考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2011年新题型(上)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2011年新题型（上）这是一篇社会教育类文章，本文是关于《思想市场：美国大学的改革与抵制》一书的书评。
文章结构是问题解决型，按照“提出问题——分析问题——提出建议”的步骤展开论述。
第一、二段引入人文学科在大学中陷入的奇怪困境，第三、四段分析论述原因在于大学人文学科知识和人才的专业化，第五、六段分析影响是人文学科人才处于困境。
末段提出建议：改变人文学科人才的培养方式，培养起更广阔的学术视野。
以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1. 22discipline ['dɪsɪplɪn]n. 学科;纪律;训练;惩罚vt. 训练，训导;惩戒【词根记忆】：dis-(前缀：否定前缀)+cip(词根：拿)+line(线)→站成一条线不许拿→纪律;学科→训练，训导;惩戒【短语搭配】：financial discipline 财政纪律; 财务约束; 财务束缚; 财务纪律【真题例句】：So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. 所以，各个学科需要的不仅仅是对知识生产的垄断，还有对知识生产者的产出的垄断。
(2011年新题型)2. 2professionalism [prə'feʃ(ə)n(ə)lɪz(ə)m]n. 专业主义;专家的地位;特性或方法【词根记忆】：pro(向前)+fess(说)+sion(名词)+al(形容词)+ism(……主义)→专业主义;专家的地位【真题例句】No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. 没有哪个学科像人文学科那样狂热地看重职业化。
(2011年新题型)3.1professionalize [ˌdʒʌstɪfɪ'keɪʃn]vi. 专业化;职业化vt. 使…专业化;使…专业化【词根记忆】：pro(向前)+fess(说)+sion(名词)+al(形容词)+ize(使……化)→使…专业化;使…专业化【短语搭配】：to professionalize the teacher 使教师专业化【真题例句】Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalized the professor. 美国知名大学通过这种学科的分离不仅使学科更专业化，而且使教授也更专业化了。
(2011年新题型)4. 5enthusiasm [ɪn'θuzɪæzəm]n. 热心，热忱，热情【词根记忆】：en-(前缀：使动)+thus(音变自Zeus,古希腊神)iasm(名词后缀)→神让我们产生的积极崇拜的情绪→狂热【真题例句】No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. 没有哪个学科像人文学科那样狂热地看重职业化。
(2011年新题型)5. 17humanities [hjʊ'mænətɪzæk'tɪvɪtɪ]n. 人类;人道;仁慈;人文学科(humanity的复数)【词根记忆】：human(人类，仁慈)+ity(表抽象名词)→人性，人道，博爱，仁慈;人文学科(humanity的复数)【短语搭配】：Humanity Science 人文科学; 人文类课程; 人文工学【真题例句】No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. 没有哪个学科像人文学科那样狂热地看重职业化。
(2011年新题型)6. 2grounding ['graʊndɪŋ]n.基础;搁浅;(染色的)底色【词根记忆】ground(地面，基础)+ing(表示状态的名词后缀)→在地面上→基础;搁浅→底色【真题例句】However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. 但是，美国很多知名高校希望自己的大学生掌握一系列基本观点，而这些观点是每一个受到高等教育的人必须拥有的基本思想准则。
(2011年新题型)7. 3award [ə'wɔːd]vt. 授予;判定n. 奖品;判决【联想记忆】：a(表示加强)+ward(保卫，守护)→重视保卫家园就会受到表彰和奖金→授予;判定; 奖品;判决【真题例句】But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. 可是，想要学习人文学科的学生更少了：1970-71年间英语学院授予的学士学位数量要比20年后还要多。
(2011年新题型)8. 4qualification [,kwɒlɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]n. 资格;条件;限制;赋予资格【词根记忆】：quality(质量)+i(无实意，音节连接词)+fi(fy，动词，为了……)+cation(名词后缀)→为了保证……的质量→赋予资格【真题例句】Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. 尽管半数以上的哈佛本科生最后主修法律、医学或商务，而这些准医生、准律师在开始职业生涯之前必须修一门非专业的人文学位课程。
(2011年新题型)9. 23academic [ækə'demɪk]a. 学术的;理论的;学院的n. 大学生，大学教师;学者【词根记忆】：academy(学院)+ic(形容词后缀)→学术的;理论的;学院的→大学生，大学教师;学者【短语搭配】：academic degree 学位; 学术性学位; 学术学位; 学术型【真题例句】Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize. 否则，学者的思维会更加危险地趋同，日益脱离所研究的、所调查的和所批评的社会。
(2011年新题型)10. 3academy [ə'kædəmɪ]n. 学院;研究院;学会;专科院校【联想记忆】：来自希腊神话人物Akademos的名字。
传说，Akademos的园林曾经是柏拉图最初教授弟子的学园。
另外，结尾“y”与“学习”相关。
“academy”虽然翻译为“学院”，但是由于最初是教书的地方，所以现在常指权威的、国家级的学术机构。
【短语搭配】：China Academy of Science 中国科学院【真题例句】In response, the American Academy formed the Commission on the Humanities and Social Sciences. 作为回应，美国人文与科学院成立了人文科学和社会科学委员会。
(2014年Text 4)总之，作为2011年考研英语的新题型部分，该篇文章词汇部分的难度适中，考生需要掌握常见的词根词缀。
本文是由凯程英语教研室教师参考凯程考研系列词汇解析和权威的词根词缀字典，结合历年考研真题为大家解析的2011年考研英语真题中的新题型部分的重点高频词汇。
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考研英语真题单词-2011(英一)
2011（一）完形 - 笑与情绪 Part1 单词1、impair v.损害；削弱2、sacrifice n.牺牲3、determine v.查明，主语（⼈人或调查）决定，主语（某原因）4、manageable a.可操纵的；可处理理的5、renewable a.可再⽣生的；可延⻓长有效期的6、decrease v.降低increase v.增⻓长7、varnish n.清漆8、apparently ad.似乎（显然地）9、tone n.[僻]肌⾁肉结实10、asthma n.哮喘11、subconscious a.潜意识的12、internal a.体内的，内⼼心的13、exhaust v.筋疲⼒力力尽（+⼈人）（+物，耗尽）14、suppress v.抑制15、jockey n.⻢马骑师16、contract v.[僻]收缩（使动）Part2 短语1、despite sth. to the contrary 尽管有...与此相反claim / evidence / idea / advice statement2、the way = as 引导⽅方式状语从句句eg. the way walking does 就像散步⼀一样3、in turn 轮流：强调顺序相应地：强调因果关系eg. Interest rates were cut and, in turn, share prices rose.利利率下降，相应地，股票就上涨了了。
4、die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息5、draw nearer the point of ... 近乎(做某事)6、up to 胜任，取决于，多达7、as for ⾄至于，关于= as to8、not + v. +because 否定转移9、turn to 求助于；使⽤用新东⻄西eg. Many people here are turning to solar power.这的⼈人都开始使⽤用太阳能。
最新考研英语高频词汇2011版
最新考研英语高频词汇（2011版）abnormal不正常的absurd荒谬的abundant丰富的acute敏锐的，锋利的，急性的accurate 精确的，准确的adequate 足够的，恰当的，合适的adjacent（to）毗连的，接近的adverse不利的，相反的aerial空中的，航空的aesthetic审美的，有审美能力的agreeable宜人的，同意的aggressive侵略的好斗的，进取的alien外国的，不同性质的ambiguous模棱两可的模糊的ambitious有雄心的有抱负的ample充足的，足够的，广大的analytical 分析的anonymous 匿名的applicable 适用的，合适的apprehensive 不安的，担心的appropriate合适的，恰当的apt敏捷的；适当的；倾向，易于arrogant 傲慢的，自大的authentic可靠的可信的authoritative 有权威的，可信的autonomous 自治的，自主的average 一般的普通的awesome 令人畏惧的aware 意识到的，知道的awkward 尴尬的bald秃头的，不毛的，单调的barren贫瘠的不毛的bizarre 古怪的，奇异的bleak阴冷的，寒冷的；荒凉的；暗淡的blunt 不尖的，钝的；直率的，直言的botanical植物学的bound 一定的brisk 活跃的，活泼的brutal 野蛮的，残忍的cardinal主要的，最基本的carefree无忧无虑的casual 随意的，随便的catholic 广泛的，普遍的cautious 谨慎的，小心的chronic慢性的cognitive认知的coherent 一致的，连贯的；清晰，易懂的compact紧凑的小巧的commercial 商业的，compassionate 表示同情的competent 有能力的competitive竞争性的，具有竞争力的compact紧凑的，小巧的，简洁的complementary 互补的compulsory强迫的，强制的，义务的concise 简洁的，简明的conclusive 确定的，决定性的confidential机紧的，秘密的conscientious负责的，尽责的conscious意识到的，知道的consecutive 连续不断的，接连而来的consequent 随后发生的，由引起的conservative 保守的，传统的consistent 和…一致conspicuous 显而易见的，引人注目的constituent 组成的，构成的conventional 传统的courteous 有礼貌的cordial热情的，诚恳的corporate 法人的，公司的，全体的，cozy/cosy 舒适的crisp 脆的，有霜气的；干脆的crucial/critical关键的cumulative 累积的current当前的decent 体面的，像样的，还不错的deceptive 欺骗的,骗人的definitive 最后的，明确的delicate 精细的，微妙的，精心处理的democratic 民主的desirable 理想的，想要的deteriorating 恶化的，变坏的destined 命中注定的destructive 毁灭的detached 超然的，detrimental 有害的digital 数字的divisive 分裂的，不和的disastrous 灾难性的discrete 不连续的，分立的divine 神圣的，神的dominant 占优势的，有支配力的dramatic 戏剧性的，夸张性的drastic 激烈的，猛烈的dreadful 可怕的dubious 怀疑的，可疑的eccentric 怪癖的，古怪的，离心的economic 经济的edible 可食的，无毒的effective 有效果的efficient 有效率的elegant优雅的，优美的，精致的eligible 合格的eloquent 有口才的，善辩的embarrassing 令人尴尬的energetic 精力充沛的equivalent 相等的erroneous 错误的essential 必要的，基本的esthetic审美的eternal永恒的，无休止的evitable 可以避免的excessive 过分的，过度的exclusive独有的，排他的exotic 外来的，奇特的explicit 清楚的exquisite 优美的，精致的；灵敏的，敏锐的 extinct 灭绝的，绝种的extensive 广泛的extravagant 浪费的，奢侈的，过分，过度的fabulous 神话中有名的，难以相信的fanciful 奇怪的，不真实的fatal 致命的，毁灭性的feasible 可行的feeble 脆弱的，虚弱的feminine 妇女的，女性的，阴的fertile 肥沃的，有才智的，能生的financial 财政的，经济的finite 有限度的flexible 灵活的，能适应环境的formidable 可怕的，艰难的forthcoming 即将到来的；现成的；热心的fragile 易碎的，易受伤害的fragrant 芳香的furious 猛烈的，生气的fruitful 有成效的generous 大方的genetic 基因的gigantic 巨大的global 全球的gloomy 暗淡的，忧伤的gorgeous 华丽的，灿烂的gracious 亲切的，大方的grim 严厉的，严格的，冷酷的hasty 仓促的，匆忙的homogeneous 同类的，同性质的hostile 敌对的humble 卑微的hysterical 歇斯底里的ideal 理想的identical相同的，一样的ignorant 无知的imaginable 可以想象的imaginative 富有想象力的，爱想象的immune 有免疫力的，安全的impartial 公正的imperative 必要的，急切的，强制的inaccessible不可接近的，不能达到的inadequate 不充分的，不适当的incessant 不断的，不停的incredible 难以置信的inclusive 包括的，包含的incurable 不治之症的indefinite 不确定的，模糊的indicative 直述的，指示的，表示的indifferent 不关心的，冷漠的indignant 生气的，愤怒的indispensable 必不可少的infectious传染的，传染性的inferior 较次的，较劣的,地位较低的，较差的influential 有影响力的innate/inborn 天生的ingenious 天才的，灵巧的，精美的inherent 固有的，生来的innocent 无辜的，天真的inspirational 灵感的instantaneous 瞬间的，即时的instrumental 乐器的，有帮助的intent 专心的，专注的intentional 故意的intelligible 易理解的，易领悟的interactive 相互的，互动的intermittent 间歇的，断续的internal 内部的intimate 亲密的intricate 复杂精细的intrinsic固有的，本质的，内在的invalid 无效的，伤残的，残废的invaluable 无价的ironical 讽刺的irreplaceable 不能替换的，不能代替的irrespective (of )不考虑，不顾jealous 嫉妒的judicial 法官的，法庭的，审判的juvenile 少年的legislative 立法的，法律的legitimate 合法的，正规的，合理的lenient 宽大的，不严厉的liberal 自由的linear 线的，线状的literal 文字的，字面的，逐字逐句的literate 识字的，文雅的locomotive 移动的，引起运动的lofty 高的，高尚的，高傲的logical 合乎逻辑的luminous 发光的，明亮的；清楚的，容易的masculine 男性的，阳性的massive 大规模的，大量的mechanical 机械的medieval 中古的，中世纪的mental 心理的，精神的，metallic 金属的militant好战的，尚武的merciful 仁慈的，宽大的mobile 活动的，流动的，移动的monetary 货币的muscular 肌肉的mythical 神话般的naive 自然而天真的，质朴的nasty 肮脏的negligible可忽略的，微不足道的nominal 名义上的，名字的，无价值的notable 显著的，著名的notorious臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的numerical 数字的，表示数量的obedient 服从的，顺从的obscure 模糊不清的obscene 淫秽的，肮脏的optimistic 乐观的optional 可供选择的oriental 东方的original 原先的，最早的orthodox 正统的，公认的overt 公然的，公开的overwhelming 势如破竹的，压倒性的passionate 热情的，多情的pathetic悲哀的，悲惨的patriotic 爱国的perpetual 永久的，持久的persistent 坚持不懈的potential 可能的，潜在的poisonous 有毒的predominant卓越的，流行的，显著的prevalent 普遍的，流行的primitive 原始的，早期的productive 有生产力的，多产的proficient熟练的，精通的profound 深刻的，深远的prominent 突出的，杰出的prompt 即刻的，迅速的prone (to) 易于，倾向于proper 恰当的prosperous 富裕的，繁荣的prudent 谨慎的；小心的qualitative 与性质有关的，定性的queer 奇怪的，古怪的radiant 光辉灿烂的，容光焕发的radical 激进的，根本的random 随意的，无目的的rash 匆忙的，卤莽的，草率的raw 自然状态的，未加工的redundant 过多的，多余的relevant与…有关的reliable 可靠的resistant 有抵抗力的respectable 可尊敬的rewarding值得的rigorous 严格的，严厉的；严酷的righteous 正义的，义愤的rough 粗略的，不精确的savage 野蛮的；凶猛的，残酷的sensitive 敏感的sheer完全的，十足的shrewd精明的simultaneous 同时的skeptical 怀疑的slight 轻微的，小的sound 合理的，健康的stable/steady 稳定的，不断的stationary 固定的strenuous 吃力的，奋发的，奋斗的subordinate 次要的，从属的substantial 巨大的，subtle微妙的，精巧的，细微的sufficient 足够的superficial 肤浅的surgical 外科的supplementary 增补的，补充的，附susceptible 易动感情的;敏感的;易受…影响的suspicious 怀疑的sustainable 可持续的sympathetic 有同情心的tedious 冗长的，乏味的tentative 试探的thermal 热的，热量的transient 短暂的，片刻的trivial 琐碎的，不重要的turbulent 动荡的，混乱的typical 典型的，有代表性的ultimate 最后的，最终性的unanimous 全体一致的，无异义的underlying 潜在的，根本的universal 普遍的，普通的verbal 言语的，口头的，逐字的versatile 多才多艺的vicious 恶的，恶意的，错误的visible 看的见的vivid 生动的，栩栩如生的vocational 职业的void =invalid 无效的vulnerable 易受伤的，容易受到…影响的watertight 防水的weary 疲倦的，劳累的weird=odd=strange 奇怪的worth 值得的wretched可怜的, 破旧的, 恶劣的, 沮丧的amply 充足的，大量的barely=hardly=scarcely 几乎不deliberately 故意地,深思熟虑地,审慎地exclusively 仅仅；唯一explicitly 明确地implicitly 不清楚地forcibly 强行地，有力地formerly 原先地，以前，从前incidentally 附带地，偶然地increasingly 日益，越来越多地inevitably 必然地，不可避免地intentionally 有意地，故意地invariably 永不变的，恒久的optimistically. 乐观地outwardly 表面上，外表上地practically 实际上；几乎，差不多presumably 大概，可能，据推测quarterly 按季地shabbily 破旧地，褴褛地，卑鄙地shrewdly 精明地，明智地shortly 不久，很快simultaneously 同时发生地somewhat颇为，稍稍，有几分spontaneously 自发地，自然产生地startlingly 惊人地triumphantly(欣喜)胜利地,成功地unexpectedly 意外地virtually 事实上，实际地abundance丰富，充裕access (to) 入口，通路，接触accessory附件，附属品accommodation 膳宿；和解，调解，适应acknowledgement 承认，感谢，致谢admiration 欣赏adolescence青年期adolescent 青年，少年admission 许可，入门费，门票；承认，供认advocate提倡者，拥护者affection 亲爱，爱意aggregate 合计，总数aisle 走廊，通道allowance 津贴；考虑，体谅alloy 合金ambition 野心，雄心ammunition军火，弹药analogy 相似，比喻，类比anticipation 预期，期望apparatus 仪器，装置；器官appendix 附加物，附录appraisal 估计，估价，评价appreciation 感谢，感激array 陈列，一系列arena 比武场，竞技场，舞台armo(u)r 盔甲，装甲array 阵式，服装；一大批，一系列artery 动脉；干道，主流artillery大炮，炮兵aspiration 愿望，希望；渴望assassination 暗杀，行刺assurance 保证，自信，把握automation 自动化aviation 航空，飞行axis 轴，轴心，政治联盟ballet/ ballot 芭蕾，芭蕾舞剧bankrupt 破产；完全缺乏batch 一批，一捆bearing 举止，态度；关系，方面belly 肚子，腹部bias 偏见，倾向，癖性bishop 主教blunder 错误，大错budget 预算booth 棚子，摊位，亭botany植物学boycott 联合抵制brace链，曲柄bracket 托架，类别；分类breach 违犯，破坏，缺口breakdown 坏掉，出毛病；病倒，衰退brink （危险等）边缘brochure 小册子bruise 挫伤；碰伤，淤伤bust 半身像，胸部buzz 嗡嗡声bypass 辅助道路cannon大炮，火炮canvas 帆布，油画capsule胶囊caption标题，题目；说明文字captive 俘虏，被捕获的（动物）capability 能力，才能cash 现金casualty 灾祸；伤亡catastrophe大灾害，灾祸cathedral 总教堂，大教堂caution小心；谨慎，警告census 人口统计，人口调查chorus合唱团，异口同声chunk 一大块，一厚块circulation(书报的)发行量，循环，流通circus 竞技场，马戏团clan 宗族，大家族，氏族clarity清楚，透明clearance 清除；间隙，空间；结关手续climax高潮，顶点cluster 团，族，小群coalition联合，联盟collaboration 合著，合作，勾结，通敌commitment 承诺，许诺commentary 实况报道，注释commonplace习以为常的事情compartment 隔间，车室competence称职，能力，权限compensation 补偿，赔偿complexion肤色，面色，面貌；形式complication 复杂，困难；并发症compliment恭维，表扬，问候，致意conception构思，构想；怀孕configuration 形状，外貌，轮廓，排列consideration 考虑constitution 组成，构成；体格，体质；宪法consultant顾问contempt 轻视，蔑视，鄙视，不尊敬contention 争辩，争论，论点controversy 争论，辩论conversion 转化，改变，转变corpse 尸体counterpart 相对应的人或物；对方courtesy 礼貌，谦恭coverage 新闻报导coward胆小鬼，懦夫crumble 碎屑，细屑damage 损坏debate 争论，辩论decree法令，判决default 不负责，不到场，不还债defiance 反抗，不尊重deficit 赤字denial 否认，否定，拒绝给与(正义，权利) descendant 后裔，后代descent 下来，下去；祖先，祖籍；突袭destiny 命运，天命discrepancy 不同，不符合digest 摘要，简编dilemma 窘境，困境distinction 区分，辨别disposition 排列,性情,气质;倾向;支配权,处理权disturbance 搅乱，动乱；不安，骚动diversion 转向，改道；消遣，娱乐；分散doctrine 教条，主义，学说domain 领土，领域；范围dome 圆屋顶drainage 排水，疏水drawback 缺陷，障碍，不利drought 干旱，旱灾edible 可食之物elite 杰出的人才或人物，精华emergency 紧急情况empirical 经验的，全凭实验的encouragement 鼓励enclosure 包围，函中信件essence 本质estimate 估计esteem 尊敬，尊重excerpt 摘录，引述expedition 远征，远征队expenditure 开支expertise 鉴定，评价；知识和技术exposition 解释，说明extinction .灭绝facet 平面，刻面，方面fashion 方式，样子feast 盛宴；赏心悦目的东西feat 技艺；伟绩federation 联邦制，联合会，联盟ferry 渡船fitting 试衣，试穿；固定装置，家具，设备flattery 奉承，阿谀之词fragrance 香味，香气flaw 裂纹，瑕疵fortune财产，大笔的钱fraction 小部分，一点friction 摩擦，不和，冲突fuse 保险丝，导火线fusion 融合，联合galaxy 星系garment 衣服glacier 冰河glamour 魅力，魔力，诱惑力gossip 闲话，闲谈，随笔，漫谈guarantee 保证，保证书，保修单guilt 犯罪，罪状handicap 障碍，阻碍harassment 烦恼，困苦，侵扰harmony 与…协调一致，和谐heritage 遗产，继承物hierarchy 等级制度hike 徒步旅行hinge 重点，关键，主旨hospitality友好款待，好客hostage 人质humidity 潮湿，湿度hurricane 飓风hypothesis 假设，假说ideology 思想方式，意识形态idiot 白痴，傻瓜illusion 错觉，假象impetus 动力，推动力，刺激incentive 刺激，动机，鼓励，诱因inertia 迟钝，呆滞；惰性，惯性ingredient 成分inlet 入口insight 理解，洞察力inspection 检查，视察instinct 本能，直觉integrity 正直，诚实intersection 交叉，交叉口intuition 直觉intuition 直觉inventory 详细目录存货，盘存junction 连接，会合，交叉点junk 破烂物，垃圾lace 花边，饰带atitude 纬度,地区;自由,自由的范围layman 外行人，门外汉liability 责任，义务；易于，倾向于likelihood 可能性locality 位置，地方；辨认地方的能力longitude 经度lounge 休息室，休息处lease 租约，契约legislation 立法，法律limitation 局限性，缺点loyalty 忠诚，忠心luxury 奢侈，豪华magistrate 地方官吏/法官magnitude 大小，光度mansion 大厦，官邸manifestation表现(形式)massacre 大屠杀meadow 草地，牧场mechanism 机械装置，机构，结构方式melody 音律;歌曲,曲调;主调,旋律menace危险，威胁migrant 移居者，候鸟minority少数；未成年misfortune 不幸，灾难momentum 动量，动力，推动力monopoly 专利权，独占，垄断；专利品morality 道德，美德mortgage 抵押，抵押品notion 概念，观念，理解novelty 新鲜，奇特，新奇物oath 誓约，誓言obligation (法律上或道义上的)责任offset 印刷术offspring 后代，子孙，幼子optimum 最佳，最适宜，最有利orientation 定方向，定方位，朝向outfit 服装，装备，用具occasion 场合opponent敌人，对手ornament 装饰，装饰品overpass 天桥，路桥，高架桥paradox 反论parasite 寄生虫，食客participation 参加，加入partition 分割，分配，瓜分pastime 消遣，娱乐pasture草原，牧场patent 专利权patrol 巡逻，巡查；巡逻者patron 赞助人，资助人pattern 模式penalty 制裁，惩罚pension 养老金personality 人格，人性plateau 高地，高原pledge 保证，誓言plight 困境，苦境position位置，职位，职务posture 姿势；状态，情况；心境，态度predecessor 前任，原有的事物premise 前提，假设premium 保险费；报酬，奖金prescription 处方preservation 保护，防护prestige 威信，威望pretext 借口，托辞prey 猎物priority 优先(权)proceeding 进行，举止，行为，处置prophet 先知，鼓吹者，提倡者，预言者proposition 主张；提议；问题，难题prospect前景，可能性proximity 接近，接近于pursuit 追逐，追求；职业，工作questionnaire 调查表，问卷racket 喧嚣，闹声，繁忙rate 速度ration 比率recession(经济)衰退，不景气；撤退reconciliation 和解，调停，顺从，听从reflection 反映，表现refreshment 爽快，舒心；提神的东西refuge 躲避，避难，避难所refund 退还，退款regime政体，制度regiment 团，多数，大量rehearsal 演习，排演，详述reign 主权，统治；朝代，王朝rein 缰绳rejoice 欢喜，快乐relay 替换，替班，接力，转播reliance 依靠，信任，信赖relish 吸引力，热心，兴趣remainder 剩余物或人remnant残余，剩余repression 镇压，抑制，压抑reputation 名声，声望resemblance 相似，类似reservation贮存，贮藏reservation 预订，保留retention 保持，保留retrospect 回顾，回望revelation 显示，泄露revenue税收，岁入rival 竞争对手routine 常规，惯例，例行公事rupture 破裂，绝交safeguard 安全设施或措施salvation 拯救，救助savage 野人，野蛮人scent 气味，香味；踪迹，痕迹scene 景色，景象scorn轻蔑，鄙视scrutiny 细察，详审，核算选票sensation 感觉，激动，轰动sentiment 感情,情绪,情操;伤感;意见,观点setback 阻碍，挫折shortage 短缺，不足smash 打碎，粉碎stability 稳定(性)，稳固stack 堆，一堆standard 标准subsidy 补助金，资助金surface 表面suspension 暂停，延缓，停职，吊销synthesis 综合，合成，合成物temperament 气质，性格tempo 数率，进度，节奏testimony 证言，证词；宣言，陈述threshold 开端，入口tolerance容忍，忍耐力transaction 处理，办理，交易transition 过渡，转变trend倾向，趋势turnover 营业额，销售金额variation 变化，变动vegetation 植物，草木vein 心情，心思，意向verdict 裁决，判决；决定，判断versus 相对，对抗vicinity 接近，附近；密切的关系void 空虚，空处warehouse 货仓warfare 作战，交战warrant 根据，权威，委任状abandon抛弃，放弃accommodate 供给住宿，答应; 适应acknowledge 承认，供认；致谢，打招呼acquaint 熟悉，认识，通晓acquire 获得，得到activate 使活波，激活addict (to) 沉溺于，嗜好adhere to 坚持，忠于adjoin 邻近，接近，毗连administer 管理，处理，治理，实行，实施adore 崇拜，敬爱，爱慕affiliate 加盟，入会affirm 肯定，断言afflict 受折磨，使苦恼afford 付得起，冒危险；供给，给予aggravate 使恶化，使严重alienate 离间，使不和，使疏远，转移，让渡 allege 断言，宣称，提出alleviate 减轻，缓和allocate 分配，配给，拨给alternate 交替，轮流amend 改善，改良，改正；修正anticipate预期，盼望appease 使平息，安抚applaud 赞扬，称赞articulate 清晰说话，连接ascend 上升，攀登ascertain 确知，探知ascribe归因于，归功于assemble 集合，聚集，装备assign 分派，指派(职务，任务) assimilate 吸收，同化attribute...to 归因于authorize/ise 授权，委托；批准，许可avail 利用，有帮助，有用avert 转移，防止，避免baffle 困惑，阻止，难住beam 微笑，高兴地笑；播送（节目等）base建立在……的基础上bewilder 迷惑，弄糊涂blaze 燃烧；照耀blink 眨眼，闪烁不定blush 脸红，羞愧，羞于承认boost 提高，上扬，吹嘘breach 冲破，突破breed (over ) 培育，养育brew 酿制，调制；造成，形成，酝酿brood 沉思，思考，思虑browse 食，吃；浏览，随便阀阅bully 威胁，欺负carve 雕刻，铭刻，刻字cater (for) 准备，提供，迎合certify 证明，保证chant 唱歌，反复唱歌颂clamp 施压，钳制，用力制止clasp 紧握，紧抱cling (to )坚守，抱紧clutch 抓住，攫取，扑捉coincide with 相同，相一致collaborate 合著，合作，合伙collide 互撞，碰撞commemorate 纪念，庆祝commend 称赞，赞扬commence 开始commute 改变，换算成；减刑，通勤compensate补偿，赔偿compile 编辑，编制，编写complement 补充，补足，结合comply with遵守conceive想出，设想concern 涉及condense 压缩，浓缩conflict冲突，战争conform 符合，遵守，适应confront面对，面临conserve保护，保存confer 授予；商谈，商讨，讨论console 给予安慰或同情，慰问consolidate 巩固，统一constrain 强迫，勉强，驱使contemplate 注视，沉思，打算contend 奋斗，竞争；主张，断言contrive 发明，设计，想办法，设法完成convene 召集，召开，集合converge 汇合，聚集convey 表达，传达correlate 有关系，发生联系corrode 腐蚀，侵蚀，受损害corrupt 腐败，败坏，行贿crash(飞机)坠毁，冲入，破产，垮台cruise 航行，漫游，行进culminate 到达极点dart 飞奔，投射，冲进dazzle 使眩目，耀眼deceive 欺骗，哄骗decline 下降，减少，衰退dedicate 奉献，献身，致力于deduce 推理，推想，演绎出deem 相信，认为default 不负责，不到场，不还债defend 为……辩护defy 违抗，藐视degenerate 退步，堕落，腐化，恶化degrade 降级，堕落denote 代表，指出，指示denounce 揭发，告发deny 否认，剥夺，拒绝给deport 驱逐出境deprive 剥夺derive得来，得到descend 下落descend 下来，下去；遗传，为后代deserve 值得designate 标明，指明，命名despise 鄙视，轻视，瞧不起detach 解开，拆开，使分离detain 扣留，使等候，阻止，耽搁deteriorate 恶化，变坏，变质deviate (使)背离，(使)偏离differentiate 区别，辨别，分别diffuse 散布，传播，扩散，推广dilute 变稀，变淡，稀释；减弱diminish 减少，缩小disable 使无能力，使残废discern 辩明，认清discriminate 区别，辨别；歧视dispense 分配，分给，施给；配药disperse 驱散，散开displace 移走，移置disguise 假扮，伪装disrupt 分裂，打破distort 歪曲，扭曲dominate 统治，占据dodge 闪避，躲闪，逃避，规避donate 捐赠，赠送doom 判定，注定dread 害怕，畏惧drain 渐渐耗尽duplicate复制，重复eject 离开，逐出；喷出，射出elapse 经过，过去，逝去elevate 举起，提高，使高尚elicit 发出，引出eliminate消除，淘汰，剔除embark 乘船，装载；开始，从事embody 体现，包括，包含endow 捐赠，赋有endure 忍受，忍耐enhance 提高，增加enroll 使成为…的成员，注册ensue 随着发生，因而发生erase 擦掉，抹去，抹掉erupt 爆发，迸发escort 护送，护航evacuate 撤离，撤退，疏散evaporate 蒸发，消失，死亡exempt (from) 使免除evoke 引起，唤起exclaim 呼喊，欢呼expire 到期，期满explore 探险，探索extract 拔出，拔取；榨出；摘录fabricate 建造，装置；捏造，伪造flank 侧翼包围flap(鸟)振翅(飞行)，挥动，轻拍flare 燃烧，闪烁，突然爆发flush 变红，脸红，激动formulate 明确的表达，阐述foster 照顾，培育，培养，养育follow 遵从，接受furnish . 配备，装饰gasp 喘气，喘息gauge 精确计量；估计，判断gaze凝视，注视gear (to )使适应，使适合glitter 闪烁graze 吃草，放牧grease 涂上，搽上grieve使伤心，使悲伤grin 露齿笑groan 呻吟grope 摸索，搜寻hamper 妨碍，限制haul 拖，拉haunt 常去，常出没，萦饶心头hinder 阻碍，妨害hoist举起，升起，吊起hover 盘旋，翱翔huddle 挤在一起，缩成一团hurl 投掷，猛投identify 认出，确认ignite 引燃，发火illuminate 照亮，说明，阐明immerse (in )使浸没，使专心impair 损害，伤害impart 传授，给予；通知，告知impose 把…强加于inaugurate 举行就职仪式，是…开始incorporate 结合，合并incur 招致，蒙受induce 劝诱，诱导indulge 纵容，放任inflict on 强加于，使受痛苦inhabit 居住inhibit 阻止，禁止，抑制intend 意欲，打算interpret 解释，说明initiate 开始，着手，准许加入；传授inject 注射，注入insulate 绝缘，绝热，隔离intervene 干涉，阻扰，调停intrigue 设阴谋；激起好奇心invert 倒转，颠倒irritate 激怒，使急噪；使不舒服jeopardize 危及，损坏jerk 猛拉，颠簸而行jog 轻摇，缓缓行进lash 猛击，煽动levy 征收，征集；扣押linger 逗留，徘徊，留恋；迟缓，拖延litter 乱丢，乱堆locate 位于，定位loom 隐隐地出现，压在心头lubricate 加润滑油，使顺利进展lure 吸引，诱惑magnify 放大，垮大，夸奖manifest 显示，清楚表示，表明mean 打算，意欲mediate 想，考虑，沉思，思考merge 合并，逐渐融入mingle 混合起来，相混合minimize 对…做最低估计mob 包围（攻击）mobilize 动员mock 愚弄，嘲弄；使无法得逞monitor 监听，监控mourn 悲悼，哀悼，道歉necessitate 使必要neglect 忽视，遗漏nominate 提名，指定，指派nurture 养育，教养occupy 占领，使忙碌oppress 压迫，使难受orient 朝向东方，认清形式originate 首创，起源outrage 侵害，触犯，违反overflow 溢出，漫出，洋溢overhear 偷听，无意中听到overlap 重叠，相同，交叉overwhelm 压倒，浸没，使不安parade 游行paralyze/yse 使麻痹，使瘫痪pedal 踩踏板peel 剥，削perish 毁灭，死亡permeate 渗入，渗透perplex 使困惑，使迷惑plead 辩护，答辩；恳求，请求poke 推，刺，塞ponder 考虑，沉思preach 宣传，传教，鼓吹，倡导precede 在前，居先，先于preclude 阻止，使不可能prescribe 开处方，开药preside主持，管理prolong 延长，拖延propel 推进，推动protest 抗议，反对provoke 引起，激起quantify 表示或测定。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2011年阅读Text 3(上)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2011年阅读Text 3（上）这是一篇经济类文章，主要内容是市场宣传的作用和效果以及各种不同宣传手段之间的相互作用和影响。
文章内容比较贴近现实，易于理解，其中的词汇也是基础词汇比较多，接下来老师就为大家总结了其中的20个重点和高频词汇，希望对大家的词汇复习有所帮助。
1. 17television ['teliviʒәn]n. 电视，电视节目，电视机【词根记忆】：tele (远)+ vis(看)+ ion(名词后缀)→能看到远处的东西→电视机【真题例句】：Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution. 另外，欧共体的形成将迫使电视公司在制作和发行方面更密切地合作。
(2005年翻译)2. 10advertisement [,ædvɚ'taɪzmənt]n. 1. 广告，公告，启事 2. 广告活动，宣传【词根记忆】：advertise(做广告)+ment(名词后缀)→1. 广告，公告，启事【短语搭配】：commercial advertisement 商业广告【真题例句】：While traditional “paid”media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. 虽然像电视商业和纸质广告这些付费媒体依然起主要作用，但是如今的公司能够利用更多媒体选择。
2011年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析(word文档良心出品)
2011年考研英语(一)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exer cise precious to health.” But _____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably h as little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen c onsumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unl ikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughte r apparently accomplishes the ____, studies dat ing back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter. muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychologic al stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___ ___feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical th eory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can f low _____ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psych ologist Fritz.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c hoosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its ne xt music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the resp onse has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony T ommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, howeve r, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had adv ocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musicia n with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians li ke Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting com positions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhe re else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music fr om iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the a rt-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera ho uses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorde d performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recor dings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such r ecordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional cl assical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly differ ent, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship betwee n America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author fe els[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in th e usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much m y decision,”McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO a nd chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to th e outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also m ay wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior manage rs cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be m ore willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnove r was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders th ey had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunitie s will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconve ntional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Kor n/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in to p positions q uickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she want ed to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-base d commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambiti ons to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution thr ee years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The fin ancial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a ba d one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s be en fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hur t the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be describ ed as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media –such as television comm ercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a produ ct may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sale s to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own pr oducts. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for use rs’ respon ses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so str ong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within t hat environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competiti ve products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable infor mation about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers wit h more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the ris k that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earn ed media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakehold ers, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Mem bers of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media t o apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boy cott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a c ase, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and t he learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick an d well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to e ngage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience i s cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cove r story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –not hing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less t han a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding th at children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measure d by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-cr ushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every wee k features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstand s.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder th at admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to comp are the regrets of paren ts to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wond er if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered wi th the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Week ly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are sin gle mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a pa rtner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults under stand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in so me small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the a ctual experienc e, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazine s is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosi ng from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusias m as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in thr ee years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philo sophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of A merican college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in hi story and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want t heir undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer stu dents want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more ba chelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requir es fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humaniti es students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that th ey can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts e ducations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in differen t schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top Ameri can universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public mone y for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose f ourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as resea rch took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind profession alisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a p articular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acqu ire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the p roduction of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to al ter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, ac ademics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from th e societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at lea st in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Ye t quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Refor m and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go el sewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it s killfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segment s into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHE ET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner chara cter and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that beca use we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneou s nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we thi nk that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind g enerates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be abl e to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do thi s or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do no t accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, bu t what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the ex ternal achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap b etween mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for n egl ect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If c ircumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed t o bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Neve rtheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is t hat we have no one else to blam e for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilitie s contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were exp erts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” in stead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In yo ur essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
考研英语真题单词-2011（英一）
考研英语真题单词-2011（英一）2011（一）完形 - 笑与情绪 Part1 单词1、impair v.损害；削弱2、sacrifice n.牺牲3、determine v.查明，主语（?人或调查）决定，主语（某原因）4、manageable a.可操纵的；可处理理的5、renewable a.可再?生的；可延?长有效期的6、decrease v.降低increase v.增?长7、varnish n.清漆8、apparently ad.似乎（显然地）9、tone n.[僻]肌?肉结实10、asthma n.哮喘11、subconscious a.潜意识的12、internal a.体内的，内?心的13、exhaust v.筋疲?力力尽（+?人）（+物，耗尽）14、suppress v.抑制15、jockey n.?马骑师16、contract v.[僻]收缩（使动）Part2 短语1、despite sth. to the contrary 尽管有...与此相反claim / evidence / idea / advice statement2、the way = as 引导?方式状语从句句eg. the way walking does 就像散步?一样3、in turn 轮流：强调顺序相应地：强调因果关系eg. Interest rates were cut and, in turn, share prices rose. 利利率下降，相应地，股票就上涨了了。
4、die down 逐渐变弱；逐渐平息5、draw nearer the point of ... 近乎(做某事)6、up to 胜任，取决于，多达7、as for ?至于，关于= as to8、not + v. +because 否定转移9、turn to 求助于；使?用新东?西eg. Many people here are turning to solar power.这的?人都开始使?用太阳能。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解―2011年翻译(上)(精)
考研英语 (一高频重点单词详解— 2011年翻译(上本篇文章是一篇书评,对英国作家 James Allen 在 1902年所写的一部励志书 As a Man Thinketh 《思考的人》中的观点进行分析。
此篇翻译延续了十几年的考点,这五个长难句考查的语法重点依然是各种从句的分析, 考查的词汇也像往年一样有深度, 当然文章中也出现了很多高频重点词汇,以下就是这篇文章高频重点词中的 10个,让我们一起来学习吧! 1. 8circumstance ['sɜ:kəmst əns]n. 环境,条件,经济状况【词根记忆】:circ(环形 +um(连接,无实意 +st(=stand站立 +ance(名词后缀→站立周围的东西→环境【真题例句】 :In fact, circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us, and if we feel that we have been “ wronged ” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation. 事实上, 环境仿佛是为激发我们的最大潜能而设, 如果我们总感觉“上天不公” , 就不太可能去有意识地努力摆脱我们的处境。
(2011年翻译2. 2contribution [cɔntr ɪ'bju:ʃn]n. 1. 贡献,促成作用 2. 捐款,捐献物 3. (投给报刊等稿件【词根记忆】:con(一起 +tribute(给 +ion(名词后缀→大家一起给他东西→捐款,贡献【真题例句】:New ways of organizing the workplace---all that re-engineering and downsizing---are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy. 企业重组的新方法—所有那些重新设计和缩小规模的做法 ---只是对一个经济的整体生产力作出了一方面贡献。
2011年考研英语新题型关键单词总结
2011年考研英语新题型关键单词总结这是一篇社会教育类文章，本文是关于《思想市场：美国大学的改革与抵制》一书的书评。
文章结构是问题解决型，按照“提出问题——分析问题——提出建议”的步骤展开论述。
第一、二段引入人文学科在大学中陷入的奇怪困境，第三、四段分析论述原因在于大学人文学科知识和人才的专业化，第五、六段分析影响是人文学科人才处于困境。
末段提出建议：改变人文学科人才的培养方式，培养起更广阔的学术视野。
以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1. 22discipline ['dɪsɪplɪn]n. 学科;纪律;训练;惩罚vt. 训练，训导;惩戒【词根记忆】：dis-(前缀：否定前缀)+cip(词根：拿)+line(线)→站成一条线不许拿→纪律;学科→训练，训导;惩戒【短语搭配】：financial discipline 财政纪律; 财务约束; 财务束缚; 财务纪律【真题例句】：So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. 所以，各个学科需要的不仅仅是对知识生产的垄断，还有对知识生产者的产出的垄断。
(2011年新题型)2. 2professionalism [prə'feʃ(ə)n(ə)lɪz(ə)m]n. 专业主义;专家的地位;特性或方法【词根记忆】：pro(向前)+fess(说)+sion(名词)+al(形容词)+ism(……主义)→专业主义;专家的地位【真题例句】No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. 没有哪个学科像人文学科那样狂热地看重职业化。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2011年完型(上)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2011年完型（上）这篇文章主要讨论大笑和人身体健康的关系，颠覆我们平常的观念。
以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1.11 physical ['fɪzɪk(ə)l]adj. 身体的;物理的;实质的【词根记忆】：phys(身体)+ ical(形容词后缀)→身体的【短语搭配】：physical examination 体格检查physical health 身体健康【真题例句】：Despite some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. 尽管有人反对，但是笑可能真的和人的身体健康关系不大。
2. 8 consumption[kən'sʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n]n. 消耗;消费【词根记忆】：con(全部)+sum(拿)+ion(名词后缀)→全部拿光→消费【短语搭配】：food consumption食品消费;摄食量【真题例句】：Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, decreasing heart rate and oxygen consumption. 笑确实能对人的心脏功能和血管产生短期的变化，例如降低心率和氧气摄入量。
3. 4 strain [streɪn]n. 拉紧;负担;扭伤;血缘v. 拉紧;滥用;滤去【短语搭配】：at full strain 竭尽全力，全力以赴put (或place)(a)strain on/upon 使处于紧张状态【真题例句】：Instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the opposite. 运动可以拉伸肌肉，达到健体的目的，笑很显然实现的是相反的效果。
2011年阅读Part A Text2高频重点单词详解(上)
2011年阅读Part A Text2高频重点单词详解（上）1. 1 unconventional [ʌn'kәn'venʃәnl]adj. 非传统的【词根记忆】：un(否定)+convention(习惯，惯例)+al(形容词后缀)→非常规的→不落俗套的【短语精选】：an unconventional approach to a problem打破惯例的处理问题的方法【真题例句】：The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. 决定辞去高职，在寻找一个更好的职位，很不寻常。
(2011 text 2)2. 3 adhere [әd'hiә]vi.粘附, 胶着, 坚持;v.坚持【词根记忆】：ad(加强)+here(黏着)→强调黏着→粘附，坚持【短语精选】：adhere to neutrality 严守中立。
【真题例句】：For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. 多年来，执行官们和猎头们都坚持这样一个原则，认为最好的CEO候选人必须是挖来的。
(2011 text 2)3. 11 attractive [ә'træktiv]adj.吸引人的, 有魅力的【词根记忆】：at(强调)+tract(拉拽)+ive(形容词后缀)→把注意力拉过去→吸引人的【短语精选】：an attractive personality 有魅力的人格【真题例句】：The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.一个富有魅力的妈妈怀抱着可爱的宝宝的杂志封面在这本周不仅仅只是一帧母子照而已。
2011考研英语词汇
2011考研英语词汇第一部分考研英语核心词汇记单词时不要采用从A——Z的顺序，而是要灵活搭配，比如A和J，B和O，C和N，D和L等，这样记起来既不觉得累又有成就感。
一定记住吴老师的建议：每天晚上看1-2页，把自己已经记住的暂时划出来，第二天早上无论多忙都要把前一天晚上看过的单词复习一遍，然后再分别过3天、7天、15天、30天各复习一遍，坚持下来，到考前一周看最后一遍时，你会觉得大部分单词都已经很熟悉了。
另外，务必要把自己做过的历年真题或模拟题中的词汇题集中整理起来，这样的对比记忆特别有助于我们对近义近形词汇的辨析。
这样坚持学习，双管齐下，一定会取得良好学习效果！abide 遵循（…by）；容忍The one thing she cannot abide is lying.abnormal 反常的abnormal behaviorabolish 彻底废除（法律、制度、习俗等）abolish old customabrupt 突然的，意外的an abrupt departureabsolute 纯粹的，完全的have absolute trust in sb.absorb 吸收，吸进A sponge absorbs water.abstract 抽象的A flower is beautiful, but beauty itself is abstract.absurd 荒谬的，荒唐的The idea that number 14 brings bad luck is absurd.abuse 滥用abuse one's authority(office)aaccelerate 加速，增速accelerate one’s stepsaccess 接近（或进入）的机会have regular and immediate access to the President accommodate 使适应，使符合一致accommodate oneself to changed circumstances accompany 陪伴，伴随She was accompanied to a dinner by her friend.accomplish 达到（目的），完成（任务），实现（计划，诺言等）accomplish one's purpose accord 使符合，相一致(with) His violent action do not accord with his peaceful words. account 记述，叙述give a brief account of what has happenedaccumulate 积累，积攒，积聚accumulate wisdomaccurate 准确的，精确的an accurate estimateaccuse 指控，指责They accused her publicly of stealing their books.accustom 使习惯于accustom oneself to rising (to rise) earlyacquaint 使认识，使了解activate 使活动起来，使开始起作用，启动They have planted secret agents in many countrieswho could be activated whenever needed. acute 尖锐的，敏锐的an acute thinkeradapt （使）适应adapt oneself to new conditionsaddress 演说 a television addressadhere 黏附，附着Paste is used to make one surface adhere to another.adjacent 临近的，毗邻的(to) a city and its adjacent suburbsadjoin 贴近，与...毗邻His house adjoins the lake.administrate 掌管，料理...的事务In many Japanese homes, the funds are administrated by thewife.adolescent （尤指16岁以下的）青少年 a film aimed at adolescentsadvance 使向前移动advance a chessmanadvantage 有利条件，优点Sitting Presidents hold built-in advantages when seeking anotherterm.adverse 不友好的，敌对的She felt adverse to her husband's friends.advocate 拥护，提倡，主张advocate self-defenceaesthetic 美学的，艺术的，审美an aesthetic theoryaffliliate 使隶属（或附属）于，使成为会员 a government affiliated companyaffirm 断言，申明affirm the truth of a statementaggravate 加重，加剧，恶化aggravate the declining economyaggressive 侵犯的，侵略的an aggressive weaponagitate 搅动（液体等）The machine agitated the mixture.alarm 惊恐，忧虑The bandits scattered in alarm.alert 警惕的，留神的In our reading we should always be alert for new usages.alien 外国的adjust to an alien cultureallege 断言，宣称The newspaper alleges the mayor's guilt.allocate 分配，分派，把...拨给allocate funds for new projectsallied 结盟的，有关联的allied nationsallow 允给，准许，允许He missed her more than he would allow himself to admit. allowance 津贴，补贴，零用钱 a housing allowancealter 改变，更改alter an attitudealternate 交替，轮流Night and day alternate.amateur （艺术，科学等的）业余爱好者an amateur golferamaze 使惊愕，使惊异I am amazed that he should get the post.ambiguous 含糊不清的，模棱两可的an ambiguous answerambition （对名利等的）强烈欲望，野心His political ambitions still burn.amend 修改，修订amend the spelling in sb.'s paperamuse 逗乐，逗笑，给...提供娱乐（或消遣）The clown at the circus amused the children. anchor 锚The anchor catches (drags).announce 宣布，声称It is officially announced that he will not run for reelection.annoy 使恼怒，使生气She was annoyed at (with) his lightheard attitude.annual 每年的，年度的the annual output of steelanonymous 匿名的，无名的an anonymous letter (phone call)answer 回答，响应Henry took ages to answer the door.anticipate 预期，预料The directors anticipated a fall in demand (that demand would fall). anxious 焦虑的，发愁的(about, at) They become anxious at her delay.apart 成零碎Such cheap clothes come apart after a few washings.apparent 显然的，明明白白的It was apparent that they all understood.appeal 呼吁，恳求I appealed to the children to make less noise.applaud 鼓掌，喝彩，叫好The audience applauds the performers for three minutes.apply 涂，敷He applied two coats of paint to the table.appoint 任命，委派They appointed his father (to be 或as) postmaster.appraise 估量，估计appraise the infant's weightappreciate 感激I appreciated your help much.apprehend 对...担心Do you apprehend that there will be any difficulty?approach 靠近，接近John is approaching manhood.appropriate 恰当的，相称的Plain, simple clothes are appropriate for school wear.approve 赞成，同意I couldn't approve his conduct.approximate 大概的，大约的，近似的The approximate time is 10 o'clock.apt （习性）易于......的，有......倾向的A careless person is apt to make mistakes.arbitrary 随心所欲的，个人武断的，任意的an arbitrary choicearise 起立，起身arise from one's seatarouse 使......奋发A man like Tom will be aroused. Don’t worry.array 排列，队形The troops were formed in battle array.articulate 发音清晰的，善于表达的He is articulate about everything in the field ofeconomics.artificial 人工的，人造的，人为的artificial price controlsascend 登高，（渐渐）上升，升高The airplane ascended into the cloud.ascertain 查明，弄清，确定I ascertained that he was dead.ashamed 惭愧的，羞耻的I am ashamed for being so stupid.ashore 向岸，向陆地He swam ashore.aside 在旁边We stood aside to let her pass.assault 攻击，袭击We made an assault on the enemy fort.assemble 集合，召集assemble the members of Parliament for a special meeting.assert 肯定地说（出），坚定地断言He asserted his innocence.assess 估价，评价，评论assess the present state of the economyassign 分配，布置（作业）The teacher assigned (us) a new lesson.assimilate 吸收，消化He is quick to assimilate new ideas.associate （使）联系，（使）结合We naturally associated the name of Darwin with the doctrineof evolution.assume 假定，假设Farmers will have a bumper harvest, assuming (that) the weather sifavarable.assure 深信不疑地对......说，向......保证assurance 保证，把握，信心He gave me his assurance that he would help.astonish 使惊讶I was astonished at his sudden appearance.attach 系，贴，连接attach a label to a suitcaseattain 达到，获得attain one’s goalattend 出席，参加（会议等）attend a weddingattendance 出席，参加，出席人数，出席率Our class has perfect attendance today. attentive 注意的，专心的an attentive audienceattribute 把归因于，把......（过错的责任等）归于(to) He attributed his success to hard work. auxiliary 辅助的an auxiliary rocketavail 有利于，有助于Will force alone avail us?average 平均数，平均The paper receives an average of nearly 100 articles a day.avert 挡开，防止，避免Many traffic accidents can be averted by courtesy.awake 醒，觉醒awake from sleepaward 授予（奖品等）The university awarded him an honorary degree.ban （以官方明令）禁止，取缔He was banned from entering the city.bang （突发的）sudden loud bangbar 条，块，杆，棒 a bar of goldbare 赤裸的，光秃的，空无内容的walk in bare feetbeforehand 预先，事先If you wanted soup for lunch you should have told me beforehand. behave 举止端正，听话Do behave.bewilder 使迷惑，使糊涂I’m bewildered as to which one to buy.bias 偏见，偏心have a bias against sb.(或sth.)blame 责备，责怪Public opinion blames Mrs Smith for leading the girl astray.blast 一阵（风），一股（气流） a blast of windblaze 火焰The fire sprang into a blaze.blunt 钝的The sun was blazing down and the heat was oppressive.blush （因害羞、激动、窘困）脸红blush with(或for) joyboast 自吹自擂，自夸的话He is full of boasts.bolt 螺栓，（门，窗的）插销 a small bag of nuts and boltsboom 低沉有回响的声音The great bell tolled with a deep boom.border 边界，边境，边沿 a district on the Kampuchean side of the border with Thailand bore 钻孔，挖（通道）bore through a wallbounce 弹起，反弹The ball doesn’t bounce well.bound 跳跃，弹回She bounded to her feet and waved her right hand triumphantly.boycott （联合起来）抑制，拒绝参加boycott uncooperative manufacturesbrace 托架，支架He braced his muscles and lifted the weight.breed （使）繁殖Rabbits breed families rapidly.bribe 贿赂accept(或take)a bribe from sb.brief 短暂的，简短的，简洁的 a brief holidaybrisk 轻快的，生气勃勃的 a brisk pacebrittle 易碎的，一碰就破的brittle glassbrush 刷子，毛刷 a laundry brushbump 碰，撞(against, into) The truck bumped against the wall in the dark.burst 爆炸，爆裂The boiler burst.calculate 计算，推算calculate the distance between New Y ork and Chicagocall 喊，叫Please call the names of all the people who are present.cancel 取消，废除，删去cancel a tripcapture 俘虏，捕获capture butterfliescase 事例，事实，事情This is a case of poor judgment.cast 投，扔，抛，撒，掷cast doubt(s) on the feasibility of a schemecasual 偶然的，无计划的，随便的，非正式的 a casual meetingcease 停止，终止，结束The music ceased suddenly.certify 证明，证实The accounts were certified (as) correct.challenge 向...挑战Our school challenged the local champion team to a football match. character （事物的）性质，特质The furniture in Tom’s apartment was pretentious and withoutcharacter.charge 要（价），收（费）The airlines charge half price for students.charm 魅力，魔力This thriving resort town has retained its village charm.chase 追逐，追求The police chased the escaping thief and caught him at last.check 使突然停止，制止check one’s stepscherish 珍爱，珍视cherish one’s native landchew 嚼，咀嚼He chewed a mouthful of meat.choke 窒息，噎住be choked by smokechorus 合唱队chronic （疾病）慢性的，（人）久病的chronic indigestionclarity 澄清，阐明clarify an issuecling 粘着The frightened child clung to her mother.clumsy 笨拙的 a clumsy boycluster （果实，花等的）串，束，簇; (人或物)的群，组 a cluster of touristsclutch 紧抓，紧握clutch at an opportunitycoherent 一致的，协调的lack coherent political goalscoin 硬币，钱币，金属货币 a silver coincoincide 相符，相一致100 Centigrade coincides with 212 Fahrenheit.collaborate （尤指在文艺、科学等方面）合作，协作He and I collaborated in writing plays. collapse 倒坍，崩溃，瓦解The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.collide 碰撞，互撞The car collided with the truck.come 来，来到Will you come to the dance tonight?commemorate 纪念，庆祝commemorate a holidaycommend 表扬，称赞commend a soldier for braverycompact 紧密的，坚实的 a compact piece of luggagecompare 比较，对照(with, to) compare the body to a finely tuned machinecompatible 能和睦相处的，合的来的Y ou should choose a roommate more compatible toyour tastes.compile 汇编，编制compile an anthology of poemscomply 遵从，顺从，服从comply with rules(safety regulations)compose 组成，构成England, Scotland, and Wales compose the island of Great Britain. compress 压缩He compresses a lifetime as a soldier into a few sentencescomprise 包含，包括The shipyard comprises three docks.compromise 妥协，折衷compromise over the hard-fought next.compulsory 必须做的，义务的 a compulsory subjectconceal 隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽He concealed his disappointment from his friends.conceive 构想出，设想conceive an ideaconcentrate 集中，专心concentrate one’s attentioncondemn 谴责We all condemn cruelty to children.condense （使）压缩，（使）凝结，使简洁condense a speech to halfconfer 商谈，商议confer with sb. Over (on, about, concerning) sth.confess 坦白，供认，承认，忏悔confess one’s crimeconfidence 信任break sb.’s confidenceconfine 限制，使局限They succeeded in confining the fire to a small area.confirm 证实，肯定confirm a rumourconflict （尤指长期的）战争，战斗The conflict between Greece and Troy lasted ten years. conform 遵照，适应confirm to(或with) the rules(the law)confront （使）面临，（使）遭遇The war confronted him with hardships.confuse 使混乱，混淆He confused the arrangements by arriving late.connect 连接，连接The bridge connects the island with(或to) the mainland.conscious 意识到的，自觉地They were conscious that he disapproved.consent 同意，赞同，准许The people will never consent to another war.conserve 保护，保藏，保存conserve natural resourcesconsider 考虑，细想Consider carefully before doing anything.consist 组成，构成(of) The house consists of six rooms.consolidate 巩固，加强consolidate one’s positionconspicuous 显眼的，明显的，引人瞩目的He felt as conspicuous as if he had stood on astage.constant 经常的，不断的 a constant noiseconstitute 组成，构成constitute a threat to sb.consult 请教，与......商量consult a doctor about one’s illnessconsume 消费,花费: consume mu ch of one’s time in readingcontact 接触,联系,交往: be in contact with sbcontain 包括,容纳, a list containing twelve itemscontaminate弄脏,污染,玷污,毒害: Fumes contaminate the aircontempt轻视,轻蔑:show a contempt for sbcontest竞赛,比赛,竞争:the contest between the two powers for the control of the region contract合同,契约:enter into(make)a contact withcontradict反驳,同….相矛盾,同….相抵触:The facts contradict his theorycontrary相反的,对抗的:take the contrary viewcontrast对照,对比,(对比之下显出的)差异:the contrast between the two forms of government contribute捐(款等),捐献:He contributed 5dollars to the charity every paydaycontrive设计,想出:contrive a new methodcontroversy(尤之以文字形式进行的争论),辨证:a point of controversyconvention(正式)会议,(定期)大会:draft a new constitution at a conventionconvert转变,转化:convert coal to (into) pipeline gasconvey运送,输送,传送:a wire conveys an electric currentconvict(经审讯)证明…有罪,宣判…有罪:He was convicted of smugglingcoordinate调节,协调:coordinate the functions of government agenciescordial热情友好的,热诚的,真心的:a cordial hello(smile, invitation)correspond相符合相称(to,with):Fulfillment seldom corresponds to anticipation correspondent通信者,通讯员,记者:a good(bad)correspondentcorresponding符合的,一致的:corresponding fingerprintscorrode(渐渐)损害,(一点一点地)损伤:Bribery corrodes the confidence that must exist betweenbuyer and sellercorrupt堕落的,腐败的,贪赃舞弊的:lead a corrupt lifecount数,计算: count the moneycourse课程,科目:an English coursecourtesy 谦恭有礼。