高一第二学期期中考试
南京市金陵中学2023-2024学年高一下学期期中考试化学试卷(含答案)
金陵中学2023-2024学年度第二学期期中考试高一化学试卷注意事项：1．本试卷分为选择题和非选择题两部分，共100分，考试时间75分钟。
2．将选择题的答案填涂在答题卡的对应位置上，非选择题的答案写在答题卡的指定栏目内。
可能用到的相对原子质量H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Na 23 Mg 24 Al 27 Si 28 S 32 Cl 35.5 K 39 Ca 40 Fe 56 Cu 64 Zn 65 Ag 108一、单项选择题：共16题，每题3分，共48分。
每小题只有一个选项最符合题意。
1．2023年2月24日，“逐梦寰宇问苍穹”中国载人航天工程30年成就展在国家博物馆开展，展厅里的一件件展品，都是中国载人航天追求卓越、不断创新的印迹。
下列有关说法错误的是（ ） A ．神舟十五号飞船使用的铝合金和钛合金均属于金属材料 B ．航天器使用的太阳能电池帆板的主要成分是硅单质 C ．飞船返回舱表层的结构材料成分与普通玻璃相同D ．“天宫课堂”的泡腾片（某种酸和3NaHCO 固体的混合物）实验中生成的是2CO2．氯化硅陶瓷是一种新型无机非金属材料。
其硬度仅次于金刚石、重量钢材的三分之一，用其制成的陶瓷轴承转速可以高达10000转/秒，可以耐1200℃高温并且有自润滑作用。
以下是部分结构材料的结构细节，其中可能是氮化硅的是（ ）3．在2SO 参与的下列反应中，体现出2SO 的氧化性的是（ ） A ．2232SO 2OHSO H O --++B ．222SO 2H S 3S 2H O +↓+C ．22224SO Cl 2H O2Cl SO 4H --+++++ D ．22224SO H O 2H SO +-++ 4．金属的冶炼体现了人类文明的发展历程，下列关于金属冶炼的说法不正确的是（ ） A ．炼铁：用焦炭和空气反应产生的CO 在高温下还原铁矿石中铁的氧化物 B ．制镁：用2H 还原氧化镁制得金属Mg C ．制钠：电解熔融的NaCl 获得金属NaD ．制铝：用36Na AlF 作培剂，电解熔融23Al O 制得金属铝 5．物质的性质决定用途，下列两者对应关系不正确的是（ ） A ．晶体硅是一种半导体材料，常用于制造光导纤维B ．二氧化硫具有还原性，可添加在葡萄酒中防止葡萄酒中的些成分被氧化C ．二氧化氯在水中的杀菌、消毒能力强，可以对使用水进行消毒D ．液氨汽化时吸收大量的热，可用作制冷剂 阅读以下资料，并回答6~8题氨的常见氧化物有氨（3NH ）和肼（24N H ）。
徐州市区八校2023-2024学年第二学期高一年级期中考试物理参考答案
2023-2024学年第二学期高一年级期中考试试卷物理参考答案及评分标准一、单项选择题：共11小题，每小题4分，计44分．每小题只有一个选项最符合题意． 1．C 2．C 3．D 4．A 5．B 6．B 7．C 8．B 9．D 10．D 11．A二、非选择题：共5小题，计56分．其中第13题~第16题解答时请写出必要的文字说明、方程式和重要的演算步骤，只写出最后答案的不能得分；有数值计算时，答案中必须明确写出数值和单位.12．(1)AB （2分） (2)CD （2分） (3) 0.97 0.48 D （每空2分共6分）(4)B （2分） (5)错误（3分）13．（共6分）（1）202v g h =；（2）2038v GRh π；（3）02R v v h = 【详解】（1）设月球表面的重力加速度为g ，则由题意，根据运动学规律有202v gh =（1分）解得202v g h=（1分） （2）设月球质量为M ，则月球表面质量为0m 的物体所受重力等于万有引力，即002Mm G m g R =（1分） 月球的体积为343V R π= 联立解得月球的平均密度2038M v V GRhρπ==（1分） （3）设宇宙飞船绕月球表面运行时的速率为v ，则根据牛顿第二定律有22Mm v G m R R=（1分） 联立解得02R v v h=（1分） 14．（共8分）(1)25m/s 2；(2)20J ；(3) 5m 3s = 【详解】(1)（共3分）物块沿斜面向上运动时，受竖直向下的电场力20N qE =重力20N mg =垂直斜面的支持力，沿斜面向下的摩擦力，如图由牛顿第二定律可得()sin 30f mg qE ma ++︒=（1分）滑动摩擦力()cos30f qE mg μ=+︒（1分）联立可得225m/s a =（1分）(2)（共3分）由速度位移公式202ax v （1分） 可得2m x =（1分）重力势能最大值为pm sin 3020J mgh mgx E ==︒=（1分）(3)（共2分）设该位置与斜面底端的距离s ，根据能量守恒20P k 12mv fs E E ε=+++（1分）可得20k ()cos 3012()sin 30s qE mg qE mg s mv E μ+︒++︒+= 如果物块的动能E k 、电势能ε、重力势能E p 均相等，则可得5m 3s =（1分） 15．（共12分）（1）22sin Q k r θ，方向竖直向上；（2）2sin gr θ；（3）(1cos )2cos kQq mr θθ- 【详解】（1）（共3分）两点电荷均为正电荷且带电量相等，则两点电荷在C 点处的电场强度方向均背离各自电荷，电场强度如图所示根据电场强度的矢量合成法则可得C 点的场强22sin C Q E k r θ=（2分）方向竖直向上（1分）。
高一期中考试试题及答案
高一期中考试试题及答案一、选择题（每题3分，共30分）1. 下列关于细胞结构的描述，正确的是：A. 细胞壁只存在于植物细胞B. 细胞膜是细胞的外层结构C. 细胞核是细胞的能量转换器D. 线粒体是细胞的遗传物质储存地答案：B2. 光合作用中，水分子分解发生在：A. 光反应阶段B. 暗反应阶段C. 光反应和暗反应阶段D. 细胞呼吸阶段答案：A3. 人体细胞中，负责合成蛋白质的结构是：A. 线粒体B. 核糖体C. 内质网D. 高尔基体答案：B4. 以下哪种元素不属于人体必需的微量元素？A. 铁B. 锌C. 钙D. 碘答案：C5. 细胞分裂过程中，染色体数目加倍发生在：A. 有丝分裂前期B. 有丝分裂中期C. 有丝分裂后期D. 减数分裂第一次分裂答案：C6. 下列关于酶的描述，错误的是：A. 酶是活细胞产生的B. 酶是蛋白质或RNAC. 酶可以提高化学反应速率D. 酶在反应后被消耗答案：D7. 人体中，血红蛋白的主要功能是：A. 运输氧气B. 运输二氧化碳C. 调节酸碱平衡D. 储存能量答案：A8. 以下哪种激素不属于内分泌腺分泌的激素？A. 胰岛素B. 甲状腺激素C. 肾上腺素D. 消化酶答案：D9. 人体免疫系统中，负责识别和攻击外来病原体的是：A. 红细胞B. 白细胞C. 血小板D. 血浆答案：B10. 人体细胞中，负责储存遗传信息的是：A. 线粒体B. 核糖体C. 内质网D. 细胞核答案：D二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）1. 细胞膜的主要功能是________和________。
答案：保护细胞内部结构；控制物质进出2. 人体中，负责合成和分泌胰岛素的腺体是________。
答案：胰腺3. 光合作用中，光能被转化为________和________。
答案：化学能；热能4. 人体中，负责运输氧气的蛋白质是________。
答案：血红蛋白5. 人体免疫系统中，负责识别和攻击外来病原体的细胞是________。
北京市2023—2024学年高一下学期期中考试语文试卷含答案
北京市2023～2024学年第二学期期中考试高一语文（答案在最后）2024年4月班级姓名考号（考试时间150分钟满分150分）提示：试卷答案请一律填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
在答题卡上，选择题用2B 铅笔作答，其他试题用黑色签字笔作答。
一、本大题共5小题，共18分。
阅读下面材料，完成下面小题。
材料一阅读是伟大的文化发明，但文字出现的历史非常短暂，人类尚不足以进化出一个先天的“阅读脑”。
这意味着，我们无法仅依靠遗传获得阅读技能。
我们之所以能够完成从“非阅读脑”到“阅读脑”的转变，既有赖于先天的大脑特性，又有赖于后天的阅读训练。
虽然人类没有进化出“阅读脑”，但先天拥有“口语脑”。
口语是人类自然习得的本能。
通过遗传，每一个准备接受阅读训练的个体已经具备了从语音通达语义的口语加工脑区和环路。
这些加工口语的脑区与环路即是“阅读脑”形成的开端。
从出生到死亡，人类的大脑并非一成不变，你可以把大脑想象成一台持续更新的机器，始终处于调整变化中。
这种能够不停“重组”的特性被称为“脑的神经可塑性”。
后天的阅读训练，有针对性地促成了先天脑的重组，其中最重要的改变当属视觉词形区的出现。
法国认知神经科学家斯坦尼斯拉斯•德阿纳比较了无阅读能力（文盲）和有阅读能力的两组成年人，发现在阅读任务中，有阅读能力组的左脑梭状回（即视觉词形区）在观看文字时的活跃强度要高于观看人脸、房屋等其他视觉刺激时的活跃强度；而文盲组，相应的脑区未发现异常活跃现象。
这一发现首次直接证明了阅读训练对脑区功能的塑造作用。
除此之外，阅读还会“改写”大脑的灰质和白质结构。
一项追踪研究发现，与刚入学时相比，儿童在二年级时，左半球的顶下小叶、中央前回和中央后回的灰质体积有所减小，推测是阅读训练引发了相关脑区神经突触的修剪过程，使这些脑区变得更加精简高效。
另一项研究发现，8-10岁儿童在接受100小时的阅读训练后，白质纤维束的走向一致性显著增强，意味着不同脑区之间的信息传输能力有所提高。
江西省赣州市于都中学2023-2024学年高一下学期期中考试语文试题(原卷版)
于都中学2023～2024学年度第二学期期中考试高一语文试卷2024年4月考生注意：1.答题前，考生务必将自己的准考证号、姓名填写在答题卡上。
考生要认真核对答题卡上粘贴的条形码的“准考证号、姓名、考试科目”与考生本人是否一致。
2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上。
写在本试卷上无效。
3.考试结束，监考员将试题卷和答题卡一并收回。
一、现代文阅读（35分）（一）现代文阅读Ⅰ（本题共5小题，19分）阅读下面的文字，完成小题。
儒家思想的建立孔子身处的时代，礼崩乐坏，西周的封建制度随着西周本土的沦陷，只剩下一个空名。
在大崩溃的时候，孔子致力于重建超越时空限制的普世价值观念，将依据理性道德建立的系统作为自己安身立命之所，也作为世界可以遵行的、他所盼望的行为准则。
孔子教诲门下，并不像后世所谓的学校，而是与来自各方的同人和朋友们随机讨论问题，共同建立和发展一套思想体系。
从一开始，孔子注意的就不是个人“独善其身”的道德，而是人与人之间的相处之道——这相处之道又建立在道德之上。
“道”在孔子心目中是永恒而且普世的原则，即使是至高无上的神明“天”，也不过是“道”的显现，“天”和“道”是一体两面。
神的力量和永恒、普世的原则，虽然抽象，但“道”不只存在于人与人的相处之中，它还存在于万事之中。
因此，儒家思想落实在人间事务上，是主导人间关系的大原则、确立人和人之间相处的尺寸与尺度。
孔子将中国后世几千年的思想脉络一锤定音，这是一门人间与社会的学问，而非今天学术界的认知学问。
这个特点我们必须记得，它乃是中国和西方制度方向上最大的差异。
儒家思想中的“安人”与“安百姓”孔子认为门下的弟子分别属于四个门类：德行、政事、语言、文学。
这四科各有出色的代表人物。
德行是修身，政事是为人服务，语言是处理社会事务和传达信息，文学是书写能力，与语言同为传达信息之用。
高一下学期期中考试语文试卷(新高考)(含解析)
高一下学期期中考试语文试卷（新高考）（含解析）绝密★启用前2022-2023学年高一下学期期中考试语文试卷（新高考）（答案解析版）语文1．D【解析】本题考查对文章内容的理解和分析的能力。
“横观现实有助于研究历史”错误，无中生有。
文章只在第二段引用李大钊的话“纵观人间的过去者便是历史，横观人间的现在者便是社会”时提到“横观现实”这一概念，“也就是说，要洞察现实的社会，就不能不研究过去的历史。
”但其中并没有提到“横观现实”与“历史研究”的关系。
2．C【解析】本题考查分析概括作者在文中的观点态度的能力。
C．“而想象力丰富与否决定了诗歌作品的质量”错误，由材料二第二段“单纯考察想象力是否‘丰富’，并不能决定文学作品的价值，重要的还是想象力的质量的高下”可知，想象力是否丰富不是诗歌作品价值的决定因素，想象力质量的高下影响诗歌的价值。
故选C。
3．C【解析】本题考查理解文中重要概念的含义的能力。
C．《登太白峰》臆造人物、虚构境地，借助离奇的想象写作，属于艺术想象力。
故选C。
①用假想比附事实；②生造出所谓“隐”的人和事来。
【解析】本题考查理解文章内容，筛选并整合文中信息的能力。
根据文中“他可以有深入而巧妙的推论，但必须时刻保持充分的自制力，以防止将事实纳入假想的框架。
《红楼梦》研究中曾有过‘索隐派’，他们借助离奇的想象，抓住书中的只言片语或某一个人物、情节，跟清代史事相比附，测字猜谜式地从中‘索’出所‘隐’的人和事来。
这是需要我们注意的”可知，“索隐派”用假想比附事实，生造出所谓“隐”的人和事来。
能够将诗性的幻想和具体生存的真实性作扭结一体的游走。
如昌耀的《峨日朵雪峰之侧》就是将深刻体验到的生命、理念、立场、情感，倾注、融贯到精心选择的生命意象中，通过丰富的想象，雕铸成一幅幅真实而顽强的生命图画；郭沫若的《立在地球边上放号》，作者面对浩渺无边的大海，那惊天的激浪和着时代的洪流一起撞击着他的胸怀。
这首对于力的赞歌，正是那种向旧世界、旧文化、旧传统猛烈冲击的时代精神的象征。
2022-2023学年安徽省合肥市高一下学期期中考试数学试题【含答案】
2022-2023学年安徽省合肥市高一下学期期中考试数学试题一、单选题1．若复数为纯虚数，则实数的值为（ ）()242iz a a =-+-a A ．2B ．2或C ．D ．2-2-4-【答案】C【分析】根据给定条件，利用纯虚数的定义列式计算作答.【详解】因为复数为纯虚数，则有，解得，()242i z a a =-+-24020a a ⎧-=⎨-≠⎩2a =-所以实数的值为.a 2-故选：C2．在中，内角A ，B ，C 所对的边分别是a ，b ，c ，且，则的形状为ABC 2cos c a B =ABC （ ）A ．等腰三角形B ．直角三角形C ．等腰直角三角形D ．等腰三角形或直角三角形【答案】A【分析】已知条件用正弦定理边化角，由展开后化简得，可得出等()sin sin C A B =+tan tan A B =腰三角形的结论.【详解】，由正弦定理，得，2cos c a B =()sin sin 2sin cos C A B A B=+=即sin cos cos sin 2sin cos ,A B A B A B +=∴，可得，sin cos cos sin A B A B =tan tan A B =又，∴，0π,0πA B <<<<A B =则的形状为等腰三角形.ABC 故选：A.3．某圆锥的侧面展开图是半径为3，圆心角为的扇形，则该圆锥的体积为（ ）120︒A ．BC ．D 【答案】D【分析】求出扇形的弧长，进而求出圆锥的底面半径，由勾股定理得到圆锥的高，利用圆锥体积公式求解即可.【详解】因为圆锥的侧面展开图是半径为3，圆心角为的扇形，120︒所以该扇形的弧长为，120π32π180⨯=设圆锥的底面半径为，则，解得：，r 2π2πr =1r =因为圆锥的母线长为3，所以圆锥的高为h =该圆锥的体积为.2211ππ133r h =⨯⨯=故选：D4．中，三个内角A ，B ，C 的对边分别为a ，b ，c ．已知，B 的大ABC π4A =a =b =小为（ ）A ．B ．C ．或D ．或π6π3π65π6π32π3【答案】D【分析】根据正弦定理即可求解.【详解】由正弦定理可得sin sin sin a B b A B B =⇒==由于,，所以或,()0,πB ∈b a>B =π32π3故选：D5．设点P 为内一点，且，则（ ）ABC ∆220PA PB PC ++=:ABP ABC S S ∆∆=A ．B ．C ．D ．15251413【答案】A【分析】设AB 的中点是点D ，由题得，所以点P 是CD 上靠近点D 的五等分点，即14PD PC=- 得解.【详解】设AB 的中点是点D ，∵，122PA PB PD PC+==- ∴，14PD PC=- ∴点P 是CD 上靠近点D 的五等分点，∴的面积为的面积的.ABP ∆ABC ∆15故选：A【点睛】本题主要考查向量的运算，意在考查学生对这些知识的理解掌握水平.6．如图，在长方体中，已知，，E 为的中点，则异面直1111ABCD A B C D -2AB BC ==15AA =11B C 线BD 与CE 所成角的余弦值为（）ABCD【答案】C【分析】根据异面直线所成角的定义，利用几何法找到所成角，结合余弦定理即可求解.【详解】取的中点F ，连接EF ，CF ，，易知，所以为异面直线BD11C D 11B D 11EF B D BD∥∥CEF ∠与CE所成的角或其补角.因为1112EF B D ==CE CF ====余弦定理得.222cos 2EF EC CF CEF EF EC +-∠====⋅故选：C7．在《九章算术》中，底面为矩形的棱台被称为“刍童”．已知棱台是一个侧棱相ABCD A B C D -''''等、高为1的“刍童”，其中，“刍童”外接球的表面积为22AB A B ''==2BC B C ''==（ ）A ．B ．CD ．20π20π3【答案】A【分析】根据刍童的几何性可知外接球的球心在四棱台上下底面中心连线上，设球心为O ，根据几何关系求出外接球半径即可求其表面积．【详解】如图，连接AC 、BD 、、，设AC ∩BD ＝M ，∩＝N ，连接MN ．A C ''B D ''AC ''BD ''∵棱台侧棱相等，∴易知其外接球球心在线段MN 所在直线上，设外接球球心为ABCD A B C D -''''O ，如图当球心在线段MN 延长线上时，易得，MC ＝2，，，4AC ===2A C ''===1NC '=MN ＝1，由得，，即OC OC '=2222NC ON OM MC '+=+，()()2222141141OM MN OM OM OM OM ++=+⇒++=+⇒=故OC ＝OC ==∴外接球表面积为．24π20π⋅=如图当球心在线段MN 上时，由得，，即OC OC '=2222NC ON OM MC '+=+舍去，()()2222141141MN OM OM OM OM OM +-=+⇒+-=+⇒=-故选：A【点睛】关键点睛：利用刍童的几何性确定外接球的球心是解题的关键.8．如图，直角的斜边长为2，，且点分别在轴，轴正半轴上滑动，点ABC ∆BC 30C ∠=︒,B C x y 在线段的右上方．设，（），记，，分别考查A BC OA xOB yOC =+ ,x y ∈R M OA OC =⋅N x y =+的所有运算结果，则,MN A ．有最小值，有最大值B ．有最大值，有最小值M N M N C ．有最大值，有最大值D ．有最小值，有最小值M N M N 【答案】B【分析】设，用表示出，根据的取值范围，利用三角函数恒等变换化简，OCB α∠=α,M N α,M N 进而求得最值的情况.,M N 【详解】依题意，所以.设，则30,2,90BCA BC A ∠==∠=1AC AB ==OCB α∠=，所以，，所30,090ABx αα∠=+<<()())30,sin 30Aαα++()()2sin ,0,0,2cos B C αα以，当时，取得最大值()()12cos sin 30sin 2302M OA OC ααα==+=++⋅ 23090,30αα+==M 为.13122+=，所以，所以OA xOB yOC =+ ()sin 302cos x y αα+==时，有最小值为()sin 302cos N x y αα+=+=+ 1=290,45αα==N 故选B.1+【点睛】本小题主要考查平面向量数量积的坐标运算，考查三角函数化简求值，考查化归与转化的数学思想方法，属于难题.二、多选题9．下列关于复数的四个命题，其中为真命题的是（ ）21i z =-A ．z 的虚部为1B ．22iz =C ．z 的共轭复数为D ．1i -+2z =【答案】AB【分析】根据复数的除法运算化简复数，即可结合选项逐一求解.【详解】,故虚部为1，共轭复数为，()()()21i 21i 1i 1i 1i z +===+--+1i-=，故AB 正确，CD 错误，()221i 2i z =+=故选：AB10．蜜蜂的巢房是令人惊叹的神奇天然建筑物．巢房是严格的六角柱状体，它的一端是平整的六角形开口，另一端是封闭的六角菱形的底，由三个相同的菱形组成．巢中被封盖的是自然成熟的蜂蜜．如图是一个蜂巢的正六边形开口，下列说法正确的是（ ）ABCDEF A ．B ．AC AE BF -= 32AE AC AD+= C ．D ．在上的投影向量为AF AB CB CD ⋅=⋅ AD AB AB 【答案】BCD【分析】对A ，利用向量的减法和相反向量即可判断；对B ，根据向量的加法平行四边形法则即可判断；对C ，利用平面向量的数量积运算即可判断；对D ，利用向量的几何意义的知识即可判断．【详解】连接，与交于点，如图所示，,,,,,AE AC AD BF BD CE CE AD H 对于A ：，显然由图可得与为相反向量，故A 错误；AC AE AC EA EC -=+= EC BF对于B ：由图易得，直线平分角，且为正三角形，根据平行四边形法AE AC=AD EAC ∠ACE △则有，与共线且同方向，2AC AE AH += AH AD易知，均为含角的直角三角形，EDH AEH △π6，即，3AH DH = 所以，34AD AH DH DH DH DH =+=+=又因为，故，26AH DH= 232AH AD=故，故B 正确；32AE AC AD+= 对于C ：设正六边形的边长为，ABCDEF a 则，，22π1cos 32AF AB AF AB a⋅=⋅=- 22π1cos 32CB CD CB CD a ⋅=⋅=-所以，故C 正确；AF AB CB CD ⋅=⋅ 对于D ：易知，则在上的投影向量为，故D 正确，π2ABD ∠=AD AB AB故选：BCD ．11．有一个三棱锥，其中一个面为边长为2的正三角形，有两个面为等腰直角三角形，则该几何体的体积可能是（ ）AB CD【答案】BCD【分析】分三种情况讨论，作出图形，确定三棱锥中每条棱的长度，即可求出其体积.【详解】如图所示：①若平面，为边长为2的正三角形，，，都是等腰直角三AB ⊥BCD BCD △2AB =ABD △ABC 角形，满足题目条件，故其体积；11222sin 6032V =⨯⨯⨯⨯⨯︒=②若平面，为边长为2的正三角形，,，都是等腰直角三AB ⊥BCD ACD AB =ABD △ABC角形，满足题目条件，故其体积1132V ==③若为边长为2的正三角形，，都是等腰直角三角形，BCD △ABD △ABC，中点，因为，而2AB BC CD AD ====AC =AC E BE AC ⊥，所以，即有平面，故其体积为222DE B D E B +=BE DE ⊥BE ⊥ACD 112232V =⨯⨯=故选：BCD12．如图，已知的内接四边形中，，，，下列说法正确的O ABCD 2AB =6BC =4AD CD ==是（ ）A ．四边形的面积为B ABCDC ．D ．过作交于点，则4BO CD ⋅=- D DF BC ⊥BC F 10DO DF ⋅=【答案】BCD【分析】A 选项，利用圆内接四边形对角互补及余弦定理求出，，进而求出1cos 7D =-1cos 7B =，利用面积公式进行求解；B 选项，在A 选项基础上，由正弦定理求出外接圆直径；Csin ,sin B D 选项，作出辅助线，利用数量积的几何意义进行求解；D 选项，结合A 选项和C 选项中的结论，先求出∠DOF 的正弦与余弦值，再利用向量数量积公式进行计算.【详解】对于A ，连接，在中，，，AC ACD 21616cos 32AC D +-=2436cos 24AC B +-=由于，所以，故，πB D +=cos cos 0B D +=22324003224AC AC--+=解得，22567AC =所以，，所以1cos 7D =-1cos 7B =sin sin B D ===故11sin 2622ABC S AB BC B =⋅=⨯⨯=11sin 4422ADC S AD DC D =⋅=⨯⨯= 故四边形，故A 错误；ABCD =对于B ，设外接圆半径为，则，R 2sin AC R B ===B 正确；对于C ，连接，过点O 作OG ⊥CD 于点F ，过点B 作BE ⊥CD 于点E ，则由垂径定理得：BD ，122CG CD ==由于，所以，即，πA C +=cos cos 0A C +=22416163601648BD BD +-+-+=解得，所以，所以，且，BD =1cos 2C =π3C =1cos 632CE BC C =⋅=⨯=所以，即在向量上的投影长为1，且与反向，321EF =-= BO CD EG CD 故，故C 正确；4BO CD EG CD ⋅=-⋅=-对于D，由C 选项可知：，故，π3C =sin 604DF CD =⋅︒== 30CDF ∠=︒因为，由对称性可知：DO 为∠ADC 的平分线，故，AD CD =1302ODF ADC ∠=∠-︒由A 选项可知：，显然为锐角，1cos 7ADC ∠=-12ADC ∠故1cos 2ADC ∠==1sin 2ADC ∠==所以1cos cos 302ODF ADC ⎛⎫∠=∠-︒ ⎪⎝⎭11cos cos30sin sin3022ADCADC =∠⋅︒+∠⋅︒=所以，故D 正确.cos 10DO DF DO ODF DF ∠==⋅=⋅ 故选：BCD三、填空题13．已知向量，，若，则________．()2,4a =(),3b m =a b ⊥ m =【答案】6-【分析】依题意可得，根据数量积的坐标表示得到方程，解得即可；0a b ⋅=【详解】因为，且，()2,4a =(),3b m =a b ⊥ 所以，解得.2430a b m ⋅=⨯+⨯=6m =-故答案为：6-14．若复数所对应复平面内的点在第二象限，则实数的取值范围为________；()16z m i i=++m 【答案】60m -<<【分析】先化成复数代数形式得点坐标，再根据条件列不等式解得实数的取值范围.m 【详解】因为对应复平面内的点为，又复数所对应复平面()6z m m i=++6m m +，()16z m i i=++内的点在第二象限，所以06060m m m <⎧∴-<<⎨+>⎩【点睛】本题重点考查复数的概念，属于基本题.复数的实部为、虚部为、模为(,)a bi a b R +∈a b 、对应点为、共轭为(,)a b .-a bi15．已知，是边AB 上一定点，满足，且对于AB 上任一点P ，恒有ABC 0P 014P B AB= ．若，，则的面积为________．00PB PC P B P C ⋅≥⋅ π3A =4AC = ABC【答案】【分析】建立直角坐标系，利用平面向量数量积的坐标运算公式，结合二次函数的性质、三角形面积公式进行求解即可.【详解】以所在的直线为横轴，以线段的中垂线为纵轴建立如图所示的直角坐标系，AB AB设，，，因为，所以，()40AB t t =>()2,0A t -()2,0B t 014P B AB =()0,0P t 设，，(),C a b ()(),022P x t x t -≤≤，()()()()002,0,,,,0,,PB t x PC a x b P B t P C a t b =-=-==-由，()()()()2200220PB PC P B P C t x a x t a t x x a t at t ⋅≥⋅⇒--≥-⇒-+++≥设，该二次函数的对称轴为：，()()222f x x x a t at =-++22a tx +=当时，即，222a t x t+=<-6a t <-则有，所以无实数解，()()222042203f t t t a t at t a t-≥⇒++++≥⇒≥-当时，即，222a tx t +=>2a t >则有，所以无实数解，()()22204220f t t t a t at t a t≥⇒-+++≥⇒≤当时，即，2222a tt t +-≤≤62t a t -≤≤则有，而，所以，()()2222400a t at t a ∆=-+-+≤⇒≤⎡⎤⎣⎦20a ≥0a =显然此时在纵轴，而，所以该三角形为等边三角形，()0,C b π3A =故的面积为ABC 1442⨯⨯=故答案为：【点睛】关键点睛：建立合适的直角坐标系，利用二次函数对称轴与区间的位置关系关系分类讨论是解题的关键.16．我国古代数学家祖暅求几何体的体积时，提出一个原理：幂势即同，则积不容异．意思是：夹在两个平行平面之间的两个等高的几何体被平行于这两个面的平面去截，若截面积相等，则两个几何体的体积相等，这个定理的推广是：夹在两个平行平面间的几何体，被平行于这两个平面的平面所截，若截得两个截面面积比为k ，则两个几何体的体积比也为k ．已知线段AB 长为4，直线l 过点A 且与AB 垂直，以B 为圆心，以1为半径的圆绕l 旋转一周，得到环体；以A ，B 分别为上M 下底面的圆心，以1为上下底面半径的圆柱体N ；过AB 且与l 垂直的平面为，平面，且距β//αβ离为h ，若平面截圆柱体N 所得截面面积为，平面截环体所得截面面积为，我们可以α1S αM 2S 求出的比值，进而求出环体体积为________．12S S M 【答案】28π【分析】画出示意图的截面，结合图形可得和的值，进而求出圆柱的体积，乘以，可得环1S 2S 2π体的体积，得到答案.M 【详解】画出示意图，可得，14S ==222ππS r r =-外内其中，，(224r =外(224r =内故，即，21π2πS S ==1212πS S =环体体积为.M 22π2π4π8πV =⨯=柱故答案为：28π四、解答题17．如图所示，在中D 、F 分别是BC 、AC 的中点，，，．ABC 23AE AD =AB a =AC b = (1)用，表示向量，；a bAD BF (2)求证：B ，E ，F 三点共线．【答案】(1)，()12AD a b =+ 12BF b a=-(2)证明见解析【分析】（1）由向量的线性运算法则求解；（2）用，表示向量、，证明它们共线即可得证．a bBF BE 【详解】（1）∵，，D ，F 分别是BC ，AC 的中点，AB a =AC b = ∴，()()111222AD AB BD AB BC AB AC AB a b=+=+=+-=+ ，12BF AF AB b a=-=- （2）由（1），，∴1233BE b a =- 12BF b a=-1312322332BF b a b a BE ⎛⎫=-=-= ⎪⎝⎭∴与共线，又∵与有公共点B ，BF BE BF BE故B ，E ，F 三点共线．18．在中，a ，b ，c 分别是角A 、B 、C 的对边，且．ABC222a b c +=+(1)求C ；(2)若，求A ．tan 2tan B a cC c -=【答案】(1)45C =︒(2)75A =︒【分析】（1）由余弦定理即可求解，（2）利用正弦定理边角互化，结合两角和的正弦公式即可得，进而可求解.60B =︒【详解】（1）∵，∴，∴，222a b c +=+2222a b c ab +-=cos C =由于C 是三角形内角，∴．45C =︒（2）由正弦定理可得，tan 22sin sin tan sin B a c A CC c C --==∴sin cos 2sin sin cos sin sin B C A CB C C -=∴，∴，sin cos 2sin cos sin cos B C A B C B =-sin cos sin cos 2sin cos B C C B A B +=∴，∴．()sin 2sin cos B C A B+=sin(π)sin 2sin cos A A A B ==-∵，∴，sin 0A ≠1cos 2B =由于B 是三角形内角 ，∴，则．60B =︒180456075A ︒-︒-︒==︒19．如图，数轴的交点为，夹角为，与轴､轴正向同向的单位向量分别是.由平面,x y O θx y 21,e e 向量基本定理，对于平面内的任一向量，存在唯一的有序实数对，使得，OP(),x y 12OP xe ye =+ 我们把叫做点在斜坐标系中的坐标（以下各点的坐标都指在斜坐标系中的坐标）.(),x y P xOy xOy(1)若为单位向量，且与的夹角为，求点的坐标；90,OP θ=OP 1e 120 P(2)若，点的坐标为，求向量与的夹角的余弦值.45θ=P (OP 1e【答案】(1)1,2⎛- ⎝【分析】（1）时，坐标系为平面直角坐标系，设点利用求出，再90θ= xOy (),P x y 112⋅=- OP e x 利用模长公式计算可得答案；（2）根据向量的模长公式计算可得答案.，12==OP e e 1⋅OP e【详解】（1）当时，坐标系为平面直角坐标系，90θ=xOy 设点，则有，而，(),P x y (),OP x y =()111,0,e OP e x=⋅=又，所以，又因，111cos1202OP e OP e ⋅=⋅⋅=- 12x =-1OP ==解得的坐标是；y =P 1,2⎛- ⎝（2）依题意夹角为，21,e e 12121245,cos45⋅=⋅==e e e e OP e e12OP e e ∴====，()2111121121cos ,2OP e OP e OP e e e e e e e αα⋅=⋅⋅=⋅=+⋅=+⋅=2,cos αα==20．如图所示，在四棱锥中，平面，，E 是的中点．P ABCD -//BC PAD 12BC AD =PD（1）求证：；//BC AD （2）若M 是线段上一动点，则线段上是否存在点N ，使平面？说明理由．CE AD //MN PAB 【答案】（1）证明见解析；（2）存在，理由见解析.【分析】（1）根据线面平行的性质定理即可证明；（2）取中点N ，连接，，根据线面平行的性质定理和判断定理即可证明．AD CN EN 【详解】证明：（1）在四棱锥中，平面，平面，P ABCD -//BC PAD BC ⊂ABCD 平面平面，ABCD ⋂PAD AD =∴，//BC AD （2）线段存在点N ，使得平面，理由如下：AD //MN PAB取中点N ，连接，，AD CN EN ∵E ，N 分别为，的中点，PD AD ∴，//EN PA ∵平面，平面，EN ⊄PAB PA ⊂PAB ∴平面，//EN PAB 取AP 中点F,连结EF,BF ，，且，//EF AN =EF AN 因为，，//BC AD 12BC AD =所以，且，//BC EF =BC EF 所以四边形BCEF 为平行四边形，所以.//CE BF 又面PAB ，面PAB ，所以平面；CE ⊄BF ⊂//CE PAB 又，CE EN E = ∴平面平面，//CEN PAB ∵M 是上的动点，平面，CE MN ⊂CEN ∴平面PAB ，//MN ∴线段存在点N ，使得MN ∥平面．AD PAB 21．合肥一中云上农舍有三处苗圃，分别位于图中的三个顶点，已知,ABCAB AC ==．为了解决三个苗圃的灌溉问题，现要在区域内（不包括边界）且与B ,C 等距的40m BC =ABC 一点O 处建立一个蓄水池，并铺设管道OA 、OB 、OC．(1)设，记铺设的管道总长度为，请将y 表示为的函数；OBC θ∠=m y θ(2)当管道总长取最小值时，求的值．θ【答案】(1)()202sin π200cos 4y θθθ-⎛⎫=+<< ⎪⎝⎭(2)π6θ=【分析】（1）根据锐角三角函数即可表示，，进而可求解，20cos BO θ=20sin cos OD θθ=（2）利用，结合三角函数的最值可得.2sin cos k θθ-=k 【详解】（1）由于,在的垂直平分线 上，AB AC ==,OB OC O =∴BC AD 若设，则, ∴OBC θ∠=20cos BO θ=20sin cos OD θθ=20sin 20cos OA θθ=-则；()202sin 202020tan 2200cos cos 4y θπθθθθ-⎛⎫=-+⨯=+<< ⎪⎝⎭（2）令得2sin cos k θθ-=2cos sin k θθ=+≤故，又，故23k≥0k >k ≥min2020y =+此时：得2sin cos θθ-=πsin 2sin 23θθθ⎛⎫+=+= ⎪⎝⎭πsin 13θ⎛⎫+= ⎪⎝⎭又，故,故π0,4θ⎛⎫∈ ⎪⎝⎭ππ32θ+=π6θ=22．数学史上著名的波尔约-格维也纳定理：任意两个面积相等的多边形，它们可以通过相互拼接得到．它由法卡斯·波尔约（FarksBolyai ）和保罗·格维也纳（PaulGerwien ）两位数学家分别在1833年和1835年给出证明．现在我们来尝试用平面图形拼接空间图形，使它们的全面积都与原平面图形的面积相等：（1）给出两块相同的正三角形纸片（如图1、图2），其中图1，沿正三角形三边中点连线折起，可拼得一个正三棱锥；图2，正三角形三个角上剪出三个相同的四边形（阴影部分），其较长的一组邻边边长为三角形边长的，有一组对角为直角，余下部分按虚线折起，可成一个14缺上底的正三棱柱，而剪出的三个相同的四边形恰好拼成这个正三棱锥的上底．(1)试比较图1与图2剪拼的正三棱锥与正三棱柱的体积的大小；(2)如果给出的是一块任意三角形的纸片（如图3），要求剪拼成一个直三棱柱模型，使它的全面积与给出的三角形的面积相等．请仿照图2设计剪拼方案，用虚线标示在图3中，并作简要说明．【答案】(1)柱锥V V>(2)答案见解析【分析】（1）根据题中的操作过程，结合棱锥、棱锥的体积进行求解比较即可；（2）根据题中操作过程，结合三角形内心的性质、直三棱柱的定义进行操作即可.【详解】（1）依上面剪拼方法，有．柱锥V V >推理如下：设给出正三角形纸片的边长为2，那么，正三棱锥与正三棱柱的底面都是边长为1的正如图所示：在正四面体中，高，DO ===在图2一顶处的四边形中，如图所示：直三棱柱高，()π11tan tan 21622PN PMN MN =∠⋅=⨯⨯-==，13V V h h ⎛⎫-=-= ⎪⎝⎭柱锥柱锥0=>∴．柱锥V V >（2）如图，分别连接三角形的内心与各顶点，得三条线段，再以这三条线段的中点为顶点作三角形．以新作的三角形为直棱柱的底面，过新三角形的三个顶点向原三角形三边作垂线，沿六条垂线剪下三个四边形，可以拼成直三棱柱的上底，余下部分按虚线折起，成为一个缺上底的直三棱柱，再将三个四边形拼成上底即可得到直三棱柱．。
2023-2024学年上海中学高一下学期期中考试英语试卷含答案
上海中学2023学年第二学期期中考试英语试卷高一______班学号______ 姓名______ 成绩______Ⅰ．Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1．A．15 dollars.B．20 dollars.C．25 dollars.D．45 dollars. 2．A．To the gallery.B．To the dentist’s.C．To her flat.D．To the garage. 3．A．She was fired by the company.B．She broke the law.C．She is on leave right now.D．She is replacing the company’s website. 4．A．Patient and doctor.B．Resident and government official. C．Customer and insurance agent.D．Boss and secretary.5．A．He was sitting opposite Mr. Johnson.B．He is planning a farewell party for Mr. Johnson. C．All the tasks that Mr. Johnson did failed.D．He is glad Mr. Johnson left the company. 6．A．She prefers dogs to cats.B．She had a close relationship with the man’s daughter.C．She used to sorrow over her dog’s death.D．She is always in low spirits.7．A．The woman should get the chips herself.B．The woman shouldn’t eat chips.C．The woman used to have several heart attacks.D．The woman warned the man against heart attacks. 8．A．They plan to have the meeting in another place.B．The availability of the meeting room will be discussed.C．They have already had the meeting.D They will have the meeting sometime later.9．A．The car’s demand greatly exceeds supply.B．The woman has listed the car’s advantages. C．The woman received a car a month ago.D．The woman didn’t like the car.10．A．She won’t do the presentation.B．She needs to collect a lot of data for the presentation.C．She is still at an early stage of preparation for the presentation.D．The topic is most important for the presentation.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and a longer conversation, and you will be asked some questions on the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper anddecide which one is the best answer to the question you’ve heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11．A．The type of food you freeze.B．The way you warm up the frozen food. C．Whether the freezer bags are sealed.D．What temperature you set your freezer to. 12．A．Because they can be easily stocked.B．Because they fit well in the fridge. C．Because they come in different sizes and shapes.D．Because they help to keep the dry food dry 13．A．Prevent people from eating too much food.B．Stop people from removing food that hasn’t gone bad.C．Make people become cautious about eating unhealthy food.D．Make people become ambitious in making use of leftover food.Questions 14 through 17 are based on the following passage.14．A．Postpone retirement age.B．Involve more women in work.C．Hire more foreign workers.D．Attract workers with high salaries. 15．A．Relieve pressure on human nursing care.B．Take care of children and the elderly. C．Finally replace humans in workforce.D．Give humans more time to r creative work. 16．A．Robots can’t do certain work.B．Some people don’t accept robots.C．The expenses for robots are still high.D．The functions of robots need improving. 17．A．Japan struggles to fight workforce shortage.B．Japanese attitudes towards robots change a lot.C．Robots have played a major role in Japan’s industry.D．Robots can help in Japanese workforce shortage.Questions 18 through 20 are based on the following conversation.18．A．The cruise liner will provide all sorts of food and entertainment.B．Only half of the cabins will be filled up.C．The prices of unsold tickets will be reduced.D．Everyone will be able to afford the ticket.19．A．Book tickets as soon as they are available.B．Closely watch the changes of ticket prices C．Compare deals from different sources.D．Keep in contact with a travel age n you can trust. 20．A．Because cruise tours are only suitable for people who have much free time.B．Because he can work part-time to earn money to pay for the tour.C．Because doing price research and comparing takes time.D．Because he can sail shortly after buying the cheap ticket.Ⅱ．Grammar and VocabularySection A Multiple Choice21．No man is useless in this world ______ lightens the burden of someone else.A．which B．that C．who D．as22．______ be considered for the role of team leader in our upcoming project?A．Who do you suggest that should B．Who do you suggestC．Whom do you suggest should D．Do you suggest who should23．I’m now applying to graduate school, ______ means someday I’ll return to a profession ______people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want.A．which, as B．which, which C．which, where D．as, in which 24．The reason ______ she gave for her resignation was ______ she wanted to pursue her passion for travel and exploration.A．that, that B．why, that C．why, because D．/, because25．It might be years ______ we ______ the creation of artificial intelligence systems capable of true human-like cognition.A．since, made possible B．before, make possibleC．since, made possible that D．before, make it possible26．The budget for the project ended up being twice ______, causing unexpected financial strain on the company. A．how it intended to B．that it had intended toC．as it intended to D．what it was intended to27．It was ______ she took her first step onto foreign soil ______ signaled the beginning of a journey filled with unknown adventures and unforgettable experiences.A．the moment, that B．the moment, whenC．the moment when, that D．the moment when, which28．The complexities of the English language are ______ even native speakers cannot always communicate effectively, ______ almost every American learns on his first day in Britain.A．so that, as B．such that, as C．so that, with D．such that, in that 29．His confidence and strong will clearly show that he is no longer ______ he used to be the first time ______ he undertook such a demanding task.A．who, when B．who, /C．what, /D．what, that30．It was not so much her talent ______ her perseverance and determination ______ motivated her to the top of her field.A but. that B．as, that C．nor, which D．like, which31．______ the children tracked mud all over them again.A．No sooner did he sweep the floors clean than B．Hardly had he sweep the floors clean when C．Barely he had swept the floors clean than D．Scarcely had he swept the floors clean when 32．Although the suspect insisted ______ alone during the time of the crime, the court still demanded ______ evidence to support his alibi.A．being at home, he should provide B．he be at home, he providedC．he was at home, be provide D．he was at home, he providing33．Visitors are permitted to take photographs for personal use only, ______ stated otherwise by the museum staff. A．though B．if C．as D．unless34．The recipe book features helpful ______, making it easier for learners to visualize the cooking process. A．explanation B．demonstrations C．illustrations D．presentations35．The heroic idea that ______ qualities such as excellence, generosity courage, loyalty and dignity is highly valued and modeled.A．embraces B．identifies C．examines D．criticizes36．______ by the work pressure, he has been experiencing serious physical symptoms of stress and had to turn to a therapist for help.A．Overwhelmed B．Disappointed C．Frustrated D．Shocked37．After witnessing her tireless dedication to practice every day, the parents were ______ her enthusiasm for playing the piano.A．concerned with B．committed to C．informed of D convinced of38．When we ______ the data further, we can identify specific trends and patterns that may not be evident at first glance.A．break up B．break out C．break through D．break down 39．The temptation for a declining church to ______ old privileges is strong.A．hang on to B．settle for C．pass up D．sign for40．After signing the contract, every employee is ______ fulfill their duties and conform to the rules made by the company.A．reluctant to B．obliged to C．motivated to D．honored to 41．Due to the long-term environmental and financial benefits, renewable energy technologies are ______ A．worthwhile to develop B．worth being developedC．worthy to be developed D．worthy of developingSection B VocabularyDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Stressed out? Get chewing: can a wellness rebrand make Americans buy gum again?When was the last time you saw someone chewing gum? 1998, maybe? 2007? Chances are, it probably wasn’t recently. Like high heels and affordable housing, chewing gum appears to be going 42Gum’s popularity has been fading globally thanks to increased competition from products like breath mints and mobile phones distracting us from impulse purchases while shopping. The pandemic, moreover,43 ·accelerated gum’s decline.Even after people 44 from lockdown, sales didn’t recover. Gum sales worldwide in 2023 were 10% below 2018 figures. In the US, the drop has been particularly pronounced: last year 1.2 billion units of gum were sold in the US, 32% fewer than in 2018.However, chewing gum, in various forms, is one of the oldest habits there is. Stone age teenagers were chewing birch bar k tar possibly for pleasure, medicinal purposes, or to use it as a glue. Gum has also been loaded with cultural meaning and the subject of various 45 panics. Some people believe it is a marker of the bad kidsor a habit of the lower class.Despite a certain amount of social stigma（污名）attached to gum, it has - until relatively recently -been a wildly successful product. That’s thanks to William Wrigley Jr, who was a marketing and advertising genius. Wrigley always 46 to find a way to make gum relevant and insert it into consumer culture. For example, Wrigley advertised the idea that chewing gum was a health aid that would help digestion and would relieve stress.This year the Wrigley brand’s owner —Mars— came out with an ad campaign it hopes will revive gum’s47 by positioning it as an almost instant stress reliever. Linking gum with wellness worked in the 1910s, but is it going to work now? Alex Hayes at the food consultancy is 48 optimistic. “The global well ness market is estimated to be worth more than $1.5 trillion, so it’s no surprise that Mars wants a piece of the pie,” Hayes says. “We’ve seen the success of categories such as tea promoting their products via functional 49 and messaging-teas for good sleep, mental clarity, stress relief, etc. So it comes as no surprise that Mars is risking the same 50 .” But he also notes, customers are increasingly worried about processed foods and are eager to move away from artificial 51 . There’s still ongoing discussion on just how effective repositioning chewable plastic as a health supplement is going to be.Ⅲ．Reading ComprehensionSection A ClozeDirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.It’s safe to say Jeremy Scott is having a lucky year. In March while working as a chauffeur, he told his boss about his plans to set up a driving business. By the end of the journey, Scott’s boss had offered to 52 his idea-a starting capital along with the gift of a £110,000 limousine（豪车）to kick start the business.Of course, there’s an element of luck to everyone’s career. Whether you’re a chief executive or an artist — your 53 won’t be based on hard work alone. For example, the place you were born 54 your education. It determines whether you learn to read, write or complete qualifications, which 55 limits your career choices.Many people believe success is down to talent and hard work, but “this is because most people underestimate the role of 56 ”, says psychologist Dr Elizabeth Nutt Williams. “We do a lot of work to prepare for our careers-education, training, taking advantage of mentoring-all of which tend to be in our control.” People don’t like to acknowledge the role of luck in their work, as it 57 this feeling of being in control, adds Williams.Everyone remembers working hard, so people are more likely to overestimate how much of their success is down to diligence than something much more 58 like luck.The reality of success （at least in terms of 59 ）is less clear cut. In the UK, studies show where you are born is likely to determine how much you earn.2017 research found that there is a “class pay gap’’, where professional employers from 60 backgrounds are paid almost £7,000 less a year — despite having the same role, education and experience as colleagues from more privileged families. 61 , black graduates earn up to 23% less per hour than white university leavers, whereas woman in the UK earn 14% less on average than men.Socio-economic status also plays a big role in the 62 you enter. A recent study by the Debrett’s Foundation found seven in every 10 young people aged 16-25 use 63 to get their first job. While research hasshown that less able, richer children are 35% more likely to become high earners than their brighter. poorer peers.The truth is: chance and coincidences 64 our careers more than we like to think. Realizing that parts of your career are out of your control sounds 65 , but being grateful for the role of luck in your career can actually make you more fortunate.This is because when you acknowledge the role of luck in your work, you become prepared to take advantage of more fortunate moments. “Chance events occur·but it is all about the individual’s 66 to see those events as possibilities and their willingness to take a risk,” says Williams.52．A．challenge B．adopt C．finance D．reject 53．A．performances B．accomplishments C．assessments D．outcomes 54．A．accounts for B．applies to C．makes up for D．depends on 55．A．in reward B．after all C．in turn D．by nature 56．A．chance B．accident C．education D．diligence 57．A．emphasizes B．overlooks C．maintains D．weakens 58．A．manageable B．vital C．slippery D．minor 59．A．reputation B．income C．education D．occupation 60．A．wealthier B．poorer C．unique D．diverse 61．A．Nevertheless B．Contrarily C．Consequently D．Similarly 62．A．profession B．circle C．community D．university 63．A．certificates B．online platforms C．career fairs D．family connections 64．A．contribute to B．result from C．add to D．hold back 65．A．inspiring B．encouraging C．appealing D．discouraging 66．A．reluctance B．eagerness C．readiness D．resolutionSection B Passages（A）When you think about coffee alternatives, garlic is probably one of the last things that comes to mind, but that is exactly the ingredient that one Japanese inventor used to create a drink that looks and tastes like coffee.74-year-old Yokitomo Shimotai, a coffee shop owner in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, claims that his unique “garlic coffee” is the result of a cooking blunder he made over 30 years ago, when he burned a steak and garlic while waiting tables at the same time. Intrigued by the burnt garlic’s smell, he mashed it up with a spoon and mixed it with hot water. The resulting drink looked and tasted a lot like coffee. Making a mental note of his discovery, Yokimoto carried on with his job and only started researching garlic coffee again after he retired.Committed to turning his weird drink into a commercial product, Yokitomo Shimotai spent years optimizing the formula, and about five years ago, he finally achieved a result he was satisfied with. To make his dissolvable garlic grounds, he roasts the cloves（蒜瓣）in an electric oven, and after they’ve cooled off, smashes them into fine particles and packs them in dripbags.“My drink is probably the world’s first of its kind,” the garlic coffee inventor told Kyodo News. “It contains no caffeine so it’s good for those who would like to drink coffee at night or pregnant women.”“The bitterness of burned garlic apparently helps create the coffee-like flavor,” Shimotai adds. He claims that,although his garlic coffee does give off an aroma of roasted garlic, it doesn’t cause bad breath, because the garlic is thoroughly cooked. And if you can get past the smell, the drink apparently does taste a lot like actual coffee. If decaf isn’t good enough for you, and you’re in the mood for something new, you can try Yokitomo Shimotai’s garlic coffee at his shop, in the city of Ninohc, lwate Prefecture, or buy your own dripbags for just 324 yen （$2.8）.67．Which word is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “blunder” in the second paragraph?A mistake B．show C．mixture D．brand68．Who is NOT suitable to drink garlic coffee?A．A student having trouble with sleep B．A woman bearing a baby.C．A cleaner working on a day shift.D．A young lady sick of garlic.69．Which of the following is NOT characteristic of garlic coffee?A．It is caffeine-free.B．Garlic powder dissolves in waterC．The burnt garlic create s bitterness.D．It is an improvement on a garlic dish. 70．Which of the following can be used to describe Yokitomo Shimotai?A．Venturous and greedy B．Innovative and perseverantC．Hardworking and cautious D．Observant and helpful（B）71．By “how they stacked up” in paragraph 1, the author probably means “how they ______.”A．make sense to manufacturers B．get stuck in storesC are compared with each other D．are piled up together72．Which of the following devices favourably reacts to users?A．Dreampad pillow B．Eight sleep trackerC．Smart Nora Wireless Snoring Solution D．Nightingale Smart Home Sleep System 73．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A．The Eight keeps the entire bed at the same temperature.B．The Nightinga, is an economical but perfect device.C．Soft music is applied to all these four devices.D．One in three people suffer from sleep problem.（C）One way to divide up the world is between people who like to explore new possibilities and those who stick to the tried and true. In fact, the tension between betting on a sure thing and taking a chance that something unexpected and wonderful might happen troubles human and nonhuman animals alike.Take songbirds, for example. The half-dozen finches（雀）resting at my desk feeder all summer know exactly what they’ll find there: black sunflower seed, and lots of it. Meanwhile, the warblers（莺）exploring the woods nearby don’t depend on this predictable food source in fine weather. As food hunters, they enjoy less exposure to predators and, as a bonus, the chance to meet the perfect mate flying from tree to tree.This “explore-exploit” trade-off（权衡）has prompted scores of lab studies, computer simulations and algorithms（算法）, trying to determine which strategy brings in the greatest reward. Now a new study of human behavior in the real world, published last month in the journal Nature Communications, shows that in good times, there isn’t much of a difference between pursuing novelty and sticking to the status quo（原状）. When the going gets tough. however, explorers are the winners.The new study, led by Shay O’Farrell and James Sanchirico, both of the University of California, Davis, along with Orr Spiegel of Tel Aviv University, examined the routes and results of nearly 2,500 commercial fishing trips in the Gulf of Mexico over a period of 2.5 years. The study focused on “bottom longline” fishing, a system where hundreds of lines are attached to a horizontal bar that is then lowered to reach the sea bed. Dr. O’Farrell explained the procedure this way: Go to a location and put the line down. Stay for a few hours. The lines are a mile long and have a buoy （浮标）at either end. When they pull that up, they assess the catch, and then decide if they will stay or move on to a different spot.Over two years of collecting data under various climate conditions, the researchers discovered that thefishermen were fairly consistent. “The exploiters would go to a smaller set of locations over and over, and go with what they know,” Dr. O’Farrell said. The explorers would constantly try a wider range; they’d sample new places.In the long run, there wasn’t a huge difference in payoffs between the two groups, perhaps due to the sharing information between fishing crews, said Dr. O’Farrell. But in challenging times, the study’s message was clear: “You can try new things in the face of uncertainty.”74．The author takes the songbird as an example to indicate that ______.A．like birds, humans tend to be satisfied with the predictableB．some birds are used to looking for food instead of being fedC．there exist the conservative and the adventurous like humansD．birds choose different ways to look for food in different weather75．According to the third paragraph, people who mastered “explore-exploit” trade-off ______.A．will choose either to pursue novelty or keep the status quoB．are ready to risk in time of difficultyC．will be tough in good times and bad timesD．will grow to be experts in lab studies76．Which can be inferred from the new study led by Shay O’Farrell and James Sanchirico?A．The two groups react to the unexpected differently.B．The “explore-exploit” trade-off helps scientific research a lot.C．The exploiters are used to fishing based solely on their experience.D．The explorers tend to achieve more than the exploiters in the long run.77．Which of the following can be the best title for passage?A．How the Exploiter differs from the Explorer B．How to Become a Productive Fisherman C．What is “Explore-Exploit” Trade-off D．When to take risks mattersSection CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.The Maya loved cacao so much that they used the beans as currency. They also believed it is good for you—which many people still say today about cacao’s most famous byproduct, chocolate. 78 . While some have suggested that less than an ounce of dark chocolate might improve heart health, much of the research doesn’t involve eating actual chocolate but rather its components — flavanol, especially.79 . In a clinical trial of 21,000 adults, they found that the half of the group that took500mg of. cocoa flavanol supplements daily had a significantly lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease than those who had taken a placebo（安慰剂）.Flavanols may also boost insulin sensitivity, according to some studies, which might be helpful in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes（糖尿病）. 80 . Those at risk of diabetes might be wise to choose a cacao-inspired supplement instead of eating chocolate—and the sugar it contains. Other research suggests that the flavanols found in cacao （also present in fruits, vegetables, and tea）could slow cognitive decline during aging, or even boost brain performance by improving blood flow to the cerebral cortex.What these findings mean for chocolate is limited, however. Participants would have had to eat multiple fat and sugar filled chocolate bars a day to source 500mg of flavanols. 81 . So understanding why certain types of chocolate are healthier than the rest is the focus of further research.Ⅳ．Fill in the BlanksHow sneaker culture took over the worldSneakers have come a long way from when they were first invented in 1860s England for the upper-class playing croquet（槌球）and tennis.Long worn for function 82 82 fashion, today sneakers have become an entire culture—both a form of self-expression and a high art found in museum exhibits and designer auction houses.83 transformed sneaker culture into a true phenomenon was the 1985 release of Nike’s Air Jordan 1s. In 1984, Michael Jordan was a talented rookie who had yet to play in a professional game. 84 that, Nike saw Jordan as the future of their brand, signing him to a five-year, $2.5 million endorsement（代言）deal. 85 Jordan matured into one of the greatest basketball players of all time, the sneaker’s popularity skyrocketed.Meanwhile, another cultural shift 86 （take）place with casual Fridays introduced in white-collar businesses. It was when men were allowed to put aside their suits and wear something one day a week that showed people who they really were.As sneakers became increasingly desired, footwear companies turned to 87 （generate）even more publicity by collaborating with celebrities and luxury brands, as well as releasing small batches of limited-edition shoes with eye-pop ping designs.Celebrities also started their collaborations with sneaker brands, which helped target a whole new demographic of people to experience sneaker culture. It was a blending of high and low fashion, 88 the shoe industry has never really seen before. A pair that Jordan wore in his legendary final NBA season 89 （sell ）even for $2.2 mllion, making them the most expensive sneakers ever to appear at auction.By the mid-2010s, speakers 90 （become）solid gold status symbols. Wearing rare and cool sneakers became an expression of one’s social status. But not until recently, sneakers are finally getting their due as part of our cultural heritage—and particularly how Black culture has shaped that heritage. It took decades for the sneaker industry to recognize that 91 these Black athletes or artists that championed their products there would be no sneaker culture.Ⅴ．Translations92．结果看来这项传统的确值得传承给我们的后代。
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罗山高中2011-2012学年第二学期期中考试
高一化学试卷
本卷分第I 卷（选择题）和第II 卷两部分，共100 分，考试时间 90 分钟。
第I 卷（选择题 共 48 分）
一、单项选择题：（每题3分，共48分）
1．放射性同位素Ho 166
67的原子核内中子数与电子数之差是 （ ）
A ．32
B ．67
C ．99
D ．166
2．下列物质属于共价化合物的是（ ）
A ．C 60
B ．CaCl 2
C ．KF
D ． CH 4
3．下列各组顺序的排列不正确．．．
的是 ( ) A ．最高正化合价：P ＜S ＜Cl B ．原子半径：O ＜S ＜Cl
C ．酸性强弱：H 3PO 4＜H 2SO 4＜HClO 4
D ．金属性：Na ＞Mg ＞Al
4．决定化学反应速率的主要因素是 （ ）
A ．参加反应的物质本身的性质
B ．催化剂
C ．温度、压强以及反应物的接触面
D ．反应物的浓度
5．通过控制或改变反应条件可以加快、减缓甚至阻止反应的进行，使化学
反应有利于人类的生存和提高生活质量。
下列各图所示的措施中，能加
快化学反应速率的是 （ ）
A ．
B ．
C ．
D ． 6．在元素周期表中金属元素和非金属元素的分界线附近的一些元素能用于
制（ ）
A ．合金
B ．半导体
C ．催化剂
D ．农药
7．下列关于化学反应速率的说法，不正确．．．
的是 （ ） A ．化学反应速率用于衡量化学反应进行的快慢
B ．H 2O 2溶液中加入MnO 2或FeCl 3都能增大H 2O 2的分解速率
C ．可逆反应达到化学平衡状态时正、逆反应速率都为0
D ．在同一化学反应中，不同条件下常有不同的反应速率
8．下列关于物质性质变化比较，不正确的是（ ）
铁门表面喷漆 橡胶里加炭黑 扇子扇煤炉火 煤 土壤 稍稍烤焦 木 头
电 线 杆
Zn Cu 稀H 2SO 4
A ．酸性：HIO 4>HBrO 4>HClO 4
B ．原子半径大小：Na>S>O
C ．碱性强弱：KOH>NaOH>LiOH
D ．金属性强弱：Na>Mg>Al
9．下列关于能源和作为能源物质的叙述中错误．．
的是（ ） A ．人类利用的能源都是通过化学反应获得的
B ．绿色植物进行光合作用时，将太阳能转化为化学能“贮存”起来
C ．物质的化学能可以在不同条件下转为热能、电能为人类所利用
D ．化石燃料蕴藏的能量来自远古时期生物体所吸收利用的太阳能
10．下列各个装置中能组成原电池的是（ ）
11．把A 、B 、C 、D 四块金属浸入硫酸中，用导线两两相连组成原电池。
若A 、B 相连时，A 为负极时；C 、D 相连时，D 上产生大量气泡；A 、C
相连时，电流由C 经导线流向A ；B 、D 相连时，电子由D 经导线流向B ，
则此4种金属的活动性由强到弱的顺序为（ ）
A ．A>B>C>D
B ．A>C>D>B
C ．C>A>B>
D D ．B>A>C>D
12．对于锌、铜和稀硫酸组成的原电池（如图），下列有关说法正确的是（ ）
①Zn 是负极 ②电子由Zn 经外电路流向Cu
③Zn－2e －＝Zn 2＋ ④溶液中H ＋向Zn 棒迁移
A ．①②
B ．①②③
C ．②③④
D ．①②③④
13．下列化学用语书写正确的是（ ）
A ．氮气的电子式：
B ．硫原子的结构示意图：
C ．溴化钠的电子式：
D ．二氧化碳是存在极性键的非极性化合物
14．对化学反应速率与化学反应限度的叙述，不正确．．．
的是（ ） A ．任何可逆反应都有一定的反应限度
B ．反应温度是影响化学反应速率的决定性因素
C ．化学反应的限度影响了反应物在该条件下的最大转化率
D ．同一化学反应若反应条件不同限度可能不同
15．反应4NH 3(g )＋5O 2(g )4NO(g )＋6H 2O(g )在10L 密闭容器中进
行，半分钟后，水蒸气的物质的量增加了0.45mol ，则此反应的平均速
率可表示为（）
A．υ(NH3)＝0.01mol/(L∙s) B．υ(O2)＝0.001mol/(L∙s)
C．υ(NO)＝0.001mol/(L∙s) D．υ(H2O)＝0.045mol/(L∙s) 16．氢氧燃料电池可以使用在航天飞机上，其反应原理示意图
如右图。
下列有关氢氧燃料电池的说法正确的是（）
A．该电池工作时电能转化为化学能
B．该电池中电极a是正极
C．外电路中电子由电极b通过导线流向电极a
D、外电路中电流由电极b通过导线流向电极a
第II卷（共 52分）
二、填空题：
17．(8分)下表为元素周期表的一部分，参照元素①-⑧在表中位置，用化学用语回答下列问题。
周期/族Ⅰ
0 A
第一周
①Ⅱ A Ⅲ A Ⅳ A Ⅴ A Ⅵ A Ⅶ A
期
第二周
②③④
期
第三周
⑤⑥⑦⑧
期
（1）④、⑤、⑥的原子半径由大到小的顺序为 (填元素符号（2）②、③、⑦的最高价含氧酸的酸性由强到弱的顺序是（填化学式）（3）①、④、⑤、⑧中的某些元素可形成既含有离子键又含有极性共价键的化合物，写出其中一种化合物的电子式
（4）由表中两种元素的原子按1:1组成的常见液态化合物的稀溶液易被催化分解，可使用的催化剂为。
A.MnO2 B.FeCl3 C.Na2SO3 D.KMnO4 18.(8分)将气体A、B置于容积为2L的密闭容器中，发生如下反应：
4A(g)+B(g)2C(g)，反应进行到4s末，测得A的物质的量为0.5mol，B的物质的量为0.4mol，C的物质的量为0.2mol,则：
（1）用生成物C的浓度增加来表示该反应的速率为：
（2）用反应物A的浓度减少来表示该反应的速录为：
（3）反应前A、B的物质的量浓度分别是：、
19.(6分)（1）下列反应中，属于放热反应的是，属于吸热反应的是
①煅烧石灰石②木炭燃烧③炸药爆炸④酸碱中和⑤生石灰与水作用制熟石灰⑥食物因氧化而腐败
（2）用铜、银与硝酸银设计一个原电池，此电池的负极是，负极的
电极反应方程式是
（3）用锌片、铜片连接后浸入稀硫酸溶液，构成了原电池，工作一段时间，芯片的质量减少了3.25g，铜表面析出了氢气L（标准状况下）。
导线中通过 mol电子（铜的相对原子质量65）
20．(10分) 某温度时，在2 L的密闭容器中，X、Y、Z三种物质的量随时间的变化曲线如图所示。
（1）反应物为生成物为
（2）由图中所给数据进行分析，该反应的化学
方程式为；
（3）反应从开始至2分钟末，用Z的浓度变化
表示的平均反应速率为v(Z)= ，
（4）当反应进行了3 min，该反应是否达到平
衡（填是或否）
21. (10分) 有A、B、C、D四种短周期元素, 它们的原子序数依次增大，已知A和B原子有相同的电子层数, 且A的L层电子数是K层电子数的两倍, C在空气中燃烧时呈现黄色火焰, C的单质在高温下与B的单质充分反应, 可以得到与D单质颜色相同的淡黄色固态化合物, 试根据以上叙述回答：（1）元素名称: A ______ B _____ C _____ D ______。
（2）D元素位于周期表中周期族。
（3）写出AB2与C2B2反应的化学方程式。
（4）画出B的原子结构简图 ___________________。
（5）电子式表示化合物 C2D 的形成过程：。
22.（10分）A、B、C、D均为短周期元素，原子序数依次增大。
已知：
①A与D同主族，A形成的氢化物分子M与D形成的氢化物分子N都有18
个电子。
②一定条件下，A、D分别和B形成的化合物X和Y具有相同的摩尔质量，且焰色反应均呈黄色。
③A和C形成的化合物Z是光导纤维的主要原料。
回答下列问题：
（1）写出X的电子式；Z的化学式
（2）A、B、C、D四种元素的原子半径按由小到大的排列顺序为
（用元素符号表示）
（3）在M的溶液中通入N，可发生反应生成D的单质和A的另一种氢化物，试写出化学方程式
高一化学答题卷
一、选择题（本题共40分）
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
二、填空题（本题共52分）
17、(8分)（1）（2）
（3）（4）
18、(8分)（1）、（2）、（3）、（4）
19、(6分)（1）放热反应的是吸热反应的是
（2）负极是电极式是
（3）氢气L（标准状况下）。
通过 mol电子20．(10分)（1）反应物为生成物为
（2）化学方程式为；
（3）v(Z)= ，（4）是否达到平衡（填是或否）21. (10分)（1）元素名称: A ______ B _____ C _____ D ______。
（2）D元素位于周期表中周期族。
（3）写出AB2与C2B2反应的化学方程式。
(2分) （4）B的原子结构简图 ___________________。
（5）电子式表示化合物 C2D 的形成过程：。
22.（10分）（1）X的电子式；Z的化学式
（2）原子半径按由小到大的排列顺序为（用元素符号表示）（3）化学方程式。