湘潭大学2013年《英语》博士研究生入学考试试题
湘潭大学继续教育学院英语考试试题
湘潭大学继续教育学院英语考试试题Part 1 Dialogue Completion (15 points)Directions: there are 15 short incomplete dialogues in this part, each of them followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C or D. Choose the best one to complete the dialogue and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.1.Speaker A: I really appreciate your help.Speaker B: __________.A. Never mind.B. That’s a great idea.C. My pleasure.D. Don’t worry. Everything will be fine.2. Kris: Mary, tomorrow is my birthday. Would you like to come to my birthday party tomorrowevening?Mary: ___________.A .I’d like to. B. Tomorrow will be a fine day. C. Don’t worry. I will do it for you. D.Sure.3. Ted: Your friend Tom was seriously injured in a car accident yesterday.Ron: ___________.A. I’m very annoyed at this news.B. I’m glad to hear this. I’m awfully sorry to hear that.C. Do you know where he is now?D. That’s a real let-down.4. Laura: I feel very tired after a day’s work.Hilary: Why do n’t you go out for a walk?Laura: _________.A.I don’t think so.B. That sounds nice.C. Do you like walking?D. So long.5. Emma: I can’t stand living in this place any more.Mathew: ___________.A. Why don’t you move then?B. You’d better choose what you like.C. You’d probably have to go by yourself.D. Sorry, I have no idea about what you have said.6. Harry: I won’t have it any more.Ruth: ___________.A. So do I.B. so will I .C. Nor doI.D. neither will I.7. Roger: Have a nice weekend!Janet: ___________.A. The same to you.B. You do too.C. The same as you.D. You have it too.8. Maria: Do you think you will get a pay rise next year?Leo: ___________.A.I hope so .B. I’m afraid so.C. I believe not so.D. I hope not so.9. Wendy: _________?Wayne: For about 2 weeks.A. How long are you going to stay hereB. How soon will you leave this placeC. How often do you come hereD. How many times have you come here10. Jeremy: __________?Max: Wonderful.A. What’s the film aboutB. How did you like the filmC. What do you think of the filmD. How about seeing the film11. Thomas:__________?Ronald: I’m going to do a bit of research work. What abo ut you?A. What’s your plan for this weekendB. How are you getting on with your research workC. Will you make a plan for this weekendD. Will you have a good time this weekend12. Dick: Don’t forget to come to our party tomorrow.Judy: __________.A. I don’t.B.I won’t.C.I can’t.D. I haven’t.13. Jodie: The light in the office is still on.Folia: Oh, I forgot___________.A. turning it offB. turn it offC. to turn it off havingD. turned it off14. Gavin: Could I borrow your dictionary?Darren: Yes, of course you____.A. mightB. willC. canD. should15. Brazil: May I use your phone?Wendy:_______.A. It’s doesn’t matter.B. Go ahead. C .No, I don’t mind. D. No, you needn’t. Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each of the passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For e each of them followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C or D. Choose the best one to complete the dialogue and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.Passage OneThe concept of culture has been defined many times, and although no definition has achieved universal acceptance, most of the definitions include three central ideas: that culture is passed n from generation to generation, that a culture represents a ready-made prescription for living and for making day-to-day decisions, and, finally, that the components of a culture are accepted by those in the culture as good, and true, and not to be questioned. The eminent anthropologist George Murdock has listed seventy-three items that characterize every known culture, past and present. The list begins with Age-grading and Athletic sports, runs to Weaning and Weather Control, and includes on the way such items as Calendar, Fire making, Property Rights, and Tool making . I would submit that even the most extreme advocate of a culture of poverty viewpoint would readily acknowledge that, with respect to almost all of these items, every American, beyond the first generation immigrant, regardless of race or class, is a member of a common culture. We all share pretty much the same sports. Maybe poor kids don't know how to play polo, and rich kidsdon't spend time with stickball, but we all know baseball, and football, and basketball. Despite some misguided efforts to raise minor dialects to the status of separate tongues, we all, in fact, share the same language. There may be differences in diction and usage, but it would be ridiculous to say that all Americans don't speak English. We have the calendar, the law, and large numbers of other cultural items in common. It may well be true that on a few of the seventy-three items there are minor variations between classes, but these kinds of things are really slight variations on a common theme. There are other items that show variability, not in relation to class, but in relation to religion and ethnic background-funeral customs and cooking, for example. But if there is one place in America where the melting pot is a reality, it is on the kitchen stove; in the course of one month, half the readers of this sentence have probably eaten pizza, hot pastrami, and chow mein. Specific differences that might be identified a signs of separate cultural identity are relatively insignificant within the general unity of American life; they are cultural commas and semicolons in the paragraphs and pages of American life.16. According to the author's definition of culture, ____ .A. a culture should be accepted and maintained universallyB. a culture should be free from falsehood and evilsC. the items of a culture should be taken for granted by peopleD. the items of a culture should be accepted by well-educated people17. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. Baseball, football and basketball are popular sports in America.B. Pizza, hot pastrami, and chow main are popular diet in America.C. There is no variation in using the American calendar.D. There is no variation in using the American language.18. It can be inferred that all the following will most probably be included in the seventy-three items except ____.A. heir and heritageB. childrearing practicesC. dream patternsD. table manners19. By saying that ""they are cultural commas and semicolons..."" the author means that commas and semicolons ____.A. can be interpreted as subculture of American lifeB. can be identified as various ways of American lifeC. stand for work and rest in American lifeD. are preferred in writing the stories concerning American life20. The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to ____.A. prove that different people have different definitions of cultureB. inform that variations exist as far as a culture is concernedC. indicate that culture is closely connected with social classesD. show that the idea that the poor constitute a separate culture is an absurdityPassage TwoIt is 3A.M. Everything on the university campus seems ghostlike in the quiet, misty darkness - everythingexcept the computer center. Here, twenty students rumpled and bleary-eyed, sit transfixed at their consoles, tapping away on the terminal keys. With eyes glued to the video screen, they tap on for hours. For the rest of the world, it might be the middle of the night, but heretime does not exist. This is a world unto itself. These young computer ""hackers"" are pursuing a kind of compulsion, a drive so consuming it overshadows nearly every other part of their lives and forms the focal point of their existence. They are compulsive computer programmers. Some of these students have been at the console for thirty hours or more without a break for meals or sleep. Some have fallen asleep on sofas and lounge chairs in the computer center, trying to catch a few winks but loathe to get too far away from their beloved machines.Most of these students don't have to be at the computer center in the middle of the night. They aren't working on assignments. They are there because they want to be - they are irresistibly drawn there.And they are not alone. There are hackers at computer centers all across the country. In their extreme form, they focus on nothing else. They flunk out of school and lose contact with friends; they might have difficulty finding jobs, choosing instead to wander from one computer center to another. They may even forgo personal hygiene."I remember one hacker. We literally had to carry him off his chair to feed him and put him to sleep. We really feared for his health," says a computer science professor at MIT.Computer science teachers are now more aware of the implications of this hacker phenomenon and are on the lookout for potential hackers and cases of computer addiction that are already severe. They know that the case of the hackers is not just the story of one person's relationship with a machine. It is the story of a society's relationship to the so-called thinking machines, which are becoming almost ubiquitous.21. We can learn from the passage that those at the computer center in the middle of the night are ____.A. students working on a programB. students using computers to amuse themselvesC. hard-working computer science majorsD. students deeply fascinated by the computer22. Which of the following is NOT true of those young computer "hackers"?A. Most of them are top students majoring in computer programming.B. For them, computer programming is the sole purpose for their life.C. They can stay with the computer at the center for nearly three days on end.D. Their ""love"" for the computer is so deep that they want to be near their machines even when they sleep.23. It can be reasonably inferred from the passage that ____.A. the ""hacker"" phenomenon exists only at university computer centersB. university computer centers are open to almost everyoneC. university computer centers are expecting outstanding programmers out of the "hackers"D. the "hacker" phenomenon is partly attributable to the deficiency of the computer centers24. The author's attitude towards the "hacker" phenomenon can be described as ____.A. affirmativeB. contemptuousC. anxiousD. disgusted25. Which of the following may be a most appropriate title for the passage?A. The Charm of Computer ScienceB. A New Type of Electronic ToysC. Compulsive Computer ProgrammersD. Computer AddictsPassage ThreeEvery profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary. Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fibre of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound, and more generally understood, than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary. Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild. The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associated freely with his fellow-creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called ""popular science"" makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it - as in the case of the Roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.26. Special words used in technical discussion ____.A. never last longB. are considered artificial language speechC. should be confined to scientific fieldsD. may become part of common speech27. It is true that ____.A. an educated person would be expected to know most technical termsB. everyone is interested in scientific findingsC. the average man often uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language not meant for himD. various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects and jargons28. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of technical terms in the terminology ofA. farmingB. sportsC. governmentD. fishery29. The writer of the article was, no doubt ____.A. a linguistB. an essayistC. a scientistD. an attorney30. The author's main purpose in the passage is to ____.A. describe a phenomenonB. be entertainingC. argue a beliefD. propose a solutionPassage FourIn the days immediately following hurricane Andrew's deadly visit to South Florida, Allstate Insurance hastily dispatched more than 2,000 extra claim adjusters to the devastated area to assist the 200 stationed there. Many of the reserves arrived in convoys of motor homes. Others flew infrom as far away as Alaska and California. Since the storm had knocked out telephone lines, Allstate rushed to set up its own communications system. Allatate expects to pay out 1.2 billion to cover more than 121,000 damage claims as a result of Andrew.All told, U.S. property and casualty insurers have been hit with more than 8 billion in Andrew-related claims, making the hurricane the most costly single calamity to strike the industry since the San Francisco earthquake and fire in 1906 (cost: 6 billion, after inflation). With claims continuing to pour in, Andrew threatens to take a painful toll on the already battered property-casualty insurance industry and its 100 million policy-holders. The final bill, analysts predict, is likely to top 10 billion. While most well-capitalized insurers are expected to weather the storm, less anchored firms are in danger of being blown away, leaving U.S. consumers stuck with the tab. Says Sean Mooney, senior researcher at the Insurance Information Institute: "It will take years before the industry digs itself out from the wreckage left by Andrew. Some [companies] will be buried by it."Hurricane Andrew is the latest in a string of mishaps to plague the American insurance industry this year. In April an overflowing Chicago River flooded the city's downtown district, costing insurers 300 million in claims. A month later, Los Angeles was rocked by the worst civilian riot in the U.S. since the Civil War. The insurance toll: 1 billion. Then came a series of major hailstorms in Texas, Florida an Kansas. They cost insurers a combined 700 million. And two weeks after Andrew, another lethal hurricane, Inky, smashed into Hawaii, causing 1.4 billion in damages. In all, property and casualty insurers have paid out a record 13 billion in claims so far this year, far surpassing the previous high of 7.6 billion in 1989, the year of Hurricane Hugo and California's Bay Area earthquake. Just as in that year, when those catastrophes were followed by substantial increases in insurance premiums, insurers are already lobbying for rate relief.31. According to the passage, ""Allstate Insurance"" most likely refers to ____.A. one of the property and casualty insurers in the U.S.B. the only insurance company responsible for the damage claims by AndrewC. the insurance industry as a wholeD. the biggest insurance company in the U.S.32. As is stated in the second paragraph, the result of Hurricane Andrew is likely to ____.A. lead to inflation throughout the U.S.B. make the largest insurers suffer the mostC. put the industry in Sough Florida out of actionD. cause insurers with insufficient funds to go bankrupt33. Using context clues, we may infer that "stuck with the tab" most probably means ____.A. "caught in the hurricane"B. "exposed to natural disasters"C. "trapped in financial difficulties"D. "extremely vulnerable to further damages"34. The end of the passage implies that, to compensate for their huge loss, the insurers will ____.A. resort to a very big increase in insurance premiumsB. ask for subsidies from the federal governmentC. reduce their insurance coverage thereafterD. require a higher interest rate from the bank35. The main purpose of the passage is to ____.A. show the severe damages and heavy losses caused by Hurricane AndrewB. suggest that U.S. insurers are virtually unable to cover the damage claims any moreC. tell about the difficult situation faced by the insurers throughout the U.S.D. prove that disasters tend to cause ever worsening devastation as time goes onPart II Vocabulary and Structure（15 points）Directions：In this part there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A，B，C，and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 36. By no means _____to move to a new place far away from her workplace，because it isn't convenient for her family and herself.A. Jane will agreeB. will Jane agreeC. Jane will disagreeD. will Jane disagree37. You can，_____ the sky is clear，see as far as the old temple on top of the mountain，but not today.A. whenB. whereC. thoughD. because38. With everything she needed _____，she went out of the shop，with her hands full of shopping bags.A. boughtB. to buC. buyingD. buy39. Having taken our seats，_____.A. the professor began the lectureB. the lecture began in no timeC. we were attracted by the lecturer immediatelyD. the bell announced the beginning of the lecture40. In recent years many football clubs _____ as business to make a profit.A. have runB. have been runC. had been runD. will run41. After 15 years in the United States，he has finally decided to_____ American citizenship.A. concentrate onB. apply forC. look out forD. appeal on42. It is well known that teaching is a job _____ enough patience.A. calling onB. calling offC. calling forD. calling in43. Surely it doesn't matter where the clubs get their money；what_____ is what they do with it.A. countsB. appliesC. stressesD. functions44. I didn't expect to receive a postcard from you！It's really _____my wildest imagination.A. behindB. beyondC. exceptD. through45. It doesn't make____ to buy that expensive coat when thesecheaper ones are just as good.A. senseB. opinionC. useD. program46. The task is too much for me，so I can't carry on _____ any longer.I must get some help.A. singlyB. simplyC. alonD. lonely47. Americans eat _____vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.A. more than twiceB. as twice as manyC. twice as manyD. more than twice as many48. The two girls are getting on very well and share _______ with each other.A. littleB. muchC. someD. none49. The taxi driver was put in_____prison because his car had knocked down a child. His wife went to_____ prison to see him twice a month.A./；/B. the；theC./；theD. the；/50.Without my glasses I can hardly_____ what has been written in the letter.A. make forB. make upC. make outD. make over51.Her heart _____faster when she entered the exam hall.A. jumpedB. sankC. beatD. hit52. Would you mind keeping a（n）_____ on the house for us while we are away？A. eyeB. lookC. handD. view53. I am afraid that his phone number has slipped my _____for the moment.A. headB. brainC. mindD. sense54. It was the wealth of the _____pioneer landowner John Harvard that made Harvard Universitypossible.A. preciousB. curiousC. anxiousD. prosperous55. I am not sure whether we can give the right advice _____emergency.A. on account ofB. in case ofC. at the risk ofD. in spite of56. Vingo was released from prison _____the successful efforts of his friends to prove his innocence.A. according toB. as a result ofC. for reasons ofD. with the help of57. Some of the meat came from Canada. How about_____？A. anotherB. the otherC. othersD. the rest58. The man has a special talent for art and is _____of a musician.A. anybodyB. anythingC. somebodD. something59. I know Jonathan quite well and never doubt_____ he can do a good job of it.A. whetherB. thatC. whenD. what50. How many more decades will have to pass_____scientists succeed in providing a cure for cancer？A. whenB. beforeC. sinceD. until61. The engineer is not happy with the project，and_____is her boss.A. neitherB. soC. eitherD. as62. _____ for a long time，but he tried his best to catch up with his classmates.A. Having been illB. Being illC. Though he was illD. He was ill63. How close parents are to their children _____a strong influence on the development of the children's character.A. haveB. hasC. havingD. had64. He changed his name，_____ that nobody would find out what he had done before.A. having thoughtB. to thinkC. thinksD. thinking65. There is so much work _____today Would you be kind enough to lend me a hand？A. having doneB. to be doneC. being doneD. will be donePart IV Cloze Test (10 points)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each sentence there are four marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. 66 the turn of the century when jazz was born, America had no prominent 67 of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was 68 , or by whom. But it began to be 69 in the early 1900s.Jazz is America’s contribution to70 music. In contrast to classical music, which 71 formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free form. It bubbles with energy, 72 the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz 73 like America, and 74it does today. The 75 of this music are as interesting as the music 76 .American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz 77 .They were brought to Southern States 78 slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long 79 . When a Negro died his friend and relatives 80 a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the 81 .On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. 82 on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their 83 , but the living were glad to be alive. The band played84music, improvising(即兴表演) on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes 8 at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.66. A. By B. At C. In D. On67. A. music B .song C. melody D. style68. A. discovered B. acted C. invented D. designed69. A. noticed B. found C. listened D. heard70. A. classical B. sacred C. popular D. light71. A. forms B. follows C. approaches D. introduces72. A. expressing B. explaining C. exposing D. illustrating73. A. appeared B. felt C. seemed D. sounded74. A. as B. so C. either D. neither75. A. origins B. originals C. discoveries D. resources76.A. concerned B. itself C. available D. oneself77.A. players B. followers C. fans D. pioneers78. A. for B. as C. with D. by79. A. months B. weeks C .hours D. times80. A. demonstrated B. composed C. hosted D. formed 81.A.demonstration B. procession C. body D. march82.A.Even B. Therefore C. Furthermore D. But83. A. number B. members C. body D. relations84.A.sad B. solemn C. happy D. funeral85. A. whistled B. sung C. presented D. showedPart V WritingDirection: Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Starting Career in a Big City or Small Town？You should write at least 100 words following the outline given below in Chinese (20 points)1. 很多的大学生毕业后留在大城市工作；2. 也有人选择到小城镇开始自己的职业生涯；3. 结合自己的实际情况谈谈自己的想法。
2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解试卷一（Paper One）Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. A cough.B. Diarrhea.C. A fever.D. Vomiting.【答案】B【解析】录音中女士说“He has a chesty cough all the time”，“His temperature is high”，“He just brings up (呕吐) bile (胆汁)”，由此可知，这个小男孩生病的症状有咳嗽，发烧和呕吐，并没有腹泻（diarrhea），故答案为B项。
2013年研究生入学考试英语一试题
2013年研究生入学考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of apperaring too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was 11 。
2013年研究生入学考试英语二真题及答案解析
2013年研究生入学考试英语二真题及答案解析（完整版）发布时间：2013-01-07 15:11:12 作者：peixunhu@wgx 来源：培训呼导学网浏览：144 【大】【中】【小】Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made el ectronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment ―would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,‖ only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has the mov ement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more effici ent than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the d isappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the comp uter, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electroni c money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advant age that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling t o ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of " float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12__ _ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are imm ediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of p ayment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports t hat an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and t o alter information ___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons mi ght be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17 ___ funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own. The___18___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of co mputer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ th at contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worrie s that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these dat a, thereby encroaching on our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail答案：1-5: ADBDC6-10: BBDBA11-15: ADCCC16-20: CABAD【答案详解】1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 本题考察逻辑关系[选项分析] 因为考察逻辑关系，所以需要我们先对填空前后的原文信息做定位分析：填空之后的信息为”a true cashless society is probably not aro und the corner .”(一个无现金社会不太可能马上出现)，而文章之前的信息都是在说我们可能马上就进入一个无现金社会，两者之间出现了明显的转折关系，因此只有however符合题意。
湘潭大学成人本科学位英语考试真题
湘潭大学成人本科学位英语考试真题Unfortunately, I am unable to provide you with the actual exam questions from the Xiangtan University adult undergraduate degree English examination, as this information is copyrighted and typically not made public. Additionally, the requirement for a minimum of 1000 wordsis not applicable to this type of query, as exam questions are typically concise and specific.However, I can provide you with general information about the structure and format of such exams, which may be helpful in your preparation. Adult undergraduate degree English exams typically cover a range of language skills, including reading comprehension, writing, listening, and speaking. The reading comprehension section may include passages followed by questions that test your understanding of the content. The writing section may require you towrite an essay or complete a writing task based on a given prompt. Listening and speaking sections may test yourability to understand and respond to spoken English.To prepare for such an exam, it is recommended that you focus on improving your language skills in all areas. Thismay include reading English materials regularly, practicing writing essays and other types of written communication, listening to English audio or watching English videos, and practicing speaking English with others. Additionally, you may find it helpful to review past exam questions or practice tests to familiarize yourself with the format and types of questions you may encounter on the actual exam.Please note that while preparing for the exam, it is important to respect the copyright of the exam materials. Do not attempt to obtain or distribute illegal copies of exam questions or answers. Instead, focus on improving your language skills and preparing for the exam in a legitimate and ethical manner.。
湘潭大学攻读博士学位研究生学科综合考试
湘潭大学攻读博士学位研究生学科综合考试
（本表由考试委员会秘书填写，一式两份交研究生院和存研究生档案。
博士研究生综合考试是能否进行博士学位论文相关科研工作的资格考试，主要采取口试的形式，也可以是口试与笔试相结合。
表格的填写要求记录口试过程中的主要环节和考试的核心内容，尤其是研究生回答问题的情况。
考试记录一律记录在记录纸上。
如果有笔试内容，研究生的笔试答题纸应该用与本表格格式等大的记录纸（可以复印和打印），以备存档。
姓名：学号：研究方向：导师姓名：
学院：专业：。
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） (总题数：15，分数：15.00)A.A coughB.Diarrhea √C.A feverD.Vomiting解析：A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisryngitisD.Flu √解析：A.In his bag.B.By the lamp.C.In his house. √D.No idea about where he left it.解析：A.He’s nearly finished his work.B.He has to work for some more time. √C.He wants to leave now.D.He has trouble finishing his work.解析：A.A patientB.A doctorC.A teacherD.A student √解析：A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136 √解析：A.He is the head of the hospital.B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.C.He went out looking for Dan.D.He went to Michigan on business. √解析：A.He has got a fever.B.He is a talented skier.C.He is very rich.D.He is a real ski enthusiast. √解析：A.To ask local people for help.B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C.Try to act like the people from that culture. √D.Stay with your country fellows.解析：A.She married because of loneliness.B.She married a millionaire.C.She married for money. √D.She married for love.解析：A.AspirantB.Courageous √C.CautiousD.Amiable解析：A.He was unhappy.B.He was feeling a bit unwell. √C.He went to see the doctor.D.The weather was nasty.解析：A.You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C.It’s a very popular magazine.√D.It doesn’t sell very well.解析：A.A general practitioner.B.A gynecologist. √C.An orthopedistD.A surgeon.解析：A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.Injections √D.Surgery解析：二、Section B (总题数：3，分数：15.00)A.It is a genetic disorder.B.It is a respiratory condition in pigs. √C.It is an illness from birds to humans.D.It is a gastric ailment.解析：A.Eating pork.B.Raising pigs. √C.Eating chicken.D.Breeding birds.解析：A.Running noseB.Inappetence √C.Pains all overD.Diarrhea解析：A.To stay from crowds. √B.To see the doctor immediately.C.To avoid medications.D.To go to the nearby clinic.解析：A.It is a debate.B.It is a TV program. √C.It is a consultation.D.It is a workshop.解析：A.About 10,000,000. √B.About 1,000,000.C.About 100,000.D.About 10,000.解析：A.A cocktail of vitamins.B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium. √C.The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D.The combination of minerals.解析：A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. √B.The inner ear cells.C.The eardrums.D.The inner ear ossicles.解析：A.General Motors.B.The United Auto Workers.C.NIH √D.All of above.解析：A.An industrial trial in Spain.itary trials in Spain and Sweden.C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden. √D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida. 解析：A.The link between obesity and birth defects. √B.The link between obesity and diabetes.C.The risk of birth abnormalities.D.The harmful effects of obesity.解析：A.Neural tube defects.B.Heart problems.C.Cleft lip and palateD.Diabetes √解析：A.20 million.B.200 million.C.400 million. √D.40 million.解析：A.A weight-loss surgery. √B.A balanced diet.C.A change of life style.D.More exercise.解析：A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.B.How obesity may cause birth defects. √C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.D.How obesity may cause diabetes.解析：三、Part II Vocabulary (10%) (总题数：10，分数：5.00)16.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.（分数：0.50）A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed √解析：17.As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year. （分数：0.50）A.sternB.slack √C.sumptuousD.glamorous解析：18.As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ___________.（分数：0.50）A.mechanismB.miniatureC.medium √D.means解析：19.Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane. （分数：0.50）A.flexibility √B.moralityC.capacityD.productivity解析：20.In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country –recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.（分数：0.50）A.denialB.reversal √C.intervalD.withdrawal解析：21.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.（分数：0.50）A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgar √D.stagnant解析：22.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and_____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.（分数：0.50）A.sustainable √B.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable解析：23.In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.（分数：0.50）A.rationalB.radicalC.conservative √D.progressive解析：24.Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.（分数：0.50）A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating √解析：25.It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.（分数：0.50）A.at large √B.at randomC.on endD.on average解析：四、Section B (总题数：10，分数：5.00)26.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount. （分数：0.50）A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacks √D.discrepancies解析：27.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.（分数：0.50）A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake √解析：28.After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country. （分数：0.50）A.improvedB.burdened √C.inspectedD.tariffed解析：29.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.（分数：0.50）A.a fit of enthusiasmB.a scream of frightC.a burst of laughter √D.a cry of anguish解析：30.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.（分数：0.50）A.loan √B.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval解析：31.The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.（分数：0.50）A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute √解析：32.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise. （分数：0.50）A.irritated √B.tamedC.stampedD.probed解析：33.The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.（分数：0.50）A.inductionB.perception √C.interpretationD.penetration解析：34.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect. （分数：0.50）A.presentation √B.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation解析：35.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.（分数：0.50）A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonably √D.unconventionally解析：五、Part III Cloze (10%) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.” The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said. Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. （分数：10.00）A.crucial for √B.available inC.resulting fromD.ascribed to解析：A.in disguise ofB.in shades of √C.in search ofD.in place of解析：A.This is howB.That’s why√C.It is not thatD.There exists解析：A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying √解析：A.thoughB.not to sayC.not just one √D.as well解析：A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once √解析：A.as opposed toB.in addition toC.as a result of √D.in spite of解析：A.benefits √B.defectsC.approachesD.risks解析：A.in caseB.in advanceC.in returnD.in particular √解析：A.effectB.reason √C.outcomeD.conclusion解析：六、Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%) (总题数：6，分数：30.00)Passage one There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unrepor ted so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression. Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upb ringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties –can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable. （分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________. （分数：1.00）A.in terms of physical environmentB.form a biological perspective √C.based on the empirical dataD.in a statistical way解析：(2).When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.a particular gene is passed on in familiesB.child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency √D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse解析：(3).The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior ___________. （分数：1.00）A.boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD.active measures ought to be taken at an early age √解析：(4).To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB.the consequences of compromising democracyC.the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD.the greater cost of failing to intervene √解析：(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Parenting Strategies for KidsB.The Making of a Criminal √C.Parental EducationD.Abusive Parenting解析：Passage two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man wit h HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon –and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses. （分数：5.00）(1).Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.The end of the world.B.A candle of hope. √C.A Nobel prize.D.A Quick Fix.解析：(2).According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would ___________. （分数：1.00）A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy √B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionpel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD.would change the way we look at those with AIDS解析：(3).As another bit of good news, ___________. （分数：1.00）A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART √C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years解析：(4).The last reason for optimism is that ___________. （分数：1.00）ernments will invest more in improving ARTB.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline √C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem解析：(5).The whole passage carries a tone of ___________. （分数：1.00）A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism √解析：Passage Three Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything? Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物) for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged. Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for. Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster. （分数：5.00）(1).The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________. （分数：1.00）A.seem to have no answers whateverB.are intended to dig for ancient human minds √C.are not scientific enough to be answered hereD.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance解析：(2).The scientists find the proxy to be ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the role of culture √B.the passage of timeC.the structure of a skullD.the biological makeup of the brain解析：(3).According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.human civilization came too lateB.the hardware retained biologically staticC.it took so long for the software to evolve √D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment解析：(4).From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB.the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution √D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain解析：(5).Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.its cognitive development is extremely slowB.to know its past is to understand its future √C.its biological evolution is hard to predictD.as the brain develops, so as the mind解析：Passage Four Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it? One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate. Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”. PlanB involves making sure we have large scale geoengineeringtechnolo gies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing. Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change. Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.（分数：5.00）(1).To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________. （分数：1.00）A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient √B.the warning against worsening climate changeC.the inevitable consequence of global warmingD.the misconception of a warmer world解析：(2).As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________. （分数：1.00）A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB.have nowhere to go but live in the desertC.become victims as soon as 2050D.move closer to the poles √解析：(3).It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________. （分数：1.00）A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions √B.to take protective measures by 2025C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles解析：(4).Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________. （分数：1.00）A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC.to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD.to manage the Earth’s thermostat√解析：(5).Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for? （分数：1.00）A.It’s Time to Go GreenB.Energy-efficient measures must be taken √C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD.For the Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe解析：Passage Five Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s m other, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green l ight to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way. Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to earl y Alzheimer’s? Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion. （分数：5.00）(1).Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________. （分数：1.00）A.a cheat in boasting its biological productsB.donor sperm as a productC.problematic donor sperm √D.a breach of confidentiality解析：(2).It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm_____________. （分数：1.00）A.without knowing its potential dangers √B.regardless of repeated warningsC.for the reason of quality supplyD.for their desperate needs解析：(3).The question from the case is whether ___________. （分数：1.00）A.people are entitled to donor spermB.donated sperm should be just a product √C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bankD.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certified解析：(4).It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________. （分数：1.00）A.treat donor sperm as a productB.screen out the fragile X mutationC.manage their business as others do in NYD.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect √解析：(5).The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________. （分数：1.00）A.Donovan will surely win the case in courtB.any product could have a defect in one way or another。
全国各大高校博士研究生入学考试英语作文试题
清华大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part ⅤWriting (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the follo wing outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。
2. 使我难忘的原因是。
3. 它对我后来的影响是。
北京大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Five WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below: (15%)Topic: Write in 250～300 words about China s auto industry.北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题Part FiveWritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. (15%)Topic: Comment on the Development of the Internet北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part SixWritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises中国人民大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题ⅥWriting (20 points)Directions: Write an essay in no less than 200 words with the title “Opportunities and challenges with the coming of Globalization.”中国人民大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题ⅥWriting (20 points)Write an essay in no less than 250 words with the title “Social Sciences a nd the Humanities should Play a More Important Role in the 21st Century”.中国人民大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题ⅥWriting (20 points)Directions: Write an essay in no less than 250 words with the title “My Understanding of Globalization”. Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.武汉大学2002 年博士研究生入学考试试题Part ⅥWriting (15%)Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a compositon entitled Pressures of Modern Man in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines.1. 现代人会遇到各种各样的压力2. 压力的来源3. 如何减轻自己的压力武汉大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅵ. Writing (15%)Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled Looking Forward to the New Reform of College English in China in no less than 200 words. Your compositon should be based on the following outlines.1. 有些人认为随着各种高水平电子课件的制作与引进，大学生基本上可以自学英语了。