A Study of Total Focusing Method for Ultrasonic
丹尼尔卡尼曼 峰终定律 英文介绍
丹尼尔卡尼曼峰终定律英文介绍Daniel Kahneman's Peak-End Rule is a psychological principle that describes how people remember past experiences based on the peak emotional intensity and how the experience ended. It suggests that our memories of an experience are not based on the total sum of the experience, but rather on how we felt at the most intense moment and at the very end.Research conducted by Kahneman and his colleague, Barbara Fredrickson, demonstrated that people tend to remember their experiences in a simplified way, focusing on the emotional highs and lows rather than the overall duration. In their study, participants were asked to rate their level of discomfort during a colonoscopy procedure. Interestingly, the participants' memory of the procedure was significantly influenced by the peak discomfort and the discomfort experienced at the end of the procedure, rather than thetotal duration. This highlights the impact of the peak-endrule on how we remember past events.The peak-end rule has important implications for various aspects of life, including decision-making, customer satisfaction, and marketing. For example, in customer service, understanding the peak-end rule can help businesses create more positive and memorable experiences for their customers. By focusing on creating positive peak moments and ensuring a positive ending to interactions, businesses can enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty.Additionally, the peak-end rule can also influence how individuals make decisions. Knowing that people are morelikely to remember the peak emotional intensity and how an experience ends can help individuals make more informed decisions. For example, when planning a vacation, focusing on creating memorable peak moments and ensuring a positiveending to the trip can lead to a more satisfying and memorable experience.Overall, the peak-end rule sheds light on the complexities of human memory and perception. By understanding how our memories are structured and influenced by emotional peaks and endings, we can use this knowledge to enhance our experiences, improve decision-making, and create more meaningful interactions with others.。
The_Dissemination_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_
Cultural and Religious Studies, May 2023, Vol. 11, No. 5, 241-245doi: 10.17265/2328-2177/2023.05.005 The Dissemination of Intangible Cultural Heritage AlongBeijing-Hangzhou Canal Based on Encoding/Decoding Theory *TAN Hao, XIANYU JingBeijing Union University, Beijing, ChinaThe Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal carries a wealth of Chinese cultural symbols, showing the lifestyle and wisdomof working people through ages. The preservation and inheritance of its intangible cultural heritage can help to evokecultural memories and cultural identification of the Canal and build cultural confidence. This paper applies StuartHall’s encoding/decoding theory to analyze the dissemination of intangible heritage tourism culture. On the basis ofa practical study of the villages along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, this paper analyses the problems in thetransmission of its intangible cultural heritage and proposes specific methods to solve them in four processes,encoding, decoding, communication, and secondary encoding, in order to propose references for the transmission ofintangible heritage culture at home and abroad.Keywords: dissemination, encoding, decoding, intangible cultural heritageIntroductionThe Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was built during the Spring and Autumn Period, and it has a history of more than 2,500 years. With a total length of about 1,797 kilometers, it is a historical treasure that is closely related to the lifestyle of working people and traditional Chinese culture, including traditional music, traditional dance, traditional painting, traditional skills, etc. For many reasons, the Canal’s intangible cultural heritage (ICH) has not yet been effectively inherited and disseminated, and it is also in danger of being lost. Stuart Ha ll’s encoding/decoding theory model is able to break away from the shackles of subject-object linear transmission of culture communication, and view the process of ICH transmission from the perspective of encoding-communication-decoding. The study of the ICH tourism culture circulation through encoding and decoding theory has both practical and historical significance.Method for StudyStuart Hall argues that discourse is like a commodity that goes through the four stages of production, circulation, consumption, and reproduction described by Marxism (Chen & Lin, 2014), and suggests that individuals may resist or negotiate on the dissemination of an ideology (Evan, 2015). China is rich in ICH, but if it is not disseminated, the preservation of heritage would become completely impotent. As Foucault put it, “criticism” is one of the circulation mechanisms for knowledge to release its power (Claudia & Donna, 2021). * This paper is supported by the National Social Science Fund Project (No. 20BH151).TAN Hao, post-graduate student, College of Applied Science and Technology of Beijing Union University, Beijing, China. XIANYU Jing (corresponding author), Ph.D., Associate Professor, Tourism College of Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.DA VID PUBLISHINGDTHE DISSEMINATION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE242Wu (2007) points out that cultural communication is both a social phenomenon and a fundamental part of tourism destination marketing, and the transmission of information is also an important form of tourism service.The transmission of ICH tourism culture goes through three stages: encoding, communication, and decoding. The encoding process refers to the production of ICH tourism products, which emphasizes modern artistic processing while preserving the authenticity of ICH and presenting in a way that is pleasing to the audience. The Grand Canal ICH is not only an indispensable part of canal cultural heritage, but also a potential tourism resource for tourist destination development (Zhang, 2020). The communication process of ICH is to disseminate the encoded ICH information to the audience via various forms. In this process, the discourse of ICH is not a closed system, but consists of topics, treatments, issues, and events (Zou, 2014). The decoding process of ICH means that after the audience receives the ICH discourse, they decode the ICH elements in it according to their own cognition. In view of the decoders’different attitudes when they are decoding the symbolic meanings, Hall applies three scenarios to describe the three positions of the audience in the decoding process, namely, the dominant position, the negotiated position, and the confrontational position. The decoding process of ICH requires mutual feedback between encoding and decoding processes, in order to achieve good communication effects, and the secondary encoding is needed when necessary.FindingsLack of EncoderAt present, most of villages of the Grand Canal have not paid much attention to the cultivation of the ICH inheritors, and some masters of art have passed away, the problem of their aging being serious, and some kinds of ICH are facing the dilemma of no one to encode it, such as Work Song of Boatmen, Woodcut New Year Pictures. Fewer ICH tourism products are encoded for international tourists, resulting in the weakness of international dissemination. In encoding stage, important issues that need to be solved are how to keep the authenticity of traditional ICH while keeping up with the times, and how to extract potential ICH in each section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal that can show the geographical characteristics and highlight the uniqueness of the Grand Canal ICH.Being Poor in Communication EffectThe current dissemination of the Canal ICH is facing the problems of monotonous communication channel and weak interaction with the audience. According to the investigation, three reasons lead to these problems: Firstly, there is a lack of derivative products from the reprocessing and re-creation of ICH elements in tourism products or tourist attractions, resulting in tourists’ unclear concept of intangible cultural heritage (Haleh, Mohammad, & Neda, 2019) and lack of proper ways to deeply understand ICH elements. Secondly, most of the ICH products are not targeted for different groups or through various channels when they are sold or exhibited, resulting in the weakness of dissemination. Third, there are few channels for communication and interaction between the encoders and decoders, and the weak interaction between decoders and encoders may lead to the insufficient understanding of ICH elements by decoders. The communication channel of ICH for the international public still remains in the traditional way of TV media, so it is difficult for the international public to receive the symbols containing Chinese ICH.Decoders’ Hardness to Stand in Dominant PositionFrom the perspective of decoding effect, the decoding of ICH in tourism products or tourism performancesTHE DISSEMINATION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE243in China generally suffers from the problem that the audience decoding the ICH is difficult to be in a dominant position (Guo & Wang, 2019). The main reason is that most kinds of ICH have its unique regional characteristics, but the audience lacks a certain understanding of ICH with local characteristics due to the limitations of geographic space and decoders’ background knowledge. This will lead to deviations in their understanding of the connotations and values expressed by ICH elements in tourism products or performances. Secondly, the encoder will artistically create the ICH elements in tourism products or performances, while the decoder has a subjective understanding of the ICH elements in tourism products or performances due to their prior knowledge level and acceptability, which would lead to unsatisfactory communication effect. Thirdly, the audience’s understanding of ICH is not fed back to the encoder through effective channels, or the encoder does not pay enough attention to the feedback and lacks targeted secondary encoding, which makes it difficult for the audience to be in a dominant position in the decoding process.SolutionsEncoding: Inherit and Innovate Encoding Models, Educating EncoderIn this process, we should enhance the innovation of the encoding mode for ICH tourism products.The first is to innovate the expression of the theme symbol of tourism products. Although ICH itself is intangible, it can be transmitted by means of physical ICH cultural products, which requires the encoder to have an objective and accurate understanding of the ICH involved in the product and avoid the subjective elements being blindly planted into it by the encoder.Second, we should use symbols carrying meaning to transmit these codes innovatively. In the encoding process of ICH tourism products, the encoder should first clarify the thematic direction of the products, combine various carriers for transmitting symbols such as visual transmission or audio transmission, incorporate emerging technologies and equipment into the encoding process, and encode ICH suitable for different types of people, so as to achieve the best effect when transmitting symbols. Focusing on the excavation of potential ICH, the production process of ICH products can help to awaken the non-physical cultural memory of tourists and evoke their cultural memory and cultural identity. In this process, it is more important to excavate the discourse of potential ICH than simply disseminate the textual symbols.In addition, there is a need to focus on the cultivation and education of intangible heritage inheritors. Most living ICH masters are old, and if their skills are not inherited, it will cause irreparable loss of intangible cultural heritage (Qi, 2006). The cooperation with local secondary schools or universities to set up special courses on intangible heritage culture will promote the inheritance of ICH.In addition to hiring traditional talents of ICH, attention should be paid to finding modern talents who master emerging technologies and understand the frontiers of culture so as to achieve the integration of traditional culture and modern technology at the encoding process. It can systematically cultivate multi-talented ICH encoders who are dialectically unified between tradition and modernity, thus highlighting the core of ICH at the encoding stage. Communication: Broaden Communication Channels & Refine Communication Content The ways for ICH dissemination are still traditional and backward at present, and we should try to present and spread brilliant ICH of the Canal. Performing a series of arts activities and festivals in tourist destinations and uploading them to the Internet platform can surely evoke people’s cultural memories and make them identify with the ICH. In this process, attention should be paid to breaking the barrier between different regions, andTHE DISSEMINATION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE244harmonizing the relationship between regional characteristics of ICH and internationalization of its content to disseminate ICH abroad. We can also make documentary or online videos, spread coded cultural symbols on media platforms for foreigners, and concentrate on the follow-up work after the dissemination. To avoid aberrant decoding, it is important to consider what is missed or may misguide people in the description of ICH during dissemination, as mass travelers mainly rely on advertisements or brochures to learn about their tourist destinations, and they do not realize that they may subvert the stereotypes. Therefore, the description of ICH is equally crucial in this context (Ira, 1993).Decoding: Increase the Depth of Traveler Participation & Prevent Decoding Mismatches In order to achieve a better circulation effect, the audience’s decoding of the ICH should be oriented to the dominant position. In the dominant position, the decoder can accurately understand the meaning expressed by the Grand Canal ICH performance encoder and can maintain the same understanding of ICH with the encoder. The authenticity of the ICH performance connects encoder and tourists in their spirit, thus seeking deep integration and promoting the cultural identification of the tourists (Miguel, 2008). Experiential ICH tourism allows decoders to participate in ICH tourism actively, shifting decoders in negotiated position or confrontational position to the dominant position. At present, the participatory and experiential aspects of canal ICH tourism products are generally not well enough, tourists basically appreciating them passively. Therefore, we should promote the development of experiential ICH tourism products to integrate touring, entertainment, experience, and learning through engagement, connection, and creation, so as to enhance the participation, interaction, knowledge, and fun of the Grand Canal ICH tourism process and enter into a shared ritualized field (Han, 2014). Secondary Encoding: Collect Feedback & Enhance Consumer StickinessSecondary encoding seems to be a feedback process that may be neglected by the encoders at the end of the circulation, but it is actually significant. In the ICH tourism circulation, some traditional customs of the Canal like Fisherman’s Wedding Ceremony or Sacrifice to the River God are quite ritualistic but it may bring a sense of distance and strangeness to the decoder at the same time. ICH tourism should not only focus on the mode of transmission, but also on the interaction and the feedback of audience (Zhou & Zhang, 2022). Encoders need to focus on post-communication feedback when facing mismatch that occurs between the encoder and the decoder, so as to improve the quality of secondary encoding. In the late stage of circulation, establishing a reasonable feedback mechanism is an urgent issue to be solved, and only when the feedback is really received by the encoder can the secondary encoding be improved. Before the ICH performance, the encoder can design a questionnaire according to its theme, and when the audience enters, the staff distributes the questionnaire to them and collects the feedback from the audience, and then carefully sorts out the feedback. Then the encoders reflect on the results and transform the feedback into the ideas of secondary encoding. Through some new and popular ways such as social media, surveys, or prize quizzes, to keep abreast of the audience’s thoughts and preferences for ICH products. In this way, it is possible to verify the dissemination of encoder’s pre-determined meaning of the ICH symbols after the communication process. So that the understanding of the decoder will be consistent with the encoder’s original intention, and the decoder is always in the dominant position, and thus the dissemination effect can be maximized. The secondary encoding experience of other cultural products also can be used for reference in the development of derivatives and enhancement of consumers’ stickiness. On the basis of catering to decoders’preferences, combining with aspects of decoders’ daily life and online platforms, we can disseminate the encoded ICH symbols into all aspects of decoder’s life.THE DISSEMINATION OF INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE245ConclusionThe Grand Canal culture has a long history, and various kinds of ICH with regional characteristics record the way of Chinese lifestyle for thousands of years. By analyzing the dissemination of ICH along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal with Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory, we can find that the transmission of its ICH is suffering from the lack of encoder, poor communication effect, and the decoders’ hardness to stand in the dominant position. In the encoding stage, ICH circulation should focus on the inheritance, the cultivation of ICH encoders, and the encoding of tourism cultural products. In the communication stage, it should broaden the dissemination channels and refine the contents. In the decoding stage, it should increase the participation of decoders to prevent decoding mismatch and collect feedback from decoders to improve the secondary encoding quality. We should improve the universality and accuracy of ICH in terms of encoding, communication, decoding, and secondary encoding with the help of its immaterial attributes, use modern technology and diversified ways to inherit ICH with its historical connotation, so that decoders are in the dominant position to make ICH of the Canal better inherited and developed.ReferencesChen, L. D., & Lin, Y. F. (2014). Inheritance and innovation: A study of Stuart Hall’s masterpiece Encoding/Decoding. Journalism & Communication, 21(8), 99-112.Claudia, M., & Donna, D. (2021). The construction of intangible cultural heritage: A Foucauldian critique. Annals of Tourism Research, 89(1), 1-11.Evan, L. K. (2015). Using social scientific criteria to evaluate cultural theories: Encoding/decoding theory. KOME, 22(1), 10-26. Guo, X. R., & Wang, N. (2019). Research on the strategy for video transmission of intangible cultural heritage in China from the perspective of coding and decoding theory—Case study of the story of Yanxi Palace. Cultural Industry Research, 2(1), 123-134.Haleh, M., Mohammad, M., & Neda, T. F. (2019). A study on t ourists’ tendency toward intangible cultural heritage as an attraction (Case study: Isfahan, Iran). City, Culture and Society, 17(1), 54-60.Han, B. Y. (2014). The development model of Rizhao intangible cultural heritage from the perspective of tourism. China Journal of Commerce, 20(1), 184-185.Ira, S. (1993). Marketing authenticity in third world countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 20(1), 302-318.Miguel, V. G. (2008). Intangible heritage tourism and identity. Tourism Management, 39(1), 807-810.Qi, Q. F. (2006). Study on the transmission and inheritors in the protection of intangible cultural heritage. Journal of Northwestern Ethnic Studies, 3(1), 114-123.Wu, N. (2007). Information dissemination: A key link in the marketing and service of tourist destinations. Tourism Tribune, 10(1), 67-70.Zhang, B. F. (2020). Study on the interactive model of intangible cultural heritage protection and tourism development in Beijing-Hangzhou Canal. Gansu Theory Research, 1(1), 103-109.Zhou, K., & Zhang, Y. (2022). The function and path of culture communication of intangible cultural heritage tourism: A perspective from the ritual view. Journal of Shandong University (Philosophy and Social Sciences), 4(1), 40-46.Zou, W. H. (2014). A study of Stuart Hall’s theory of culture. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.。
超声相控阵全聚焦成像算法比较分析
第40卷第1期声学技术Vol.40, No.1引用格式：张杰, 莫润阳. 超声相控阵全聚焦成像算法比较分析[J]. 声学技术, 2021, 40(1): 71-76. [ZHANG Jie, MO Runyang. Comparative analysis of total focusing method in ultrasonic array imaging algorithms[J]. Technical Acoustics, 2021, 40(1): 71-76.] DOI: 10.16300/ki.1000-3630. 2021.01.011超声相控阵全聚焦成像算法比较分析张杰，莫润阳(陕西师范大学超声学重点实验室，陕西西安710062)摘要：先进的成像算法推动了超声相控阵技术的发展，全聚焦方法(Total Focusing Method, TFM)是一种基于全矩阵捕获的虚拟聚焦后处理及缺陷图像重构算法。
文章基于一维线阵相控阵纵波探头全矩阵数据模式，利用Matlab软件结合Field II自带开源函数包编写了算法程序，比较了TFM和1/2矩阵方法成像效果并对缺陷分辨率影响因素进行分析，最后用标准试块对算法进行实验验证。
仿真结果表明，TFM和1/2矩阵方法都能用于缺陷重构且效果无明显差异，激励脉冲的宽度和频率对图像分辨率影响较大；实验表明，1/2矩阵的成像方法虽可有效降低计算数据量，但同时也丢失了检测区边缘处缺陷的部分信息，因而成像效果较TFM稍差。
关键词：超声相控阵；全矩阵捕获；全聚焦算法；1/2矩阵方法中图分类号：O426 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-3630(2021)-01-0071-06Comparative analysis of total focusing method in ultrasonicarray imaging algorithmsZHANG Jie, MO Runyang(Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ultrasonics, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, Shaanxi, China) Abstract: Advanced imaging algorithms promote the development of ultrasonic phased array technology. Total focusing method (TFM) is a virtual focusing post processing and defect image reconstruction algorithm based on full matrix capture. In this paper, based on the full matrix data mode of one-dimensional linear phased array longitudinal wave probe, the algorithm is programmed by using Matlab software combined with the open source function package of Field II. The imaging effects of TFM and 1/2 matrix method are compared, and the influencing factors of defect resolution are analyzed. Finally, the algorithm is verified experimentally with the standard test block. The simulation results show that both TFM and 1/2 matrix method can be used for defect reconstruction without significant difference in effect, and the width and frequency of the excitation pulse have great influence on the image resolution. Experimental results show that the imaging method of 1/2 matrix can effectively reduce the amount of calculated data, but it also loses part of the defect information at the edge of the detection area, and its imaging effect is slightly worse than that of TFM.Key words: ultrasonic phased array; full matrix capture (FMC); total focusing method (TFM); 1/2 matrix technique0 引言全聚焦方法(Total Focusing Method, TFM)是一种基于全矩阵捕获(Full Matrix Capture, FMC)数据进行图像重建的超声阵列后处理技术，由英国Bristol大学Holmes等[1-2]于2005年首次提出。
南京市2024高三年级学情调研英语
南京市2024高三年级学情调研英语全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: A Survey on the Academic Situation of Senior Grade Three Students in Nanjing City in 2024Introduction:In 2024, a comprehensive survey was conducted to investigate the academic situation of senior grade three students in Nanjing City. This survey aimed to provide insights into the current state of education in the city and identify areas that need improvement.Methodology:The survey was conducted through questionnaires distributed to senior grade three students in various schools in Nanjing City. A total of 1000 students participated in the survey, providing information on their study habits, academic performance, levels of stress, and attitudes towards education.Results:The survey revealed that the majority of students in Nanjing City are highly motivated and dedicated to their studies. They spend an average of 5 hours per day studying and participating in extracurricular activities. However, a significant number of students reported feeling overwhelmed by the pressure to perform well in exams and competitions.In terms of academic performance, the survey found that the students in Nanjing City performed well in subjects such as mathematics and science, but struggled with English and literature. This highlights the need for more support and resources in these areas.Furthermore, the survey identified a correlation between students' levels of stress and their performance in exams. Students who reported higher levels of stress tended to perform worse in exams, indicating a need for better mental health support in schools.Conclusion:Overall, the survey provides valuable insights into the academic situation of senior grade three students in Nanjing City in 2024. It highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the education system in the city and points towards areas that require improvement. By addressing the issues raised in thesurvey, education authorities can work towards creating a more supportive and conducive learning environment for students in Nanjing City.篇2A Survey on the Academic Situation of Senior Year Students in Nanjing City in 2024IntroductionAs the 2024 academic year unfolds, it is crucial to understand the current situation faced by high school students in the senior year in Nanjing City. Therefore, a comprehensive survey was conducted to gather valuable insights into the academic landscape and challenges faced by these students. The following report outlines the key findings and implications of the study.MethodologyThe survey was conducted among senior year students in Nanjing City through questionnaires and interviews. A total of 500 students from various high schools participated in the study. The questionnaire consisted of both closed-ended andopen-ended questions, focusing on academic performance, study habits, stress levels, and future aspirations. In addition,in-depth interviews were conducted with a select group of students to gain deeper insights into their experiences.Key Findings1. Academic Performance: The majority of senior year students reported feeling the pressure to perform well academically, given the upcoming college entrance exams. However, only a small percentage of students felt confident in their academic abilities.2. Study Habits: Many students admitted to spending long hours studying each day, often sacrificing sleep and social activities. However, there was a notable lack of effective study habits, with students often resorting to rote memorization instead of critical thinking.3. Stress Levels: The survey revealed that a significant number of students were experiencing high levels of stress due to academic pressure, parental expectations, and fears about the future. Some students reported feeling overwhelmed and anxious on a daily basis.4. Future Aspirations: Despite the challenges faced, the majority of senior year students expressed a strong desire to succeed and pursue higher education. Many students weredetermined to achieve their academic goals and secure a bright future for themselves.ImplicationsThe findings of the survey highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions to support senior year students in Nanjing City. It is essential to provide students with resources and strategies to improve their study habits, manage stress effectively, and cultivate a positive mindset. Additionally, schools and parents should work together to create a supportive environment that nurtures students' academic and personal growth.ConclusionIn conclusion, the survey on the academic situation of senior year students in Nanjing City provides valuable insights into the challenges faced by these students. By addressing the key findings and implications outlined in this report, educators, parents, and policymakers can work together to create a supportive and empowering environment for senior year students to thrive academically and beyond.篇3Research on the Learning Situation of High School Seniors in Nanjing City in 2024IntroductionEducation is the foundation of a nation, and the learning situation of high school seniors is crucial to the future development of a country. In 2024, Nanjing City conducted a comprehensive survey on the learning situation of high school seniors to better understand the challenges and opportunities faced by students in their final year of high school.MethodologyThe survey was conducted among high school seniors in Nanjing City, including both public and private schools. A total of 1000 students were randomly selected to participate in the survey, which included questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observations. The data collected was analyzed to provide insights into the academic performance, study habits, and mental health of high school seniors in Nanjing City.Findings1. Academic PerformanceThe survey found that the academic performance of high school seniors in Nanjing City was generally high, with moststudents achieving good grades in their examinations. However, there were also a significant number of students who struggled with certain subjects, such as mathematics and physics. This highlights the need for targeted support and tutoring for students who are facing difficulties in specific subjects.2. Study HabitsThe survey revealed that high school seniors in Nanjing City had varying study habits, with some students studying diligently while others procrastinated or lacked motivation. Many students reported feeling overwhelmed by the heavy workload and pressure to excel in their studies. There was also a concern about the excessive use of electronic devices, which was found to be a distraction for students during their study time.3. Mental HealthMental health emerged as a major concern among high school seniors in Nanjing City, with a significant number of students reporting feelings of anxiety, stress, and depression. The pressure to perform well in examinations and secure a place in a top university was cited as a major source of stress for students. Many students also reported feeling isolated and lonely, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic when social interactions were limited.Recommendations1. Provide targeted support and tutoring for students who are struggling with certain subjects, such as mathematics and physics.2. Promote healthy study habits and time management skills among high school seniors to improve their academic performance and well-being.3. Offer mental health support and counseling services to address the psychological issues faced by students in their final year of high school.4. Encourage a balanced lifestyle that includes regular exercise, social activities, and relaxation to help students cope with stress and anxiety.ConclusionThe survey on the learning situation of high school seniors in Nanjing City in 2024 provided valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by students in their final year of high school. By implementing targeted interventions and support services, educators and policymakers can help students achieve academic success and well-being in their final year of high school.。
初三英语科学研究方法选择依据单选题40题
初三英语科学研究方法选择依据单选题40题1.The scientist wants to test a new drug. He should use a large sample size to ensure _____.A.accuracyB.precisionC.reliabilityD.validity答案：C。
本题考查实验设计原则。
选项A“accuracy”指的是准确性，通常与测量结果的接近真实值的程度有关。
选项B“precision”指的是精密度，即多次测量结果的一致性。
选项C“reliability”可靠性，使用大样本量可以增加实验结果的可靠性。
选项D“validity”有效性，大样本量主要是为了提高可靠性而非有效性。
2.In an experiment, if the results can be repeated under the same conditions, it shows _____.A.consistencyB.reproducibilityC.stabilityD.durability答案：B。
选项A“consistency”一致性，通常指结果的一贯性，但不一定是重复实验的可重复性。
选项B“reproducibility”可重复性，符合题干中结果在相同条件下可重复的描述。
选项C“stability”稳定性，更多指系统或状态的稳定。
选项D“durability”耐久性，与实验结果的可重复性无关。
3.When designing an experiment, random assignment of subjects is important to ensure _____.A.equalityB.fairnessC.balanceD.validity答案：D。
随机分配实验对象可以确保实验的有效性。
选项A“equality”平等，与实验设计原则中的随机分配关系不大。
如何在阅读时集中注意力英语作文
如何在阅读时集中注意力英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Stay Focused While ReadingReading can be a real struggle sometimes, am I right? There are so many distractions around us these days that it's hard to just sit down and focus on the books and articles we need to read for school. I know I'm not the only one who has grabbed their book all motivated to dive in, only to realize an hour later that I've read the same paragraph ten times and have no clue what it's about. Losing focus while reading is way too easy, but it makes the whole process so inefficient and frustrating. That's why over the past few years, I've worked on developing some techniques to help me concentrate better during reading sessions. If you've been having trouble staying focused too, maybe some of these tips will help!First off, it's important to eliminate as many external distractions as possible before you start reading. That means silencing your phone (maybe even leaving it in another room!), closing any other apps or browser tabs, and making sure youhave a nice quiet space to read without interruptions. Music can actually be okay for some people when reading, as long as it's instrumental and not too distracting. I personally prefer total silence. Having a dedicated reading space that your brain associates with focusing can help too.It's also really important to get yourself in the right mental state before diving into the reading. If you're feeling restless, antsy, or have a million other thoughts running through your mind, it'll be really hard to give the reading your full attention. Do some deep breathing, write down any nagging thoughts or to-dos so you can put them aside temporarily, stretch, or even meditate for a few minutes to clear your mind before you begin. Starting the reading already unfocused is just setting yourself up for frustration.Once you've prepared your environment and mindset, it's time to actually start reading. A major key here is to actively engage with the text rather than passively running your eyes over the words. Really pay attention and make a conscious effort to understand and analyze what you're reading as you go. Asking questions, taking notes, making connections to other concepts you've learned, and identifying the main ideas and supporting details can all help with active reading. Don't justblindly power through without stopping to process the information.If you find your focus slipping, it's okay to take a short break and reset. Get up, hydrate, do some jumping jacks, grab a healthy snack - anything to recharge those brain batteries. Then dive back in feeling refreshed. Breaking up extended reading into smaller chunks can make it easier to concentrate too. Setting a timer for 25 minutes and giving yourself a 5-minute break before the next interval sometimes helps the time pass more quickly without feeling interminable.One major pitfall I always try to avoid is re-reading the same sections over and over because I zoned out the first time. If I catch myself realizing that I haven't retained basically anything from the last few paragraphs, instead of hopelessly re-reading it, I'll first try to pinpoint where exactly I started losing focus. Then I'll skim that section quickly to jog my memory before reading it again slowly and carefully while staying focused. Re-reading big chunks aimlessly is just a waste of time.So those are some of my top tips for improving reading focus and concentration! It's not easy, and definitely requires building mental discipline over time. But being able to sit down and fully immerse yourself in text without constant distractionsand mind-wandering is such a valuable skill. It'll make reading so much more efficient and rewarding, not to mention it'll prepare you for other scenarios requiring intense concentration like exams, lectures, or work projects. Don't get discouraged if it's a struggle at first - stick with activetechniques, take breaks when needed, and over time, your stamina and focus will improve. Happy reading!篇2How to Stay Focused While ReadingAs a student, one of the biggest challenges I face is staying focused while reading. Whether it's a textbook chapter for class, an assigned novel, or research material for a paper, it can be extremely difficult to give my full attention to the text. My mind tends to wander, I get distracted by my surroundings, and before I know it, I've read several pages without actually absorbing any of the information. This lack of focus not only hinders my comprehension but also makes the reading process infinitely more tedious and time-consuming. However, over the years, I've developed some strategies that have helped me overcome this hurdle and become a more focused and efficient reader.Firstly, I've learned the importance of creating an environment conducive to concentration. This means finding a quiet space, free from distractions like television, music, or social media notifications. For me, the library is often the ideal setting, as the hushed atmosphere and absence of personal belongings to fidget with encourage me to remain focused on the task at hand. If working from home, I make sure to silence my phone and close any unnecessary tabs or applications on my computer to eliminate potential digital interruptions.Additionally, I've found that establishing a consistent routine can significantly improve my ability to concentrate. By dedicating a specific time each day or week to reading, I train my mind to associate that block of time with focused work. This routine not only helps me stay on track but also creates a sense of accountability, as I know that I've set aside that time specifically for reading.Another crucial aspect of maintaining focus is taking breaks. As counterintuitive as it may seem, I've discovered that attempting to power through long reading sessions without rest often leads to diminished concentration and retention. Instead, I aim to break my reading into manageable chunks, allowing myself short breaks every 30 minutes or so. During these breaks,I engage in activities that refresh my mind, such as stretching, grabbing a snack, or simply stepping away from the material for a few minutes. This approach prevents burnout and ensures that I return to the text with renewed energy and focus.Moreover, I've found that active reading techniques can significantly enhance my ability to concentrate. Instead of passively scanning the words on the page, I make a conscious effort to engage with the material. This can involve techniques like underlining or highlighting key points, taking notes in the margins, or summarizing each section in my own words. By actively participating in the reading process, I stay more invested in the content and am less likely to succumb to distractions.In addition to these general strategies, I've also discovered that certain tools and resources can aid in maintaining focus. For instance, using a reading guide or bookmark can help me track my progress and prevent my eyes from wandering aimlessly across the page. Additionally, apps or browser extensions that block distracting websites or limit access to social media during designated study periods have proven invaluable in curbing my tendency to procrastinate or become sidetracked.Finally, I've learned the importance of self-awareness and self-discipline in the quest for focused reading. I regularlyevaluate my concentration levels and adjust my approach accordingly. If I find myself struggling to maintain focus, I might take a longer break, change locations, or try a different reading technique. Conversely, if I'm deeply engaged with the material, I'll capitalize on that momentum and continue reading until I reach a natural stopping point.In conclusion, staying focused while reading is an ongoing challenge that requires consistent effort and adaptation. By creating a distraction-free environment, establishing routines, taking strategic breaks, employing active reading techniques, utilizing helpful tools, and exercising self-discipline, I've been able to significantly improve my ability to concentrate on academic texts. While it's an ongoing process, developing these skills has not only enhanced my comprehension and retention but has also made the reading experience more enjoyable and efficient. As a student, mastering the art of focused reading is an invaluable asset that will undoubtedly serve me well throughout my academic journey and beyond.篇3How to Stay Focused While ReadingAs a student, one of the biggest challenges I face is maintaining focus and concentration while reading textbooks, articles, or assignments. In today's world, with countless distractions vying for our attention, it can be incredibly difficult to immerse ourselves in the material we need to study. However, developing the ability to stay focused while reading is crucial for academic success and personal growth. In this essay, I will share some invaluable tips that have helped me overcome the hurdle of concentration and make the most out of my reading sessions.Create a Conducive EnvironmentThe first step to staying focused while reading is to create an environment that is conducive to concentration. This means finding a quiet and distraction-free space where you can comfortably settle in without interruptions. Eliminate potential sources of distraction, such as television, social media, or background noise. If you find it challenging to work in complete silence, consider playing instrumental or ambient music at a low volume to help you concentrate.Eliminate Digital DistractionsIn our digital age, one of the biggest threats to concentration is the constant barrage of notifications and alerts from our devices. Before you begin your reading session, make aconscious effort to silence your phone, close unnecessary tabs or applications on your computer, and disable notifications that could potentially divert your attention. This simple act of digital detox can work wonders in helping you stay focused on the task at hand.Take Breaks and StretchWhile it may seem counterintuitive, taking regular breaks can actually improve your ability to concentrate. Our brains are not designed to sustain intense focus for prolonged periods, and attempting to do so can lead to mental fatigue and decreased productivity. Set a timer for 25-30 minutes of focused reading, and then take a 5-minute break to stand up, stretch, or grab a quick snack or drink. This technique, known as the Pomodoro Technique, can help you maintain a consistent level of concentration throughout your reading session.Practice Active ReadingPassive reading, where you simply let your eyes glide over the words, is a surefire way to lose focus and retention. Instead, practice active reading by engaging with the material. Underline or highlight key points, jot down questions or thoughts in the margins, and summarize each section or chapter in your own words. This level of engagement will not only help you stayfocused but will also enhance your understanding and recall of the material.Set Clear Goals and IntentionsBefore diving into your reading material, take a moment to set clear goals and intentions for your session. Determine what you aim to accomplish, whether it's comprehending a specific concept, completing a chapter, or gathering information for an assignment. Having a clear purpose in mind will help you stay motivated and focused throughout the reading process.Stay Hydrated and NourishedBelieve it or not, your physical state can significantly impact your ability to concentrate. Make sure to stay hydrated by keeping a water bottle within reach, and fuel your brain with nutritious snacks that provide sustained energy. Avoid sugary or heavily processed foods, as they can lead to energy crashes and decreased focus.Practice Mindfulness and Breathing ExercisesIf you find your mind wandering or becoming distracted, take a moment to pause and practice mindfulness or breathing exercises. Simply focus on your breath for a few minutes, allowing your mind to settle and return to the present moment.This technique can help you regain control over your attention and refocus on the task at hand.Vary Your Reading TechniquesDifferent reading materials may require different approaches. For dense or complex texts, try reading aloud or using a ruler or your finger to guide your eyes along the lines. For lighter or more engaging material, you may find it helpful to alternate between skimming and close reading. Experiment with various techniques to find what works best for you and the specific material you're tackling.Establish a RoutineConsistency is key when it comes to developing good reading habits and improving your ability to concentrate. Try to establish a regular routine for your reading sessions, whether it's first thing in the morning, during your lunch break, or in the evenings. By making reading a consistent part of your daily or weekly schedule, you'll train your brain to more easily transition into a focused state when it's time to read.Celebrate Your AchievementsFinally, don't forget to celebrate your achievements and progress along the way. Maintaining focus and concentrationwhile reading can be a challenging task, and recognizing your efforts and successes can provide motivation and encouragement to continue improving. Treat yourself to a small reward or simply take a moment to pat yourself on the back for your hard work and dedication.In conclusion, staying focused while reading is a skill that can be developed and honed over time. By creating a conducive environment, eliminating distractions, taking breaks, practicing active reading, setting clear goals, staying nourished and hydrated, practicing mindfulness, varying your reading techniques, establishing a routine, and celebrating your achievements, you can overcome the challenges of concentration and make the most out of your reading sessions. Remember, developing this skill will not only benefit your academic pursuits but will also serve you well in your personal and professional life, enabling you to learn, grow, and thrive in an ever-changing world.。
最受欢迎的英语学习计划
最受欢迎的英语学习计划Learning English as a second language has become increasingly important in today's globalized world. Whether for academic, professional, or personal reasons, proficiency in English is seen as an essential skill. As a result, there are numerous English learning programs and plans available, but not all are created equal. In this article, we will explore the most popular English learning plan and why it has gained such widespread acclaim. The most popular English learning plan is the "Total Immersion" method. This approach to language learning is based on the premise that the best way to learn a language is to immerse oneself in it completely. This means surrounding oneself with the language as much as possible, through activities such as listening to music, watching movies, reading books, and, most importantly, engaging in conversation with native speakers.The Total Immersion method has gained popularity for several reasons. First, it is widely believed to be the most effective way to achieve fluency in a language. By constantly being exposed to the language, learners are forced to actively engage with it, which leads to quicker and more thorough acquisition of language skills.Second, the Total Immersion method is also popular because it provides a more holistic approach to language learning. Instead of just focusing on vocabulary and grammar, Total Immersion encourages learners to develop their listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills simultaneously. This integrated approach is seen as more natural and practical, as it mirrors the way native speakers acquire language skills.Another reason for the popularity of the Total Immersion method is that it can be customized to suit the needs and preferences of individual learners. Whether you prefer to learn through music, movies, or conversation, there are endless opportunities to immerse yourself in the English language. This flexibility and adaptability make the Total Immersion method accessible and appealing to a wide range of learners.So, how can one effectively implement the Total Immersion method? Here are some key components of a successful Total Immersion English learning plan:1. Surround Yourself with EnglishThe first step in a Total Immersion English learning plan is to surround yourself with the language as much as possible. This can include listening to English music, watching English movies and TV shows, reading English books and magazines, and even changing the language settings on your devices to English. The goal is to expose yourself to the language in a variety of contexts and formats.2. Engage in ConversationOne of the most important aspects of the Total Immersion method is regular conversation with native English speakers. Whether through language exchange programs, conversationclubs, or online chat forums, engaging in conversation exposes you to real-life language usage and helps improve your speaking and listening skills. Additionally, interacting with native speakers helps you understand cultural nuances and idiomatic expressions that are difficult to learn from textbooks alone.3. Practice RegularlyConsistency is key when it comes to language learning. To see real progress, it's important to practice English regularly. This can be through daily language exercises, journaling in English, or setting aside dedicated time for language practice each day. By making English a part of your daily routine, you can steadily improve your language skills.4. Seek Out Language Exchange OpportunitiesLanguage exchange programs are a great way to practice English conversation and improve your language skills while helping others learn your native language. Many language exchange platforms connect learners around the world, allowing you to practice with native English speakers in exchange for helping them learn your language.5. Set Realistic GoalsFinally, setting realistic goals is important for staying motivated and measuring your progress. Whether it's achieving a certain level of fluency, passing a language proficiency exam, or simply being able to have a conversation with a native speaker, having clear and achievable goals can help you stay focused on your language learning journey.In conclusion, the Total Immersion method has gained popularity as the most effective and practical approach to learning English. By immersing oneself in the language through various activities, engaging in regular conversation with native speakers, and practicing consistently, learners can achieve fluency and proficiency in English. Whether for academic, professional, or personal reasons, the Total Immersion method offers a comprehensive and flexible approach that is accessible and appealing to learners of all levels. If you are looking to improve your English language skills, consider implementing a Total Immersion English learning plan and see the results for yourself.。
英语课时a计划九年级人教版
英语课时a计划九年级人教版全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1English Class Hour A Plan for 9th Grade People's Education EditionThe English Class Hour A Plan for 9th Grade People's Education Edition is designed to help students build a strong foundation in English language skills. This plan focuses on developing students' reading, writing, listening, and speaking abilities in English. Students will also learn about English grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation to improve their overall communication skills.The plan includes a variety of activities and exercises that are designed to be engaging and interactive. These activities include group discussions, role-playing, games, and multimedia presentations. Students will have the opportunity to practice their English skills in a fun and supportive environment, allowing them to build their confidence and fluency in the language.The English Class Hour A Plan also includes regular assessments to track students' progress and identify areas forimprovement. Teachers will provide feedback on students' work and offer guidance on how to continue developing their English skills. By the end of the plan, students will have the knowledge and confidence to communicate effectively in English in a variety of contexts.Overall, the English Class Hour A Plan for 9th Grade People's Education Edition is a comprehensive and engaging program that will help students build a strong foundation in English language skills. Through a combination of interactive activities, assessments, and feedback, students will develop the confidence and fluency to communicate effectively in English.篇2English Class Plan for Ninth Grade People's Education EditionIntroduction:The English class plan for ninth grade aims to help students improve their English proficiency in various aspects such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Through awell-structured curriculum and engaging teaching methods, students will be able to develop their language skills andenhance their understanding of English grammar and vocabulary.Class Schedule:The English class will be held three times a week for a total of 90 minutes per session. Each session will be divided into different segments focusing on different language skills. The class plan will cover a wide range of topics and themes to keep students interested and motivated throughout the academic year.Curriculum Overview:The curriculum will be divided into four main units, each focusing on a specific language skill. The units are as follows:1. Listening and Speaking: In this unit, students will work on improving their listening and speaking skills through various listening exercises, discussions, and presentations.2. Reading and Comprehension: This unit will focus on improving students' reading comprehension skills through reading passages, comprehension questions, and vocabulary exercises.3. Writing and Grammar: In this unit, students will work on their writing skills through various writing assignments, grammar exercises, and sentence structure activities.4. Speaking and Presentation: This unit will focus on improving students' presentation skills through group discussions, debates, and oral presentations.Assessment and Evaluation:Students' progress will be continuously monitored through quizzes, tests, and assignments throughout the academic year. Feedback will be provided to students to help them improve their language skills and reach their full potential. At the end of the year, students will sit for a final examination to assess their overall performance in English.Conclusion:The English class plan for ninth grade aims to provide students with a comprehensive and engaging learning experience to help them develop their English language skills. By following this well-structured curriculum and engaging teaching methods, students will be able to enhance their language proficiency and become confident English speakers.篇3The English course plan for Grade 9 in the People's Education Edition (PEP) aims to help students improve their English language skills, with a focus on listening, speaking,reading, and writing. The curriculum is designed to build on the foundation laid in previous grades and to prepare students for the challenges of high school and beyond.The course is divided into five units, each focusing on a different theme, such as travel, technology, or environment. Within each unit, students will study a variety of topics related to the theme, including vocabulary, grammar, and reading comprehension. They will also be encouraged to participate in classroom discussions, group activities, and presentations to improve their speaking and listening skills.In addition to these in-class activities, students will also be assigned homework assignments, projects, and tests to assess their understanding of the material. This will help teachers track students' progress and provide extra support to those who may be struggling.The course also includes a focus on cultural literacy, with students learning about different English-speaking countries and their customs, traditions, and history. This will help students develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of the language and its global significance.Overall, the Grade 9 English course in the PEP edition is designed to challenge students to improve their language skills,broaden their knowledge of the world, and prepare them for success in high school and beyond. Through a combination of in-class activities, homework assignments, and cultural literacy, students will develop the confidence and skills necessary to communicate effectively in English.。
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approach involves firing array elements in a particular sequence to produce high-resolution images at a high frame rate with excellent signal-tonoise ratio (SNR). Unfortunately, PA systems are complex and expensive. This study proposes a simpler, cheaper, non-real-time ultrasonic array system incorporating the total focusing method (TFM), and the performance of the proposed system is compared with that of a commercial PA system. Studying results shows that both systems have similar apparent axial resolution, but the apparent lateral resolution of the proposed system is far better than the L-scan but falls short in S-scan of a commercial PA system under a quiet testing environment. Moreover, the array performance indicator (API) values of TFM are lower than those of S-scan and L-scan, and the TFM has the highest SNR than the other methods. These results show that the performance of TFM array system is better than the commercial PA system, except for time consumption when switching the channels. Automatically switching the source and receiver channels could further the development of inexpensive, high-performance TFM arrays for ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT). It is anticipated that rapid advancements in electronic components, computer science, and digital signal processing will lead to improvements in near-real-time TFM array systems.
of Total Focusing Method for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2013, pp. 557–563, doi:10.1520/JTE20120188. ISSN 0090-3973.
Manuscript received May 30, 2012; accepted for publication January 3, 2013; published online May 22, 2013.
1Dept. of Earth and El Chung Cheng Univ., Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan.
A Study of Total Focusing Method for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing
REFERENCE: Tseng, Po-Yen, Chang, Young-Fo, Lin, Chao-Ming, Nien, Wei-Jen, Chang, Chih-Hsiung, and Huang, Chih-Chung, “A Study
KEYWORDS: NDT, phased array, total focusing method, delay and sum
Introduction
Ultrasonic arrays comprise an arrangement of connected elements (piezoelectric materials) in a specific geometry, such that each element can be individually controlled to generate and receive ultrasonic waves. This method has been used for a wide range of applications, including sonar, medical diagnostics [1], and industrial non-destructive testing (NDT) [2]. One typical application is the phased array (PA), which is used to test for flaws in components of high geometric complexity [3,4], as well as medical ultrasound scanners [5,6], because of its outstanding flexibility compared to conventional single-element transducers. A detailed explanation of the theory and recent developments in PA technology can be found in Ref 7. In general, a typical PA system com-
3Dept. of Electronic Engineering, Hsiuping Univ. of Science and Technology, Taichung City 41280, Taiwan.
4General Education Center, National Chiayi Univ., Chiayi City 62103, Taiwan.
Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2013 Available online at doi:10.1520/JTE20120188
Po-Yen Tseng,1 Young-Fo Chang,2 Chao-Ming Lin,3 Wei-Jen Nien,1 Chih-Hsiung Chang,4 and Chih-Chung Huang5
Synthetic aperture (SA) imaging method is a digital signal processing method for image reconstruction to improve the image resolution. The synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) is one of the SA imaging methods based on the monostatic data acquisition technique. The lateral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a pulse-echo image can be improved using SAFT with a single element transducer [8]. This approach enables the recall of digitized B-scan images that can then be synthesized and refocused to any desired point. In addition, this method can be performed in the frequency domain to satisfy the need for rapid imaging [9]. SA imaging was applied to the array transducer in the 1970s and the dynamic focusing was gradually directed toward real-time implementation [1]. Multi-element synthetic aperture focusing (M-SAF) and synthetic transmit aperture (STA) techniques are the most common methods to provide real-time
5Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic Univ., New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
prises an array transducer, signal processor, and array controller. The array controller is designed to provide independent control of parallel transmit–receive channels. The signal processor and array controller are usually combined to form an acquisition unit for portable devices used in the field. Firing multiple elements sequentially with programmable delay times enables the steering and focusing of the ultrasonic wave fronts within the object of study. The advantage of using a PA system in NDT is the ability to make a real-time inspection in a variety of directions from a single transducer location, while meeting the requirement of a high frame rate.