英国文学史及选读chapter 5 the Renaissance
英国文学史及选读第一册Lecture_5_Renaissance_---shakespeare
Notes:
Shakespeare’ s dramatic career extended from about 1590 to 1613. With his 37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long narrative poems, he has established his giant position in world literature.
Hamlet and Ophelia
Hamlet
(1601)
1. story (P72-P76)
set in Denmark
Hamlet’ s father killed
(old king )
his brother( Claudius)
Hamlet’s mother marry
(new king)
William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
Ⅱ Shakespeare as a dramatist
Periods of the dramatic career
→ 1590-1594:
apprenticeship in play---writing
→ 1595-1600: mature period, great comedies and historical plays; the general spirit is optimism.
雅典的泰门(Timon of Athens)
喜剧：
错中错(The Comedy of Errors)又译：错中错喜剧、错误的喜剧 终成眷属(All's Well That Ends Well)又译：如愿 皆大欢喜(As You Like It) 仲夏夜之梦(A Midsummer Night's Dream) 无事生非(Much Ado About Nothing)又译：捕风捉影 一报还一报(Measure for Measure)又译：请君入瓮、量罪记、 将心比心
英国文学资料English-literature-of-the-renaissance
• Geographical Discoveries (commercial expansion and broadening the mental horizons)
• In the commercial expansion, Spain was the rival with England over the sea. At last a war broke out in 1588. it ended with the rout of the Spanish fleet “Armada”.
Arcadia
• Pastoral, as an adjective, refers to the lifestyle of shepherds and pastoralists, moving livestock around larger areas of land according to seasons and availability of water and food.
• Thomas Wyatt and Surrey were court poets. They are both top-notch aristocrats and their poetry was more representative of the thoughts and feelings of the nobility.
• Then Spenser studied at Cambridge, where she read the classics and italian poets and wrote poems. He received his M.A.degree in 1576.
• In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.
英国文学史上-The Renaissance
The Renaissance PeriodReference: 1) 16th century, Thomas More, “sheep devoured men”羊吃人的时代2) At the beginning of the 16th century, absolute monarchy was formed in England. King Henry VIII broke off with the Pope, dissolved all the monasteries修道院and abbeys大修道院in the country, confiscated没收their lands and proclaimed himself head of the Church of England.3) The absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.4) Beginning of the 16th century, Thomas More, a outstanding humanist杰出的人文主义者, wrote Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.5) In the 1st half of the 16th century, there appeared lyrical poems抒情诗by Thomas Wyatt怀亚特. Wyatt was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature. In the 2nd half of the 16th century lyrical poetry became widespread in England. Famous lyrical and epic poets of the time were Philip Sidney菲利普•锡德尼, Thomas Campion托马斯•坎皮恩and Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞(<The Faerie Queene>仙后)6) Various types of novels were developed in the 16th century. John Lyly约翰•黎里and Thomas Lodge托马斯•洛奇were authors of novels dealing with the court life and gallantry.(宫廷生活和侠士风流)John Lyly→Euphues: The Antatomy of Wit艳词(首创euphuism绮丽体这一修辞手段) Thomas Deloney托马斯•德洛尼&Thomas Nashe托马斯•纳什→developed the realistic tendencies发展了小说中的现实主义风格(devoted to the everyday life of craftsmen, merchants and other representatives of the lower classes)7) Drama→the greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗•马洛. He made blank verse the principle vehicle of expression in drama.(把无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式His work→The Jew of Malta; The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus)8) A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.9) Three historical events of the Renaissance—rebirth or revival:①new discoveries in geography and astrology(占星术)②the religious reformation and economic expansion③rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureDefinition of important literary terms:Renaissance:the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.William Shakespeare 1564~1616 P61Works: Stage1→1590 The Second Part of King Henry VIThe Third Part of King Henry VI1591 The First Part of King Henry VI1592 The Life and Death of King Richard IIIThe Comedy of Errors1593 Titus Andronicus泰特斯•安德鲁尼克斯(复仇悲剧)The Taming of the Shrew训悍记1594 The Two Gentlemen of Verona维罗纳两绅士Lover’s Labour Lost爱的徒劳Romeo and Juliet1595 The Life and Death of King Richard IIA Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦1596 The Life and Death og King JohnThe Merchant of Venice维纳斯商人1597 The First Part of King Henry IVThe Second Part of King Henry IV1598 Much Ado About Nothing无事生非The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘儿们The Life of King Henry V1599 The Life and Death of Julius Caesar尤里乌斯•凯撒As You Like It 皆大欢喜(Figure: Rosalind)1600 Twelfth Night, or What You Will第十二夜Stage2→1601 The Tragedy of Hamlet, Price of Denmark(复仇悲剧)√1602 Troilus and Cressida 特罗伊斯与克瑞西达(黑暗喜剧)All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属(黑暗喜剧)1603 Measure for Measure 一报还一报(黑暗喜剧)Othello, the Moore of Venice 奥赛罗(Figure: Desdemona)1605 King Lear李尔王(Figure: Cordelia)The Tragedy of Macbeth 麦克白1606 Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼和克利奥佩特拉1607 The Tragedy of Coriolanus 克利奥拉鲁斯Timon of Athens 雅典的泰门1608 Pericles, Prince of Tyre 佩里克里斯Stage3→（均为传奇剧）1609 Cymbeline, King of Britain 辛白林1610 The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨The Life and Death of Henry VIII( Comedy:—Tragedy:—)Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜<Twelfth Night>第十二夜<A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦<Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人Four Tragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特<Othello>奥赛罗<King Lear>李尔王<Macbeth>麦克白Shakespeare Sonnet: 154 <The Sonnets> (ababcdcdefefgg) 18(shall I compare thee)、29(when in disgrace)、106(when in the chronicle of wasted time)Shakespeare’s 2 narrative poems: Venus and Adonis维纳斯与阿多尼斯Lucrece露克里丝受辱记Figures and things mentioned: <In Hamlet> Horatio (Hamlet’s friend)霍拉旭Elsinore Castle埃利塞纳城堡Claudius (Hamlet’s uncle)克劳迪斯Gertrude (Hamlet’s mother)乔特鲁德Rosencrantz(Hamlet’s friend)罗森克兰茨Guildenstern(Hamlet’s friend)吉尔登斯坦Ophelia(Hamlet’s girlfriend)奥菲利亚Polonius (girlfriend’s father)波洛琉斯Laertes(girlfriend’s brother)雷欧提斯<In The Merchant of Venice>Bassanio 巴萨尼奥Antonio(Bassanio’s Friend)安东尼奥Portia鲍西娅Shylock (the wealthy Jew)Jessica(Shylock’s daughter, who ran off with Bassanio’s friend Lorenzo罗兰佐)Gratiano (Bassanio’s friend, fell in love with Portia’s waiting-woman Nerissa尼莉莎) Definition of important literary terms:1)Renaissance: Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Itfirst started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word“Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which theEuropean humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Churchauthorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.2)Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.The rhymescheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch(彼得拉克)is abbaabbacdecde. The Petrarchian sonnet has two divisions: the first is of eight lines (the octave), and the second is of six lines (the sestet). The rhyme scheme of the English, or Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. The change of rhyme in the English sonnet is coincidental(一致) with a change of theme in the poem.3)Spenserian Stanza: Spenser invented a new verse form for his poem. The verse form hasbeen called "Spenserian Stanza" since his day. Each stanza has nine lines, each of the first eight lines is in iambic pentameter form, and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步抑扬格) line. The rhythm scheme is abab bcbc c.4) Humanism: it refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance.Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement. They think that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.FrancisBacon弗兰西斯•培根1561~1626 P103（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了“知识就是力量”这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。
英国文学史The Renaissance(3).概要
Humanism
The Renaissance was marked by the spread of humanism, the keynote (the great spirit) of Renaissance. It sprang as a result of rediscovery and restudy of the Greek and Roman civilization which is based on the conception that man is the measure of all things, the man-centered culture. It stands for devotion to the humane values represented in classical literature.
The Evolution of Drama
English drama has roots reaching back to ① The miracle play ② The morality play ③ The Interlude ④ Classical Drama
Christopher Marlowe
---------What is Renaissance?
From the beginning of the 16th c, the English Renaissance witnessed the brisk development of literature: the translation of ancient English, Italian and French works, as well as classical works of Greece and Rome; books of discoveries and adventures; the flowering of sonnets; the highest glory of the English renaissance is its drama ( the Elizabethan drama). This was England’s golden age in literature. There appeared many literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Jonson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.
英国文学史及选读chapter 5 the Renaissance
Progressive writers known as humanists
In literature,
in the 14th and 15th centuries, in Italy, we have Petrarch, Boccaccio, Ariosto 阿里奥斯托 and Tasso 塔索; In the 16th century in France there were Rabelais (拉伯雷， 弗朗索瓦) and Montaigne (蒙田); In Germany, von Hutten (胡滕，乌尔里希·冯) (a supporter of Martin Luther) and Martin Luther; In Holland Erasmus 伊拉兹马斯; In Spain Cervantes 塞凡提斯; And in England Thomas More and Marlowe and Shakespeare.
The dictatorship of the church over men’s minds was shattered; it was directly cast off by the majority of the Germanic peoples, who adopted Protestantism, while among the Latins a cheerful spirit of free thought, taken over from the Arabs and nourished by the newly discovered Greek philosophy, took root more and more and prepared the way for the materialism of the 18th century.”
英美文学选读复习要点中英文对照
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660—1798）新古典主义1。
In short，it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values。
总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期.2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代，或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas。
运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only，the fi nal cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referen ce to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由.他们大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time，heavily didactic and morali zing, became a very popular means of public education.其实，当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念，就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
6。
Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richa rd Steele，the two pioneers of familiar essays，Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe，Richard Brinsley Sheridan，Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大。
英国文学史及作品选读课件Chapter 5The English Renaissance
• (3) Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and the worth of life in this world.
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3. The flourishing of drama:
• The reason for the flourishing of drama;
• The structure of the Elizabethan theatre;
• “The University Wits”: Robert Greene; Thomas Kyd; Christopher Marlowe. They were the predecessors to Shakespeare:
• In 1588, English navy defeated the Spanish Armada, which accelerated the awakening English people’s national consciousness;
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• The enclosure movement: Many peasants were forced to leave the land and settled down in towns. The two opposite classes came into being, the capitalist and the laboring class.
英国文学史The Renaissance Period
The word "Renaissance" means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, therefore, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in ail areas placed by the Roman church authorities.
狭义的人文主义指充斥于文艺复兴时期艺术和哲学之中的独特思维习惯
The Renaissance Period
English Literature
English Renaissance Historical Background
Breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundation of capitalism ◇ The Hundred Years’ War ◇ The war of the Roses ◇ Discovery of America ◇ Reformation of the church ◇ Enclosure Movement ◇ The defeat of the Spanish Armanda ◇ The strengthening of the absolute monarch ( Henry Ⅷ , Elizabeth)
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Progressive writers known as humanists
In literature,
in the 14th and 15th centuries, in Italy, we have Petrarch, Boccaccio, Ariosto 阿里奥斯托 and Tasso 塔索; In the 16th century in France there were Rabelais (拉伯雷， 弗朗索瓦) and Montaigne (蒙田); In Germany, von Hutten (胡滕，乌尔里希·冯) (a supporter of Martin Luther) and Martin Luther; In Holland Erasmus 伊拉兹马斯; In Spain Cervantes 塞凡提斯; And in England Thomas More and Marlowe and Shakespeare.
In Italy, France and Germany a new literature arose, the first modern literature; shortly afterwards came the classical epochs of English and Spanish literature. The bounds of the old orbis terrarum were pierced. Only now for the first time was the world really discovered and the basis laid for subsequent world trade and the transition from handicraft to manufacture, which in its formed the starting point for modern large industry.
And while the burghers and nobles were still fighting one another, the peasant war in Germany pointed prophetically to future class struggles, not only by bringing on to the stage the peasants in revolt – that was no longer anything new – but behind them the beginning of the modern proletariat, with the red flag in their hands and the demand for common ownership of goods on their lips.
In the manuscripts saved from the fall of Byzantium, in the antique statutes dug out of the ruins of Rome, a new world was revealed to the astonished West, that of ancient Greece; the ghost of the Middle Ages vanished before its shinning forms; Italy rose to an undreamt-of flowering of art, which seemed like a reflection of classical antiquity and was never attained again.
The dictatorship of the church over men’s minds was shattered; it was directly cast off by the majority of the Germanic peoples, who adopted Protestantism, while among the Latins a cheerful spirit of free thought, taken over from the Arabs and nourished by the newly discovered Greek philosophy, took root more and more and prepared the way for the materialism of the 18th century.”
3) geographical discoveries opened up colonial expansion and trade routes to distant parts of the world and brought back gold and silver and other wealth and also broadened men’s mental horizons; 4) in the countryside the peasants were terribly exploited and they either rose in uprisings or ran away and flocked to the cities and added to the proletariat 无产阶级 there;
5) in the cities the merchants and the master artisans grew in wealth and in power and became the bourgeoisie, while handicraft turned gradually into manufacture and the modern proletariat sprang up among the employed workers in the factories;
The chief characteristics of Engel’s analysis
1) politically the feudal nobility lost their power and with the establishment of the great monarchies there was the centralization of power necessary for the development of the bourgeoisie; 2) the Catholic church was either substituted by Protestantism as a result of the so-called Reformation 宗教改革 (as in Germany and England) or weakened in its dictatorship over men’s minds (as in Italy and France and Spain);
As they best voiced the human aspirations for freedom and equality and against the tyranny of feudal rule and ecclesiastical domination. And they used various ways to attack the civil wars and welcome the centralized rule of monarchs, sing the praises of geographical and scientific discoveries and explorations and with them the trade expansions and the amassing of wealth from abroad, condemn political oppression and religious dogmatism and persecution and satire the numerous social vices of money-worship and cheating and dissipation 挥霍 and hypocrisy 伪善 of all sorts.
English Literature of the Renaissance
Chapter 5 Section I The Historical Background: Economic, Political and Cultural
Байду номын сангаас
The Renaissance in Europe
The Renaissance as an epoch of social and cultural development embraced all Western Europe. On the foundations of medieval society and culture the Renaissance first rose in Italy in the 14th century and came to a flowering in the 15th and then in the 16th century it spread to other countries, notably France, and thence to Germany and England and Spain and the Low Countries (Holland and Belgium).
About the chief characteristics of this epoch Engels wrote in his introduction to the “Dialectics of Nature 自然辩证法”: