Political Science 30
全方位剖析：高中政治必修知识点英文版
全方位剖析：高中政治必修知识点英文版Comprehensive Analysis: Key Points of High School Political ScienceIn this document, we will delve into the essential knowledge points of high school political science. This subject plays a crucial role in shaping students' understanding of government, politics, and citizenship.Introduction to Political SciencePolitical science is the study of government systems, political behavior, and the theory and practice of politics. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including political ideologies, institutions, processes, and policies.Key Concepts in Political Science1. Political Ideologies: These are sets of beliefs and values that shape political behavior and decision-making. Common ideologies include liberalism, conservatism, socialism, and fascism.2. Government Systems: Different types of government systems exist, such as democracy, dictatorship, monarchy, and authoritarianism. Each system has its own characteristics and functions.3. Political Institutions: These are formal structures that govern political processes and decision-making. Examples include the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.4. Political Processes: These refer to the activities and interactions that take place within a political system, such as elections, policymaking, and public administration.5. Public Policy: This involves the actions taken by the government to address societal issues and achieve specific goals. It includes areas like education, healthcare, and economic development.Importance of Political Science EducationStudying political science helps students develop critical thinking, analytical skills, and a deeper understanding of political issues. It also fosters civic engagement and prepares individuals to participate in the democratic process.ConclusionHigh school political science covers a broad range of topics that are essential for understanding the complexities of government and politics. By mastering these key knowledge points, students can become informed and active citizens in society.。
政治学专业英语教程pdf
政治学专业英语教程pdfTitle: Politics: An English Language Guide forPolitical Science Students$$Introduction$$The field of political science is vast and diverse, encompassing a wide range of topics from political theory to international relations. For students embarking on this journey, having a solid foundation in the English language is crucial. This Politics: An English Language Guide for Political Science Students aims to provide a comprehensive resource for those seeking to enhance their political science vocabulary and understanding through the English language.**Essential Terminology in Political science**Political science, as a discipline, has its own unique set of terminologies that are essential for understanding and discussing various concepts. Terms like "democracy," "autocracy," "ideology," "election," "federation," and "sovereignty" are fundamental building blocks in the political science lexicon. Each term carries specificmeanings and nuances that are critical for accurate communication and analysis.**Reading Comprehension in Political Texts**Reading comprehension is a cornerstone skill inpolitical science. Political texts, whether they are academic articles, political manifestos, or legal documents, often contain dense and complex language. To effectively navigate these texts, students need to develop strong reading comprehension skills. This includes the ability to identify key arguments, understand complex sentences, and interpret implicit meanings.**Writing Skills for Political Analysis**Writing is an integral part of political science, as it allows students to articulate their ideas, analyzepolitical events, and formulate arguments. To excel in political writing, students should master the basics of essay writing, including structuring arguments, using evidence to support claims, and employing clear and concise language. Additionally, they should familiarize themselves with the conventions of academic writing, such as citing sources and adhering to formatting guidelines.**Listening and Speaking Skills in Political Discussions**In the realm of political science, listening and speaking skills are paramount. Political discussions often involve diverse viewpoints and lively debates. To participate effectively in these discussions, students must be able to listen attentively, understand different perspectives, and articulate their own opinions clearly and coherently. They should also develop the ability to engage in critical discussions, asking probing questions and offering well-reasoned responses.**Cultural Sensitivity and Cross-Cultural Communication**Political science is a global discipline that often intersects with different cultures and contexts. Therefore, cultural sensitivity and cross-cultural communicationskills are essential for political science students. Understanding the political systems, values, and traditions of other cultures allows for a more nuanced and informed analysis of political events and phenomena. Additionally, being able to communicate effectively with people fromdiverse backgrounds is crucial in international relations and global politics.**Conclusion**In conclusion, this Politics: An English Language Guide for Political Science Students provides a comprehensive overview of the essential English language skills required for studying political science. By enhancing their vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing skills,listening and speaking abilities, and cultural sensitivity, students will be well-prepared to navigate the complexities of the political science landscape. As they continue to develop their understanding and expertise in this fascinating field, they will be able to contribute to informed discussions and analysis of political issues both locally and globally.This guide serves as a starting point for political science students who want to strengthen their English language proficiency. However, it is important to note that language learning is a continuous process, and students should continue to explore and practice various language skills throughout their academic journey. With dedicationand effort, they will be able to master the English language and excel in the field of political science.。
政治学专业词汇
政治学专用词汇一画一院制Unicameral一党制国家One—party States二画人权Human rights人权宣言Declarations of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 三画工会Trade unions下议院House of Commons上议院House of Lords个人主义Individualism女权主义Feminism马列主义Marxism—Leninism马克思主义Marxism马基雅维里主义Machiavellism四画王权Crown无产阶级Proletariat无产阶级专政Dictatorship of the proletariat无政府主义Anarchism专制Despotism专制政府/绝对专制主义Absolute government/absolutism 中央与地方的关系Central/Local relations分权Separation of powers公共行政Public administration公民权利Civil rights公民自由Civil liberties五画正义Justice可审判性Justiciability平等Equality奴隶制Slavery占统治地位的党Dominant party代表Delegate代议员Representative代议制政府Representative government代表制Representation主权Sovereignty市民社会Civil society市（镇）长Major立宪主义Constitutionalism立宪政体Constitutional government立法机关Legislatures立法否决Legislative veto立法委员会Legislative committees立法起草Legislative drafting半总统制Semi-presidential systems议长Speaker议会制度Parliamentary system司法机构Judiciary司法行政官Magistrate司法审查Judicial review民主Democracy民主党Democratic Party民主集中制Democratic centralism民意测验Opinion polls六画共产党Communist Parties共和国Republic机构/制度Institution权力Power权利Rights权利法案Bill of rights权威Authority妇女选举权Women’s suffrage地方长官Prefect地方政府Local government地方政府财政Local government finance 地方政治Local politics同意Consent同意投票Approval voting团体理论Group theory邦联Confederation邦联条例Articles of Confederation自由Freedom自由党Liberal parties自由裁量权Discretion自决Self-determination自治Self-government自治领Dominion行为主义Behaviouralism行政Administration行政机关Executives行政委员会Administrative board行政法庭Administrative tribunal行政法院Administrative court州长Governor多元主义Pluralism多元社会Plural society多头制Polyarchy多数派政府Majority government多数统治Majority rule决策Decision making决策理论Decision theory农奴制Serfdom阶层/阶级Class七画麦迪逊，詹姆斯Madison,James苏格拉底Socrates极权主义Totalitarianism否决权Veto投票V oting投票率Turnout护宪Entrenchment财产权Property利益Interests利益表达与聚合Interest articulation and aggregation利益集团Interest group言论，表达和出版自由Freedom of speech,expression,and the press 社区/共同体Community社团主义Corporatism社会主义Socialism社会民主主义Social democracy社会契约论Social contract君主制Monarchy八画责任Responsibility责任政府Responsible government直接民主Direct democracy直接行动Direct action杰斐逊，托马斯Jefferson,Thomas欧洲议会European Parliament欧洲共同体European Community歧视Discrimination国际法International Law国家State国家元首Head of state国家消亡Withering away of the state国家财政危机Fiscal crisis of the state非暴力反抗Civil disobedience非暴力行为Non-violent action制定法Statute Law制衡Checks and balance委任Patronage委员会Commission质询Interpellation法Law法令Act法官Judge法治Rule of law法律的正当程序Due process of law法案，议案Bill宗教自由Freedom of religion审判Adjudication审查制度Censorship官僚制/官僚Bureaucracy实证主义Positivism九画封建主义Feudalism革命和反革命Revolution and counter-revolution政体Polity政纲platform政变Coup D’etat政府Government政府组成过程Government formation process政府首脑Head of government政府调查Public inquiry政治Politics政治义务Political obligation政治文化Political culture政治中的种族问题Race in politics政治心理学Political psychology政治发展Political development政治行动委员会（美国）Political action committee 政治行为研究Political behaviour政治地理学Political geography政治权力Political power政治局（及常务委员会）Politburo(and Pesidium) 政治沟通Political communication政治体系/政治系统Political system政治参与Political participation政治财政Political finance政治科学Political science政治社会化Political socialization政治社会学Political sociology政治学的定量方法Quantitative methods in politics 政治态度Political attitudes政治腐败Political corruption政治继承Political succession政治理论Political theory政治暴力Political violence政治影响Political influence政治整合/政治一体化Political integration政党分赃制Spoils system政党认同Party identification政党代表大会Party convention政党功能Parties,political:functions of政党组织Party organization政党核心集团Machine政党秘密会议Caucus政策分析Policy analysis政策实施Implementation政策输出研究Policy output studies城市政府City government城邦国家City state贵族/贵族制Aristocracy思想库Think tank看守政府Caretaker government选区Constituency选民登记Registration of electors选择投票Ticket-splitting选择领导Leadership selection选举Elections选举团Electoral college选举纲领Election program选举制度Electoral system选票Ballot重农主义Physiocracy重划选区Redistribution重商主义Mercantilism种族灭绝Genocide种族主义Racism种族隔离Apartheid顺从Deference保守主义Conservatism保守党Conservative parties保护主义Clientelism修正主义Revisionism独立机构Independent agency独立宣言Declaration of Independence独裁主义，权威主义Authoritarianism独裁制Autocracy帝国Empire帝国主义Imperialism美国革命American Revolution美国国会Congress美国辉格党Whig:U.S.首相（总理）/首相（总理）制政府Prime minister/Prime ministerial government 总统，总统制President/Presidential system总罢工General strike总督Governor-General派别Faction咨询和同意Advice and consent宣传Propaganda宪法Constitutional law宪法规约Convention of the constitution宪法/宪政Constitution/constitutionalism神权政治Theocracy神授王权Divine right of kings费边主义Fabianism绝对专制主义Absolutism统治阶级Ruling class统治能力Governability十画恐怖Terror恐怖主义Terrorism格劳修斯Grotius监护Tutelage监察专员Ombudsman党派首领Boss罢免Recall恩格斯Engels缺席投票Absence voting特权Prerogative特许状Charter秘密警察Secret police倒台与政权更迭Breakdown and regime change候选人选择candidate selection爱国主义Patriotism被保护国Protectorate竞争性政党制度Competitive party system竞选运动Election campaign部门Department部长，部Minister/Ministry部长会议Council of Ministers准司法Quasi-judicial准--非政府组织Quango资历制Seniority资产阶级Bourgeoisie资本主义Capitalism浮动投票人Floating vote浪漫主义Romanticism宽容Toleration家长型控制Paternalism调查委员会Select committee预算，预算编制Budget/Budgeting陪审团Jury十一画理性Rationality理性选择方法Rational choice教权主义Clericalism教会与国家Church and State基本权利Fundamental right基层党组织Primary party organization职能代表Functional representation授权立法Delegated legislation授权学说Mandate theory常设委员会Standing committee累计投票Cumulative vote唯心主义Idealism领导Leadership第二院，上议院Second chambers康德Kant混合政府Mixed government弹劾Impeachment隐私Privacy十二画殖民统治Colonial government联合，联合政府Coalition/Coalition government 联合民主Consociational democracy联合国United Nations联邦制Federalism联邦党人文集Federalist Papers联盟，联合League超载Overload超国家政府Supranational government博爱Fraternity斯大林Stalin斯宾诺莎Spinoza斯密，亚当Smith,Adam最低下限Droop quota最高行政法院Conseil d’AEtat最高法院Supreme court黑格尔Hegal辉格党与托利党Whigs and Tories 等级Estates集体主义Collectivism集体行动Collective action集体领导Collective leadership集合理论Coalition theory街区选举，集团投票Block vote普通法Common law游说Lobbying雇主组织Employer’s organization 强制性投票Compulsory voting十三画鼓励性行动Affirmative action路德，马丁Luther,Martin解散议会Dissolution of parliament 意识形态Ideology新左派New Left新右派New Right新政New deal新教政党Protestant parties福利国家Welfare state群众性政党Mass membership party 十四画僭主制/暴政Tyranny寡头制Oligarchy寡头政治铁律Iron law of oligarchy 精英，精英主义Elites,Elitism精英理论Doctrine of elites腐败选区Rotten borough弊政Maladministration熊彼特Schumpeter十五画影子内阁Shadow cabinet暴力Violence潘恩Paine十六画霍布斯Hobbes穆勒Mill激进主义Radicalism激进政党Radical parties十七画整体主义Holism辩证法Dialectic辩证唯物主义Dialectical materialism 十九画警察Police警察国家Police state。
政治学英文著作
政治学英文著作Political Science English WorksPolitical science is a field of study that focuses on the theory and practice of politics and government. There have been many influential English works in the field of political science that have shaped the way we understand politics and society. In this article, we will discuss some of the most important political science English works and their contributions to the field.One of the most famous political science English works is "The Republic" by Plato. Written in the 4th century BC, "The Republic" is a Socratic dialogue that explores the nature of justice, the ideal city-state, and the role of the philosopher in politics. Plato's work has had a profound influence on Western political thought, shaping ideas about democracy, justice, and the nature of the state.Another important political science English work is "Leviathan" by Thomas Hobbes. Published in 1651, "Leviathan" is a seminal work of political philosophy that explores the nature of society and government. Hobbes argues that the state is necessary to maintain order and prevent the "war of all against all" that would exist in a state of nature. His work laid the foundation for modern theories of the social contract and the role of the state in society.In the 18th century, "The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith revolutionized the field of political economy. Smith's work is considered the foundation of modern economics and is credited with shaping ideas about the role of the state in the economy. Smith argues that the "invisible hand" of the market can regulate the economy more effectively than government intervention, and that individuals pursuing their own self-interest can lead to the greater good of society.Moving into the 20th century, "The Communist Manifesto" by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels had a profound impact on political science and the study of politics. Published in 1848, the manifesto outlines the principles of communism and the strugglebetween the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Marx and Engels argue that capitalism is inherently exploitative and that the working class must rise up and overthrow the capitalist system to achieve a classless society.In the post-World War II era, "The End of History and the Last Man" by Francis Fukuyama sparked a debate about the future of political development. Fukuyama argues that the end of the Cold War and the victory of liberal democracy signaled the "end of history" in the sense of the end of the ideological struggle between different political systems. While the book has been the subject of much criticism, it has had a significant impact on the field of political science and the study of democracy and governance.Overall, the field of political science has been shaped by a diverse range of English works that have contributed to our understanding of politics, society, and the role of the state. From the ancient writings of Plato to the modern theories of Fukuyama, these works have had a lasting impact on the field and continue to shape the way we think about politics and government.。
2024年全国政治科学知识大赛题库和解析英文版
2024年全国政治科学知识大赛题库和解析英文版2024 National Political Science Knowledge Competition Question Bank and Analysis Welcome to the 2024 National Political Science Knowledge Competition! This document contains a collection of questions and answers to help you prepare for the competition.Section 1: Political Theory1. Define the concept of sovereignty and discuss its significance in political theory.2. Compare and contrast the ideologies of liberalism and socialism.3. Explain the concept of political legitimacy and its importance in governance.Section 2: Comparative Politics1. Analyze the political systems of the United States and China, highlighting their similarities and differences.2. Discuss the role of political parties in the democratic process, using examples from different countries.3. Evaluate the impact of globalization on the political landscape of developing countries.Section 3: International Relations1. Explain the concept of power politics and its influence on international relations.2. Discuss the role of international organizations in promoting peace and security in the world.3. Analyze the challenges of diplomacy in the 21st century, considering the rise of non-state actors.Section 4: Public Policy1. Define the concept of public policy and explain the process of policy formulation and implementation.2. Discuss the role of public opinion in shaping government policies, using case studies from different countries.3. Evaluate the effectiveness of policy interventions in addressing social issues such as poverty and inequality.Section 5: Political Economy1. Analyze the impact of globalization on the economy of developing countries, focusing on the pros and cons of economic liberalization.2. Discuss the role of multinational corporations in shaping global economic policies and regulations.3. Evaluate the challenges of sustainable development in the context of global capitalism.This question bank covers a wide range of topics in political science, providing you with a comprehensive overview of the field. Good luck with your preparation for the competition!。
各类学科的英文表达方式
哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy ofMarxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Scienceand Technology经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics 政治经济学 Political Economy 经济思想史 History of Economic Thought 经济史 History of Economic 西方经济学 Western Economics 世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学 Applied Economics 国民经济学 National Economics 区域经济学 Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学） Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics 国际贸易学 International Trade 劳动经济学 Labor Economics 统计学 Statistics 数量经济学 Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称 英文学科、专业名称国防经济学 National DefenseEconomics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws 经济法学 Science of Economic Law 环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law 国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law(including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law 政治学 Political Science 政治学理论 Political Theory 中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution 科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中共党史(含党的学说与党的建设)History of the Communist Party ofChina (including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building)马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics 国际关系学 International Relations 外交学 Diplomacy 社会学 Sociology 社会学 Sociology 人口学 Demography 人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology 民族学 Ethnology 马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art 教育学 Education 教育学 Education Science 教育学原理 Educational Principle 课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology 教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education 学前教育学 Pre-school Education 高等教育学 Higher Education 成人教育学 Adult Education 职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education 教育技术学 Education Technology 心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology 发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology 应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports 运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports 文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature 文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art 语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology 中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature 中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature 外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication 新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学Art艺术学Art Theory音乐学Music美术学Fine Arts设计艺术学Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学Film广播电视艺术学Radio and television Art舞蹈学Dance历史学History历史学History史学理论及史学史Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学Archaeology and Museology历史地理学Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (includingPaleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史History of Particular Subjects 中国古代史Ancient Chinese History 中国近现代史Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史World History理学Natural Science数学Mathematics基础数学Fundamental Mathematics 计算数学Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计Probability and Mathematical Statistics应用数学Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学Physics理论物理Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理Plasma Physics凝聚态物理Condensed Matter Physics声学Acoustics光学Optics无线电物理Radio Physics化学Chemistry无机化学Inorganic Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理）Physical Chemistry (including ChemicalPhysics)高分子化学与物理Chemistry andPhysics of Polymers天文学Astronomy天体物理Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学Astrometry andCelestial Mechanics地理学Geography自然地理学Physical Geography人文地理学Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统Cartographyand Geography Information System大气科学Atmospheric Sciences气象学Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境AtmosphericPhysics and AtmosphericEnvironment海洋科学Marine Sciences物理海洋学Physical Oceanography海洋化学Marine Chemistry海洋生理学Marine Biology海洋地质学Marine Geology地球物理学Geophysics固体地球物理学Solid Earth Physics空间物理学Space Physics地质学Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学Mineralogy,Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学）Paleontology and Stratigraphy(includingPaleoanthropology)构造地质学Structural Geology第四纪地质学Quaternary Geology生物学Biology植物学Botany动物学Zoology生理学Physiology水生生物学Hydrobiology微生物学Microbiology神经生物学Neurobiology遗传学Genetics发育生物学Developmental Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistryand Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology系统科学Systems Science系统理论Systems Theory系统分析与集成Systems Analysisand Integration科学技术史History of Science andTechnology工学Engineering力学Mechanics一般力学与力学基础General andFundamental Mechanics固体力学Solid Mechanics流体力学Fluid Mechanics工程力学Engineering Mechanics机械工程Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化MechanicalManufacture and Automation机械电子工程MechatronicEngineering机械设计与理论Mechanical Designand Theory车辆工程Vehicle Engineering光学工程Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术Instrument Scienceand 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VeterinaryMedicine临床兽医学Clinical VeterinaryMedicine林学Forestry林木遗传育种学Forest TreeGenetics and Breeding森林培育学Silviculture森林保护学Forest Protection森林经理学Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用WildlifeConservation and Utilization园林植物与观赏园艺OrnamentalPlants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治Soil andWater Conservation andDesertification Combating水产学Fisheries Science水产养殖学Aquaculture Science捕捞学Fishing Science渔业资源学Science of FisheriesResources医学Medicine基础医学Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学HumanAnatomy, Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学Pathology andPathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine放射医学Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学Aerospace andNautical medicine临床医学Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学）Internal medicine (includingCardiology, Hematology, Respiratory,Gastroenterology, Endocrinology andMetabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry andMental Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology andVenereology影像医学与核医学Imaging andNuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical LaboratoryDiagnostics护理学Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学）Surgery (GeneralSurgery, Orthopedics, Urology,Cardiothoracic Surgery,Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, BurnSurgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学Otolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学RehabilitationMedicine & Physical Therapy运动医学Sports Medicine麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine口腔医学Stomatology口腔基础医学Basic Science ofStomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science ofStomatology公共卫生与预防医学Public Healthand Preventive Medicine流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiologyand Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupationaland Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and FoodHygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal,Child and Adolescent Health卫生毒理学Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学Military PreventiveMedicine中医学Chinese Medicine中医基础理论Basic Theories ofChinese Medicine中医临床基础Clinical Foundation ofChinese Medicine中医医史文献History and Literatureof Chinese Medicine方剂学Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative 中西医结合临床医学Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学Pharmaceutical Science药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis 微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学Pharmacology中药学Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学Military Thought and Military History军事思想学Military Thought军事历史学Military History战略学Science of Strategy军事战略学Military Strategy战争动员学War Mobilization战役学Science of Operations联合战役学Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学）Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile 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Management公共管理学Science of Public Management行政管理学Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学Educational Economy and Management社会保障学Social Security土地资源管理学Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学Library Science情报学Information Science档案学Archival Science。
第1讲+导论：理解政治现象素材
四、如何观察政治现象
案例：中国高等教育 高等教育的功能：知识传播、社会流动/精英录用； 政治社会化/政治认同 文革时期取消高考制度，推荐制（工农兵大学生， 又红又专） 路遥的《人生》：高加林 高等教育的关键词：录取率（地区差、阶级差）、 扩招、独立学院、自主招生/素质教育 社会流动VS.阶级再生产；国家作为机会分配者
以人的行为为中心，所有典章制度皆是人类行 为的结果 强调human action的重要性 运用科学的方法（规则性、验证、技术、量化 、价值中立、系统化、纯科学、多学科整合） 以有系统的实证研究方式所获得的有组织的知 识，此知识与common sense or casual observation 不同 建立可以解释人类政治现象的普遍性理论
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
一、什么是政治现象
宏观：国际关系、阶级冲突、国家、法律……
微观：投票、政治抗争、社会运动、政策执行、 立法、腐败、寻租…… 政治是有边界的，政治学的视野是无界的；政治 学的研究对象不限于国家、政府、制度、法律， 也包括移民、医疗、福利、教育、能源、环境保 护、计划生育…… 核心政治现象：围绕政府权力而进行的斗争和竞 争
非制约的；客观的、经验的 量化的 只关心一致性，规则性的 比较性的，焦点在许多国家
人性及问题取向的；规范的 质量并重 关心规则性和不规则性 比较性的，焦点在许多国家
具种族中心主义偏见，特重 英-美模式 抽象的，意识型态上保 守 的，以及静态的 焦点放在正式的和非正 式 的（集团）的结构和功能 非历史的
人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力， 明辨是非的能力。 所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读， 古人说“书中自有黄金屋。 ”通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识， 培养逻辑思维能力； 通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平， 培养文学情趣； 通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。 有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操， 给我们巨大的精神力量， 鼓舞我们前进。
西方公共行政管理理论精要
西方公共行政管理理论精要传统公共行政理论传统公共行政理论主要是指20世纪上半叶发展起来的一系列关于公共管理的理论。
这些理论主要关注于政府机构和政府管理的问题，试图通过建立完善的组织结构和规章制度来实现公共管理的有效性和效率。
传统公共行政理论的代表人物包括伍德罗·威尔逊、弗雷德里克·泰勒等。
伍德罗·威尔逊在其著名的《行政的研究》中提出了行政与政治的分离原则，主张政府应该像企业一样进行管理，追求效率和专业化。
弗雷德里克·泰勒则提出了科学管理的理念，通过对组织、人员和工作进行科学的分析和规划，提高管理的效率和生产力。
这些理论为20世纪初至中期的公共管理实践提供了重要的理论支持，但也被人们认为存在着过分理性化和官僚化的弊端。
新公共管理新公共管理是20世纪70年代以后在西方国家兴起的一种公共管理理论。
新公共管理强调市场化、竞争性和效率导向的原则，试图通过引入市场机制和私营部门来改善公共服务的提供。
新公共管理的代表人物包括奥斯本和甘斯勒、克里斯托弗·霍德尔等。
奥斯本和甘斯勒在其著名的《再造政府》中提出了"精简政府"的理念，主张政府部门应该效仿私营企业，追求效率和市场竞争。
克里斯托弗·霍德尔则提出了"公共价值"的概念，主张政府应该注重公共价值的提供，但也要考虑成本和效率。
新公共管理理论在一定程度上推动了政府改革和公共服务的优化，但也引发了一系列关于公共部门市场化、特许经营、业务外包等问题的争议。
新公共服务理论新公共服务理论是新公共管理理论的一个重要分支，主要关注于公共服务的提供和社会福利的保障。
新公共服务理论强调公共服务的公平性、包容性和社会责任，试图通过改革公共服务的提供方式和机制，提高公共服务的质量和可及性。
新公共服务理论的代表人物包括詹姆斯·贝克、玛丽安·巴奇尔等。
詹姆斯·贝克在其著名的《新公共服务》中提出了"公共服务改造"的理念，主张政府应该与社会组织和市民共同合作，重新定义公共服务的性质和目标，促进公共服务的创新和发展。
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Course Logistics
Lectures Mondays and Wednesdays ONLY!
Weekly sections, attendance is MANDATORY.
/~tkousser/PS30.htm Introduce teaching assistants My office hours, Wednesdays, 9am-11am.
How does money alter the actions of legislators and the course of elections?
Campaign Contributions and the Alaskan National Wildlife Refuge (data from Center for Responsive Politics)
Three Course Themes (third theme)
There may be lies, damned lies, and statistics, but at least statistics are transparent.
Over 100 years of traditions that guide researchers about what to do and report. Thought Experiment: If someone discovered a new planet, what would you want them to bring back? Stories, a journal, a handful of interviews, or data?
Three Running Examples (first example: for the modern decline in turnout in U.S. Presidential elections?
Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections (% of Voting Age Population)
Are poor nations more likely to experience civil war?
A quantitative study can look at the correlation between per capita income and the incidence of civil war. A qualitative study can compare a few countries in a systematic way in order to trace the relationship between poverty and conflict.
Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections (% of Eligible Population, Popkin and McDonald)
70
60
Turnout Rate 50 40 30 20 10 0
Year
Three Running Examples
(second example: campaign finance)
Course Logistics
Policies: grade changes, extensions.
Readings: Pollock, SPSS*, online reader
Requirements.
40% Four Homework Projects 30% Final Exam (March 14, 11:30am) 20% Midterm Exam (February 7) 10% Section Attendance and Participation
70 60 Turnout Rate 50 40 30 20 10 0
Year
Three Running Examples (first example: voter turnout)
What accounts for the modern decline in turnout in U.S. Presidential elections?
Three Course Themes (second theme)
One goal unites all of the methods we will study: isolating the effect of a single causal factor.
In the complex political world, most theories posit that there are multiple causes of a given event. Experimental, quantitative, and qualitative research methods all seek to keep the influence of each causal factor separate.
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Three Running Examples
(third example: civil wars)
Political Science 30
Political Inquiry
Lecture Outline
Three
Three
broad themes for the course
running examples logistics
Course
Three Course Themes (first theme)
Using research methods is the second half of political science; developing causal theories is the first half.
“Theoretical” work – proposes theories about how the political world works and states testable hypotheses. vs. “Empirical” work – tests these hypotheses by using quantitative and qualitative research methods.