路灵敏度 shunting sensitivity198 分线盘 distributing terminal board199 分线盘端子 terminals on distributing board200 分向电缆盒 cable branching terminal box201 风管路调压设备 air pipeline pressure governor 202 风压调整器 manometer regulator203 封锁 close up204 峰下减速器 master retarder205 浮充供电 floating charge power supply206 复示信号 repeating signal207 复示信号机 repeating signal208 干线供电 main linely connected power supply 209 杆上电缆盒 cable terminal box on a post210 感应式机车信号 inductive cab signaling211 钢轨绝缘 rail insulation212 钢轨绝缘不良 bad rail insulation213 钢轨引接线 track lead214 高柱信号机 high signal215 工作电流 working current216 工作值 working value217 共用箱 cab signal box218 股道空闲 track clear219 股道占用 track occupied220 故障-安全 fail-safe221 故障办理 emergency treatment after failure 222 故障复原 restoration after a failure223 故障积累 failure accumulation224 故障升级 progression of failure225 故障修 corrective maintenance226 光带 light strip227 光带式表示 stript indication light228 光点式表示 spotted indication light229 轨道变压器箱 track transformer box230 轨道变阻器 track rheostat231 轨道电抗器 track reactor232 轨道电路电码化 coding of continuous track circuit 233 轨道电路调整状态 regulated state of a track circuit 234 轨道电路分割 cut-section of a track circuit235 轨道电路分路状态 shunted state of a track circuit 236 轨道电路蓄电现象 track storage effect237 轨道接触器 track treadle238 轨道生电现象 track galvanic effect239 轨道受电变压器 track relay transformer240 轨道送电变压器 track transformer feed end241 焊接式钢轨接续线 welded bond242 后接点 back contact243 后圈 back coil244 后退信号 backing signal245 环状供电 looply connected power supply246 缓动继电器 slow-acting relay247 缓放继电器 slow release relay248 缓放时间 slow release time249 缓吸继电器 slow pick-up relay250 缓吸时间 slow pick-up time251 汇流条 bus-bar252 混合电源 ac-battery power source253 混合供电制 ac-battery power supply system254 机车感应器 locomotive inductor255 机车接近通知 approaching announcing in cab256 机车设备 locomotive equipment257 机车信号测试区段 cab signaling testing section258 机车信号作用点 cab signaling inducter location259 机务段联系电路 liaison circuit with a locodepot260 机械臂板信号机 mechanically operated semaphore signal261 机械化驼峰设备 mechanized hump yard equipment262 机械集中联锁 mechanical interlocking263 机械锁闭 mechanical locking264 基本进路 basic route265 基本联锁电路 fundamental interlocking circuit266 极性检查电路 polarity checking circuit267 集中道岔 centrally operated switch268 集中电源 centrally connected power source269 集中供电 centrally connected power supply270 挤岔报警 alarm for a trailed switch271 挤切 dissectible272 挤切销 dissectible pin273 挤脱 trailable274 计划修 planned maintenance275 计轴自动闭塞 automatic block with axle counter276 继电并联传递网路 successively worked parallel relay network 277 继电并联网路 parallel relay network278 继电串联网路 series relay network279 继电器防震架 shock absorber base for relays280 继电器控制电源 power source for relay control281 继电器灵敏度 relay sensitivity282 继电器释放 relay released283 继电器吸起 relay energized284 继电器箱 relay case285 继电式电气集中联锁 all-relay interlocking286 加封 sealing287 加速推送信号 humping fast signal288 尖端杆 front rod of a point289 监督对象 surveillanced object290 减速器工作状态 retarder in working state291 减速器缓解状态 retarder released292 减速器接近限界 clearance of a retarder293 减速器制动状态 retarder in closed state294 减速推送信号 humping slow signal295 减速信号 restriction signal296 检修不良 not well inspected and repaired297 交流电源屏 ac power supply panel298 交流二元二位继电器 ac two element two position relay299 交流供电制 ac power supply system300 交流计数电码轨道电路 ac counting coded track circuit301 交流计数电码自动闭塞 automatic block with ac counting code track ci 302 交流继电器 ac relay303 交直流继电器 ac-dc relay304 较大限制信号 more restrictive signal305 较大允许信号 more favorable signal306 接车进路信号机 route signal for receiving307 接车信号 receiving signal308 接触不良 bad contact309 接地报警 grounding alarm310 接点闭合 contact closed311 接点断开 contact open312 接点系统 contact system313 接点压力 contact pressure314 接发车进路信号机 route signal for receiving-departure315 接杆 pipe jaw316 接近表示 approach indication317 接近发码 coding during train approaching318 接近连续式机车信号 approach continuous cab signaling 319 接近区段 approach section320 接近锁闭 approach locking321 接收线圈 receiving coil322 解除闭塞 block cleared323 解锁按钮盘 manual release button panel324 解锁电路 release circuit325 解锁进路 released route326 解锁力 releasing force327 尽头信号机 signal for stub-end track328 近程监督分区 directly surveillanced subsection329 近程网路 directly surveillanced network330 进路表 route sheet331 进路表示器 route indicator332 进路表示器电路 route indicator circuit333 进路操纵作业 semi-automatic operation by route334 进路储存器 route storaging devices335 进路电路 route selecting circuit336 进路分段解锁 sectional release of a locked route337 进路继电式电气集中联 route type all-relay interlocking 338 进路解锁 route release339 进路人工解锁 manual route release340 进路锁闭 route locking341 进路锁闭表示 route locking indication342 进路信号机 route signal343 进路一次解锁 route release at once344 进行信号 proceed signal345 进站信号机 home signal346 警惕按钮 acknowledgment button347 警惕手柄 acknowledgment lever348 静态长度 car space349 局部电源 locally supplied power source 350 局部控制 local control351 局部控制电路 local control circuit352 局部控制盘 local control panel353 绝对信号 absolute signal354 绝缘不良 bad insulation355 开路式轨道电路 open type track circuit 356 开通 put into operation357 可调拐肘 adjustable crank358 空气压缩机室 air compressor room359 控制点 controlling point360 控制对象 controlled object361 控制盘 control panel362 控制台单元 control desk element363 控制台室 control room364 控制周期 control cycle365 快动继电器 quick-acting relay366 快速转辙机 quick-acting switch machine 367 快吸继电器 quick pick-up relay368 拉钮 pull-out button369 雷达测速器 radar speedometer370 雷电干扰 lightning interference371 离去表示 departure indication372 离去区段 departure section373 励磁电路 energizing circuit374 连接杆 pipe link375 连续式轨道电路 continuous track circuit376 联锁表 interlocking table377 联锁道岔 interlocked switch378 联锁区 interlocking area379 联锁图表 interlocking chart and table380 联锁箱 point detector381 联锁箱联锁 interlocking by point detector382 联系电路 liaison circuit383 两点检查 released by checking two sections384 列车运行控制系统 train operation control system385 列车自动调速 automatic train speed regulation386 列车自动限速 automatic train speed restriction387 邻线干扰 interference from neighboring line388 零层端子 terminals of layer 0 of a relay rack389 溜放进路自动控制 automatic switching control of humping yard by rou 390 溜放速度自动控制 automatic rolling down speed control391 漏解锁 missing release392 漏锁闭 missing locking393 路牌 tablet394 路牌携带器 tablet pouch395 路牌自动授收机 automatic tablet exchanger396 路签 train staff397 路签携带器 staff pouch398 路签自动授收机 automatic staff exchanger399 乱显示 false indication400 轮修 alternative maintenance401 脉冲继电器 impulse relay402 脉冲式轨道电路 pulse track circuit403 密贴调整杆 adjustable switch operating rod404 灭火花电路 spark extinguishing circuit405 摩擦电流 frictional working current406 摩擦联结器 frictional clutch407 目标打靶控制 target shooting408 内燃牵引干扰 diesel traction interference409 排列进路 route setting410 偏极继电器 polar biased relay411 票据传送设备 classification list conveyer system412 破封 break a seal413 牵纵拐肘 escapement414 前接点 front contact415 前圈 front coil416 强电干扰 high voltage interference417 桥梁通知设备 bridge announciating device418 桥梁遮断信号 bridge obstruction signal419 切断音响按钮 button for cut-off an audible signal420 侵入限界绝缘 insulated joint located within the clearance limit 421 区段锁闭 section locking422 区段遥控 remote control for a section423 区段占用表示 section occupancy indication424 区间封锁 section closed up425 区间空闲 section cleared426 区间联系电路 liaison circuit with block signaling427 取消闭塞 to cancel a block428 取消进路 to cancel a route429 去禁溜线信号 shunting signal to prohibitive humping line430 热力继电器 thermal relay431 人工分路 manual shunt432 人工解锁 manual release433 人工解锁表示 manual release indication434 人为故障 human failure435 容许信号 permissive signal436 熔断器断丝 fuse burn-out437 熔断器断丝报警 fuse break alarm438 塞钉式钢轨接续线 plug bond439 三点检查 released by checking three sections440 三显示自动闭塞 three-aspect automatic block441 闪光电源 flashing power source442 设备停用 equipment out-of use443 失去联锁 loss of interlocking444 施工妨碍 construction interference445 事故照明 emergency lighting446 释放时间 drop away time447 释放值 release value448 手柄 handle449 手动调压 manual voltage regulation450 受电端 receiving end451 枢纽遥控 remote control of a junction terminal452 双断 double break453 双轨条式轨道电路 double rail track circuit454 双面调车信号机 signal for shunting forward and backward455 双频感应器 double frequency inductor456 双线臂板信号机 double wire semaphore signal457 双线继电半自动闭塞 double track all-relay semi-automatic block system458 双向自动闭塞 double-direction running automatic block459 双重控制 dual control460 水分离器 water separator461 水鹤表示器 water crane indicator462 顺向重叠进路 route with overlapped section in the same directio 463 瞬时分路 instantaneous shunt464 瞬时分路不良 instantaneous loss of shunting465 死区段 dead section466 四点检查 released by checking four sections467 四显示自动闭塞 four-aspect automatic block468 送电端 feed end469 送受分开电路 sending and receiving separated circuit470 速差制信号 speed signaling471 隧道通知设备 tunnel announciating device472 隧道遮断信号 tunnel obstruction signal473 锁闭电路 locking circuit474 锁闭杆 locking rod475 锁闭力 locking force476 锁闭系统 locking system477 条件电源 conditional power source478 条件电源屏 conditional power supply panel479 跳线 jumper480 铁道信号 railway signaling481 听觉信号 audible signal482 停车信号 stop signal483 停电 power failure484 通过按钮电路 through button circuit485 通过信号 through signal486 通过信号机 block signal487 同意按钮盘 agreement button panel488 推峰速度自动控制 automatic control for humping speed489 推送小车辆 propelling trolley490 推送信号 start humping signal491 脱轨表示器 derail indicator492 脱线修 off line maintenance493 驼峰电气集中 electric interlocking for hump yard494 驼峰复示信号机 humping signal repeater495 驼峰机车遥控 remote control of hump engines496 驼峰机械修理室 hump mechanics repair room497 驼峰溜放控制系统 humping control system498 驼峰信号机 hump signal499 晚点表示 delaying time indication500 微机-继电式电气集中? microcomputer-relay interlocking501 微机联锁 microcomputer interlocking502 维修不良 not well maintained503 无岔区段 section without a switch504 无极继电器 neutral relay505 误用故障 misuse fault506 吸起时间 pick-up time507 吸起值 pick-up value508 下峰信号 down hump trimming signal509 下坡道防护电路 protection circuit for approaching heavy down grad 510 显示距离 range of a signal511 线路点 field location512 线路区段 track section513 线路占用表示 track occupancy indication514 线路遮断表示器 track obstruction indicator515 线群出站信号机 group starting signal516 线束减速器 group retarder517 线头脱落 wire lead drop out518 限界检查器 clearance treadle519 限时人工解锁 manual time release520 相敏轨道电路 phase detecting track circuit521 小站电气集中联锁 relay interlocking for small station 522 信号大修 signal overhaul repair523 信号点 signal location524 信号复示器 signal repeater525 信号故障 signal fault526 信号关闭 signal at stop527 信号关闭表示 stop signal indication528 信号机点灯电路 signal lighting circuit529 信号机点灯电源 signal lighting power source530 信号机后方 in rear of a signal531 信号机前方 in advance of a signal532 信号集中修 signal centralized maintenance533 信号检修 signal inspection534 信号开放 signal at clear535 信号开放表示 cleared signal indication536 信号控制电路 signal control circuit537 信号桥 signal bridge538 信号托架 signal bracket539 信号握柄 signal lever540 信号无效标 signal out of order sign541 信号选别器 signal slot542 信号整治 signal renovation543 信号中修 signal intermediate repair544 行车记录设备 train movement recording equipment545 行车信号机 train signal546 蓄电池供电 storage battery power supply547 蓄电池室 battery room548 选路 route selection549 选路制信号 route signaling550 循环检查制 cyclic scanning system551 咽喉信号机 signal in throat section552 遥控区段 remotely controlled section553 遥信区段 remotely surveillanced section554 夜间信号 night signal555 一次参数 primary parameter556 一次电池供电 primary cell power supply557 一送多受 single feeding and multiple receiving track circui 558 油压动力室 hydraulic pressure engine room559 有极继电器 polarized relay560 迂回进路 detour route561 预办闭塞 preworking a block562 预防维修 preventive maintenance563 预告标 warning signs for approaching a station564 预告信号 approaching signal565 预告信号机 distant signal566 预排进路 presetting of a route567 远程监督分区 relayed surveillanced subsection568 远程网路 relayed surveillanced network569 钥匙路签 staff with a key570 允许预推信号 permissive prehumping signal571 运行图描绘仪 train diagram plotter572 在线修 on line maintenance573 占线表示 occupancy indication574 站场型网路 geographical circuitry575 站间联系电路 liaison circuit between stations576 站界标 station limit sign577 站内道口联系电路 liaison circuit with highway crossings within the 578 照查锁闭 check locking579 遮断信号 obstruction signal580 遮断信号按钮 obstruction signal button581 遮断信号机 obstruction signal582 遮断预告信号机 approach obstruction signal583 整流继电器 rectifier relay584 整流器供电 rectifier power supply585 正常动作继电器 normal acting relay586 正装 right-handed machine587 直角拐肘 right angle crank588 直流电源屏 dc power supply panel589 直流供电制 dc power supply system590 直流轨道电路 dc track circuit591 直流继电器 dc relay592 中继站 repeater station593 中间电缆盒 intermediate cable terminal box594 中途返回 midway return operation595 中心控制 centrallized control596 终端电缆盒 cable terminal box597 重叠区段 overlap section598 重复检查 repeated checking599 重力继电器 gravitation type relay600 昼间信号 day signal601 昼夜通用信号 signal for day and night602 主灯丝断丝报警 alarm for burnout of a main filament603 主电源 main power source604 主体信号机 main signal605 注意信号 caution signal606 转换时间 transfer time607 转换锁闭器 switch-and-lock mechanism608 转极时间 pole-changing time609 转极值 pole-changing value610 转向杆 deflecting bar611 转辙机安装装置 switch machine installation612 转辙锁闭器 plunger lock613 追钩 catch up614 自闭电路 self-stick circuit615 自动闭塞联系电路 liaison circuit with automatic blocks 616 自动操纵作业 automatic operation617 自动抄车号 automatic car identification618 自动点灯 automatic lighting619 自动调压 automatic voltage regulation620 自动化驼峰系统 automatic hump yard system621 自动缓解 false release by itself622 自动开闭器 switch circuit controller623 自动栏木 automatic operated barrier624 自动通过按钮电路 automatically through button circuit 625 自动限时解锁 automatic time release626 自动转接 automatic switching over627 自复式按钮 nonstick button628 综合架 composite rack629 总出站信号机 advance starting signal630 组合 unit block631 组合端子 terminals of a unit block632 组合柜 modular block rack633 组合继电器 combination relay634 组合架 unit block assembly rack635 组合式电气集中联锁 unit-block type relay interlocking 636 组合式信号机构 modular type signal mechanism637 组匣 modular block638 组匣端子 terminals of a modular block639 组匣柜 modular block rack640 组匣式电气集中联锁 modular type relay interlocking 641 最大限制信号 most restrictive signal642 最大允许信号 most favorable signal。

MTI科技翻译课程期末翻译练习

MTI科技翻译课程期末翻译练习⼀、汉译英汉译英⼀、01.景德镇四⼤名瓷概述景德镇瓷器造型优美，品种繁多，装饰丰富，风格独特。

瓷质“⽩如⽟、明如镜、薄如纸、声如磬”，景德镇陶瓷艺术是中国⽂化宝库中的重要财富。

景德镇瓷雕制作可以追溯到⼀千四百多年前，远在隋代就有“狮”、“象”、⼤曾的制作。

当代的景德镇，瓷雕⼯艺精湛，⼯艺种类齐全，有园雕、捏雕、镂雕、浮雕等；千姿百态、栩栩如⽣；装饰丰富，有⾼温⾊温、釉下五彩、青花⽃彩、新花粉彩等；艺术表现⼒强，有的庄重浑厚，有的典雅清新，有的富丽堂煌，鲜艳夺⽬。

青花、玲珑、粉彩、颜⾊釉，合称景德镇四⼤传统名瓷，薄胎瓷称神奇珍品，雕塑瓷为我国传统⼯艺美术品。

⼀、粉彩瓷早在清朝康熙后期，景德镇的粉彩瓷就已问世，雍正时相当精致，乾隆年间达到很⾼的艺术⽔平。

“珠⼭⼋友”留下很多粉彩画的瓷器珍品，其领袖⼈物王琦，将⼀般的绘瓷⽅法应⽤于绘瓷板⼈物像，画持精深，画风新颖，被⼈们称为“神技”。

新中国成⽴后，粉彩瓷更有长⾜的发展，许多具有健康、清新、⼤⽅特⾊的新作琳琅满⽬。

艺术瓷⼚⽣产“福寿牌”粉彩瓷获国家⾦奖。

⼆、玲珑瓷青花玲珑瓷是在明宣德年间镂空⼯艺的基础上创造和发展起来的，已有五百多年的历史。

它融青花技术之长，集镂雕艺术之妙，玲珑剔透，精巧细腻，具有清新明快之感。

据记载，清代景德镇御窑⼚制作的玲珑瓷就已具较⾼⽔平，但产量甚少，仅供宫廷使⽤。

瓷⼯⽤⼑⽚在坯胎上镂成点点⽶粒状，被⼈们称为“⽶通”，⼜叫玲珑眼，再填⼊玲珑釉料，并配上青花装饰，⼊窑烧制⽽成。

它显得灵巧、明彻、透剔，特别⾼雅秀洁。

在清代，瓷⼯把青花和玲珑巧妙地结合⼀体，形成了⼈⼈喜爱的青花玲珑瓷。

碧绿透明的玲珑和⾊呈翠兰的青花互为衬托，相映⽣辉，给⼈以⼀种特殊的美感。

玲珑瓷以玲珑剔透、晶莹雅致⽽蜚声中外。

如今青花玲珑不仅在⽇⽤中西餐茶具、酒具上普遍运⽤，⽽且已扩展到各种花瓶、花插、花钵、以及吊灯、壁灯、⽪灯等各式灯具。

Call set-up method using SIP-T overlap signaling

专利名称：Call set-up method using SIP-T overlapsignaling发明人：Tae-Hwan Um申请号：US10187626申请日：20020703公开号：US07280532B2公开日：20071009专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：In a call set-up method using SIP-T overlap signaling, rather than waiting for receiving every digit of a called number dialed by a caller, when digits capable of anumber translation are received, a bearer channel connection is immediately performedso that a delay in transmission of a ring back tone can be prevented. In addition, in case of using a user data protocol (UDP) within an Internet protocol network in order to connect an originating PSTN and a terminating PSTN, INVITE messages are transmitted with some time difference, which makes it difficult for the terminating PSTN to know the transmission order of destination digits. In transmitting the messages using the UDP protocol, SIP “To” header lengths of the INVITE messages are compared in order to recognize a transmission order of the dialed digits. Therefore, more effective sequence delivery can be provided.申请人：Tae-Hwan Um地址：Seoul KR国籍：KR代理机构：Ked & Associates, LLP更多信息请下载全文后查看。

铁路信号英汉&汉英专业词汇

汉英部分4mm锁闭4mm blockingT型拐轴T-type crackX-Y行车记录仪X-Y type train running recorderA矮型信号机dwarf signal安全电路safety circuit安全接点safety contact安全性safety按钮button按钮表示button indicationB摆式发码器pendulum type coder摆式齿轮cycloidal gear半自动闭塞semi-automatic block半自动闭塞机semi-automatic block machine半自动闭塞联系电路semi-automatic block junction circuit 半自动化驼峰semi-automatic hump保护区段protected section报警alarm被控点controlled point闭合closing闭路closed circuit闭路式轨道电路closed track circuit闭塞机block instrument ; block machine臂板电锁器联锁semaphore electric lock interlocking 臂板接触器semaphore contactor臂板信号机semaphore signal臂板转级器semaphore pole changer臂型拐轴arm type crank编发场classification-departure yard编码coding编组场classification yard; marshalling yard编组线classification track; marshalling line编组站classification station; marshalling station变电所transformer station; substation变压器杆transformer pole变压器箱transformer box标志sign标准分路灵敏度standard shunting sensitivity表示indication表示灯indication lamp表示灯电源indication lamp power supply表示灯调压voltage regulation of indication lamp表示电路indication circuit表示对象indicated object表示杆indication rod表示盘indicating panel表示条件indication condition表示信号indication signal表示周期indication cycle并联式轨道电路parallel –connected track circuit并联条件parallel condition并置信号点double signal location纹波系数ripple ratio不对称脉冲dissymmetrical pulse不对称脉冲轨道电路dissymmetrical pulse track circuit不对称脉冲自动闭塞系统dissymmetrical pulse automatic block system不限时人工解锁manual release without time limitC材质不良poor material参数选择parameter selection操纵盘control hand wheel; instrument panel侧面冲突side conflict测长distance-to-coupling measurement测试环线test loop; test ring测速speed measurement测重weight measuring测阻resistance measurement插接不良plug-in fault长大下坡道long heavy down grade长交路long routing常用制动normal brake场间联系电路communication circuit between yards车场yard车次表示train number indication; trip number indication车挡标志bumping post indicator车辆加速器car accelerator车辆减速器car retarder车站station车站改编能力classification capacity of station车站间隔时间time interval between stations车站控制station control车站咽喉区throat of station车组train uint; train set; wagon-set承力索messenger wire; catenary wire; catenary程序控制式驼峰电气集中program-controlled electricinterlocking for hump yard重叠区段overlap section重复检查repeated check重复式显示制度repeating indication system出站信号机starting signal储风罐air reservoir储酸室acid room传输继电器transmitting relay串并联条件series-parallel condition串联式轨道电路series-type track circuit串联条件series condition串音干扰crosstalk interference从属信号机dependent signal错误办理wrong operation错误解锁wrong release错误开放信号wrong clearing of signal错误锁闭wrong locking错误信号wrong indicationD大事故serious accident大站电气集中联锁relay interlocking for large station 带柄道岔标志switch indicator with lever带柄电锁器electric lock with handle单闭磁路继电器single shunt field relay单边铁鞋single-edged skate单动道岔single-acting switch; single working point单独操纵式驼峰电气集中individual lever type interlocking for hump yard单独操纵作业manual operation单断single break单轨条轨道电路single-rail track circuit单溜放single humping单频感应器single frequency inductor单驼峰single hump单线臂板信号机single wire semaphore signal单线继电半自动闭塞系统single track all-relay semi-automatic block system单线自动闭塞系统single track automatic block system单向行车one-way traffic单向自动闭塞系统single direction automatic block system单站通过能力carrying capacity of station单置信号点single signal location弹力式继电器spring-returned relay挡车器stopper导管调整器pipe compensator导管装置pipe installation导线调整器wire adjuster导线反正扣wire-adjusting screw导线立轮vertical wheel导线平轮组horizontal wheel assembly导线装置wire equipment到达场receiving yard到达列车arriving train到发线receiving-departure track道碴电阻ballast resistance道岔表示switch indication道岔表示电源switch indication power supply 道岔定位表示normal switch indication道岔反位表示reverse switch indication道岔封锁switch closed up道岔机械握柄switch level道岔控制电路switch control circuit道岔控制电源switch control power supply道岔密贴closing of switch道岔密贴调整杆adjustable switch operation rod 道岔起动switch starting道岔区段switch section道岔人工解锁manual release of switch道岔顺序起动sequential starting of switch道岔顺序转换sequential transiting of switch道岔锁闭switch locking道岔锁闭表示switch lock indication道岔握柄switch handle道岔中途转换switch thrown under moving cars道岔转换switch in transition道口电铃crossing bell道口接近区段approach section of crossing道口栏木crossing gate道口闪光信号crossing flashing signal道口通知设备crossing announcing device道口信号crossing signal道口信号控制盘crossing signal control panel道口遥信遥测设备remote surveillance and telemetering equipment for crossing道口遮断信号crossing obstruction signal道口自动信号automatic crossing signal灯光转移transfer of light灯丝断丝filament burn-out灯丝断丝报警alarm for burn-out of filaments 登记register敌对进路conflict route敌对信号conflicting signal地面感应器wayside inductor地面接触器wayside contactor地面设备wayside equipment地面信号wayside signal地中电缆盒underground cable box第二接近区段second approach section第二离去区段second departure section第一接近区段first approach section第一离去区段first departure section点式机车信号intermittent type cab signaling 电报闭塞系统telegraph block system电磁继电器electromagnetic relay电笛electric siren电动臂板信号机electric motor semaphore signal 电动车组electric multiple unit电动机式发码器motor type coder电动转辙机electric switch machine电话闭塞系统telephone block system电机半自动闭塞electro-mechanical semi-automatic block 电机集中联锁electro-mechanical interlocking电机联锁机electro-mechanical interlocking machine电空传送设备electropneumatic switch machine电空阀electropneumatic valve电空转辙机electropneumatic switch machine电缆盒cable box电缆套管cable sleeve电力牵引electric traction电力牵引干扰electric traction interference电路circuit电码code电码轨道电路coded track circuit电码积压code delay电码继电器code relay电码继电器架code relay rack电码容量code capacity电码线路code line电码线路负荷率code line load rate电码选择code selection电码周期code cycle电码自动闭塞系统coded automatic block system电钮button电气集中联锁relay interlocking电气路牌闭塞系统electric tablet block system电气路牌机electric tablet instrument电气路签闭塞系统electric staff block system电气路签机electric staff instrument电气锁闭electric locking电锁器electric lock电锁器联锁interlocking with electric locks电源端子power supply terminal电源屏power supply panel电源室power supply room电源转换屏power switching over panel电子编码器electronic coder电子电路electronic circuit电子分配器electronic distributor调车表示器shunting indicator调车表示器电路shunting indicator circuit调车进路shunting route调车区电气集中联锁relay interlocking for shunting area 调车信号shunting signal调车信号机shunting signal调车作业switch service; shunting operation调度集中centralized traffic control(CTC)调度控制dispatcher’s control调度区段train dispatching section; train control section 叠加轨道电路overlay track circuit定点停车stopping at given point动程stroke动接点contact heel; movable contact动力坡道momentum grade动作杆throw rod短交路short routing短路short circuit断轨保证broken rail protection断开opening对向重叠进路opposite route with overlap sectionE额定值rated value扼流变压器choke transformer恶性事故serious accident二次参数secondary parameter二显示自动闭塞two-aspect automatic block systemF发车表示器departure indicator发车表示器电路departure indicator circuit 发车场departure yard发车进路departure route发车进路信号机departure route signal发车线路表示器departure track indicator 发车信号departure signal; starting signal 发电所power plant发码code sending发码器coder阀式轨道电路value type track circuit反极性工作值reverse working value反向行车running against current of traffic 反装reverse mounting返还系数release factor方式继电器desk-type relay方式继电器架desk type relay rack防护变压器protecting transformer防护道岔protective switch防护信号机protecting signal防止重置repetition prevention非安全电路non-vital circuit; unsafe circuit非机械化驼峰unmechanized hump非集中道岔separated operated switch非集中联锁non-centralized interlocking 非进路调车non-route shunting非进路调车电路non-route shunting circuit 非联锁道岔non-interlocking switch非联锁区non-interlocking area非自复式按钮stick button分段绝缘器section insulator分割区段cut section分界点train spacing point分路shunt分路道岔branching turnout分路电阻shunt resistance分路灵敏度shunting sensitivity分路效应shunting effect分配器distributor分配选择distributive selection分歧道岔branching turnout分线盘端子distribution board terminal分相绝缘器phase insulator分向电缆盒branch cable box风管槽air pipe channel风管路air pipe line风压调整器manometer regulator封锁close up峰顶hump crest峰高height of hump辅助路牌机auxiliary tablet instrument辅助路签机auxiliary staff instrument辅助所auxiliary block station负脉冲negative pulse复轨器car-replacer复示信号repeating signal复示信号机repeating signal复线继电半自动闭塞double track all-relay semi-automatic block system复线自动闭塞double track automatic block system副签subsidiary staffG改变运行方向change of running direction干扰interference干线供电mains supply杆架式变电所pole type transformer substation杆上电缆盒post cable box感应式机车信号inductive cab signaling钢轨接续线rail bond钢轨绝缘rail insulation钢轨绝缘不良rail insulation fault钢轨引接线track lead钢轨阻抗rail impedance高频轨道电路HF track circuit高频轨道电路收发器transceiver of high frequency track circuit高压线干扰high-voltage line interference高柱信号机high signal工作电流working current工作值working value供电臂supply arm供电所substation供电线power line共用箱cab signal box固定信号fixed signal故障-安全fail-safe故障办理emergency operation after failure故障导向安全failure to the safe side故障积累failure accumulation挂钩速度coupling speed拐轴crank关闭信号closing signal光带light strip光带式表示strip light indication光点式表示spot light indication轨道变压器track transformer轨道变压器箱track transformer box轨道电抗器track reactor轨道电路track circuit轨道电路电码化coding of track circuit轨道电路分割separation of track circuit轨道电路分路状态shunting state of track circuit 轨道电路蓄电现象track storage effect轨道电阻器track resistor轨道接触器track treadle轨道空闲track clear轨道滤波器track filter轨道生电现象track galvanic effect轨道占用track occupied过程控制process controlH焊接式钢轨接续线welded type rail bond 后接点back contact后圈back coil后退信号backing signal环状供电ring-type power supply缓动继电器slow action relay缓放继电器slow release relay缓放时间slow release time缓解breaking release缓吸继电器slow pick-up relay缓吸时间slow pick-up time换算坡道reduced grade回流线return line汇流排bus bar混合电源mixed power supply混合供电制mixed power supply system 混合线圈hybrid coil火炬信号torch signalJ机车感应器locomotive inductor机车交路locomotive routing机车牵引locomotive traction机车设备locomotive equipment机车信号cab signal机车信号机cab signal机车信号设备cab signaling equipment机车信号作用点cab signal indicator location机外停车stop outside signal机械臂板信号机mechanical semaphore signal机械化驼峰mechanized hump机械集中联锁mechanical interlocking机械联锁机mechanical interlocking machine机械锁闭mechanical locking基本进路main route基本联锁电路fundamental interlocking circuit基本路牌机master tablet staff instrument基本路签机master staff instrument极频电码轨道电路polar-frequency coded track circuit极频电码自动闭塞系统polar frequency coded automatic block system极性电码polarity code极性定位接点polar normal contact极性反位接点polar reverse contact极性检查电路polarity transposition极性交叉polar transposition极性脉冲轨道电路polar impulse track circuit集中场间联系电路junction circuit between centralized yards 级中场与驼峰场联系电路junction circuit between centralizrd station and hump yard集中道岔centrally-operated switch集中电源central power supply集中供电central current supply集中联锁centralized interlocking挤岔trailing of switch挤岔报警alarm for trailed switch挤切dissectible挤切力dissecting force挤切销dissecting pin挤脱trailable计数电码counting code技术直达列车technical through train继电半自动闭塞系统all-relay semi-automatic block system继电器relay继电器并联传递网络parallel transmitted network继电器并联网络parallel network继电器串联网络series network继电器防震架shock absorber rack for relay 继电器控制电源relay control power supply 继电器灵敏度relay sensitivity继电器室relay room继电器释放relay released继电器吸起relay energized继电器箱relay cabinet继电式电气集中联锁all-relay interlocking加减拐肘adjustable crank加强线line feeder加速力曲线acceleration curve加速坡acceleration grade加速推进信号humping fast signal尖端杆front rod间隔interval间隔制动spacing breaking减速器retarder减速器出口速度release speed at retarder减速器工作状态retarder in working condition 减速器接近限界clearance of retarder减速器进口速度entering speed at retarder减速器轮廓尺寸overall dimension of retarder减速器室外控制设备control equipment of retarder减速器制动状态retarder under pressure减速推进信号humping slow signal减速信号reduced speed signal检查周期cycle of detection/inspection cycle渐开线齿轮involute gear箭翎线herringbone track交分道岔slip switch交流电力牵引AC electric traction交流电源屏AC power supply panel交流二元二位轨道电路AC double-element double position track circuit交流供电制AC power supply system交流轨道电路AC track circuit交流计数电码轨道电路AC counting code track circuit交流计数电码自动闭塞AC counting code automatic block system交流继电器AC relay交直流继电器AC-DC relay较大容许信号more permissive signal较大限制信号more restrictive signal阶梯直达列车through goods train originated from several adjoining loading points接车进路receiving route接车进路信号机receiving route signal接车信号receiving signal接触不良contact fault接触刷contact brush接触网contact network/overhead catenary system接触网支柱contact network tower/contact network post接触网最大牵引电流maximum traction current of contact network接地报警grounding alarm接点闭合contact closed接点电路contact circuit接点断开contact open接点系统contact system接点压力contact pressure接发车进路信号机receiving-departure route signal接杆jaw接近表示approach indication接近点灯approach lighting接近发码approach coding接近区段approach section接近锁闭approach locking接近通知表示灯approach announcing lamp接收分配器receiving distributor接收线圈receiving coil解除闭塞unblocked/block clear解码decoding解码器decoder解锁release解锁按钮盘releasing button panel解锁电路release circuit解锁进路releasing of route解锁力release force解锁条件release condition紧急制动emergency breaking尽头信号机stub-end track signal近程网络short-distant network近程遥信分区short-distance remote surveillance subsection 进路route进路表route sheet进路表示器route indicator进路储存器route storage device进路存储route storage进路分段解锁sectional route release进路继电式电气集中联锁route relay interlocking进路解锁route release进路人工解锁manual route release进路式驼峰电气集中route type electric interlocking for hump 进路锁闭route locking进路锁闭表示route locking indication进路握柄route lever进路信号机route signal进路一次解锁all route release进入异线running to wrong track进行信号proceed signal进站线路inbound track/approach line进站信号机home signal警冲标fouling post警冲标内方inside of fouling post警冲标外方outside of fouling post警惕按钮acknowledgement button警惕手柄acknowledgement lever局部电源local power supply局部控制local control局部控制电路local control circuit局部控制盘local control board绝对信号absolute signal绝缘不良insulation faultK开闭所switching substation开关电路switching circuit开路open circuit开路式轨道电路open type track circuit 开始脉冲initial pulse开通put into operation可靠性reliability空当（天窗）stop short空间间隔制space-interval system空气压缩机室air compressor room控制点controlling point控制电码control code控制对象controlled object控制盘control panel控制台control desk/console控制台单元controlling desk element 控制台室control desk room控制条件control condition控制周期control cycle快动继电器fast action relay快吸继电器fast pick-up relayL拉钮pull-button雷达测速器radar speed meter雷达速度控制radar type speed control雷电干扰lighting interference冷却塔cooling tower离去表示departure indication离去区段departure section励磁电路energizing circuit励磁条件energizing condition连接杆link连续式轨道电路continuous track circuit连续式机车信号continuous type cab signal 联锁interlocking联锁表interlocking table联锁道岔interlocking switch联锁区interlocked area联锁设备interlocking equipment联锁图表interlocking chart联锁箱bolt lock联锁箱联锁interlocking system with bolt locks联系电路junction circuit列车train列车跟踪系统train tracing system列车进路train route列车区间运转时间running time of train in block section列车位置表示train position indication列车预报系统train list information in advance列车运行图train graph列车运行自动打印机automatic train movement printer列车自动调速automatic train speed restriction列车自动控制系统automatic train control system列车自动限速automatic train speed restriction列车自动运行automatic train operation邻线干扰neighboring line interference零层端子terminal of layer 0溜放部分rolling down section溜放进路自动控制系统automatic switch control system for humping route溜放速度rolling speed溜放线group lead track漏解锁missed release漏码code missing漏锁闭missed locking滤波filtration路牌半自动闭塞semi-automatic block using modified tablet instrument路牌锁闭机tablet lock路牌携带器tablet pouch路牌自动授受机automatic tablet exchanger路签train staff路签半自动闭塞semi-automatic block using modified staff instrument路签携带器staff pouch路签自动授受机automatic staff exchanger旅客列车passenger train乱显示false indication逻辑单元电路logical unit circuit逻辑电路logical circuitM脉冲impulse/pulse脉冲极性pulse polarity脉冲继电器impulse relay脉冲式轨道电路impulse track circuit脉冲式区段遥控impulse type remote control for district脉冲自动闭塞impulse automatic block system慢缓放继电器little slow release relay命令command摩擦电流friction current目的制动objective breakingN内燃牵引diesel traction内燃牵引干扰diesel traction interference难行车hard rolling car难行线hard rolling track逆变器inverterP排列进路route setting配电所distribution substation偏极继电器pole-biased relay频率式轨道电路frequency code type remote control for district平动栏木manually operate gate平滑无极调压stepless voltage regulation平行进路parallel route平行作业simultaneous working坡度牵出线draw-out track at grade破封breaking sealQ起止同步start-stop synchronization汽笛siren牵出线draw-out track牵引变电所tractive substation牵引计算draw tonnage calculation牵引力tractive force牵引网electric traction network牵纵拐轴escapement crank前接点front contact前圈front coil桥接点bridge contact桥梁通知设备bridge announcing device桥梁遮断信号bridge obstruction signal切断音响按钮button for cut-off of audible signal 区段列车local train/ sectional train区段锁闭section locking区段遥控district remote control区段遥信district remote surveillance区段占用表示section occupancy indication区段站district station区间section区间闭塞section block区间道岔turnout in block section区间分区block section区间封锁section closed up区间空闲section clear区间联系电路wayside junction circuit区间通过能力carrying capacity of section区间占用section occupied取消闭塞cancel of block取消进路route cancel去禁溜线的信号signal to prohibitive rolling line 群同步group synchronizationR热力式继电器thermal relay人工分路manual shunt人工解锁manual release人工解锁表示manual release indication人为故障human failure容许信号permission signal熔断器断丝fuse burn-out熔丝断丝报警alarm for burn-out of fuse塞钉式钢轨接续线plug type rail bond三动道岔three-acting switch三显示自动闭塞系统three-aspect automatic block system色灯电锁器联锁interlocking by electric lock with color-light signal色灯信号机colour-light signal闪光电源flashing power supply闪光信号flashing signal上行up traffic上行方向up direction上行咽喉up direction throat设备封锁equipment closed up设备故障equipment failure失去表示loss of indication失去联锁loss of interlocking施工妨碍construction obstruction时分制time-division system时间继电器time relay时间间隔制time-interval system实时控制real time control始发列车outgoing train/originating train 事故accident事故照明emergency lighting视觉信号visual signal释放时间release time/drop away time 释放值release value]手柄handle手动调压manual voltage regulation手信号hand signal手摇把hand crank受电端receiving end枢纽遥控remote control in terminal竖立拐轴vertical crank数据data数据传输data transmission数据交换data exchange数据终端data terminal双边铁鞋double-edged skate双动道岔double-acting switch双断double break双轨条轨道电路double rail track circuit双溜放double humping双面调车信号机front and back shunting signal双频感应器double frequency inductor双推单溜double humping and single rolling双驼峰double hump双线臂板信号机double wire semaphore signal双向行车either direction operation/two-way traffic双向自动闭塞系统double-direction automatic block system 双重控制dual control/double control水分离器water separator水鹤标志water crane indicator顺向重叠进路converging route瞬时分路instantaneous shunt死区段dead section四动道岔four-acting switch四显示自动闭塞系统four-aspect automatic block system送电端feed end送受分开电路sending and receiving separated circuit速差制信号speed signaling速度曲线speed curve隧道通知设备tunnel announcing device隧道遮断信号tunnel obstruction signal所间区间section between block posts锁闭locking锁闭电路lock circuit锁闭力locking force锁闭条件lock condition锁簧床locking bedT探照式色灯信号机searching type colour light signal套管式伸缩器sleeve type compensator替换路签alternate staff条件condition条件电源conditional power supply跳线jumper调相式区段遥控phase modulation type remote control for district铁路供电所railway substation铁路枢纽railway terminal铁路运输数据处理系统railway data-processing system铁路运输数据处理中心railway data-processing center铁路运输自动化管理系统automatic railway management system铁路运输自动化管理中心automatic railway managementcenter铁路运输自动化控制系统automatic railway control system铁路运输自动化控制中心automatic railway control center铁鞋drag shoe铁鞋安置器skate machine听觉信号acoustic signal停车器stopping device停车信号stop signal停电power failure通过按钮电路through button circuit通过进路through route通过信号through signal通过信号机automatic block signal同步synchronization同步起动synchronous start同意按钮盘agreement button panel透镜式色灯信号机multi-lens colour light signal推峰速度自动控制系统automatic control system for humping speed推送部分pushing area/humping section推送速度pushing speed/humping speed推送线hump lead track推送信号start humping signal脱轨derailing脱轨标志derail indicator脱轨器derailer驼峰hump驼峰编组场hump yard驼峰编组场头部head end of hump yard驼峰编组场尾部back end of hump yard驼峰电气集中relay interlocking for hump yard 驼峰复示信号机hump repeating signal驼峰机车遥控remote control of hump engine 驼峰机械修理室hump facilities repair room驼峰溜放速度automatic rolling speed驼峰信号hump signal驼峰信号机hump signal驼峰迂回线roundabout line of humpW晚点表示delaying time indication网络network违章作业operation against regulation维修不良maintenance fault位同步bit synchronization稳压voltage stabilization无岔区段switchless section无极继电器neutral relay无极加强继电器neutral relay with heavy duty contact 无绝缘轨道电路jointless track circuitX吸起变压器booster transformer吸起时间pick-up time吸起值pick-up value下峰信号down hump trimming signal下坡道防护电路protection circuit for down grade下行down traffic/down line下行方向down direction显示距离signal range现地操纵local operation线路点field location线路区段track section线路所block post线路有效长effective length of track线路允许速度permissible speed of track线路占用表示track occupancy indication线路出站信号机group starting signal线头脱落wire lead drop限界检查器clearance treadle限时人工解锁manual time release限制坡道ruling grade响墩信号torpedo signal消火花电路spark extinguishing circuit小站电气集中联锁relay interlocking for small station 谐波干扰harmonic interference信号signal信号表示signal indication信号点signal location信号点灯电路signal lighting circuit信号电气握柄electrical signal lever信号复示器signal repeater信号关闭signal at stop信号关闭表示stop signal indication信号机signal信号机点灯电源signal lighting power supply信号机调压voltage regulation of signal信号机后方inside of signal信号机降压voltage step-down of signal信号机前方outside of signal信号机械握柄signal lever信号开放signal at clear信号开放表示cleared signal indication信号控制电路signal control circuit信号楼signal tower信号桥signal bridge信号托架signal bracket信号握柄signal handle信号无效标signal out of order sign信号显示signal indication信号识别器signal slot信息传送速度information transmission speed信息交换message exchange行车记录系统train movement recording system行车图形显示器graphic display行车信号running signal行车信号机running signal行车字符显示器character display行车自动调整系统automatic traffic regulation system 行车作业traffic operation蓄电池供电battery supply蓄电池室battery room蓄电池组battery旋分路签divisible staff选路selection of route选路电路route selecting circuit选路制信号route signaling选择脉冲selection pulse选站station selection选组group selection循环检查制cyclic scanning systemY压钩坡coupler compressing grade压力主管pressure pipe咽喉信号机signal in throat section延续进路successive route遥测telemetering遥控remote control遥控分机remote control field equipment遥控继电式电气集中联锁remote controlled relay interlocking 遥控区段remotely controlled section遥控总机remote control office equipment遥信remote signaling遥信对象supervised object遥信分区remote signaling subsection遥信区段remote signaling section夜间信号night signal液压转辙机hydraulic switch machine一般事故accident一次参数primary parameter一次电池供电primary cell power supply一送多受single feeding and multiple receiving移动信号movable signal移轨removed rail移频轨道电路frequency-shift track circuit移频自动闭塞automatic frequency shift block移位接触器displacement contactor译码decoding易行车easy rolling car易行线easy rolling track引导信号calling-on signal隐蔽灯光dinning of light油水分离器water oil separator油压动力室oil pressure engine room有极继电器polarized relay有极加强继电器polarized relay with heavy duty contact迂回进路alternative route预办闭塞prearranging of block预告标warning sign预告式显示制度approach indication system预告信号distant signal预告信号机distant signal预告重复式显示制度approach repeating indication system 预排进路route presetting远程网络long-distant network远程遥信分区long-distant supervised subsection钥匙路牌key tablet钥匙路牌机key tablet container钥匙路签key staff钥匙路签机key staff container允许推送信号permissive humping signal运行图调整train graph regulationZ摘挂列车pick up and drop goods train占线表示occupancy indication站间联系电路junction circuit between stations站间区间section between station站间运行间隔时间time internal between stations站界标station limit sign站内道口联系电路station crossing junction circuit 站线siding track照查锁闭cheek locking照查锁闭握柄cheek lock lever照查条件check condition遮断信号obstruction signal遮断信号按钮obstruction signal button遮断信号机obstruction signal遮断预告信号机approach obstruction signal整流器供电rectifier power supply整流式继电器rectifier relay正常动作继电器normal action relay正脉冲positive pulse正面冲突front conflict正签main staff正线main track正装normal mounting执行脉冲execution pulse直角拐轴right angle crank直流电力牵引DC electric traction直流电源屏DC power supply panel直流供电制DC power supply system直流轨道电路DC track circuit直流继电器DC relay直通列车through train直线拐轴straight crank指示信号instruction signal制动braking制动距离braking distance制动力曲线braking force curve制动位retarder location制动主管break pipe中继变压器relay transformer中继站repeater station中间站intermediate station中途返回midway return operation中站电气集中联锁relay interlocking for medium station 中转列车transit train中转时间transfer time终端电缆盒terminal cable box重大事故grave accident重力式继电器heavy-armature relay周期同步cyclic synchronization昼间信号day signal昼夜通用信号day and night signal主体信号机main signal注意信号attention signal转换时间transfer time转换锁闭器switch-and-lock mechanism转极值polar working value转向杆deflecting bar转辙机switch machine转辙机安装装置switch machine installation转辙锁闭器plunger lock追尾catch-up桌上握柄table interlocker子母场tandem classification yard自闭电路self-stick circuit自闭条件stick condition自动化编组场automatic classification yard自动闭塞系统automatic block system自动闭塞供电线路automatic block power line自动闭塞联系电路automatic block junction circuit 自动闭塞信号线路automatic block signal line自动操纵作业automatic operation。

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Might be useful that MESSAGEs follow the same path
Routing of requests within a session before a Route can be built
Gonzalo.Camarillo@ March 20th, 2001
Gonzalo.Camarillo@ March 20th, 2001
SIP WG meeting
50th IETF
INFO proposal
Everything we want from SIP is to find the egrees gateway and then become a transport protocol
i-gw
(1) IAM (2) INVITE To: 123@ Call-ID: abc@ (6) INVITE To: 12345@ Call-Id: abc@
Load balancer
ee
Background on discussions so far En bloc INFO Multiple INVITEs Proposed solution and its implications
Gonzalo.Camarillo@ March 20th, 2001
SIP WG meeting
50th IETF
En bloc proposal
Let’s forget about overlap signalling. Let gateways deal with “overlap” to “en bloc” conversion
Minimum amount of digits received: Start T10 Arrival of new digit(s) refreshes T10 T10 expires (no more digits accepted): INVITE sent
SIP WG meeting
50th IETF
SRV records and load balancing
Text added in September to RFC2543bis (section 1.4.2): Within a transaction, a stateless proxy MUST always select the same destination within the set of hosts with the same priority. This can be accomplished, for example, by using the modulo N of a hash of the Call-ID value or some other combination of transaction-identifying headers as the uniform random number described in the weighting algorithm of RFC 2782. Here, N is the sum of weights within the priority class. Add SHOULD within a call. Remove transaction-identifiers
But what about the technical issue we had with load balancers?
Gonzalo.Camarillo@ March 20th, 2001
SIP WG meeting
50th IETF
Issue to resolve
Proxies performing some kind of load balancing might route different INVITEs to different egrees gateways
(3) INVITE (4) IAM
(5) SAM
PSTN
(7) INVITE (8) IAM
We get two IAMs rather than one IAM and one SAM
Gonzalo.Camarillo@ March 20th, 2001
SIP WG meeting
Gonzalo.Camarillo@ March 20th, 2001
SIP WG meeting
50th IETF
Multiple INVITEs
Let INVITEs carry complete state Let us send a well-formed INVITE every time more digits arrive (with an updated To header)
SIP WG meeting
50th IETF
En bloc proposal: Pros and cons
Pros
SIP network untouched
Cons
En bloc calls are affected by establishment delay A particular gateway that might eventually receive SAMs always implements T10 Requirements on establishment time Unacceptable to wait for T10 to expire once the last digit has arrived If we decide to go for this proposal, some folks will implement their own solution anyway
PSTN
(1) IAM
ingrees gateway
(2) INVITE
egrees gateway
(3) SAM (4) SAM
(4) INVITE (5) INVITE
Gonzalo.Camarillo@ March 20th, 2001
SIP WG meeting
50th IETF
Multiple INVITEs proposal: Pros and cons
Pros
Works with application servers Works with vanilla SIP UAs INVITEs carry full-state (robustness, no synchronization problems) WG has been working on this solution over a year Well-known issues
If we do not want to interwork with vanilla SIP UAs, why do we want to use SIP-T? INFOs do not carry complete state (what if we get 484 for the INVITE?)
SIP WG meeting
50th IETF
Background of discussions so far
Already too much discussion in the mailing list 80-20 problem: 80% important technical work 20% time
Gonzalo.Camarillo@ March 20th, 2001
SIP WG meeting
50th IETF
SRV records and load balancing
Suggested text: Within a transaction, a stateless proxy MUST always select the same destination within the set of hosts with the same priority. Within a call, a stateless proxy SHOULD always select the same destination within the set of hosts with the same priority. This can be accomplished, for example, by ordering the hosts in alphabetical order and then using the modulo N of a hash of the Call-ID value or some other combination of transaction-identifying headers as the uniform random number described in the weighting algorithm of RFC 2782. Here, N is the sum of weights within the priority class. Text added Text removed
Cons
Many messages exchanged Generality over efficiency
Gonzalo.Camarillo@ March 20th, 2001
SIP WG meeting
50th IETF
Proposed solution
So far, the multiple INVITEs proposal seems to be the “least bad” of all three…
General feeling: We MUST resolve this and move on!! Three proposals: The WG picks up one (in this meeting)