语言学导论 Unit 3 练习
语言学第三章习题(含答案)
第三章语音和音系一、填空题1.语音的自然属性包括物理属性、生理属性和心理属性。
2.任何声音都具有音高、音强、音长和音质（音色）四个要素。
3.引起音质不同的三个要素是：发音体、发音方法和共鸣器。
4.国际音标遵守音素和音标一个对应一个的原则。
5.从辅音音位来说，汉语有 22 个，英语有 28 个，俄语有35个，法语有20个。
6.常见的语流音变现象主要有同化、异化、弱化、脱落四种。
例如汉语的“豆腐”，实际音质是【toufu】，但人们说话时常说成【touf】，这种现象是脱落。
7.音位变体分为条件变体、自由变体两种。
8.语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性。
9.在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带是能够活动的，叫做主动发音器官；上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做被动发音器官。
10.根据发音特点，音素可以分为元音和辅音两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是由辅音充当的。
11.每个元音的音质是由舌位高低、舌位前后、圆唇与否三个方面的音素决定的。
12.辅音的发音特点主要是由发音部位、发音方法两个方面决定的。
13.以音素为材料进行分析的音位是音质音位，具有区别意义作用的音高、音重、音长这类音位叫做非音质音位。
14.汉语的音节一般可以分为声母、韵母、声调三部分，其中韵母又分为韵头、韵腹、韵尾三部分。
15.汉语的调位可以分为阴平、阳平、上声、去声四类，其调值分别是55 、 35 、 214 、 51 。
二、判断题1.语音的最小单位是音节。
（×）2．男子声音和女子声音的差别主要是音长不同。
（×）3．儿童的声音和成人的声音的差别主要是音长不同。
（×）4．发音时，声带是否振动、气流是否强，都能形成不同的音素。
（×）5．肺是人类发音的动力站，声带是发音体。
（√）6．口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是上齿。
（×）7．元音发音时，声带不一定振动，辅音发音时，声带一定要振动。
英语语言学概论第三章习题及答案
2017级英语语言学概论第三章习题请认真填写学号和姓名。
每次答题仅第一次提交有效。
个人信息：[矩阵文本题] *I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words. [判断题] *对错(正确答案)10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. [判断题] *对(正确答案)错II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the first letter given.11. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Morpheme)12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：grammatical)13. B________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Bound)14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d______ affixes. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：derivative)15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Derivative)16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：suffix)17. C________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Compounding)18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m______ rules. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：morphological)19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：derivation)20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added. [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：stem)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) （） [单选题] *A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme(正确答案)22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound （）. [单选题] *A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.(正确答案)23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of （）. [单选题] *A. the first elementB. the second element(正确答案)C. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.24. （） are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. [单选题] *A. Free morphemesB. Bound morpheme(正确答案)C. Bound wordsD. Words25. （） is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. [单选题] *A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. Morphology(正确答案)D. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is （）. [单选题] *A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammatical(正确答案)D. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that （）. [单选题] *A. have to be used independentlyB. cannot be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.(正确答案)28. （） modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. [单选题] *A. Prefixes(正确答案)B. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. （） are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. [单选题] *A. WordsB. Morphemes(正确答案)C. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is （）. [单选题] *A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affix(正确答案)D. a rootIV. Define the following terms.31. Morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.)32. Free morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth¬er morphemes.)33. Bound morpheme [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used indepen¬dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.)34. Suffix [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.)35. Derivation [填空题] *_________________________________(答案：Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.)。
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)
《语言学导论》(练习题及答案)语言学导论练题及答案1. 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学。
它涉及语言的结构、演化、语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的研究。
2. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？- 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
- 语法学：研究语言的规则和结构。
- 语义学：研究语言意义的构成和理解。
- 语用学：研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
- 社会语言学：研究语言与社会的关系。
3. 什么是语言的结构？语言的结构是指语言中各个层次（如语音、词汇、句子等）的组织方式和规则。
4. 语音学研究的是什么？语音学研究语音的产生、传播和感知。
它关注语音的音素、音位、音节以及音系等方面。
5. 语法学研究的是什么？语法学研究语言的规则和结构。
它涉及句子的构成和分析，包括词类、短语、句法关系等。
6. 语义学研究的是什么？语义学研究语言意义的构成和理解。
它关注词汇、句子和篇章层面的语义关系和意义表达。
7. 语用学研究的是什么？语用学研究语言在特定情境下的使用和交际功能。
它关注言语行为、话语策略和交际意图等。
8. 社会语言学研究的是什么？社会语言学研究语言与社会的关系。
它探讨语言在不同社会群体中的变化、语言的地位和使用情境等。
9. 语言学在日常生活中的应用有哪些？- 语言教育：帮助人们研究和教授语言。
- 语音技术：开发语音识别和合成等技术。
- 翻译和口译：促进不同语言之间的交流和理解。
- 语言规范：制定语法规则、文字标准等。
- 语义分析：帮助机器理解和处理自然语言。
10. 语言学为理解人类语言能力提供了哪些洞见？语言学研究揭示了语言是人类认知和交流的基本工具，提供了对语言产生、理解、学习和变化的深入认识。
语言学教程3试题及答案
语言学教程3试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言B. 文学C. 历史D. 哲学答案：A2. 下列哪一项不是语言学的分支学科？A. 语音学B. 句法学C. 心理学D. 语用学答案：C3. 索绪尔认为语言的两个基本要素是什么？A. 语音和语义B. 符号和意义C. 语法和词汇D. 语言和言语答案：D4. 语言的任意性原则是指什么？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的系统性C. 语言符号与其所指对象之间没有必然联系D. 语言符号与其所指对象之间有必然联系答案：C5. 语言的层级结构理论是由哪位学者提出的？A. 索绪尔B. 乔姆斯基C. 布隆菲尔德D. 德里达答案：B6. 下列哪一项不是语言的交际功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令与请求D. 艺术欣赏答案：D7. 语言的同义现象是指什么？A. 同音词B. 同义词C. 反义词D. 多义词答案：B8. 语言的演变过程是：A. 从简单到复杂B. 从复杂到简单C. 从单一到多样D. 从多样到单一答案：A9. 语言的交际功能包括哪些？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 命令与请求D. 所有以上选项答案：D10. 语言的方言差异主要体现在哪些方面？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 语法D. 所有以上选项答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. 语言学是研究的科学。
答案：语言2. 语言的两个基本功能是和。
答案：表达思想、交流信息3. 语言的性是语言符号的一个显著特点。
答案：任意4. 语言的性决定了语言的多样性。
答案：社会5. 语言的性是语言能够传递信息的基础。
答案：结构6. 语言的性使得语言能够表达复杂的思想。
答案：创造性7. 语言的性使得语言能够适应不断变化的社会环境。
答案：动态8. 语言的性是语言学研究的重要内容。
答案：系统9. 语言的性是语言能够被学习和使用的基础。
答案：规则10. 语言的性是语言能够适应不同交际场合的关键。
语言学chapter3课后答案
语言学chapter3课后答案Chapter 3Revision exercises reference1.Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+”between each morpheme and the next:a. micro + film e. tele + com + muni + cat + ionb. be + draggle + d f. fore + fatherc. announce + ment g. psycho + physicsd. pre + digest + ion h. mechan + ist2.Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the typesof stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.suffix: -mentmeaning: added to some verbs to form nouns that refer to actions, processes, or statesstem type: added to verbsexample: statement, “something you say or write, especially publicly or officially, to let people know your intentions or opinions, or to record facts” enjoyment, “the feeling of pleasure you get from having or doing something, or something you enjoy doing”suffix: -nessmeaning: added to adjectives to form nouns which often refer to a state or quality stem type: added to adjective example: happiness, “the state of being happy”Kindness, “kind behavior towards someone”suffix: -shipmeaning: added to some nouns to form nouns which often denote a state, status, or skillsstem type: added to nounsexample: friendship, “a relationship between friends”readership, “all the people who read a particular newspaper ormagazine regularly”3.Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify thetypes of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.in-: when added to adjectives, it means not; when added to nouns, it means without, lack of; it can also be spelt as il- before l, im- before b, m, p, and ir- before r. e.g.inability inaccuracy inaction inconsistencyinconvenience indeterminacy indiscretion inequityinhuman inapt infrequent infiniteingenuous infiltrate inhospitable immuneimmortal imperceptible imperfectde-: This prefix can form verbs and their derivatives meaning down, away; when added to the verb and their derivatives, it denotes removal or reversal. e.g.decaf decipher decolour descenddebase deform defrost defocusdegrade debrief debug deactivatedehydrate defoliate delimit dematerialize re-: This prefix means 1) once more, afresh, anew as in the world reaccustom; 2) returning to a previous state as in restore; or 3) in return, mutually as in react etc.E.g.recap reanimate rearm reassemblereassessing reattach reapply reappear Note: There is an exception to the rule when the word to which re- attaches begins with e. In this case a hyphen is often inserted for clarity, e.g. re-examine, re-enter, re-enact. A hyphen is sometimes also used where the world formed with the prefix would be identical to an already existing words, e.g. re-cover (meaning cover again), nor recover (meaning getting better in health).4.The Italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectionalmorpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.●Sue moves in high-society circles in London.-s, third person singular, present simple tense● A traffic warden asked John to move his car.-ed, past tense●The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.has -ed, present perfect●The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.are + v-ing, present continuous (plural).5.Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related toone another by processes of inflection or derivation.a)go, goes, going, gone (inflection)●go, the root form●go + -es, present participle●go + -ing, present participle●gone, past participleb)discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)●dis-, prefix ( added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal●-y, suffix (added after the verbs form nouns) denoting a state or an actionor its result●-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing thatperforms a specified action or activity●-able, an adjective suffix added to the verbs meaning able to be●-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of -able. It can also spell as-ibility, meaning having the quality as in manageability (可处理性) andsuitability (适合性).c)inventor, inventor`s, inventors, inventors` (a mixture of inflection orderivation)●derivation: invent + -or●inflection: inventor`s, invento rs`, `s indicating possessive cased)democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)●-cy, added to the nouns ending with t to form another noun denoting astate governed in such a way●-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaningrelated to or in resemblance with...●-ize, a suffix added to the nouns to form verbs denoting theconversion,or transforming.6.The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes.Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a)b)c)d)e)The strongest rower continued.f)g)h)Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.2.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morphemethe basic unit in the study of morphology.3.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.4.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammaticalcategories such as number, tense, degree, and case.5.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaningof it.6.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while thesecond element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:7.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.8.The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.9.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.10.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words tocreate new words.11.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form anew word are called m___________ rules.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:12.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme13.The compound word “bookstore” is the place wh ere books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.14.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part ofspeech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.15._______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combinedwith other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words16.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semanticIV. Answer the following question(s):17.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.。
语言学导论课后习题答案
Chapter 4 MorphologyWhat is morphology?The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structur e and the formation of words.Morphemes and allomorphsThe smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.“zero” form of a morpheme and suppletivesSome countable n ouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.Some verbs have irreg ular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives.Free and bound morphemesSome morphemes constitut e words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes. The distinct i on between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).Inflexional and derivational morpheme sInflexional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words. English affixes a re divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.Conclusion: classification of morphemesMorphemesFree morphemesBound morphemesInflexionalDerivational: affixesPrefixes: -s, -’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed, -sSuffixesFormation of new wordsDerivationDerivation forms a wo rd by adding an affix to a free morpheme.Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation.Derivation does not apply freely to any word of a given category. Generally speaking, affixes cannot be added to morphemes of a different language origin.Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.Some English suffixes also change the word stress.CompoundingCompounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes. The majority of E nglish compounds are the combination of words from the three classes –nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three classes.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.ConversionConversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.ClippingClipping is a process that shortens a pol y syllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informal occasions.Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator) and fax (facsimile) are rarely used in their complete form.BlendingBlending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing both breakfast and lunch), motel (motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook for junior middle school students –“plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bike).Back-formationBack-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed from television. Originally, the word television is formed by putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix –sion in English indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in the word television asthat suffix and drop it to form the verb televise.Acronyms and abbreviationsAcronyms and abbrevia tions are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer than abbreviations, which are read letter by letter.This type of word formation is common in names of org anizations and scientific terminology.EponymsEponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. For example, the word sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.CoinageCoinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.This way of word formation is especially common in cases where industry requires a word for a new product. For example, Kodak and Coca-cola.For more detailed explanation to the ways of word formation, see my notes of Practical English Grammar.转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86983.html Chapter 3 PhonologyWhat is phonology?Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.Phonology focuses o n three fundamental questions.What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds vary in what ways in what context?What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?Pho nemes and allophonesA phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive feature.The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones.We use allophones to realize phonemes.Discovering phonemesContrastive distribution – phonemesIf sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.Complementary distribution – allophonesSounds that are not found in the sam e position are said to be in complementary distribution.If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.Free variationIf segments appear in the same position but the mutual subs titution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Distinctive and non-distinctive featuresFeatures that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctive features.Distinc tive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.Phonological rulesPhonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context is another major question in phonology.The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following ones as exam ples.[+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_[-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar +fricative]_Syllable structureA syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes.Every syllable h as a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.The nucleus may be preceded by one or more consonants called the onset and followed by one or more consonants called the coda.Sequence of phonemesNative speakers of any language intuitively know what sounds can be put together.Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are called systematic gaps.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called accidental gaps.When new words are coined, they may fill some accident a l gaps but they will never fillsystematic gaps.Suprasegmental featuresFeatures that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.These features are distinctive features.StressStress is the perceived prominence of one or more syllabic elements over others in a word.Stress is a relative notion. Only words that are composed of two or more syllables have stress. If a word has three or more syllables, there is a primary stress and a sec ondary stress.In some languages word stress is fixed, i.e. on a certain syllable. In English, word stress is unpredictable.IntonationWhen we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distin guish utterance meaning.The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express different attitude of the speaker.In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise, fall-rise.ToneTone is the variation of pitch to disting uish words.The same sequence of segments can be different words if uttered with different tones.Chinese is a typical tone language.-转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86123.html Chapter 2 PhoneticsWhat is phonetics?Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.Sub-branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics – the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech soundsAuditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech soundsThe speech organsWhere does the air stream come from?From the lungWhat is the function of vocal cords?Controlling the air streamWhat are the cavities?O ral cavityPharyngeal cavityNasal cavityTranscription of speech soundsUnits of representationSegments (the individual sounds)Phonetic symbolsThe widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.In more detailed transcripti o n (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.Description of speech soundsDescription of English consonantsGeneral feature: obstructionCriteria of conson ant descriptionPlaces of articulationManners of articulationV oicing of articulationPlaces of articulationThis refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]Labiodental: [f] [v]Interdental: [ ] [ ]Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]Palatal: [ ] [ ] [t ] [d ] [j]Velar: [k] [g] [ ]Glottal: [h]Manners of articulationThis refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]Fricatives: [s] [z] [ ] [ ] [f] [v] [ ] [ ] [h]Affricates: [t ] [d ]Liquids: [l] [r]Glides: [w] [j]Nasals: [m] [n] [ ]V oicing of articulationThis refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.V oiced soundsV oiceless soundsDescription of English vowelsGeneral feature: without obstructionCriteria of vowel descriptionPart of the tongue that is raisedFrontCentralBackExtent to which the tongue rises i n the direction of the palateHighMidLowKind of opening made at the lipsPosition of the soft palateSingle vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongsPhonetic features and natural classesClasses of sounds that share a feature or features a re called natural classes.Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.第三章“词汇”问题和练习1. 解释下列术语语素复合词屈折变化词缀派生词词根语素变体词干粘着语素自由语素词位词汇语法词词汇词封闭类开放类混成法借词混合借词转移借词缩略语脱落逆构词法同化异化俗词源2. 给下列词加上适当的否定前缀a. removable m. syllabicb. formal n. normalc. practicable o. workabled. sensible p. writtene. tangible q. usualf. logical r. thinkableg. regular s. humanh. proportionate t. relevanti. effective u. editablej. elastic v. mobilek. ductive w. legall. rational x. discreet3. 语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。
英语语言学导论课后答案
7. ASK:
(1) Can you identify the most likely order (from least to most advanced) of these samples?
3. ASK:
(1) Do you think the two statements are equally probable, and if not, why not?
(a) is more likely than (b), because the word as the basic unit of meaning that can occur independently in language is finite in number, whereas the sentence as composed of words, though almost infinite in number, is made possible by our knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. We can always produce and understand sentences that we never come across before. In that sense, no sentence is really new.
Omit.
(2) What if there were only one language the world over?
语言学导言习题(含答案)
导言一、填空题1．语言学是研究语言的科学，语言是语言学的研究对象。
语言学的基本任务是研究语言的规律，使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识。
2. 中国、印度、希腊—罗马是语言学的三大发源地。
3、我国传统语文学包括文字、音韵、训诂等三门分支学科，合称“小学”。
4.人类对语言的研究大体上可分为语文学阶段、历史比较语言学阶段、结构主义语言学阶段、形式语言学阶段、交叉语言学阶段。
5．在19世纪逐步发展和完善起来的历史比较语言学不但宣告语言学的真正独立，而且为普通语言学的研究奠定了基础。
6.普通语言学的奠基人物是索绪尔和洪堡特。
前者所著的《普通语言学教程》在语言学发展史上起到了划时代的作用。
7.结构主义语言学派可以分为三派，它们分别是布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国结构主义学派。
8.形式语言学的主要代表人物是乔姆斯基，他认为对语言进行描写和分析的目的在于研究人的语言生成能力。
他的目标是建立一个能产生所有句子的语法系统。
9.新时期语言学的最大特点是交叉性和边缘性。
10．文言是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为文言文。
11.研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音、语汇（词汇、语义）和语法三个部分。
12.运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。
二、判断题1．综合各种语言学的基本研究的成果，归纳成语言的一般规律，这是具体语言学的任务。
（×）2．世界上有几千种语言，有些语言的研究已经比较深入，大部分语言的研究还很不够，甚至还没有人去研究。
（√）3．语言学既是一门古老的科学，又是一门年轻的科学；既与社会科学有密切的关系，又与自然科学有密切的关系。
（√）4.布龙菲尔德是美国结构主义语言学代表人物之一，其代表著作是《普通语言学教程》。
（×）三、名词解释1.语言：是一个以语音为物质外壳、以语词为建筑材料、以语法为结构规律而构成的音义结合的符号系统，是人类特有的、最重要的交际工具和思维工具。
2.语言学：是以人类语言作为研究对象的科学，基本任务就是研究语言的规律，即研究语言的性质、作用、结构，语言的发展变化，使人们懂得有关语言的理性知识，从而提高学习语言和运用语言的水平。
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Unit 3 The Units of English
F1. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
F2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
T3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
T4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
F5. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme
T6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
F7. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed
F8. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form
a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are
acceptable words.
T9. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.
F10. All words in English have a hierarchical structure.
F11. Clipping is one of the three most important devices of word-formation in English.
T12. Idioms in English are modifiable in some grammatical ways.
F13. The presence of constructions is unique to English.
F14. Every English sentence has a subject.
A1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as________
A lexical words
B grammatical word
C function
D forwards
D2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D. None of the above.
B3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.
A. the first element
B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element
D. both the first and the second elements. A4. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called
________morpheme
A inflectional
B free
C function words
D derivational
C5. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax
B.Grammar
C. Morphology D Morpheme
C6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical
B. morphemic
C. grammatical
D. semantic
D7. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A. have to be used independently
B. can not be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. has to be combined with other morphemes
A8. ____ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
B9. _________ is often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words
B. Morphemes
C. Phonemes
D. Sentences
B10. All of them are meaningful except for_____________
A lexeme
B phoneme
C morpheme
D allomorph
Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”. Bound
morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be
combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound
Morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning,
such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into
prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。