The Basic English Words of Communication for General Purposes
英语 三字经
英语三字经Knowledge is power. Learning is essential. Education shapes individuals, societies, and the world. English, as a global language, plays a crucial role in today's interconnected world. It bridges cultures, facilitates communication, and opens doors to countless opportunities. In order to excel in this language, it is essential to start with the basics. The following "English Three-Character Classic" provides a concise guide for learners to grasp the fundamentals of the English language.1. PronunciationEnglish pronunciation can be tricky, but with practice, it becomes manageable. Familiarize yourself with the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to understand the sounds of English accurately. Mastering the correct pronunciation of vowels, consonants, and diphthongs is crucial for clear communication. Practice listening to native English speakers, repeat phrases, and record yourself for self-evaluation.2. VocabularyBuilding a strong vocabulary is fundamental to achieving fluency in English. Start by acquiring essential words and gradually expand your knowledge. Develop a habit of learning new words every day through various methods. Reading extensively, using flashcards, and engaging in conversations will help you enhance your vocabulary. Furthermore, learning synonyms, antonyms, and idiomatic expressions will broaden your linguistic abilities.3. GrammarEnglish grammar lays the foundation for effective communication. Understanding the rules of grammar enables learners to express their thoughts accurately. Study the fundamentals of sentence structure, parts of speech, tenses, and syntax. Practice constructing grammatically correct sentences and seek feedback to improve your skills. Online resources, grammar books, and language courses can assist in mastering English grammar.4. Reading ComprehensionReading comprehension is vital for understanding written English. Start with simple texts and gradually progress to more complex materials. Read widely, including fiction, non-fiction, newspapers, and magazines. Identify and analyze the main ideas, supporting details, and rhetorical devices used in the text. Summarize what you have read and discuss it with others to strengthen your comprehension skills.5. Writing SkillsEffective writing showcases clarity, coherence, and cohesion. Practice different forms of writing, including essays, emails, reports, and creative pieces. Focus on organizing your ideas, developing a clear thesis statement, and utilizing appropriate language. Proofread your work to eliminate grammatical errors and enhance overall readability. Seek guidance from teachers, native speakers, or writing tutors to refine your writing skills.6. Listening SkillsListening is a fundamental component of English language acquisition. Develop your listening skills by immersing yourself in English media, suchas films, podcasts, and music. Follow conversations, take note of new vocabulary, and practice understanding different accents. Participate in listening exercises and seek opportunities for dialogue with native English speakers to improve your listening comprehension.7. Speaking SkillsFluency in speaking English is achieved through practice and confidence. Engage in conversations with native speakers or language exchange partners to enhance your speaking skills. Join discussion groups, participate in debates, and deliver presentations to gain confidence in expressing your ideas. Pay attention to pronunciation, intonation, and fluency to communicate effectively in spoken English.8. Cultural UnderstandingEnglish is deeply intertwined with different cultures around the world. To truly master the language, it is crucial to understand the cultural context in which English is used. Familiarize yourself with English-speaking countries, their traditions, customs, and social norms. Embrace cultural diversity, respect differences, and cultivate an open-minded attitude in order to effectively engage with English speakers from various backgrounds.In conclusion, the "English Three-Character Classic" serves as a guide for learners to navigate the intricacies of the English language. Pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, reading comprehension, writing skills, listening skills, speaking skills, and cultural understanding form the essential pillars of English language acquisition. Endeavor to practice daily, remain persistent, and explore various resources in order to excel in English.Remember, mastery of the basics is the key to success in any language learning journey.。
Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary第一章
第一章：Basic Concepts of Words and Voculary词的基本知识1.1 What is a wordLinguists: 语言学家a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function 单词是最小的自由形式具有给定声音的语言意义和句法功能。
1视觉角度a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper一组有意义的字母打印或者写出来横排在一张纸上2口语角度a word is viewed as a sound or combination of sound which are made voluntarily with human vocal equipment一个词被视为一个声音或声音的组合是由人类发声器官自动组合而成的3语义学家a word is a unit of meaning一个词就是一个意义单位4语法学家a word be a free form that can function in sentence一个单词是可以在句子中起到自由形式的作用简答模板or例句(1) man and fine are simple, but they each have sound, meaning and syntactic function, and each can be used alone in a sentence. Naturally they are words.man和fine都很简单，但它们都有发音、意义和句法功能，而且都可以单独用于句子中。
它们自然是文字。
(2) There are words which are complex such as misfortune and management. Both are polysyllabic words and can function as subject object and predictive in a sentence.有些词很复杂如“misfortune”和“management”。
英语初级资料-词汇会话
03
Situational dialogue
At the restaurant
Restaurant Reservation Book a table for two at 7 pm.
We would like to make a reservation for three on Saturday at 8 pm.
04
Vocabulary exercises
Fill in the blank practice
总结词
提高词汇量
详细描述
通过填空练习，学生可以巩固和扩展他们的词汇量。这些练习通常提供句子或段 落，并要求学生填写适当的单词以完成句子或段落。这种练习有助于学生更好地 理解单词的用法和语境。
Multiple choice exercises
House
A building that is used as a place of residence for people.
Common verbs
Eat
To put food into your mouth and swallow it.
Walk
To move one's feet in a regular pattern, usually on the ground.
At the restaurant
• I'm sorry, we don't have any tables available for two at that time. Would you like to book a table for four instead?
At the restaurant
Fast
Moving or operating quickly or at a high speed.
练习口语的英语读物
练习口语的英语读物# Enhancing Your English Speaking Skills: A Guide toEffective Oral PracticeIn today's globalized world, English has become a vital tool for communication. Whether you're aiming to excel in your career, travel the world, or simply enjoy a good conversation with friends from different cultures, mastering the art of speaking English is essential. This guide will provide you with practical tips and strategies to improve your English speaking skills.## 1. Start with the BasicsThe foundation of any language is its basic elements: vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Begin by expanding your vocabulary with common words and phrases. Understand the basic rules of English grammar to construct sentences correctly. And practice the correct pronunciation of words to ensure clarity in communication.## 2. Imitate Native SpeakersOne of the most effective ways to improve your speakingskills is to listen to and imitate native speakers. Watch English movies, listen to podcasts, and follow English speakers on social media platforms. Pay attention to their intonation, stress, and rhythm. Try to mimic their speech patterns.## 3. Practice RegularlyConsistency is key when it comes to language learning. Set aside time each day to practice speaking English. You can do this by reading aloud, narrating your daily activities, or even talking to yourself in English.## 4. Use Language Learning AppsThere are numerous apps available that can help you practice speaking English. These apps often include features like speech recognition, which can provide instant feedback on your pronunciation and fluency.## 5. Engage in ConversationsFind language exchange partners or join English-speaking communities online. Engaging in conversations with native speakers or other learners can significantly improve your speaking skills. Don't be afraid to make mistakes; they are an essential part of the learning process.## 6. Record YourselfRecording your voice while speaking English can be a powerful tool for self-assessment. Listen to the recordings toidentify areas that need improvement, such as pronunciation, intonation, or fluency.## 7. Learn and Use IdiomsIdioms are an integral part of any language and can make your speech sound more natural. Learn common English idioms andtry to use them in your conversations.## 8. Think in EnglishTo become fluent, start thinking in English. This will help you to respond more quickly and naturally in conversations without having to translate from your native language.## 9. Join a Language Class or ClubIf possible, join an English language class or club. This provides a structured learning environment and the opportunity to practice with others who are also learning.## 10. Be Patient and PersistentLanguage learning is a journey. Be patient with yourself and stay persistent. Celebrate small victories and keep pushing forward.## ConclusionImproving your English speaking skills is not an overnight process. It requires dedication, practice, and a willingness to learn from mistakes. By following these tips and immersing yourself in the language, you will gradually become more confident and fluent in English. Remember, every conversation is a step closer to mastery.。
Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 英语词汇详细知识点
Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyWhat is lexicology?☐Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.What Is a Word?A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。
What is vocabulary?➢The total number of the words in a language.➢All the words used in a particular historical period.➢All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Vocabulary Size⏹Speaking vocabulary----active vocabulary⏹writing vocabulary------active vocabulary⏹reading vocabulary------passive vocabulary⏹guess vocabulary--------passive vocabulary⏹Language can be defined as “an arbitrary vocal system used for human communication”. By system we mean that the elements in a language are arranged according to certain rules, but not at random. Elements at a lower level are combined according to certain rules to form elements at a higher level.⏹Specially, Language presents itself as a hierarchy in different aspects. As is shown in the following hierarchical rank scale, language rises form morpheme at the bottom up to the sentence at the top in terms of lexicography. (词典编纂)2.1 Morpheme⏹1.What is a morpheme(词素)?The morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.⏹What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes:⏹One morpheme---nation⏹Two morphemes---nation-al⏹Three morphemes---nation-al-ize⏹Four morphemes---de-nation-al-ize（使…非国有化）⏹More than four morphemes---de-nation-al-iz-ation⏹So we can define morpheme in this way:the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression andcontent, a unit which can not be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. ■A morpheme is a two-facet language unit in that it possesses both sound and meaning.A morpheme vs. A wordMorphemes occur in speech only as constituent parts of words. They can not be used independently, although a word may consist of a single morpheme. Nor are morphemes divisible into smaller meaningful units. That is why the morpheme may be defined as the minimum meaningful language unit.2. Allomorph (形位变体，词[语]素变体）⏹Sometimes a morpheme may have two or more different morphological forms or phonetic forms, depending on the context in which it occurs.⏹For example, the prefix sub can be realized as sub as in subway, sup as in support and suppress, suc as in succeed, and sus as in sustain. That is, when sub occurs before a root beginning with the sound /p/ it is realized as sup and when it is added a root with a beginning sound /k/ and a beginning letter c it is realized as suc.⏹These different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme.Allomorphs（词素变体）:⏹An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. For example☐ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.☐Verbs ending with the sound /t/usually take –ion (as in invent, invention);☐verds ending with consonants other than /t/ take –tion (as in describe, description);☐verbs ending in –ify and –ize take –ation(as in justify, justification; modernize, modernization);☐verbs ending in –d, -de, or –mit, take –sion (as in expansion, decision, omission); there are exceptions: attend, attention; convert, conversion, etc.Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added.e.g.im- before p,b, or m, imperfect, imbalance, immobile;ir- before r, irresponsible, irregular;il- before l, illegal, illogical;in- before all other consonants and vowels, inflexible, inexcusable; im-,ir-, and il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme, in-.2.2 Classification of Morpheme1.Free morphemes and bound morphemesFree morphemes(自由词素）：Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, in the traditional sense.e.g. man, faith, read, write, redBound morphemes(粘附词素): morphemes that can not occur as separate words. It can not stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. Unlike free morphemes, they do not have independent semantic meaning; instead, they have attached meaning or grammatical meaning.e .g. -ly , re- , -ed, -sBound morpheme can change the meaning or word class of a word, e.g. fit and unfit, broad and braoden;It can also have grammatical function, e.g. book and books.2. Root and affix⏹Alternatively, morphemes may be divided into roots (or root morphemes) and affixes (or affixational morphemes).⏹a. Free root: In English many roots are free morphemes, such as boy, moon, walk, black ( i.e. they can stand alone as words).⏹⏹ A word consisting of one free root (or one morpheme) is a simple words. Free roots, just like simple words, belong to the basic word-stock, and have the fundamental features of the basic word-stock . Free roots provide the English language with basis for the formation of new words.b. Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, esp. from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes.A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.Notice what the following words have in common:e.g. -tain contain, detain retain-viv/vit revive vitamin vital vivacious vivid例词基本第一种第二种意义单位符号(词) 符号（词根）⏹人man anthro⏹花flower anth(o)⏹时time chron⏹色colour chrom⏹水water hydr(o)⏹石stone lite(o)⏹牙tooth dent(i)⏹头head cephal⏹脚foot ped⏹音sound phon⏹日sun sol⏹月moon lun⏹星star astro(er)⏹世界world cosm(o)⏹生命life bi(o)⏹中心center center☐Affixes(词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.⏹Inflectional affixes (inflectional morphemes): Affix attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The inflectional affix does not form a new word with a new lexical meaning when it is added toanother word. Nor does it change the word-class of the word to which it is affixed. It just adds some grammatical information to the word. It serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.Plural markers: -s, -es, -en, feet, sheepGenitive case: -’sVerbal endings: -ing, -(e)d, irregular verbs,Comparative and superlative degrees: -er, -estThe number of inflectional affixes are small and fixed; no new ones have bee added since 1500.Derivational affixes (derivational morphemes): They are so called because when they are added to another morpheme, they "derive" a new word. If a morpheme can change the meaning or the word class, or both the meaning and word class of a word, it is a derivational morpheme.e.g. re+write,mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, mean+ness, work+er.⏹Many derivational affixes have a specific lexical meaning, for instance: -ism means “doctrine or point of view” as in socialism.⏹Quite a number of other derivational affixes have more than one meaning.⏹e.g. de- 1. to undo what has been done, to reverse the action ofdecentralize, decode⏹ 2. to remove: to debone⏹ 3. to reduce: devalue⏹ 4. (esp. in grammar) coming from sth. else: a deverbal nounDerivational affixes do not only have independent lexical meaning but also affective meaning.e.g. prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo--- pejorativesuffix: -ling -- derogatory : hireling, weakling-ish, -- "of the nature of," -- derogatory: bookish uppish. derivational affixes which can be attached to words of different words-classes:e.g. -able -- verbs -- washable-- nouns -- marriageable;The number of derivational affixes, although limited, is much larger than that of inflectional affixes. New ones are coined from time to time.e.g. Russian: sputnik (1957),-nik beatnik, peacenik computernikDerivational morphemes or derivational affixes are commonly subdivided into prefixes and suffixes. Affixes before the word are called prefixes (as in supermarket) those after are called suffixes ( as in friendship).⏹Both prefixes and suffixes may be grouped according to:⏹(1) Their linguistic origin:⏹OE affixes: un-, mis-, be-, out-, over-, -ness, -dom, -hood, -ly, and -er. ⏹Foreign affixes: ab-(L), bi- (L), dis-(L), re-(L), kilo(GK), poly(GK), mal-(F),-able(F), -ism(GK), -ic(GK).⏹(2) Their productivity:⏹Affixes (such as re-, un-, -able, -ize) are called productive or living when they can be used to form new words. Those that are no longer used to form new words are termed dead or unproductive.⏹e.g. for- forgets, forgive, forbid-with withdraw, withhold, withstandRoot, stem, baseAs defined by Bauer:" A root (词根) is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology. It is that part of a word-from that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. A root is the basic part always present in a lexeme." (Bauer 1983:20)e.g. un touch able sgreenhouse-- green houseBauer defines "stem" as follows:" A stem （词干）is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. ... Only Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it: it is the part of the word-form which remains when all the inflectional affixes have been removed,“ A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.e.g. friends, friendships, greenhousesA base （词基）is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added; it may also be defined as "a form to which a rule of word formation is applied."⏹From the definitions of the three terms, we can see that any root or stem can be termed a base. But a base is different from the root in that the former is (sometimes) derivationally analyzable while the later is derivationally unanalyzable. A base is also different from a stem in that both derivational and inflectional affixes can be attached to a base but only inflectional affixes can be attached to a stem.⏹e.g. disagreements, disagreement, disagree3. Lexeme, word form, lexical entry, word⏹1) Lexeme:⏹Lexeme an abstract vocabulary item with a common core of meaning. It can be realized by different word forms. Put it in another way, lexeme is a set of linguistic signs which share the same lexical meaningsbut different in their grammatical, meanings. Fro example, dies,died, dying, die belong to the same lexeme DIE. Man and men are varying forms of the same lexeme MAN.⏹Some set expressions such as bury the hatchet, give up and ups and downs would be each considered a single lexeme.⏹2) Word form （词形）：⏹Word form is the realization (representation or manifestation) of the lexeme. Equivalently, it is the inflected forms of a lexeme.An illustration of the relationship between lexeme and word form:⏹word-forms lexeme⏹See, seeing, saw, seen SEE⏹Sleeps, sleeping, slept SLEEP⏹Catch, catches, catching, caught CATCH⏹Jump, jumps, jumped, jumping JUMP⏹Tall, taller, tallest TALL⏹Boy, boys BOY⏹Woman, women WOMAN3）Lexical entry(词条)：⏹Lexical entry is the specification of the information of a lexeme in dictionary or the representation of the idiosyncratic information of a lexeme, including (i) its pronunciation, (ii) syntactic properties and (iii)meaning. For example, the lexical entry swim:⏹PHONOLOGY /swim/⏹SYNTAX intransitive verb⏹SEMANTICS [SWIM]⏹MORPHOLOGY Past swamPast Participle swum4）WordHow to define a word?⏹A word can be defined the smallest meaningful linguistic unit that can be used independently. Knowing a word means knowing its pronunciation (sound) and meaning, whose relationship is arbitrary. A word can be defined from the following aspects:⏹1) Orthographically speaking, a word is a unit which, in print, is bounded by spaces on both sides. It is a physically definable unit. But there is a problem with this definition: should we count it as two words or one word when two words are contracted as one orthographic unit.⏹a. I am a good cook.⏹b.I’ve been a good cook.⏹2) Morph-syntactically speaking, word has four characteristics: (i) syntactic independence, (ii) positional mobility, (iii) uninterruptibility, (vi) Internal stability.⏹Syntactic independence means that nothing smaller than a word cannormally form a sentence on its own. That is to say, word is the smallest independent unit in a language. It is the smallest unit which can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance.⏹Positional mobility means that the word-forms as a whole can be moved relatively easily within the sentence, such as “This we must se e” and “Plums I love”.⏹Uninterruptability means that extraneous material cannot be inserted into a word form even there are several parts in a word, such as the contrast between nationalism vs. *national-anti-lism.⏹Internal stability means that internal morpheme or letters are fixed / stabilized, i.e., the ordering of items within the word-form is usually fixed and non-contrastive, as opposed to the ordering of word-forms within the sentence, as is the case with * ly-sudden⏹Part of Speech / Word Class:⏹Part of Speech are the categories into which the words of a language can be classified either according to their syntactic functions or according to their morphological structure.⏹There are traditionally nine word classes in English: noun, verb (transitive and intransitive), adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, article, conjunction, interjection. There are still some new categories introduced recently into linguistic analysis. They are particles, auxiliaries (助动词) and pro-forms(代词形式).⏹Particles include the infinitive marker “to”, the negative marker “not” and the subordinate elements in phrasal verbs, such as “up” in look up, break up and do up, and “at” in look at and arrive at.⏹Pro-form is a collective term for the set of items which can be used to substitute for other items or construction. They are always neglected.e.g.⏹Do you need a lift? If so, I will drive you to the destination.⏹Do you think your little brother study hard enough? Yes, he does.⏹I know him more than I did.⏹I would have never believed it. She has readily accepted his proposal.⏹The dog is hiding there, under the table.⏹Different ways of classifying words:⏹1) Open-class words and closed-class words⏹Open-class words include nouns, verbs, adjective and adverbs. They are so called because their membership is not fixed or limited. With the emergency of new ideas and inventions, new expressions are continually being added to the lexicon. The other six word classes are called closed-class words because their membership is relatively fixed.⏹2) Grammatical (function) words and lexical(content) words⏹Grammatical words are also called function words, whose role is largely or wholly grammatical. They include link verb “be”,prepositions, conjunctions and determiners, ect. Lexical words carry the semantic meaning. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and most adverbs are lexical words.⏹3) Variable words and invariable words⏹Variable words are those that have ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms. Invariable words are those that remain relatively constant.⏹Token(标记) and Type（类型）⏹In linguistics, a distinction is always made between classes of linguistic items (e.g. phonemes, words, utterances) and actual utterances in speech or writing of examples of such classes. The class of linguistic units is called a type and examples of individual members of the class are called tokens.⏹In mathematic linguistics the total number of words in a text may be referred to as the number of text tokens, and the number of different words as the number of text types. The ratio of different words in a text to the total words in the text is known as the lexical density or Type-Token ratio for that text.⏹Paradigm⏹A paradigm is a list or pattern showing the forms which a word can have in a grammatical s ystem.. It typically shows a word’s inflections rather than derivatives. It is the set of all the inflected forms which anindividual word assumes or the full set of words realizing a particular lexeme.⏹For example: Boy, {boy, boys}⏹DO, {do, does, did, doing, done}⏹Summary:⏹1.Words are composed of morphemes. A morpheme, the minimal meaningful unit of the English language, possesses both sound and meaning. An allomorph is any of variant forms of a morpheme.⏹2. Morphemes may be classified as free or bound. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself as a complete utterance, while a bound morpheme cannot exist on its own; it must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.⏹3. Morphemes can also be classified into roots and affixes. A root carries the main component of meaning in a word. Roots can be free or bound morphemes. Free roots can stand alone as words and provide the language with a basis for the formation of new words. Bound roots cannot appear as words in modern English, although they were once words, nor can they be used to form new words.⏹4. Affixes are bound morphemes, because they are used only when added to other morphemes. Affixes are classified into inflectional and derivational affixes. The former are related to grammar only. Derivational affixes are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes, whichare related to the formation of new words. Roots, prefixes and suffixesare the building blocks with which words are formed.⏹5. On morphemic level, words can be classified into simple, complexand compound words, according to the number and type ofmorphemes they are composed of.⏹6. Morphemes are important in the word-building process becausethe two most central and productive word-formation process,compounding and affixation, are related to morphemes: the former is acombination of free morphemes, the latter is the addition of boundmorphemes to free ones.English LexicologyUnit 3Word formation 2Contents⏹Abbreviation (shortening)❑Clipping❑Initialism❑Acronym❑Blending❑Aphesis⏹Back-formation⏹Onomatopoeia⏹Words from Proper Names⏹ExercisesClipping(shortening a word or words by leaving out letters or syllables)⏹apocope (back clipped)❑dorm(itory), disco(theque), expo(sition), gas(oline), hi(gh)-fi(delity), memo(randum), rep(resentative),⏹aphaeresis (front clipped)❑(violon)cello, bus, cab, phone,⏹front and back clipped❑flu, fridge⏹syncope (middle clipped, contraction)❑fossil(iz)ation, pacif(ic)ist❑gov't (government), can’tClipping⏹Clipping in phrases:❑daily (paper), finals (final examinations)❑IOU (I owe you),⏹Clipping in style❑informal⏹Changes needed in clipping for the sake of sound❑bike (bicycle), coke (Coca-Cola),Initialism—General(the use of initialization in words where each letter is pronounced)CPPCC (the Chi nese People’s Political Consultative Conference) D.J. (disc jockey)GDP (Gross Domestic Product)GNP (Gross National Product)CPI (consumer price index)IOC (International Olympic Committee)BBC, ABC, NBC, CBS, CNN, APc/o =care ofP.S. =postscriptRSVP=Re ponde s’il vous plaitInitialism—ITAGP ←Accelerate Graphics ProcessorAI ←Artificial IntelligenceBBS ←Bulletin Board SystemCAD ←Computer-Aided DesignCAI ←Computer-Assisted InstructionCD ←Compact DiskCPU ←Central Processing UnitDPI ←Dots Per InchFTP ←File Transfer ProtocolHTTP ←Hypertext Transfer ProtocolIC ←Integrate circuitIP ←Internet ProtocolLCD ←Liquid Crystal DisplayLED ←light-emitting diode OS ←Operating System PPM ←Pages Per Minute USB ←Universal Serial Bus VGA ←Video Graphics Array Initialism—Web-chatting ASAPAAMOF (as a matter of fact) BTWBBL (be back later)BRB (be right back)CU (see you)CUL (see you later)FE (for example)FTF (face to face)FYI (for your information)IC (I see)IMO (in my opinion)IOW (in other words)LOL (laughing out loudly)OIC (Oh, I see)TIA (Thanks in advance) TTUL (Talk to you later)TY (Thank you)VG (very good)Initialism—Compound⏹E-school = electronic school（网络学校）⏹E-tail = electronic retail（电子零售）；⏹H-bomb = hydrogen bomb（氢弹）⏹V-day = victory day（胜利日）⏹U-boat = undersea boat（潜艇）Acronym(words derived from the initials of several words, pronounced as a word, not as a list of letters)❑APEC ←Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation （亚太经济合作组织）❑ASEAN ←the Association for South-East Asian Nations（东南亚国家联盟）❑NATO ←the North Atlantic Treaty Organization （北大西洋公约组织）❑UNESCO ←the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization（联合国教科文组织）❑laser ←light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation（激光）❑ROM ←read only memory（只读内存）Acronym-Intentional coincidence⏹近年来，首字母拼音词出现了一个有趣的现象，人们有意或无意地把首字母英语词汇学拼音词拼写成与现存的词相同的样子，并借用其读音。
英语交流词汇量要求
英语交流词汇量要求The requirement for English communication vocabulary depends on the context and purpose of the communication. Generally speaking, having a basic vocabulary of around2,000 to 3,000 words is considered sufficient for everyday conversation and written communication. However, for more complex and technical topics, a much larger vocabulary may be necessary.In everyday conversation, common words and phrases such as greetings, introductions, descriptions, and basic questions and answers are typically used. It is important to have a good grasp of these basic vocabulary items to communicate effectively in English.For written communication, a more extensive vocabulary is usually required. This includes words and phrasesrelated to specific topics, industries, or fields of study. For example, a student studying science may need to know scientific terms and concepts, while a businessprofessional may need to be familiar with business jargon and terminology.In addition to basic vocabulary, it is also important to have a good understanding of grammar and sentence structure. This helps to convey ideas more clearly and avoid misunderstandings.Overall, building a large vocabulary takes time and practice. It is important to read widely, listen to native speakers, and use new vocabulary items in context. With consistent effort, anyone can improve their English communication skills and expand their vocabulary.。
基础英语与语言学习主题教育
Business English Application
Business English is a subset of English used in professional contexts, specifically in international business transactions
English daily conversations
Daily conversation skills
Learn common situational dialogues in daily life, including greetings, introductions, shopping, asking for directions, etc., to cultivate English oral communication skills.
Textbooks and workbooks
Using printed materials to supplement learning
Homework and assignments
Assigning practice and exercises for students to complete on their own
02 Language learning methods
Traditional learning methods
Classroom learning
Instructor led, face to face sessions where students learn through explanation and examples
Through ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ross cultural communication, people can learn to approve and respect different cultures, elite pre judgment and
英语专四词汇与语法部分讲解
目录
CONTENTS
Vocabulary section Syntactic component The combination of vocabulary and grammar Vocabulary and Grammar in the TEM-4 Exam Suggestions for improving vocabulary and grammar abilities Summary and Outlook
03
The combination of vocabulary and grammar
CHAPTER
Choosing and matching vocabulary is an important aspect of combining vocabulary and grammar in the English Proficiency Test Band 4.
Detailed description
The combination of vocabulary and grammar is the key to language use.
Summary
Detailed description
Candidates not only need to master a certain amount of English vocabulary, understand the fixed combinations and common phrases of vocabulary, but also need to master basic grammar knowledge and be able to choose the correct grammar form to construct sentences according to the context. At the same time, candidates also need to pay attention to the practical use of language and improve their language expression ability. In the English Proficiency Test Band 4, the examination of vocabulary and grammar is not limited to multiple-choice and fill in the blank questions, but also involves multiple aspects such as reading, writing, and translation. Therefore, candidates need to focus on accumulating vocabulary and grammar knowledge in their daily learning, engage in more reading, writing, and translation exercises, and improve their language proficiency.