英语亚历山大体诗歌
英国文学诗歌术语解释
英国⽂学诗歌术语解释A Glossary of Poetic TermsAccent（重⾳）Another word for stress. The emphasis placed on a syllable. Accent is frequently used to denote stress in describing verse.Aestheticism（唯美主义）A literary movement in the 19th century of those who believed in “art for art?s sake” in opposition to the utilitarian doctrine that everything must be morally or practically useful. Key figures of the aesthetic movement were Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.Alexandrine（亚历⼭⼤诗体）The most common meter in French poetry since the 16th century: a line of twelve syllables. The nearest English equivalent is iambic hexameter. The Alexandrine being a long line, it is often divided in the middle by a pause or caesura into two symmetrical halves called hemistiches. Alexander Pope?s “Essay on Criticism” offers a typical example.Allegory（讽喻）A pattern of reference in the work which evokes a parallel action of abstract ideas. Usually allegory uses recognizable types, symbols and narrative patterns to indicate that the meaning of the text is to be found not in the represented work but in a body of traditional thought, or in an extra-literary context.Rrepresentative works are Edmund Spenser?s The Faerie Queene, John Bunyan?s The Pilgrim’s Progress.Alliteration（头韵） A rhyme-pattern produced inside the poetic line by repeating consonantal sounds at the beginning of words. It is also called initial rhyme.Allusion（引喻） A passing reference in a work of literature to something outside itself. A writer may allude to legends, historical facts or personages, to other works of literature, or even to autobiographical details. Literary allusion requires special explanation. Some writers include in their own works passages from other writers in order to introduce implicit contrasts or comparisons. T.S. Eliot?s The Waste Land is of this kind.Analogy（类⽐）The invocation of a similar but different instance to that which is being represented, in order to bring out its salient features through the comparison.Anapest（抑抑扬格） A trisyllabic metrical foot consisting of two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable.Apostrophe（顿呼） A rhetorical term for a speech addressed to a person, idea or thing with an intense emotion that can no longer be held back, often placed at the beginning of a poem or essay, but also acting as a digression or pause in an ongoing argument.Arcadia（阿卡狄亚）A mountainous region of Greece which was represented as the blissful home of happy shepherds. During the Renaissance Arcadia became the typical name for an idealized rural society where the harmonious Golden Age still flourished. Sir Philip Sidney?s prose romance is entitled Arcadia.Assonance（半谐⾳）The repetition of accented vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds.Aubade（晨曲） A song or salute at dawn, usually by a lover lamenting parting at daybreak, for example, J ohn Donne?s “The Sun Rising”.Augustan Age: may refer to 1) The period in Roman history when Caesar Augustus was the first emperor; 2) The period in the history of the Latin language when Caesar Augustus was emperor and Golden-age Latin was in use; 3) Augustan literature and Augustan poetry, the early 18th century in British literature and poetry, where the authors highly admired and emulated the original Augustan Age.Avant-garde (先锋派) A military expression used in literature refers to a group of modern artists and writers. Their main concern is deliberate and self-conscious experimentation in writing to discover new forms, techniques and subject matter in the arts.Ballad（民谣）A narrative poem which was originally sung to tell a story in simple colloquial language.Ballad metre (民谣格律）A quatrain of alternate four-stress and three-stress lines, usually roughly iambic.Ballad stanza（民谣体诗节） A quatrain that alternates tetrameter with trimeter lines, and usually rhymes a b c b.Blank verse（⽆韵诗）Verse in iambic pentameter without rhyme scheme, often used in verse drama in the sixteenth century and later used for poetry.Burlesque（诙谐作品）An imitation of a literary style, or of human action, that aims to ridicule by incongruity style and subject. High burlesque involves a high style for a low subject, for instance, Alexander Pope?s The Rape of the Lock. Byronic hero（拜伦式英雄）A character type portrayed by George Lord Gordon Byron in many of his early narrative poems, especially Child Harold’s Pilgrimage. The Byronic hero is a brooding solitary, who seeks exotic travel and wild nature to reflect his superhuman passions. He is capable of great suffering and guilty of some terrible, unspecified crime, but bears this guilt with pride, as it sets him apart from society, revealing the meaninglessness of ordinary moral values. He is misanthropic, defiant, rebellious, nihilistic and hypnotically fascinating to others.Canto（诗章）A division of a long poem, especially an epic. Dante?s Divine Comedy, Byron?s Don Juan and Ezra Pound?s The Cantos are all divided into these chapter-length sections.Carpe Diem（及时⾏乐）A poem advising someone to “seize the day” or “seize the hour”. Usually the genre is addressed by a man to a young woman who is urged to stop prevaricating in sexual or emotional matters.Cavalier poets（骑⼠诗⼈）English lyric poets during the reign of Charles I. Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, Thomas Carew, EdmundWaller and Robert Herrick are the representatives of this group. Cavalier poetry is mostly concerned with love, and employs a variety of lyric forms.Cockney school of poetry （伦敦佬诗派） A derisive term for certain London-based writers, including Leigh Hunt, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Hazlitt and John Keats. This term was invented by the Scottish journalist John Gibson Lockhart in an anonymous series of article on The Cockney School of Poetry, in which he mocked the supposed stylistic vulgarity of these writers.Complaint （怨诗） A poetic genre in which the poet complains, often about his beloved. Geoffery Chaucer?s “Complaint to His Purse”, Edward Young?s “The Complaint”, or “Night Thoughts”are examples.Conceit（奇思妙喻）Originally it meant simply a thought or an opinion. The term came to be used in a derogatory way to describe a particular kind of far-fetched metaphorical association. It has now lost this pejorative overtone and simply denotes a special sort of figurative device. The distinguishing quality of a conceit is that it should forge an unexpected comparison between two apparently dissimilar things or ideas. The classic example is John Donne?s The Flea and A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.Didactic poetry（说教诗）Poetry designed to teach or preach as a primary purpose.Dirge （挽歌）Any song of mourning, shorter and less formal than an elegy. Shakespeare?s Full Fathom Five in The Tempest is a famous example..Dithyramb（酒神颂歌）A Greek choric hymn in honour of Dionysus. In general “dithyrambic” is applied to a wildly enthusiastic song or chant.Eclogue （牧歌）A pastoral poem, especially a pastoral dialogue, usually indebted to the Virgillian tradition.Elegy（挽诗）A poem of lamentation, concentrating on the death of a single person, like Alfred Tennyson?s “In Memoriam”, Thomas Gray?s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, or W. B. Yeats?s “In Memory of Major Robert Gregory”.Epic（史诗） A long narrative poem in elevated style, about the adventures of a hero whose exploits are important to the history of a nation. The more famous epics in western literature are Homer?s Iliad, Virgil?s Aeneid, Dante?s Divine Comedy and John Milton?s Paradise Lost.Epigram（警句诗） A polished, terse and witty remark that packs generalized knowledge into short compass.Epigraph（铭⽂）A short quotation cited at the start of a book or chapter to point up its theme and associate its content with learning. Also an inscription on a monument or building explaining its purpose.Epitaph（墓志铭）An inscription on a tomb or a piece of writing suitable for that purpose, generally summing up someone?s life, sometimes in praise, sometimes in satire. John Keats wrote an Epitaph for himself. It says, “Here lies one whose name is writ in water.”Epithet（表述词语）From Latin epitheton, from Greek epitithenai meaning “to add”, an adjective or adjective cluster that is associated with a particular person or thing and that usually seems to capture their prominent characteristics. For example,“Ethelred the unready”, or “fleet-footed Achilles” in Alexander Pope?s version of The Iliad.Folk ballad（民间歌谣） A narrative poem designed to be sung, composed by an anonymous author, and transmitted orally for years or generations before being written down. It has usually undergone modification through the process of oral transmission.Foot（⾳步）a unit of measure consisting of stressed and unstressed syllables.Free verse（⾃由诗）Verse released from the convention of meter, with its regular pattern of stresses and line length.Georgian Poetry：the title of a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English poetry that established itself during the early years of the reign of King George V of the United Kingdom. Edward Marsh was the general editor of the series and the centre of the circle of Georgian poets, which included Rupert Brooke. It has been suggested that Brooke himself took a hand in some of the editorial choices.Graveyard poets（墓园诗⼈）Several 18th century poets wrote mournfully pensive poems on the nature of death, which were set in graveyards or inspired by gloomy nocturnal meditations. Examples of this minor but popular genre are Thomas Parnell?s “Night-Piece on Death”, Edward Young?s “Night Thoughts” and Robert Blair?s “The Grave”. Thomas Gray?s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” owes something to this vogue.Haiku（俳句）A Japanese lyric form dating from the 13th century which consists of seventeen syllables used in three lines: 5/7/5. Several 20th century English and American poets have experimented with the form, including Ezra Pound.Heroic couplet（英雄双韵体） Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs. Alexander Pope brought the meter to a peak of polish and wit, using it in satire. Because this practice was especially popular in the Neoclassic Period between 1660 and 1790, the heroic couplet is often called the “neoclassic couplet” if the poem originates during this time period.Heroic quatrain（英雄四⾏诗）Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed abab, cdcd, and so on. Thomas Gray?s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is a notable example.Hexameter（六⾳步） In English versification, a line of six feet. A line of iambic hexameter is called an Alexanderine.Iamb（抑扬格）The commonest metrical foot in English verse, consisting of a weak stress followed by a strong stress.Iambic-anapestic meter（抑扬抑抑扬格） A meter which freely mixes iambs and anapests, and in which it might be difficult to determine which foot prevails without actually counting.Iambic hexameter（六⾳步抑扬格）A line of six iambic feet.Iambic pentameter（五⾳步抑扬格）A line of five iambic feet. It is the most pervasive metrical pattern found in verse in English.Iambic tetrameter（四⾳步抑扬格）A line of four iambic feet.Idyll（⽥园诗）A poem which represents the pleasures of rural life.Image, imagery（意象） A critical word with several different applications. In its narrowest sense an …image? is a word-picture, a description of some visible scene or object. More commonly, however, …imagery? refers to figurative language in a piece of literature; or all the words which refer to objects and qualities which appeal to the senses and feelings.Imagism（意象派）A self-conscious movement in poetry in England and America initiated by Ezra Pound and T.E. Hulme in about 1912. Pound described the aims of Imagism in his essay “A Petrospect”as follows:1) Direct treatment of the …thing? whether subjective or objective.2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.3) As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. Pound defined an …Image? as …that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time?. His haiku-like two-line poem In a Station of the Metro is often quoted as the quintessence of Imagism.Irony（反讽）The expression of a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant.Lake poets（湖畔派诗⼈） The three early 19th century romantic poets, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey, who lived in the Lake District of Cumbria in northern England. This term was often applied in a derogatory way, suggesting the provincialism of their themes and interests.Lyric（抒情诗） A poem, usually short, expressing in a personal manner the feelings and thoughts of an individual speaker. The typical lyric subject matter is love, for a lover or deity, and the mood of the speaker in relation to this love.Metaphysical poets （⽞学派诗⼈） Metaphysics is the philosophy of being and knowing, but this term was originally applied to a group of 17th century poets in a derogatory manner. The representatives are John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan and Richard Crashaw and John Cleveland, Andrew Marvell and Abraham Cowley. The features of metaphysical poetry are arresting and original images and conceits, wit, ingenuity, dexterous use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes, a liking for paradox and dialecticalargument, a direct manner, a caustic humor, a keenly felt awareness of mortality, and a distinguished capacity for elliptical thought and tersely compact expression. But for all their intellectual robustness the metaphysical poets are also capable of refined delicacy, gracefulness and deep feeling, passion as well as wit. They had a profound influence on the course of English poetry in the 20th century.Meter（格律）The regular pattern of accented and unaccented syllables. The line is divided into a number of feet. According to their stress pattern the feet are classed as iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, spondaic or pyrrhic.Metonymy（借代）A figure of speech: the substitution of the name of a thing by the name of an attribute of it, or something closely associated with it.Monometer（单⾳步诗⾏）A metrical line containing one foot.Monologue（独⽩） A single person speaking, with or without an audience, is uttering a monologue. The dramatic monologue is the name given to a specific kind of poem in which a single person, not the poet, is speaking.Dramatic Monologue（戏剧独⽩） A poem in which a poetic speaker addresses either the reader or an internal listener at length. It is similar to the soliloquy in theater, in that both a dramatic monologue and a soliloquy often involve the revelation of the innermost thoughts andfeelings of the speaker. Two famous examples are Browning?s “My Last Duchess”.Interior Monologue:A type of stream of consciousness in which the author depicts the interior thoughts of a single individual in the same order these thoughts occur inside that character's head. The author does not attempt to provide (or provides minimally) any commentary, description, or guiding discussion to help the reader untangle the complex web of thoughts, nor does the writer clean up the vague surge of thoughts into grammatically correct sentences or a logical order. Indeed, it is as if the authorial voice ceases to exis t, and the reader directly “overhears” the thought pouring forth randomly from a character?s mind. An example of an interior monologue can be found in James Joyce?s Ulysses. Here, Leopold Bloom wanders past a candy shop in Dublin, and his thoughts wander back and forth.The Movement：A term coined by J. D. Scott, literary editor of The Spectator, in 1954 to describe a group of writers including Kingsley Amis, Philip Larkin, Donald Davie, D.J. Enright, John Wain, Elizabeth Jennings, Thom Gunn, and Robert Conquest. The Movement was essentially English in character; poets in Scotland and Wales were not generally included. The Movement poets were considered anti-Romantic, but we find many Romantic elements in Larkin and Hughes. We may call The Movement the revival of the importance of form. To these poets, good poetry meant simple, sensous content, and traditional, conventional and dignified form.Neoclassicism（新古典主义）This word refers to the fact that some writers, particularly in the 18th century, modeled their own writing on classical, especially Roman literature. Neoclassicism is applied to a period of English literature lasting from 1660, the Restoration of Charles II, until about 1800. The following major writers flourished then, in poetry, John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Oliver Goldsmith; in prose, Jonathan Swift, Addition, Samuel Johnson. Neoclassical writers did not value creativity or originality highly. They valued the various genres, such as epic, tragedy, pastoral, comedy. The meter for most of Neoclassic writings was the heroic couplet.Octameter（⼋⾳步诗⾏）A metrical line containing eight feet; only occasionally attempted in English verse.Octave（⼋⾏体）An eight-line stanza or the first eight lines of a sonnet, especially one structured in the manner of an Italian sonnet.Ode（颂歌）A form of lyric poem, characterized by its length, intricate stanza forms, grandeur of style and seriousness of purpose, with a venerable history in Classical and post-Renaissance poetry.Onomatopoeia（拟声词）The use of words that resemble the sounds they denote, for example, …hiss?, …bang?, …pop? or …smack?.Oxford Movement: A movement of High Church Anglicans, eventually developing into Anglo-Catholicism. The movement, the members of which were often associated with the University of Oxford, argued for the reinstatement of lost Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion intoAnglican liturgy and theology. They conceived of the Anglican Church as one of three branches of the Catholic Church.Oxymoron（逆喻）A figure of speech in which contradictory terms are brought together in what is at first sight an impossible combination. It is a special variety of the paradox.Paradox（悖论）An apparently self-contradictory statement, or one that seems in conflict with all logic and opinion; yet lying behind the superficial absurdity is a meaning or truth. It is common in metaphysical poetry.Parody（嘲仿）An imitation of a specific work of literature or style devised so as to ridicule its characteristic features. Exaggeration, or the application of a serious tone to an absurd subject, are typical methods. Henry Fielding?s Shamela,Samuel Richardson?s Pamela,and Lewis Carroll?s version of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow?s Hiawatha are examples.Pastoral（⽥园诗）An artistic composition dealing with the life of shepherds or with a simple, rural existence. It usually idealizes shepherds? lives in order to create an image of peaceful and uncorrupted existence. More generally, pastoral describes the simplicity, charm, and serenity attributed to country life, or any literary convention that places kindly, rural people in nature-centered activities. The pastoral is found in poetry, drama, and fiction. Many subjects, such as love, death, religion, and politics, have been presented in pastoral settings.Pattern poetry（拟形诗）The name for verse which is written in a stanza form that creates a picture or pattern on the page. It is a precursor of concrete poetry. George Herbert?s “Easter Wings” is a typical example.Pentameter（五⾳步诗⾏）A poetic line of five feet and the most common poetic line in English.Personification（拟⼈） A figure of speech in which things or ideas are treated as if they were human beings, with human attributes and feeling.Poem（诗）An individual composition, usually in some kind of verse or meter, but also perhaps in heightened language which has been given some sense of pattern or organization to do with the sound of its words, its imagery, syntax, or any available linguistic element.Poet （诗⼈）Originally from the Greek poiein, a person who …makes?.Poet laureate （桂冠诗⼈） A laurel crown is the traditional prize for poets, based on the myth in which Apollo turns Daphne into a laurel tree. Poet laureates have been officially named by the British monarch since John Dryden?s appointment in 1668 by Charles II. T hey are supposed to stand as the figurehead of British poetry, but in the two centuries after John Dryden, with the exceptions of William Wordsworth and Alfred Tennyson, most were minor poets. Some indeed were poets of no significance whatever. The poets laureate in the 20th century have been less negligible. Ted Hughes is the present incumbent.Poetic licence（诗的破格）The necessary liberty given to poets, allowing them to manipulate language according to their needs, distorting syntax, using odd archaic words and constructions, etc. It can also refer to the manner in which poets, sometimes through ignorance, or deliberately, make mistaken assumptions about the world they describe.Pre-Raphaelites（前拉斐尔学派）Originally a group of artists (including John Millais, Holman Hunt and Dante Gabriel Rossetti) who organized the …Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood? in 1848. Their aim was a return to the …truthfulness? and simplicity of medieval art. The representatives include Christina Rossetti, Algernon Swinburne and William Morris. The typical aspects of their poetry are medievalism, archaism and lush sensuousness combined with religious feeling.Prosody（韵律学）The technical study of versification, including meter, rhyme, sound effects and stanza patterns.Psalm（赞美诗）A sacred song or hymn, especially one from the Book of Psalms in the Bible.Pun（双关语）A figure of speech in which a word is used ambiguously, thus, invoking two or more of its meanings, often for comic effect.Pyrrhic（抑抑格） A metrical foot consisting of two short or unstressed syllables. As with the spondee, from a linguistic point of view it is doubtful if the pyrrhic is necessary in English scansion, as two successive syllables are unlikely to bear exactly similar levels of stress.Quatrian（四⾏诗节） A stanza of four lines. A very common form in English, used with various meters and rhyme schemes..Refrain（叠句）Words or lines repeated in the course of a poem, recurring at intervals, sometimes with slight variation, usually at the end of a stanza. Refrains are especially common in songs and ballads.Rhyme（诗韵）The pattern of sound that established unity in verse forms. Rhyme at the end of lines is …end rhyme?; inside a line it is …internal rhyme?. End rhyme is clearly the most emphatic and usually relies on homophony between final syllables.Rhyme scheme（韵式）The pattern of rhymes in a stanza or section of verse, usually expressed by an alphabetical code.Rhythm（韵律）Rhythm refers to any steady pattern of repetition, particularly that of a regular recurrence of accented or unaccented syllables at equal intervals.Romance（传奇故事）Primarily medieval fiction in verse or prose dealing with adventures of chivalry and love. Notable English romances include Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Thomas Malory?s Le Morte d’Arthur.Romanticism（浪漫主义）A word used in an appallingly large number of different ways in different contexts.(1) Romantic in popular sense means idealized and facile love. (2) The Romantic Period.A term used to refer to the period dating from 1789 to about 1830 in English literature.Novelists of the period include Sir Walter Scott and Jane Austen; essayists such as Charles Lamb, William Hazlitt and Thomas De Quincey are notable for their contributions to the fast-developing literary magazines. There were two generations of Romantic poets: the first included William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southy; the second were George Gordon Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats. (3) Romanticism. It was in contrast to neoclassical literature. Writers showed their concern for feeling and emotion rather than the human capacity to reason. William Wordsworth?s The Prelude is the foremost text of Romanticism. The romantic poets were interested in nature. They saw nature as a way of coming to understand the self and made use of their imagination to create harmony. They also showed their disapproval toward neoclassical rules of poetry.Scansion（韵律分析）Scansion is the process of measuring the stresses in a line of verse in order to determine the metrical pattern of the line. It starts with identifying the standard of its prevailing meter and rhythm.Sestet（六⾏诗）The last six lines of a Petrarchan sonnet which should be separated by rhyme and argument from the preceding eight lines, called the octave.Sestina（六节诗）A rare and elaborate verse form, consisting of six stanzas, each consisting of six lines of pentameter, plus a three-line envoi. The end words for each stanza are the same, but in a different order from stanza to stanza. An example is Ezra Pound?s Sestina, Altaforte.Song（歌） A short lyric poem intended to be set to music, though often such poems have no musical setting.Sonnet（⼗四⾏诗） A lyric poem of fixed form: fourteen lines of iambic pentameter rhymed and organized according to several intricate schemes. Three patterns predominate: (1) The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet is divided into an octave which rhymes abba abba, and a sestet usually rhymes cde cde, or cdc dcd. The sestet usually replies to the argument of the octave.(2) Spenserian sonnet is a nine-line stanza of iambics rhymed abab bcbc cdc dee. The first eight lines are pentameters; the final line is a hexameter; (3) Shakespearean sonnet has three quatrains and a final couplet which usually provides an epigrammatic statement of the theme. The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）A nine-line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are iambic pentameter and the last line is an iambic hexameter line. The name Spenserian comes from the form?s most famous user, Spenser, who used it in The Fairie Queene. Other examples include Keat?s “Eve of Saint Agnes” and Shelley?s “Adonais.” The Spenserian stanza is probably the longest and most intricate stanza generally employed in narrative poetry.Spondee（扬扬格）A metrical foot consisting of two long syllables or two strong stresses, giving weight to a line.Stanza（诗节）A unit of several lines of verse. Much verse is split up into regular stanzas of three, four, five or more lines each. Examples of。
英语诗TheDaffodils赏析
英语诗TheDaffodils赏析赏析意思是欣赏并分析（诗文等），通过鉴赏与分析得出理性的认识，既受到艺术作品的形象、内容的制约，又根据自己的思想感情、生活经验、艺术观点和艺术兴趣对形象加以补充和完善。
下面是店铺为大家整理的英语诗The Daffodils赏析，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
The DaffodilsWilliam WordsworthI wander’d lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o’er vales and hills,When all at once I saw a crowd,A host , of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees,Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.Continuous as the stars that shineAnd twinkle on the Milky way,They stretch’d in never-ending lineAlong the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glance,Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.The waves beside them danced, but theyOut-did the sparkling waves in glee:A poet could not but be gayIn such a jocund company!E gaze ?and gazed ?but little thoughtWhat wealth the show to me had brought:For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.扩展：译文心中的水仙花作者：威廉·华兹华斯象孤云独去一样我的心和我流浪在山间在不经意的`一切之中我邂逅了水仙花的芳艳金灿灿的水仙啊在湖畔的树下连成一片逸动的身姿迎风翩跹魅力的光无法收敛见过夜晚的银河吗闪烁的星星在那里倾泻、绵延顷刻沿着湖湾边缘一线九千九百九十九朵水仙花映入我猝不及防的眼帘花随风舞轻快的节奏舞动着美艳河里的波涛也来伴舞映衬水仙花自由摇摆的欢畅此情此景，我心激扬我久久地凝视，但一时无法解读美丽的鲜花如何拥有那超越财富的力量因为，后来每当我孑然独处，或陷入沉思之际，它们的身影总会在我的脑海闪现；---- 黯黯的孤寂忽现一道来自天堂的瑞光 ---- 于是，美就在心中流淌心就随着那摇曳着欢愉的水仙花激荡，激荡【英语诗The Daffodils赏析】。
十四行诗欣赏
十四行诗Sonnet，又译为商籁体，这是欧洲抒情诗中占首席地位的一种诗体。
自13世纪产生于意大利之后，在以后的岁月里传遍了世界各国：15世纪流传到了西班牙，16世纪流传到了英、法；17世纪传到德、美；19世纪传到俄国；20世纪初又传入我国……影响深远。
总的说来，十四行诗有两种基本的体式：意大利体（或彼特拉克体）和英国体（或莎士比亚体）。
彼特拉克体彼特拉克（1304——1374），文艺复兴时期的第一个人文主义学者，被誉为“人文主义之父”，其代表作《歌集》对欧洲诗歌产生了巨大影响，是当时整个欧洲的桂冠诗人。
学者们一般认为，十四行诗源自13世纪的意大利，但彼特拉克并不是这种诗体的创立者，也不是其最早的使用者（例如，但丁）；但是因彼特拉克几近完美的创作使得这种诗体成为欧洲最重要的诗体。
于是它便被冠上了“彼特拉克体”的名称。
具体说来，它可分为两部分：前面是一个“八行组”（八行体）；后面是一个“六行组”（六行体）。
一般说来，前面的“八行组”用于展现主题或提出疑问；后面的“六行组”是解决问题或作出结论。
从韵式上看，前八行又包括两个“四行组”，使用抱韵，韵式固定：abba abba；后六行则又包括两个“三行组”，韵式则多变，常见的有：cde cde; cdc dcd等。
这样全诗就形成了“4 4 3 3”结构，寓变化于整齐之中，富有结构美，韵律美。
爱的矛盾我结束了战争，却找不到和平，我发烧又发冷，希望混合着恐怖，我乘风飞翔，又离不开泥土，我占有整个世界，却两手空空；我并无绳索缠身枷锁套颈，我却仍是个无法脱逃的囚徒，我既无生之路，也无死之途，即便我自寻，也仍求死不能；我不用眼而看，不用舌头而抱怨，我愿灭亡，但我仍要求康健，我爱一个人，却又把自己怨恨；我在悲哀中食，我在痛苦中笑，不论生和死都一样叫我苦恼，我的欢乐啊，正是愁苦的原因。
我形单影只我形单影只，思绪万千，在最荒凉的野地漫步徘徊，我满怀戒备，小心避开一切印有人的足迹的地点。
英语亚历山大体诗歌
英语亚历山大体诗歌追述英语亚历山大体诗歌的国内源头似乎不可能，但是提几个写作好手，说明英语亚历山大体诗歌的特点还是可以做得到的。
锡德尼、斯宾塞、19世纪的勃朗宁（据说他的Fifine at the Fair即是）。
法语亚历山大体诗歌起源早，但在抒情诗中被大量熟练运用，是文艺复兴时期“七星诗社”（la Pléiade）的诗人们及其以后的事情。
英语亚历山大体抒情诗也兴起于文艺复兴时期，估计是受到“七星诗社”及其前后的影响产生。
可靠的证据是当时有一批英国诗人在翻译和模仿他们的法国同行，斯宾塞也在其中。
简而言之，严格的英语亚历山大体诗歌与影响其形成的法语亚历山大体诗歌的共性在于，它们每行都是十二个音节，都由停顿（caesura）控制诗行结构、影响节奏；不同在于，英语诗行的重音数目比法语诗行多而且对诗行节奏起支配作用，停顿数目比较不固定而且位置相对灵活。
另外，英语亚历山大体的诗行还成对使用，又常常互韵，成为（rhymed couplet），这在法语亚历山大体诗歌中不见得常见。
英语亚历山大体的诗行是六音步的抑扬格（iambic hexameter）：She comes, || and streight therewith her shining twins do moveTheir rayes to me, || who in her tedious absence layBenighted in cold wo, || but now appeares my day,The onely light of joy, || the onely warmth of Love.She comes with light and warmth, || which like Aurora proveOf gentle force, || so that mine eyes dare gladly playWith such a rosie morne, || whose beames most freshly gayScortch not, || but onely do darke chilling sprites remove.But lo, || while I do speake, || it growth noone wi t h me,Her flamie glisrtring lights increase wi t h time and place;My heart cries …ah‟, || i t burnes, || mine eyes now dazled be:No wind, || no shande can coole, || what helpe then in my case,But with short breath, || long lookes, || staid feet and walking hed,Pray that my sunne go downe with meeker beames to bed.每行六个重音，比法语诗行多两个。
斯宾塞的长诗《仙后》
斯宾塞的长诗《仙后》卷一，第一章一位高贵的骑士策马在平原上奔驰。
他身披坚厚的甲胄，手持盾牌，上边有累累伤痕，那是血腥的战场上留下的“残酷的痕迹（cruell markes）。
尽管身披战甲，这位骑士从未亲临战场挥舞过兵刃，他跨下的骏马愤怒的咆哮着，口吐白沫，虽套着嚼子，但似乎并不愿对骑士惟命是从。
因为这位英勇的骑士端庄的坐于马上，但已做好了与敌相遇拚杀一场恶战到底的准备。
这位骑士胸前佩带着一个血红的十字架，那是对上帝缅怀的表示；之所以佩带这个饰物（badge），就是为了这种表示。
而且，不论生死，他都对上帝顶礼膜拜。
他的盾牌上边也同样有一个十字架，那标志着他在上帝帮助下可以获得至高无上的希望。
因此，不论是行动上还是表达上，他都是一样忠诚真挚。
不过，他此时神情（cheere=expression）十分凝重，尽管他无所畏惧，别人对他十分敬畏。
他将出发进行一次伟大的冒险，这是仙国最为伟大的高尚的女王格劳瑞安娜（Gloriana）命他做的，既可以使他赢得荣誉，又可以使他得到仙后的恩宠，而这是所有的人世中的东西中他最为渴望得到的。
他越是骑马前行，越是渴望在战场上无畏的证明他压倒对手的力量，体验他学得的新的竞技手段，那是制服他的对手、可怕而又严酷的“恶龙”的手段。
那是一位骑着比雪还白的驴子的娇美女士。
这位女士尽管更为雪白纯洁，但她的面部却遮掩在面纱之下，而且有许多皱褶，压的很低；她整个身体批裹着黑色长袍（stole），就象是一个悲痛欲绝的人。
她坐在低矮的驴子上，面带悲伤，心情沉重，缓缓向前行进，似乎心中隐藏着什么焦虑。
她旁边是一只奶白色的羊羔，她用一条皮带牵着。
她纯洁天真、如同那只羊羔（耶稣），她的祖先是古代的国王王后，所以属贵族血统。
而在古代，她祖先的权力范围从东岸延伸到西岸，整个世界都处于他们统治之下，俯首听命（subjection），直到那个凶残的恶魔（infernall feend=infernal fiend）以邪恶肮脏的暴乱（foule uprore）摧毁了他们的王国，并将他们驱逐。
波德莱尔诗作《L'Albatros》中诗歌符号的象征意义
课程名称：符号学与文学专业：法语语言文学姓名：周春悦学号：MG0809065指导老师：张新木此生难料，心在天山，身老沧州——析波德莱尔诗作《信天翁》中诗歌符号的象征意义摘要：《信天翁》（L’Albatros）选自诗集《恶之花》，是波德莱尔旅行时，在南方海域所见的印象。
原诗是一首每行有12个音节的亚历山大体诗，由四个四行诗组成，诗歌文体遵守古典规则，阴韵和阳韵交错出现，押交错韵，即abab格式。
全诗充满托物言志的气氛，也表现出诗人或天才十分苦涩的自嘲。
这首诗象征意义明显，借信天翁的形象引寓诗人自己，抒发不被世人所理解的诗人的孤独感。
该诗象征意味浓重，本文将通过信天翁的形象、外部世界、从高空坠落人间的动作这三个角度的切入，着重分析散落于文字和意境间的种种诗歌象征符号。
关键词：信天翁，恶之花，象征性，诗歌符号《信天翁》出自法国现代派大诗人、象征派诗歌先驱夏尔·波德莱尔（1821——1867）的代表作品《恶之花》的第二部分《忧郁和理想》（《Spleen et idéal》）。
该诗是诗人根据1841年前往毛里求斯岛的海上所见、所感而作。
这首极具象征意义的诗歌借“信天翁”的形象来比喻在对高尚的向往和不可阻挡的堕落趋势之间痛苦挣扎的人，而这种痛苦正是源自所谓的一种“忧郁”（spleen）的欲望，它与人类自身的境遇息息相关，密不可分，并最终在人内心和精神的斗争中取得胜利。
“信天翁”的形象被波德莱尔用于表达渴望与众不同的希翼。
借助这一象征色彩浓烈的形象，诗人想要描绘的是他在一个对他完全漠视的社会中的自身处境。
被捕获的“信天翁”的形象即相当于一个与周围世界彻底决裂的人。
波德莱尔是“被诅咒的诗人”（les poètes maudits）中最耀眼的代表，这也注定了他在短短一生之中无法被同时代人所理解。
诗歌的前三节讲述了“信天翁”的悲惨经历，最后一节则献给诗人自己。
原诗和参考翻译如下：L'ALBATROS①Souvent, pour s'amuser, les hommes d'équipage Prennent des albatros, vastes oiseaux des mers, Qui suivent, indolents compagnons de voyage,Le navire glissant sur les gouffres amers.A peine les ont-ils déposés sur les planches,Que ces rois de l'azur, maladroits et honteux, Laissent piteusement leurs grandes ailes blanches Comme des avirons traîner à côté d'eux.Ce voyageur ailé, comme il est gauche et veule! Lui, naguère si beau, qu'il est comique et laid!L'un agace son bec avec un brûle-gueule,L'autre mime, en boitant, l'infirme qui volait!Le Poète est semblable au prince des nuéesQui hante la tempête et se rit de l'archer;Exilé sur le sol au milieu des huées,Ses ailes de géant l'empêchent de marcher.信天翁②常常，为了消遣，航船上的海员捕捉些信天翁，这种巨大的海禽，它们，这些懒洋洋的航海旅伴，跟在飘过苦海的航船后面飞行。
十四行诗
•
• •
Disdains the tillage of thy husbandry?
Or who is he so fond will be the tomb Of his self-love, to stop posterity?
• • •
by: William Shakespeare LOOK in thy glass, and tell the face thou viewest Now is the time that face should form another,
•
• •
Whose fresh repair if now thou renewest,
• 彼得拉克的十四行诗形式整齐，音韵优美， 以歌颂爱情，表现人文主义思想为主要内 容。他的诗作在内容和形式方面，都为欧 洲资产阶级抒情诗的发展开拓了新路。同 时代的意大利诗人和后来其他国家的一些 诗人，都曾把彼得拉克的诗作，视为十四 行诗的典范，竞相仿效。每首分成两部分： 前一部分由两段四行诗组成，后一部分由 两段三行诗组成，即按四、四、三、三编 排。因此，人们又称它为彼得拉克诗体。
• • •
爱的忠诚 Set me whereas the sun doth parch the green置我于太阳炙烤的绿茵，
•
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Or where his beams do not dissolve the ice或阳光难以消融的寒冰，
In temperate heat, where he is felt and seen或人们感觉温暖的环境， In presence prest of people mad or wise受压众生或愚昧或聪明。 Set me in high, or yet in low degree即便我显达，抑或是微贱， In longest night, or in the shortest day白天短暂还是长夜漫漫， In clearest sky. or where clouds thickest be乌云密布或是气清天蓝， In lusty youth, or when my hairs are grey年轻力壮还是白发斑斑。 Set me in heaven, in earth, or else in hell 即便在地狱、天堂或人间， In hill or dale, or in the foaming flood在丘陵、山谷或海浪滔天， Thrall, or at large, alive whereso I dwell无论自由或被奴役摧残， Sick or in health, in evil fame or good疾病、健康、不幸还是平安。 Hers will I be; and only with this thought我心有所属；唯有长思念， Content myself although my chance be nought机会虽渺茫，知足心满满。 By Petrarca 彼得拉克
亚历山大普希金英文作文
亚历山大普希金英文作文英文：Alexander Pushkin is one of the most famous Russian writers and poets. He is considered to be the founder of modern Russian literature and his works have had a great impact on Russian culture. Pushkin's writing style is characterized by his use of simple language and his ability to convey complex emotions through his characters.One of Pushkin's most famous works is his novel in verse, Eugene Onegin. It tells the story of a young man named Eugene Onegin who is bored with his life in St. Petersburg and decides to move to the countryside. There,he meets a young woman named Tatyana and falls in love with her. However, he rejects her advances and she eventually marries another man. Onegin later realizes his mistake and tries to win Tatyana back, but it is too late.Pushkin's writing is known for its depth and complexity.He often explores themes such as love, death, and the human condition. One of his most famous poems, The Bronze Horseman, tells the story of a man who is haunted by the statue of Peter the Great in St. Petersburg. The poem is a powerful commentary on the nature of power and the struggle for control.中文：亚历山大普希金是最著名的俄国作家和诗人之一。
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英语亚历山大体诗歌
追述英语亚历山大体诗歌的国内源头似乎不可能，但是提几个写作好手，说明英语亚历山大体诗歌的特点还是可以做得到的。
锡德尼、斯宾塞、19世纪的勃朗宁（据说他的Fifine at the Fair即是）。
法语亚历山大体诗歌起源早，但在抒情诗中被大量熟练运用，是文艺复兴时期“七星诗社”（la Pléiade）的诗人们及其以后的事情。
英语亚历山大体抒情诗也兴起于文艺复兴时期，估计是受到“七星诗社”及其前后的影响产生。
可靠的证据是当时有一批英国诗人在翻译和模仿他们的法国同行，斯宾塞也在其中。
简而言之，严格的英语亚历山大体诗歌与影响其形成的法语亚历山大体诗歌的共性在于，它们每行都是十二个音节，都由停顿（caesura）控制诗行结构、影响节奏；不同在于，英语诗行的重音数目比法语诗行多而且对诗行节奏起支配作用，停顿数目比较不固定而且位置相对灵活。
另外，英语亚历山大体的诗行还成对使用，又常常互韵，成为（rhymed couplet），这在法语亚历山大体诗歌中不见得常见。
英语亚历山大体的诗行是六音步的抑扬格（iambic hexameter）：
She comes, || and streight therewith her shining twins do move
Their rayes to me, || who in her tedious absence lay
Benighted in cold wo, || but now appeares my day,
The onely light of joy, || the onely warmth of Love.
She comes with light and warmth, || which like Aurora prove
Of gentle force, || so that mine eyes dare gladly play
With such a rosie morne, || whose beames most freshly gay
Scortch not, || but onely do darke chilling sprites remove.
But lo, || while I do speake, || it growth noone wi t h me,
Her flamie glisrtring lights increase wi t h time and place;
My heart cries …ah‟, || i t burnes, || mine eyes now dazled be:
No wind, || no shande can coole, || what helpe then in my case,
But with short breath, || long lookes, || staid feet and walking hed,
Pray that my sunne go downe with meeker beames to bed.
每行六个重音，比法语诗行多两个。
其实意义并不在于只是两个重音的增加，它反映着不同的格律结构，即英语诗歌的重音计时（stress-timing）和法语诗歌的音节计数（syllable-count）的差别。
这是我个人的粗浅揣测。
对于英语诗行而言，每一个音步作为一个单位，结束的地方会有一个自然的停顿，特别是抑扬格。
因此，除了上面标注的主要停顿之外，每一行的重音之后都有音韵完结的含义，当然诵读时不一定停下来。
但是如果音步结束和语句语法结构单位结束重叠，停顿的指示会更加明显，比如“But wi t h short bre ath, || long lookes, || staid feet and walking hed”，行中的停顿还可以再加一个，变成“But wi t h short breath, || long lookes, || staid feet || and walking hed”。
法语亚历山大体诗行的停顿反映出法国人追求对称美的愿望，英语亚历山大体诗行的停顿则表达了在约规中的变通灵活及其动态之美。
互韵双行的习惯是英国本土的传统。