2007年博士研究生入学考试题-参考答案
2007博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：地球物理测井原理共1页第1页博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：地球物理测井原理____________________________________________________________________________1．写出测井中常用的深、中、浅电测井仪器组合，并简要说明应用条件。
（10分）2．说明阿尔奇公式的意义，并简要述评其对测井发展的基础作用。
（10分）3．试对比分析感应测井和侧向测井，说明测井方法研究的基本问题和特点。
（10分）4. 对称声源在充液裸眼井中激发起哪些波动模式？各有何特点？（10分）5. 试分析声波在传播过程中幅度变化的原因。
（10分）6. 试写出声波测井时间平均公式，说明其各个符号的意义和应用条件。
（10分）7．岩性密度测井是当前勘探测井中重要的核测井方法，试回答以下问题：（10分）（1）岩性密度测井采用什么核素作为伽马放射源？主要是基于什么考虑？（2）简述岩石的（质量）光电吸收截面Pe与体积光电吸收截面U的概念和相互关系，并作典型的Pe区不同U值时的伽马能谱示意图。
8．碳氧比能谱测井（C/O）是一种重要的剩余油测井方法，试回答以下问题：（10分）（1）C/O测井中，有哪些非（n，n’）反应对测井产生干扰？如何消除？（2）C/O测井的数据处理方法有哪几种？各自的特点是什么？9．选作题（从下列题目中任选二题）（20分）（1）简述阵列感应测井的基本原理和主要特征。
（10分）（2）在充液井眼中，井壁上的声学边界条件是什么？（10分）（3）试说明用常规声波测井仪器在软地层中没法获得S波的信息的原因。
（10分）（4）自然伽马能谱测井是重要的核测井方法之一，试回答以下问题：（10分）①自然伽马能谱测井仪主要由哪几部分组成？简述各部分的作用。
仪器一般采用什么方法稳谱？②自然伽马能谱测井的测井成果曲线有哪些？。
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(附绝对权威答案)
北京大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2006年3月17日招生专业：全校各专业研究方向：各研究方向Part One: Listening ComprehensionThere are 3 sections in this part.In sections A and B you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then choose the correct answer for each question. Mark your choices on your ANSWER SHEET.Section A: Conversations （5%）Directions: In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the conversation.1. What did Steve originally plan to do?[A] To do some work around the house. [B] To stay at home.[C] To see a new film. [D] To do some study.2. Maggie finally decided to go to see a film because ________.[A] the cinema was nearby [B] the weather wasn’t ideal for a walk[C] it would be easier to go to a cinema [D] Steve hadn’t seen the film yet3. Where did they plan to meet?[A] Outside the Town Hall. [B] Near the bank.[C] In Steve’s place. [D] At the cinema.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.4. The following details are true about the new device EXCEPT ________.[A] it has color [B] it has a moving image[C] it costs less money [D] it is not on the market5. Why didn’t Bill want one of them?[A] He wanted to buy one from Japan. [B] He wasn’t sure about its quality.[C] He thought it was for business use. [D] He thought it was expensive.6. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about the woman?[A] She had never read the magazine herself.[B] She knew who usually read the magazine.[C] She was quite interested in the new device.[D] She agreed with Bill at the end of the conversation.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now，listen to the conversation.7. What was the main focus of the survey?[A] Leisure sporting activities. [B] Average age of athletes.[C] Durability of sporting equipment. [D] Types of sports.8. Which sport was cited as the most popular?[A] Tennis. [B] Cycling. [C] Jogging. [D] Skiing.9. What is NOT among Jane’s marketing strategies?[A] Targeting the 18 to 26 age group. [B] Selling tennis rackets.[C] Selling more athletic shoes. [D] Working out a more appealing slogan.10. Why does Sam want to target the 46-55 age group?[A] They have more buying power. [B] They are very health-conscious.[C] They tend to enjoy sports more. [D] They have more time for sporting activities.Section B: Talks (5%)Directions: In this section, you will hear several talks. Listen to the talks carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the talk.11. In the old days dogs were used for the following purposes EXCEPT ________.[A] hunting other animals [B] driving sheep[C] guarding chickens [D] keeping thieves away12. Which of the following is CORRECT?[A] Dogs are now treated as part of a family.[B] Dogs still perform all the duties they used to do.[C] People now keep dogs for the same reasons as before.[D] Only old people are seen walking their dogs.13. The talk is mainly about ________.[A] what dogs can do [B] how to keep dogs[C] dogs and their masters [D] reasons for keeping dogsQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.14. According to the talk, the working conditions in the new place are ________.[A] not yet clear [B] expected to be rather poor[C] just as adequate [D] the same as what the speaker is used to15. What is the speaker going to do in the new place?[A] Traveling. [B] Studying. [C] Settling down. [D] Teaching.16. The speaker expects ________.[A] fewer choices of food [B] many ways to do washing[C] modern lighting facilities [D] new types of drinking water17. From the talk we can learn that the speaker is ________.[A] unprepared for the new post [B] unclear about the conditions there[C] ready for all the difficulties there [D] eager to know more about the postQuestions 18 to 20 are based on the following talk. At the end of the talk, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions. Now, listen to the talk.18. According to the talk, when are children first expected to study hard?[A] Before 6 years of age. [B] Between 6 and 10.[C] After 10 years of age. [D] After 12 years of age.19. Parents who abuse their children tend to have the following problems EXCEPT ________.[A] religious problems [B] emotional problems[C] financial problems [D] marriage problems20. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?[A] Boys and girls are equally energetic.[B] Parents have higher expectations for boys.[C] Some parents lack skills to deal with their kids.[D] Some parents are ill-educated and ill-tempered.Section C: Spot Dictation (10%)Directions: In this section you are going to hear a presentation about trends in the milk drink markets, given by the director of the Milk Market Board. As you listen, complete the following sentences by filling in the missing words. The presentation will be read Twice. There will be a One-Minute interval between the first and the second reading. You will have another One Minute to check your work after the second reading. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).C1. The total market has ________ __________ from 280 million liters to 440 million liters.C2. The actual sector share of the four main milk products has _________ __________.C3. The full milk sector has _________ __________ from 74% to just 42%.C4. The skimmed milk sector has ________ from only 12% to 35%.C5. The long life sector has ________ from 5% to 13%.C6. The milk drinks have ________ pretty _________, just increasing by 1%.C7. The full milk sector will decline more ________ to around 40% and then fall a further 2%.C8. The skimmed milk sector should continue to rise _______ to 40% and then _______ _______ around this figure.C9. We expect long life milk to continue rising __________ so that this sector will _________ a __________ 20%.C10. We _________ a fairly marked decline in the milk drink sector, and _________ an __________ fall to just 2%.(This is the end of listening comprehension.)Part Two: Structure and Written Expression (20%)Directions: For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET.21．_________ before we leave the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful time together.[A] Had they arrived [B] Would they arrive[C] Were they arriving [D] Were they to arrive22．_________ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.[A] He would leave school [B] He left school[C] He had left school [D] He has left school23．Some people viewed the findings with caution, noting that a cause-and-effect relationship between passive smoking and cancer remained _________.[A] to be shown [B] to have been shown[C] to have shown [D] being shown24．__________ that should be given priority to.[A] It is the committee has decided[B] It is only the committee has decided[C] It is what the committee has decided[D] It is what has the committee decided25. The most interesting new cars may owe __________ the simple wisdom of hiring a fewtalented people and allowing them to work.[A] less local free-spiritedness than[B] less local free-spiritedness than to[C] to less local free-spiritedness than to[D] less to local free-spiritedness than to26. Over the years, Jimmy Connors __________ phenomenal displays of tennis and temper—andat the U.S. Open last week, he exhibited both again.[A] has treated spectators with [B] has treated spectator for[C] has treated spectators [D] has treated spectators to27. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are __________ the time middle-classstudents devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.[A] as hardly culturally enriching as [B] as hardly enriching culture as[C] hardly as culturally enriching as [D] hardly as cultural enriching as28. The major obstacle to the reform in New Orleans, __________, is money.[A] as is it across the country [B] as it is across the country[C] as it were across the country [D] as were it across the country29．Nearly all trees have seeds that fall to the earth, take root, and eventually __________.[A] generate new seeds [B] new seeds generated[C] generates new seeds [D] new seeds are generated30. The well-maintained facility in San Francisco _________ leagues in virtually every sport.[A] were home to [B] was the home of [C] was home to [D] was home of31. Students at these schools test far below the state average in reading, and their scores haveimproved only __________.[A] marginally [B] marvelously [C] martially [D] markably32. I was in some doubt as to whether the Corporal had __________ us accidentally on his wayout of the town or if he'd been deliberately tasked.[A] crashed on [B] bumped into [C] fallen against [D] puzzled about33. In previous time, when fresh meat was in short __________, pigeons were kept by manyhouseholds as a source of food.[A] storage [B] reserve [C] supply [D] provision34. The hospital denies there is any connection between the disciplinary action and Dr. Reid’s__________ about health problems.[A] allegiance [B] alliance [C] allegations [D] alliteration35. The organization issued a cry of alarm last week, citing “__________ evidence”that thosechildren are not receiving the same quality of education as their richer peers.[A] comparing [B] completing [C] compelling [D] composing36. Since no one could __________ his scribbling, the chief editor decided to replace him withanother columnist.[A] encode [B] decipher [C] clear [D] identify37．Many Fine Art graduates take __________ professional practice as artists, and this course encourages them to consider their role as artists in the community by providing opportunities for short-term placements outside the Faculty.[A] down [B] up [C] out [D] in38. The statement said the people of Srebrenica __________ to the presidents of the United Statesand France to help halt the offensive.[A] aroused [B] ascribed [C] acclaimed [D] appealed39. The professor stopped for a drink and then __________ with his lecture on the Indian culture.[A] proceeded [B] processed [C] preferred [D] presented40. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not __________ closeexamination.[A] put up with [B] keep up with [C] stand up to [D] look up toPart Three: Reading ComprehensionI.Directions: Each of the following three passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Passage OneIn science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first speculated on the electrification of amber. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really”are. Electricity, Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.41. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is __________.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen42. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea that __________.[A] there are self-evident principles[B] there are mysterious forces in the universe[C] man cannot discover what forces “really” are[D] we can discover why things behave as they do43. The expression “speculated on” (line 4) means __________ .[A] considered [B] suspected [C] expected [D] engaged in buying and sellingPassage TwoThe concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. An estimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personal health choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and do not like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. The structure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that may concern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eat whatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. The freedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although the wisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause a difficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes and health but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development of health-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as they may affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-related behavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthy choices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo draw a comparison. They suggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability of shortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested in preserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect those behaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.44. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important because __________.[A] it is essential to personal freedom in American society[B] it helps raise the level of our medical knowledge[C] personal health choices help cure most illnesses[D] wrong decisions could lead to poor health45. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make because __________.[A] current medical knowledge is still insufficient[B] there are many factors influencing our decisions[C] people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friends[D] few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of life46. According to Fries and Crapo, sound health choice should be based on __________.[A] personal decisions [B] society’s laws [C] friends’ opinions [D] statistical evidencePassage ThreeFor gathering data about individuals or groups at different developmental levels, researchers can use two related research designs: longitudinal and cross-sectional.A longitudinal study is one that measures a behavior or a characteristic of an individual over a period of time, perhaps decades. An example of such a study is the Berkeley Growth Study begun in 1928 by Nancy Bayley. The study focused on a group of 74 white, middle-class newborns. As they grew older, extensive measures of their intellectual, personality, and motor development were recorded. The subjects were studied for more than thirty years.The longitudinal research design is a powerful technique for seeking understandings of the effects of early experiences on later development. Also, differences in or stability of behaviors or characteristics at different ages can be determined. Longitudinal studies, however, are expensive to conduct, time-consuming, and heavily contingent on the patience and persistence of the researchers. The findings of a longitudinal study may be jeopardized by relocation of subjects to another part of the country and by boredom or irritation at repeated testing. Another disadvantage is that society changes from one time to another and the subjects participating in the study reflect to some degree such changes. The methods of study or the questions guiding the researchers may also change from one time to another. If properly conducted, however, longitudinal studies can produce useful, direct information about development.A cross-sectional study is one in which subjects of differing ages are selected and compared on a specific behavior or characteristic. They are alike with respect to socioeconomic status, sex, or educational level. For example, a researcher may be interested in looking at changes in intelligence over a thirty-year period. Three groups of subjects, ages ten, twenty, and thirty, may be selected and tested. Conclusions are drawn from the test data.The cross-sectional research design has the clear advantage of being less expensive to conduct and certainly less time-consuming. The major disadvantage is that different individuals who make up the study sample have not been observed over time. No information about past influences on development or about age-related changes is secured. Like longitudinal studies, the cross-sectional methods cannot erase the generational influence that exists when subjects studied are born at different time. Psychologists are now beginning to use an approach that combines longitudinal and cross-sectional research methods.47. Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of a longitudinal research?[A] The subjects may become irritated at repeated testing.[B] The participants in the study may not stay in one place for many years.[C] The behavior of a subject in the study may be measured continuously for many years.[D] Social changes may be reflected in the behaviors of the subjects participating in the study.48. The word “contingent” in the third paragraph probably means __________.[A] dependent [B] consecutive [C] determined [D] continual49. Which of the following statements is true?[A] The subjects in a cross-sectional research are not of the same age group.[B] The methods of study in longitudinal research will not change over time.[C] Longitudinal research is reliable only in seeking understandings of the effects of earlyexperiences on later development.[D] Cross-sectional methods are not usually adopted in studying, for example, the changes inintelligence over a thirty-year period.50.One of the differences between cross-sectional research and longitudinal research is that__________.[A] the latter usually focuses on only one subject, while the former involves groups of subjects[B] the former can be free from the influence of social changes[C] the latter can be free from the influence of social changes[D] the former costs less money and takes less timeII.Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2). (15%)(51) It is useful to remember that history is to the nation as memory is to the individual. As persons deprived of memory become disoriented and lost, not knowing where they have been and where they are going, so a nation denied a conception of the past will be disabled in dealing with its present and its future.History is the best antidote to delusions of omnipotence and omniscience. (52) Self-knowledge is the indispensable prelude to self-control, for the nation as well as for the individual. History should forever remind us of the limits of our passing perspectives. It should strengthen us to resist the pressure to convert momentary impulses into moral absolutes. It should lead us to recognition of the fact, so often and so sadly displayed, that the future outwits all our certitudes and that the possibilities of the future are more various than the human intellect is designed to conceive.(53) A nation informed by a vivid understanding of the ironies of history is best equipped to manage the tragic temptations of military power. Let us not bully our way through life, but let a sensitivity to history temper and civilize our use of power. In the meantime, let a thousand historical flowers bloom. (54) History is never a closed book or a final verdict. It is forever in the interests of an ideology, a religion, a race, and a nation.The great strength of history is its capacity for self-correction. This is the endless excitement of historical writing: the search to reconstruct what went before. (55) A nation’s history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.Part Four: Cloze Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).In Microsoft’s latest attempt to reach out to bloggers, the company recently gave away expensive laptops loaded (56) __________ its new Windows Vista operating system. But the gifts generated controversy as well as good (57) __________, with some bloggers accusing Microsoft of bribery and their peers (58) __________ unethical behavior.Several bloggers reported last week that they had received Acer Ferrari laptops, which can sell (59) __________ more than $2,200, from Microsoft.A spokeswoman for Microsoft confirmed Friday that the (60) __________ had sent out about 90 computers to bloggers (61) __________ wrote about technology and other subjects that could be (62) __________ by the new operating system, like photography and, oddly, parenting.But while those on Microsoft’s mailing list initially greeted the machines with enthusiasm, many (63) __________ bloggers soon objected – not because they had been left off the list but, they said, because bloggers are bound by the (64) __________ rules as traditional journalists, who should not accept (65) __________ gifts from companies they cover.Part Five: Proofreading (10%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes,ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET (2).Examples:eg. 1 (66) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (66) begun beganeg. 2 (67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre whenthe curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2):(67) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3 (68) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET (2): (68) not(66) Prosperous alumni helped make 2006 a recorded fund-raising year for colleges and universities, which hauled in $28 billion—a 9.4 percent jump from 2005.(67) There were increases across the board, but for usual it was the already wealthy who fared best. (68) Stanford's $911 million was the most ever collected by a single university, and rose the possibility of a billion-dollar fund-raising year in the not-too-distant future.(69) "There were a set of ideas and a set of initiatives that the university is undertaking that people wanted to invest," said Martin Shell, Stanford's vice president for development. (70) "This is an unbelievably generous response from unbelievably philanthropic set of alumni, parents, and friends."(71) Harvard ranked two in fund-raising last year with $595 million.(72) National, donations from alumni rose 18.3 percent from 2005, according to figures released yesterday by the Council for Aid to Education. (73) Alumni donations account about 30 percent of giving to higher education. (74) Giving from other groups, such as corporations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.(75) Survey director Ann Kaplan said the strong economics played a role, but universities also were asking more aggressively as part of formal fund-raising campaigns.Part Six: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET (2).Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a lawful institution in China and is still very popular. The Chinese government has a department in charge of TCM and there are a lot of TCM hospitals and pharmaceutical factories in the country. Yet TCM is never short of opponents, including fierce opponents calling for its abolition. Please comment on the controversial status of TCM.Key-真题07Listening: (0.5 each)1-5 D B D C C 6-10 B A D B C11-15 D A D B D 16-20 A C B A BC1: grown substantiallyC2: changed radicallyC3: fallen dramaticallyC4: rocketedC5: risenC6: remained stableC7: graduallyC8: steadily level offC9: moderately represent significantC10: p roject forecast eventualStructure and Written Expression: (1 point each)21-25 D B A C D 26-30 D C B A C31-35 A B C C C 36-40 B B D A CReading: (1 point each)41-45 C C A D C 46-50 D C A A DParaphrasing: (3 points each)51. It is helpful for us to remember that history is very important to a country just as memory isvery important to a person. / If we remember that history is just as important to a country as memory is to a person, it will be very helpful to us.52. To know oneself very well is the necessary first step before one can control oneself. This istrue for both the nation and the individual.53. A nation that is fully aware of the twists and turns of history has the power to resist usingmilitary power, which will bring tragic results.54. History is never final but open to revision. People can always rewrite history.55. Not only people who study history should take a nation’s history as their guideand field of study, but the ordinary citizens should also do so.Cloze: (1 point each)56. with 57. will 58. of 59. for 60. company61. who 62. affected 63. other 64. same 65. expensiveProofreading: (1 point each)(66) recorded record (67) for as(68) rose raised (69) invest (in)(70) from (an) unbelievably (71) two second(72) national(ly) (73) account (for) about(74) small(er) (75) economics economyWriting: (15 points)。
2007年同济大学博士研究生入学考试试题
同济大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题编号：101 考试科目：英语答题要求：答案一律写在答题纸上。
1． Vocabulary(10%)Directions：For each of the following sentences there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete the sentence. Mark your choices on the answer sheet.1．The man had a good disguise, but as soon as he spoke he ______himself．A．exposed B．revealed C．betrayed D．disclosed2. The leaders of the two countries feel it desirable to ______funds from armaments to health and education．A．derive B．deprive C. dispatch D．divert3．Democratic government is a phrase that is notoriously hard to ________.A．credit B．defy C．modify D．define4. I reject absolutely the _____that privatization is now inevitable in our industry．A. perception B．notion C．impression D．concept5. With the economy of the county going strong，the ______mood is one of optimism．A．presiding B，circulating C．floating D. prevailing6. The panel will consider whether or not Mr．Wilson has been ________serious professional misconduct.A．wary of B．guilty of C．confronted with D．reduced to7. It is a ____of our company to give refunds if goods are faulty.A．policy B．discipline C．decision D．determination8. He had always been _______ the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a complimentA．unaware of B．cautious about C．oblivious to D. subject to9．Since a circle has no beginning or end，the wedding ring is a symbol of _______love．A．constant B．infinite C．prolonged D．eternal10．Dick，who had failed the math test，was sitting．on a bench in the corner, ______over his disappointment．A．brooding B．mediating C．apologizing D．complaining11. Last week the seamen＇s strike led to the _______closure of the whole vast dock area．A．actual B．virtual C．factual D．local12．In the garden bees moved from _________flowers to purple ones．A．colorful B．prosperous C．scarlet D．brilliant13．Professor Smith has already retired but his teachings still _____a strong influence on his students.A．perform B．exhibit C．exert D. execute14．When they asked him about it，he said it was no ______ of theirs and wouldn＇t tell them anything.A．concern B．relation C. connection D．relevance15．The hunter knows quite well that wild animals go seeking the their _______ in the jungle．afterdark．A．victim B．favorite C．prey D．sacrifice16．I have absolutely no ______of ever meeting him before．A．reminiscence B．reminder C．recall D．recollection17. They agreed to take their disputes before the committee and ______ by its decisions.abideobserve C.D.precedeA.standB.18. Every weekend when I came back from school, Mother prepared meals ______ enough for a Sahara-bound camel and made me eat them up.A. adequateB. deliciousC. proficientD. substantial19. As the fat man sat down, the folding chair ______ under him, with a loud noise of tearing canvas.sustainedA.distorted D.yielded B.collapsed C.20. Modern artists often need financial support but they have difficulty in finding wealthy ______.millionaires D.patrons C.volunteersA.admirers B.II. Reading Comprehension (50%)Direction: For each of the following passages there are five questions or unfinished is followed by five statements. For each of them there are four choices, choose the best one to answer the question or complete the statement.Passage 1In managing information resources, the medium may be the key to an effective system. The medium is a vehicle, a tool, or a container for holding information; the information itself is the thing of value.There popular categories of information media are paper, film, and electronic system. The media choice must not be viewed as a choice among these three, however, it must be viewed as an opportunity to select from a multitude of media possibilities in combinations, that build effective systems. In many instances the person responsible for information-resource management is not the person who determines the medium in which information will be created. In such a case, the manager of a firm＇s information resources faces a challenge in making a significant contribution to the organization＇s objectives.For effective management of information resources, media conversion may be necessary. examples include keying or scanning paper documents to convert them to electronic media. Other processes convert electronic media from one format to another. For example, disk files created on one system may not be compatible with another system. Various hardware and software combinations can be used to convert files to formats that equipment will accept. For information generated within organizations, this necessity of making systems compatible may be eliminated by cooperative planning. However, very little control can be exercised over the media used to generate information that comes to your organization from the outside.The medium for information may be selected to satisfy. a need that excite when information is created and communicated. For example, a paper record may be created because of its portability and because no special equipment is necessary for later references to that information; electronic transmission may be selected because it is the fastest means of communicating information. A firm may use electronic mail because a network already exists for on-line computercommunication. The additional application may cost less than postage to mail paper memos.21. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A. Media Selection in Managing Information Resources.B. The Importance and Necessity of Media ConversionC. Three Categories of Information Media.D. Various Means of Communicating Information22. The first paragraph aims telling the reader ______.A. the importance of information resources managementB. the relationship between the medium and informationC. the great variety of media for holding informationD. the numerous resources of information23. According to the author, ______.A. paper is the best storage deviceB. people have three choices in selecting information mediaC. it is better to let the person responsible for information-resource management determine the mediumD. the manager should build an effective system by selecting a good combination of different media24. For effective management of information resources, the manager should ______.A. convert all paper documents to electronic mediaB. make media conversion when necessaryC. control the media used to generate information both inside and outside his organizationD. use one format in processing information25. The main idea of the last paragraph is ______.A. paper record is the most convenient medium for later referenceB. electronic mail costs less than postage to mail paper memosC. different media for information may be selected for different purposesD. by using different media, a firm can create various in formation for its objectives Passage 2＂digital, digital, digital＂ continues to grow in volume worldwide. Digital ofchantThecameras, digital video camcorders, video CD players, DVD, cellular phones, and a host of computer peripherals are moving the trend along at a breathtaking rate. For the average person, it may seem like a remote and puzzling phenomenon meant only for the technologically adept.Virtually every aspect of our lives could be affected by the digital revolution. Here is a hypothetical scenario to show the possibilities: A real estate agent in Seattle uses a digital still camera to take some pictures of a house she＇s trying to sell., She transfers them to her computer, digitally retouches and enhances them, and posts them on her company＇s Internet Web site. In Singapore, a buyer sees the pictures and asks via electronic mail for more information. The agent replies via e-mail and attaches the text and a digital video clip to her message. Later the buyer flies to Seattle, inspects the property, and seals the deal.One of the biggest marketing surprises of the current age is the digital still camera. Once prohibitively expensive, these cameras have radically dropped in price while gaining in resolutionand other features. Although they often resemble traditional cameras, they don＇t use film. Instead, they store images on either a small removable memory card or on the memory chip inside the camera.The beauty of digital photography is that while you＇ll spend relatively more for a digital camera, you＇ll save a lot on film processing costs, because there aren＇t any. You can also discard digital pictures and keep shooting. Better yet, you can use software to enhance or alter the image. In quality, the images consumer-level digital cameras produce do not compare to ones you＇d get from a 35mm camera. For the most part, though, digital photos are meant to be viewed on a computer monitor, and so their resolution is more than acceptable. In a world where the speed at which you distribute information often means the difference between success and failure, and immediacy supersedes quality in importance, may people are finding a use for digital camera.26. From the first paragraph we know the average person thinks ____.A. the digital age is far awayB. digital is too complicated for himC. digital age is dreadfulD. both a and b27. In the second paragraph the writer used an example to show that _____.A. any real estate agent should use digital still cameraB. digital still camera should be used together with Internet WebC. digital age is gaining momentumD. house dealing can be made easier28. _____ could be the best summary of the last two paragraphs.A. Digital still camera and traditional cameraB. Pros and cons of digital still cameraC. Capturing the world digitallyD. The way to use digital still camera29. All the following are the advantages of digital still camera EXCEPT ______.A. no need of filmB. easy to carryC. the image can be changedD. high resolution30. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?A. New Digital Age of InteractivityB. Digital Still CameraC. One Application of ComputerD. Goodbye Analog, Hello DigitalPassage 3In the days immediately following hurricane Andrews deadly visit to South Florida, Allstate Insurance hastily dispatched more than 2,000 extra clang adjusters to the devastated area to assist the 200 stationed there. Many of the reserves rived in convoys of motor homes. Others flew in from as far away as Alaska and California. Since the storm had knocked out telephone lines, Allstate rushed to set up its own communications system. Allstate expects to pay out $1.2 billion to cover more than 121,000 damage claims as a result of Andrew.All told, U.S, property and casualty insurers have been hit with more than $8 billion in Andrew-related claims, making the hurricane the most costly single calamity to strike the industry since the San Francisco earthquake and fire in 1906 ( cost: $6 billion, after inflation). With claims continuing to pour in, Andrew threatens to take a painful toll on the already battered property-casualty insurance industry and its 100 million policy-holders. The final bill, analysts predict, is likely to top $10 billion. While most well-capitalized insurers are expected to weather the storm, less anchored firms are in danger of being blown away, leaving U.S. consumers stuck with the tab. Says Sean Mooney, senior researcher at the Insurance Information Institute: ＂It will take years before the industry digs itself out from the wreckage left by Andrew. Some (companies) will be buried by it?Hurricane Andrew is the latest in a string of mishaps to plague the American insurance industry this year. In April an over flowing Chicago River flooded the city＇s downtown district, costing insurers $300million in claims. A month later, Los Angles was rocked by the worst civilian riot in the U.S. since the Civil War. The insurance toll: $1 billion. Then came a series of major hailstorms in Texas. Florida and Kansas. They cost insurers a combined $700 million. And two weeks after Andrew, another lethal hurricane, Iniki, smashed into Hawaii, causing $ 1.4 billion in damages. In all, property and casualty insurers have paid out a record $13 billion in claims so far this year, far surpassing the previous high of $7.6 billion in 1989, the year of Hurricane Hugo and California＇s Bay Area earthquake. Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief.31. According to the passage. ＂Allstate Insurance＂most likely refers to ____.A. one of the property and casualty insurers in the U.S.B. the only insurance company responsible for the damage claims by AndrewC. the insurance industry as a wholeD. the biggest insurance company in the U.S.32. As is stated in the second paragraph, the result of hurricane Andrew is likely to _______.A. lead to inflation throughout the U.S.B. make the largest insurers suffer the mostC. put the industry in South Florida out of actionD. cause insurers with insufficient funds to go bankrupt33. Using context clues, we may infer that ＂stuck with the tab＂most probably means _____.＂caught in the hurricane＂A.＂exposed to natural disasters＂B.＂trapped in financial difficulties＂C.＂extremely vulnerable to further damages＂D.35. The main purpose of the passage is to _____.A. show the severe damages and heavy losses caused by Hurricane AndrewB. suggest that U.S. insurers are virtually unable to cover the damage claims any moreC. tell about the difficult situation faced by the insurers throughout the U.S.D. prove that disasters tend to cause ever worsening devastation as time goes on.Passage 4Steve Courtney wrote historical novels. Not, he was quick to explain, over colorful love stories of the kind that made so much money for so many women writer, but novels set, andcorrectly set, in historical periods. Whatever difference he saw in his own books, his readers didnot seem to notice it, and his readers were nearly all women. He had studied at university, but hehad not been a particularly good student, and he had never afterwards let any academic knowledgehe had gained interfere with his writing.Helen, his wife, who did not have a very high opinion of her husband's ability as a novelist,had been careful to say when she married him that she was not historically minded.Above all, Helen was doubtful whether her relationship with Steve would work at all in thevillage of Stretton, to which they had just moved. It was Steve who had wanted to move to thecountry, and she had been glad of the change, in principle, whatever doubts she was now havingabout Stretton as a choice. But she wondered whether Steve would not, before very long, wantto live in London again, and what she would do if he did. The Stretton house was not a weekendcottage. They had moved into it and given up the London flat altogether, partly at least, she suspected, because that she Steve's idea of what a successful author ought to do. However, she thought he was not going to feel like a successful author half as much in Stretton ashe had in London. On the other had, she supposed he might just start dashing up to London forthe day to see his agent or have lunch with his publisher, leaving her behind in Stretton, andshe thought on the whole she would like that.36. What was Steve＇s attitude towards women who wrote love stories?A. He would have liked to earn as much money as they did.B. He was afraid of being compared unfavorably with themC. He did not think he could write about the same subjectsD. He had a low opinion of the kind of books they wrote37. What did Helen have to be careful to hide?A. Her lack of interest in historyB. Her low opinion of her husband＇s writingC. Her dislike of her husband＇s writingD. Her inability to husband＇s admirers.38. What were Helen＇s feelings about the move from London to Stretton?A. She wanted to remain in the countryB. She had been unwilling to leave LondonC. She thought it was time to return to undon39. Helen thought Steve might not be content in Stretton because ______.A. he would not be able to write so well in the countryB. he would not feel so important in StrettonC. his relationship with Helen was changingD. he would not be lonely without all his London friends40. The passage as a whole suggests that Steve＇s novels were _____.A. popular but unimportantB. serious works of literatureC. admired for their historical truthD. written with women readers in mindPassage 5The sixties have been misunderstood. It was not a radical decade, as the term radical is commonly used in connection with those years. It was not a decade of the left ascendant. Rampant, perhaps but not ascendant. Rather, the decade was radical radicalizing, which, subsequent decades have shown, is different. Politically, the sixties invigorated the right more than the left. But of course politics is not everything. In fact, three decades down the road, the nation＇s political discourse may be driven by conservatives, but they, although by many measures triumphant, seem aggrieved because politics seems peripheral to, and largely impotent against, cultural forces and institutions permeated with what conservatives consider the sixties sensibilities.Treating a decade as a discrete entity obviously makes the assumption that history during that decade had an obliging tidiness, opening with a decisive and tone-setting episode and closing with a suitably climatic event. History rarely accommodates that assumption. Such a treatment of a decade also makes the equally dubious assumption that the decade in question had a clearly dominant tone or profile. So the 1920s was the decade of jazz., flappers, the birth of the sports celebrity (Babe Ruth, Red Grange, Jack Dempsey), the Lost Generation, Sacco and Vanzetti and ...Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover.Let us stipulate this, then: A decade, even one as intensely felt at the time and as hotly debated afterward as the sixties was and is, can come to seem, when recollected in tranquility, quite unlike the decade as it was felt at the time, and unlike the decade as it is portrayed by people with an emotional or political investment in portraying it a particular way.It is arguable that we should think of the sixties as beginning in November 1963 and ending in October 1973. That is, the years we connect with the tumultuousness associated with the phrase ＂the sixties＂ began with the assassination of a president and ended with the Yom Kippur War and the energy crisis. The assassination shattered (or at least many people say it did ) the nation＇s sunny postwar disposition; it supposedly ＂ended American innocence.＂ It is unclear how innocent was this nation that had been made possible by Puritans, had been founded by such innocents as Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and James Madison, had been born in the bloodshed of what actually was not only the American Revolution but also America＇s first civil war, had been preserved by the worst civil war the world had until then seen...you get the picture. The sixties as a decade of ＂lost innocence＂? Please. The 1973 oil embargo, which produced a sense of national vulnerability and pervasive limits, did seem to bring down a curtain on something. But on what?41. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. A radical period in American historyB. Different events in the sixtiesC. The true picture of the sixtiesD. Real radicals in the sixties42. Which of the following features describes the sixties according to the passage?RadicalA.AscendantB.WithdrawingC.RampantD.43. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. The sixties should not be judged separatelyB. It is impossible to make assumptions about any decadeC. People tend to misunderstand some events in historyD. History presents many confusing phenomena to people44. It can be inferred from the passage that people regard the sixties asdangerousA.peacefulB.chaoticC.unbearableD.45. It can be most safely concluded from the passage that the 1973 oil embargo _____.A.America＇s weaknessreflectedAmerica＇s great power in the worldB.showeddidn＇t affect America at allC.D.America＇s position in the worldchangedIII． Translation (20%)Direction: Translate the following passage in to Chinese. Write your translation on the answer sheet.It is not enough to know what is right and what is wrong. One must also be able to apply this knowledge to actual, concrete situations. For that, the virtue of prudence is essential.St Thomas Aquinas referred to prudence as the ＂rudder virtue＂ the one that ＂steers＂the others. Without it, we are like someone adrift in a boat, tossedin this direction or that by the wind, the waves, and the current. Unfortunately, the virtue of prudence has too often been confused with caution. Thus, the ＂prudent＂person is one who never ＂rocks the boat＂and is especially careful to aroid is the wisest and most moral course of action to take.The word that actually come closest to fulletining as a synonym for prudence is ＂discernment＂. The prudent person is one who can ＂size Up a situation and decide. What is the, what is the wisest and most moral course of action to take.prudencedoesn＇t answer the question, ＂What is the right thing in principle to Accordingly,do? Rather, ＂What is the right thing for me (or for us) to do in this situation?＂The prudent person fully examines a situation and seeks advice from others. (Reaching out to others for counsel before acting is one of the classic marks of a prudent person.) A judgment is made in the light of this examination and advice, and then a decision is made.IV. Writing (20%)Directions: Read the following sentences carefully and write a composition of 250-300words according to the requirement. Write your composition on the answer sheet.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, e-mail, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Key to Paper AI. Vocabulary (10%)1-10: C D D B D B A C D A11-20: B C C A C D C D B BII. Reading comprehension (50%)21-30: A B D B C D C C B A31-40: A D C A C D B D B A41-45: C D A C AIII. Translation (20%)只知道什么是对，什么是错，这还不够，还必须能把这一知识运用于实际的具体情况．为此，审慎这一美德便是必不可少的。
北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案及解析
北京航空航天大学2007年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案及解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)PartⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 121．【答案】D【解析】原文第一段第一句明确指出“the noise level for potential hearing loss begins at about 70 decibels”。
因此A、B、C三个选项均不正确。
22．【答案】D【解析】根据第四段最后一句“Aircraft are increasingly being required to use reduced power flights around airports”可知，D选项正确，其他选项未被提及。
23．【答案】B【解析】本文在第三段明确指出“There are two common means for control”，并一一加以介绍，因此本题答案为B项。
24．【答案】B【解析】根据第四段第三句“More and more towns are passing zoning ordinances that try to segregate noisy factories or airports from residential areas”可知，现在越来越多的城镇通过分区条例，计划将噪声污染严重的工厂和机场与居民区分开。
那么未来机场可能会建在离居民区远的地方，即无人居住的地区。
因此正确答案是B。
25．【答案】A【解析】根据第五段最后一句“The new jumbojets...they are more powerful and carry twice as many passengers”可知，新式的大型喷气机能量更高，并且能够装载更多的旅客。
这说明，新式飞机噪声污染低而运输效率高。
因此A项正确。
其他选项不是拿喷气机举例的目的。
2007年博士研究生入学考试—专业综合
2007年博士研究生入学考试课程名称：专业综合课材料科学基础（每题20分，选做5题）1.简述有色金属材料退火热处理制度的种类及其在材料加工过程中的应用。
2.简述超塑性变形的基本原理、实现超塑性变形的工艺条件及超塑性成型的应用。
3.简述两种获得纳米材料的制备技术与工艺特点。
4.按增强体形貌金属基复合材料可以分为哪几类？简述它们的制备方法。
5.简述1-2种你熟悉的材料设计与材料组织演变模拟方法。
6.常用的材料连接方法有哪些？它们各有什么工艺特点与使用范围？7.晶体缺陷的种类有哪些？它们对材料的性能有什么影响？8.细化晶粒是提高材料强度与韧性的重要手段，实现晶粒晶粒细化的途径有哪些？试结合一种具体材料加以讨论。
9.快速凝固方法的工艺特点是什么？该方法对合金的组织性能有什么影响？10.试列举1-2种新型电子信息材料，简要介绍其研究开发现状及实际应用过程中需要解决的关键问题。
11.谈谈获得非晶态物质的途径（20分）。
2008年材料学综合试题（任选5题每题20分）1.试举1-2例计算机模拟与计算方法在材料科学与工程中的具体应用和基本原理。
2.在不改变金属材料化学组成的前提下，可以通过多种制备技术改变材料的组织与性能，试举两例说明之。
3.简述材料表面科学技术发展对未来材料的影响。
4.简要介绍1-2种新型功能材料的研究开发现状及实际应用过程中需要解决的关键问题。
5.从人类社会可持续发展的角度，论述新材料与新技术的发展趋势。
6.金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜都能用来观察和分析材料的微观结构，它们所依据的原理和方法是什么？举例说明。
7.简述1-2种纳米材料的性能特征与应用及其制备技术。
8.结合本人的研究和工作实践，简述一种新型材料的主要性能特点、用途与制备方法。
2009年博士研究生入学考试课程名称：材料计算科学与虚拟工程综合（每题20分，选做5题）a)简述金属塑性变形－组织结构－性能间的相互关系。
b)简述形变热处理提高材料性能的原理，介绍1－2种有色金属材料的具体形变热处理工艺。
2007年博士生入学考试试题-中国科学院研究生院
2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、沉积型物质循环2、最小因子定律3、生态价4、静态生命表5、生物地球化学循环6、生态恢复7、地理隔离 8、负反馈调节二、简答题（每题8分）1、你认为当代生态学研究的中心任务是什么？2、简述用香农－威纳指数计算群落异质性的方法及其生物学意义。
3、简述群落数量分类与排序的异同。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、栖息在同一棵树上（空间生态位相同）、有相同食物（营养生态位相同）的两种鸟能否长期共存？请说明在什么情况下不能共存？在何种情况下才能共存？2、举例说明有毒有害物质在生态系统中的传递及其生态后果。
3、如何判断一种植物在一个新的环境中能够生存，选择陆生或水生高等植物说明？如果要实验判断，需要设计哪些实验？4、列举10种有关生态学的外文杂志。
分析现代生态学对人类发展的贡献有哪些。
科目名称：生态学第1页共1页2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：环境化学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题2分）1、污染物归趋2、限制性营养元素3、一级降解动力学4、Monod方程5、生化需氧量6、A2/O法7、酸碱缓冲容量8、沉积物释放二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述挥发作用中的双膜理论。
2、简述土壤的缓冲作用。
3、简述多环芳烃的来源及危害。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、叙述氮氧化物（NO、NO2）在大气液相平衡体系中的转化，并给出在气液间和液相内的相应平衡关系式。
2、土壤中有许多有机的和无机的氧化性和还原性物质，土壤中这些主要的氧化剂和还原剂有哪些？为什么有时可以用Eh值可以确定土壤中有机物和无机物可能发生的氧化还原反应？3、城市垃圾焚烧过程中会产生NO、HCl和PCDD等多种有害气体。
2007清华考博英语真题
清华大学2007年博士研究生入学考试试题PartⅠListening Comprehension (15 points)（略）Part II Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:Sometimes, over a span of many years, a business will continue to grow, generating ever-increasing amounts of cash, repurchasing stock, paying increased dividends, reducing debt, opening new stores, expanding production facilities, moving into new markets, etc., while at the same time its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls).When this happens, the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range.Take, for example, Wal-Mart. Over the past five years, the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80%, profits by over 100%, and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed. An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security, deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today, however, the equation is completely different-despite the stock price, Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores, and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat, largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world’s largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy.Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago, in 1996, the stock traded between a range of $36.10 and $54.30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of $1.40 and paid a cash dividend of $0.50 per share. Corporate per share book value was $2.48. Last year, the stock traded within a range of $40.30 and $45.30 per share; squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet, despite the stagnant stock price, the 2006 estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around $2.16 (a rise of 54%), the cash dividend has more than doubled to $1.20, book value is expected to have grown to $7.40 per share (a gain of nearly 300%), and the total number of shares outstanding （未偿付的，未完成的）has actually decreased from 2.481 billion to an estimated 2.355 billion due to the company’s share repurchase program.16. This passage is probably a part of .A. Find Hidden Value in the MarketB. Become RicherC. Get Good BargainsD. Identify Good Companies17. The italicized word “stagnant” (line 4, Para. 1) can be best paraphrased as_____.A. prominentB. terribleC. unchangedD. progressing18. Wal-Mart is now trading at a much lower price because_____.A. it has stored a large quantity of goodsB. it has become financially more powerfulC. it has been eager to collect money to prevent bankruptcy中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tD. it is a good way to compete with other retailing companies19. All the following are shared by Wal-Mart and Coco-Cola EXCEPT .A. The cash dividend has increased.B. The earning power has become stronger.C. Both businesses have continued to grow.D. The stock price has greatly decreased.20. According to the author, one had better .A. buy more shares when the stock price falls downB. sell out the shares when the stock price falls downC. do some research on the value of a business when its stock price falls downD. invest in the business when its stock price falls downQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Today’s college students are more narcissistic (自恋的) and self-centered than their predecessors, according to a comprehensive new study by five psychologists who worry that the trend could be harmful to personal relationships and American society.“We need to stop endlessly repeating ‘You’re special’ and having children repeat that back”, said the study’s lead author, Professor Jean Twenge of San Diego State University. “Kids are self-centered enough already”. “Unfortunately, narcissism can also have very negative consequences for society, including the breakdown of close relationships with others”, he said. The study asserts that narcissists “are more likely to have romantic relationships that are short-lived, at risk for infidelity, lack emotional warmth, and to exhibit game-playing, dishonesty, and over-controlling and violent behaviors”. Twenge, the author of “Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled—and More Miserable Than Ever Before”, said narcissists tend to lack empathy, react aggressively to criticism and favor self-promotion over helping others.Some analysts have commended today’s young people for increased commitment to volunteer work. But Twenge viewed even this phenomenon skeptically, noting that many high schools require community service and many youths feel pressure to list such endeavors on college applications.Campbell said the narcissism upsurge seemed so pronounced (非常明显的) that he was unsure if there were obvious remedies. “Permissiveness seems to be a component”, he said. “A potential antidote would be more authoritative parenting. Less indulgence might be called for”. Yet students, while acknowledging some legitimacy to such findings, don’t necessarily accept negative generalizations about their generation.Hanady Kader, a University of Washington senior, said she worked unpaid last summer helping resettle refugees and considers many of her peers to be civic-minded. But she is dismayed by the competitiveness of some students who seem prematurely focused on career status. “We’re encouraged a lot to be individuals and go out there and do what you want, and nobody should stand in your way”, Kader said. “I can see goals and ambitions getting in the way of other things like relationships”.Kari Dalane, a University of Vermont sophomore, says most of her contemporaries are politically active and not overly self-centered. “People are worried about themselves—but in the sense of where are they’re going to find a place in the world”, she said. “People want to look their best, have a good time, but it doesn’t mean they’re not concerned about the rest of the world”.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tBesides, some of the responses on the narcissism test might not be worrisome, Dalane said. “It would be more depressing if people answered, ‘No, I’m not special’”.21. According to the passage, a narcissistic person may .A. hate criticismB. be dishonest to his/her partnerC. be unwilling to help othersD. All the above22. The italicized word “commended ” (line 1, Para. 3) means .A. praisedB. criticizedC. recommendedD. disfavored23. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Narcissism may result in bad consequences.B. College students are active to participate in volunteer work.C. Some people doubt whether there are remedies to counter the narcissism upsurge.D. Some college students are overly engaged in self-promotion.24. It is implied that________.A. both the researchers and college students are worried about the trend of narcissismB. the researchers and college students disagree on the findings of the studyC. the researchers and college students disagree on some of the findings of the studyD. college students are pessimistic about their future25. It is proper to be ______when you hear someone say “I’m special”.A. objectiveB. pessimisticC. optimisticD. worriedQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries.The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed.Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, The National Federation of Independent Business, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. “This isn’t about preventing increased unionization, it’s about protecting rights”, said the National Association of Manufacturer’s Jason Straczewski, of his organization’s opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion (强迫；胁迫) from unions.Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers. “Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren’t”, Samuel said. He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005.Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby ， the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. “On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day”, said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level.The bill has other provisions (规定，条款) as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration (仲裁) when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e twould be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, “borderline unconstitutional”. “I don’t see how it will benefit employees if they’re locked into a contract”, said Straczewski.The bill’s proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasn’t changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.26. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A. House bill aims to spur labor union growth.B. House bill aims to counter labor union growth.C. Employee Free Choice Act aims to spur employment.D. Employee Free Choice Act aims to raise employees’ income.27. According to its opponents, the bill .A. will protect employees’ rightsB. will benefit workers by binding contractsC. will empower unions too muchD. makes it possible for employees to yield to coercion from unions28. The word “it ” (line 5, Para. 5) refers to .A. the changeB. the legislationC. the AFL-CIOD. the difference29. People support the bill because of the following reasons EXCEPT .A. the bill will probably enable unions to have fewer members of private industriesB. the bill will allow a union to be recognized earlier and have a great effect on the local levelC. binding arbitration will be imposed to protect employees if a contract can’t be agreed on between a recently established union and a companyD. the bill will strengthen the punishment for companies which illegally coerce or threaten employees30. It is implied that .A. fewer private industries joined unions in the pastB. workers’ coercion often comes from unionsC. the bill will be a win-and-win one for employees and employersD. punishment authorized by the bill will be lighterQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Some African Americans have had a profound impact on American society, changing many people’s views on race, history and politics. The following is a sampling of African Americans who have shaped society and the world with their spirit and their ideals.Muhammad Ali Cassius Marcellus Clay grew up a devout Baptist in Louisville, Kentucky, learning to fight at age 12 after a police officer suggested he learn to defend himself. Six years later, he was an Olympic boxing champion, going on to win three world heavyweight titles. He became known as much for his swagger (趾高气扬) outside the ring as his movement in it, converting to Islam in 1965, changing his name to Muhammad All and refusing to join the U.S. Army on religious grounds. Ali remained popular after his athletic career ended and he developed中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tParkinson’s disease, even lighting the Olympic torch at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics and conveying the peaceful virtues of Islam following the September 11 terrorist attacks.W.E.B. Du Bois Born William Edward Burghardt Du Bois in 1868, this Massachusetts native was one of the most prominent, prolific intellectuals of his time. An academic, activist and historian, Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), edited “The Crisis” magazine and wrote 17 books, four journals and many other scholarly articles. In perhaps his most famous work, “The Souls of Black Folk”, published in 1903, he predicted “the problem of 20th century [would be] the problem of the color-line”.Martin Luther King Jr . The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is considered one of the most powerful and popular leaders of the American civil rights movement. He spearheaded (带头；作先锋)a massive, nonviolent initiative of marches, sit-ins, boycotts and demonstrations that profoundly affected Americans’ attitudes toward race relations. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964.Malcolm X Black leader Malcolm X spoke out about the concepts of race pride and black nationalism in the early 1960s. He denounced the exploitation of black people by whites and developed a large and dedicated following, which continued even after his death in 1965. Interest in the leader surged again after Spike Lee’s 1992 movie “Malcolm X” was released.Jackie Robinson In 1947, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier by joining the Brooklyn Dodgers, becoming the first black baseball player in the U.S. major leagues. After retirement from baseball in 1957, he remained active in civil rights and youth activities. In 1962, he became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.31. Which of the following is NOT true about Muhammad Ali?A. He never served in the army.B. He learned to fight at an early age.C. His popularity decreased after his retirement from boxing.D. He loves peace.32. The italicized word “prolific” (line 2, Para. 3) is synonymous to .A. smartB. skilledC. productiveD. pioneering33. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A. W.E.B. Du Bois was engaged in the cause of promoting the status of colored people.B. Jackie Robinson was denied by U.S. major baseball leagues throughout his life.C. Martin Luther King Jr. was highly awarded for his contributions to the civi1 rights movements.D. Malcolm X directly or indirectly inspired interest in leadership even after his death.34. What is common among the celebrities mentioned in the passage?A. Each achieved enormous success in his/her field and was highly recognized.B. Each was devoted to his/her cause but didn’t win recognition until death.C. All were active and famous in several fields in their lifetime.D. All loved peace and remained active in civil rights activities.35. Which of the following can be a title of the passage?A. Life of famous African AmericansB. Influence of famous African AmericansC. Political pioneers: Icons and intellectualsD. Cultural pioneers: Icons and intellectuals中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e tPart III Vocabulary (10%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence or is nearest in meaning with the underlined word. And then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 36. The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to the weight of the building.A. subsideB. idealizeC. initiateD. sustain 37. The actress was very at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.A. extraterrestrialB. explicitC. indignantD. innovative 38. It is known to all that children in this region have strong to swimming in summer because of the hot weather.A. inclinationB. exposureC. fluxD. correlation39. The torch was by a famous athlete at the opening of the sport meeting.A. implementB. deceiveC. exemplifyD. ignited40. These samples have to be in certain kind of chemical water in order to protect them.A. immersedB. crispedC. armoredD. arrayed41. Her talk at the seminar clearly from the topic the supervisor expected in the field of sociology.A. alternatedB. amplifiedC. designatedD. diverged42. Three years before he returned home from the United States.A. denotedB. destinedC. elapsedD. enveloped43. A plan needs to be considered and accepted so as to lower the prices in these cities.A. deliberateB. disincentiveC. functionalD. fantastic44. Sometimes in drawing and designing ，the sign X the unknown number.A. facilitatesB. fascinatesC. denotesD. jots45. The speaker was very much by rude words and behavior of the audience in the hall.A. JerkedB. incensedC. 1acedD. limped 46. The two countries have developed a relation and increased a great deal in foreign trade.A. managerialB. lethalC. metricD. cordial47. The doctor’s was that she should go and see the specialist in this field.A. constraintB. counselC. coherenceD. consciousness48. The United Nation Law of the Sea Conference would soon produce an ocean-mining treaty following its declaration in 1970 that oceans were the heritage of mankind.A. unanimousB. abstractC. autonomousD. almighty49. They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ones in this area?A. evacuatedB. emptyC. vacantD. vacate中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t50. The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get quickly.A. decomposedB. denouncedC. detachedD. deduced51. The government decided to take a action to strengthen the market management.A. diverseB. durableC. epidemicD. drastic 52. The local residents were unhappy about the curfew in this region and decided to_____ it.A. disgraceB. disguiseC. defyD. distress53. They admitted that they shared the same on the matter.A. potentialityB. sentimentC. postscriptD. subscription54. We cannot be with him due to his misbehavior at the meeting yesterday.A. peckedB. reconciledC. perturbedD. presumed55. Bad traveling conditions had seriously their progress to their destination in that region.A. tuggedB. demolishedC. hamperedD. destroyedPart IV Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Sea rise as a consequence of global warming would immediately threaten that large fraction of the globe living at sea level. Nearly one-third of all human beings live within 36 miles of a coastline. Most of the world’s great seaport cities would be __ 56__: New Orleans, Amsterdam, Shanghai, and Cairo. Some countrie s—Maldives Islands in the Indian Ocean, islands in the Pacific —would be inundated. Heavily populated coastal areas such as in Bangladesh and Egypt, __57__ large populations occupy low-lying areas, would suffer extreme __58__. Warmer oceans would spawn stronger hurricanes and typhoons, __59__ in coastal flooding, possibly swamping valuable agricultural lands around the world. __60__ water quality may result as __61__ flooding which forces salt water into coastal irrigation and drinking water supplies, and irreplaceable, natural __62__ could be flooded with ocean water, destroying forever many of the __63__ plant and animal species living there. Food supplies and forests would be __64__ affected. Changes in rainfall patterns would disrupt agriculture. Warmer temperatures would __65__ grain-growing regions pole-wards. The warming would also increase and change the pest plants, such as weeds and the insects __66__ the crops. Human health would also be affected. Warming could __67__ tropical climate bringing with it yellow fever, malaria, and other diseases. Heat stress and heat mortality could rise. The harmful __68__ of localized urban air pollution would very likely be more serious in warmer __69__. There will be some __70__ from warming. New sea-lanes will open in the Arctic, longer growing seasons further north will _ 71__ new agricultural lands, and warmer temperature will make some of today’s colder regions more __72__. But these benefits will be in individual areas. The natural systems —both plant and animal —will be less able than man to cope and __73__. Any change of temperature, rainfall, and sea level of the magnitude now __74__ will be destructive to natural systems and living things and hence to man as well.The list of possible consequences of global warming suggests very clearly that we must do everything we can now to understand its causes and effects and to take all measures possible to中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t prevent and adapt to potential and inevitable disruptions __75__ by global warming.56. A. ascended B. assaulted C. erased D. endangered57. A. which B. where C. when D. what58. A. dislocation. B. discontent C. distribution D. distinction59. A. rebuking B. rambling C. resulting D. rallying60. A. Increased B. Reduced C. Expanded D. Saddened61. A. inland B. coastal C. urban D. suburban62. A. dry-land B. mountain C. wetlands D. forest63. A. unique B. precious C. interesting D. exciting64. A. geologically B. adversely C. secretively D. serially65. A. shift B. generate C. grease D. fuse66. A. hiking B. hugging C. attacking D. activating67. A. endanger B. accommodate C. adhere D. enlarge68. A. profits B. values C. effects D. interests69. A. conditions B. accommodation C. surroundings D. evolution70. A. adjustments B. benefits C. adoptions D. profits71. A. alternate B. abuse C. advocate D. create72. A. accidental B. habitable C. anniversary D. ambient73. A. adapt B. alleviate C. agitate D. assert74. A. ascertained B. conformed C. consoled D. anticipated75. A. tutored B. relayed C. triggered D. reflectedPart V Translation from English into Chinese. (10%)Directions ：Translate the following passage into Chinese ，and then write it on the ANSWER SHEET.Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy—including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts-detract from well being.For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970’s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs—and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status —energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.Part Ⅵ Writing (15%)Directions ：You are asked to write in no less than 200 words about the title of Harmful Plagiarism in Academic Field in China . You should base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below. Remember to write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.中华英语学习网w w w .100y i n g y u .n e t目前在学术界出现了剽窃和抄袭等不良现象。
中科院2007年3月考博真题及答案详解
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"中国科学院.556年2月博士研究生入学考试英语试题$/$N?)]N$%(7!K-B%F D H%(L%!4=9*D7’:’!5&-9*7:’514&-9*7’%B>&A9(’B79-*:(?"22,#-"#42$’2$#V+$#,,(2)5#324#%0",#)-#)0#-"%-5#,-027+3#-#,-"#,-%-#7#)-!%)’7%$<-"#02$$#,+2)’()*3#--#$21629$0"2(0#4(-"%,()*3#5%$%0$2,,-"#,89%$#5$%0<#-,2)629$H%: 0"()#:,02$()*=),4#$C"##-.$G d1E=@23/9439/5164174A/516901921F819E32=612//D8?7@1!<=279E0/61A67E=7??;2C799/> 41104E14367<?1GN G61?=@2792?;Y G=9>32239A?;M G308=?4351?;Q G79F3/=4?;"G X9:176:/62C136?351479E39/:2C136:611E/0!2C/=479E4/:194?751E>/01979E@C3?E619:?1E2/ 2C1‘/62C169.27214/92C1151/:2C1N0163@79M353?H76GN G>7;Y G531>M G5343/9Q G8=64=32)G X:X@/=?E195347A176174/97<?;O=3@D79E@/0861C1943514/?=23/92/2C1@6343439X67O!X>/=?E9/2C751 19232?1E0;4811@C#I C1Z6/<?10G$N G X942792M G X951641M G X94/?=<?1Q G X927@2&G./01/:2C187231924!1481@37??;2C1E;39A!>7921E2//92C107979E>/079>C/C7E1741E 2C1364=::1639A GN G@/9:3E1Y G8/9E16M G E>1??Q G61:?1@2%G H17??<=;2C39A4/92C1/:2C10/0192)2C3434>C722C161273?267E1@7??479#308=?41<=;G$ N G=6A1Y G:/6@1M G48=6Q 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中国地质科学院
2007年博士研究生入学考试试题
（参考答案）
试题名称：沉积岩石学试题代码：310
一、名词解释（每个名词4分，共40分）
1、沉积物重力流；
答：沉积物重力流为陆上或水下由重力推动的一种水中含有大量弥散沉积物高密度流体（2分），具有5种类型：泥石流、颗粒流、液化流、浊流和风暴流与等深流（2分）。
2、鲕粒与核形石；
答：鲕粒是一种由核心和包壳组成的粒径小于2mm的球形或椭球形颗粒，核心可以是各种碎屑颗粒，包壳由化学沉淀形成的微晶碳酸盐矿物呈同心状或放射状（2分）；核形石为藻包粒，大小不等，外形不规则状，属于一种特殊的藻纹层构造，与鲕粒的区别在于核形石富含有机质（2分）。
3、内碎屑和陆源碎屑；
答：内碎屑系由盆地内已沉积的弱固结或固结的碳酸盐（岩）沉积物竟波浪、潮汐等的作用破碎而搬运而成的颗粒（2分）；而来自盆地之外，由老地层内剥蚀而来的各种碎屑组分则为陆源碎屑（2分）。
4、石英岩与石英岩状砂岩；
答：前者为经历重结晶等作用形成的变质岩石类型（2分），而后者指由具明显次生加大边结构的石英颗粒组成，硅质胶结的沉积岩石类型（2分）。
5、亮晶与泥晶胶结物；
答：泥晶胶结物是充填颗粒之间、在盆地内形成的细小碳酸盐泥屑，晶粒小于0.03mm（2分）；亮晶胶结物则是充填原始颗粒之间、充当胶结作用的化学沉淀物质，由于他通常晶体明亮清澈，故称亮晶（2分）。
6、水平层理、平行层理和递变层理；
答：三者都具有呈彼此平行的纹层结构（2分），但水平层理的组成物质颗粒相对较细，
通常为粉砂-泥质级别，后2者则为细砂以上（1分），形成于相对较强的水动力背景（1分）。
7、砾屑灰岩和砂屑灰岩；
答：他们皆属于颗粒灰岩的类型之一（2分），差别在于组成砾屑灰岩的颗粒粒径为砾级以上，而砂屑灰岩主要由砂级颗粒构成（2分）。
8、OCD和CCD；
答：OCD是静海条件下自由氧耗尽而被补偿的深度（2分）；CCD是碳酸盐沉积补偿平衡深度（2分）；
9、分流河道和河口坝；
答：2者都为三角洲沉积相中微相类型，分流河道又具有水上和水下两种类型，分属于三角洲平原和前缘亚相，两种分流河道都具有河流沉积的相序特征与标志（2分）；河口坝则属于三角洲前缘亚相水下分流河道的远端，垂向上具有反粒序的特征（2分）。
10、威尔逊（Wilson）碳酸盐岩标准相带；
答：是威尔逊（Wilson）（1975）综合古代现代碳酸盐岩的大量沉积模式，吸收了按能量划分碳酸盐相带的优点，考虑到海岸带物化与环境条件等综合因素，建立的综合因素碳酸盐标准相带模式，包括三个相区和九个标准相带。
二、简述题（每题10分，共40分）
1、简述河流相主要类型和沉积模式；
答案要点：
1）：河流相主要有2种类型，曲流河和辨状河（2分）；
2）：曲流河至少描述4种亚、微相类型（如河道、点砂坝、天然堤、泛滥平原、决口扇和河道充填等）（2分）；辨状河至少描述2种亚、微相类型（如河道、砂坝等）（2分）；
3）：描述曲流河的垂向沉积序列和沉积构造类型，应指出具有2元结构（2分）；描述辨状河的垂向沉积序列和沉积构造类型（2分）。
2、简述石灰岩的主要类型与特征；
答案要点：
1）：应至少描述出4种类型，如颗粒灰岩、再沉积灰岩、泥晶灰岩、粘结（生物）和骨架灰岩（4分）；
2）：分别描述各自的1-2种次类型（6分）。
3、简述河控高建设性三角洲相的沉积特征；
答案要点：
1）：应描述出3个亚相类型，如平原亚相、前缘亚相和前三角洲等（4分）；
2）：简要描述各亚相组成的1-2种微相类型（4分）；
3）：简要描述河控高建设性三角洲相的垂向沉积序列（2分）；
4、简述正常潮坪碳酸盐岩沉积序列和相标志；
答案要点：
1）：应描述出3个潮坪沉积亚相类型，如潮下带、潮间带和潮上带（2分）；
2）：简要描述各亚相的沉积特征和沉积构造等（4分）；
3）：简要描述正常潮坪碳酸盐岩的垂向沉积序列（4分）；
三、论述题（共20分）
1、沉积岩中原生的定向组构，如斜层理、波痕、底面印痕、碎屑颗粒的定向排列等，都
是古水流方向的良好标志，试论述它们在古水流分析工作中的具体应用与操作方法。
答案要点：
1）：应分别描述如何利用斜层理、波痕、底面印痕、碎屑颗粒的定向排列测量古水流方向，逐一说明操作方法，辅助说明分析古流向的可靠性等（每项分值5分，合计15分）；
2）：简要描述应用的数据处理方法和手段（玫瑰花图和极点图等）（5分）；。