会计学原理 19版 怀尔德 复习提纲 Chapter 1~4
会计学原理知识点提纲汇总
会计学原理知识点提纲汇总一、会计学及其研究对象会计学的定义和作用会计学的发展历程会计学的研究对象二、会计信息的特征与要求会计信息的特征会计信息的定量性与表达方式会计信息的完整性与真实性会计信息的及时性和可比性会计信息的使用者和其需求三、会计等式与账户会计等式的概念和意义会计等式的基本组成部分会计等式的原则和变动规律账户的概念和作用账户的分类和特点四、会计账簿与记录方法会计账簿的种类和作用会计账簿的编制原则会计记录方法的基本要求会计记录方法的种类和特点五、会计核算的基本过程会计核算的目的和方法会计核算的基本过程会计核算的基准和周期六、会计要素和会计科目会计要素的概念和种类会计要素的核算依据会计科目的概念和分类会计科目的表现方式和特点七、会计凭证和会计账会计凭证的概念和作用会计凭证的种类和使用方法会计凭证的记载要求和审核程序会计账的概念和作用会计账的种类和编制方法八、会计分录与会计报表会计分录的概念和要素会计分录的编制方法和处理规则会计报表的概念和分类会计报表的编制要求和内容九、会计确认和会计估计会计确认的意义和条件会计确认的对象和方法会计估计的概念和作用会计估计的方法和原则十、会计准则和会计政策会计准则的概念和作用会计准则的分类和特点会计政策的概念和作用会计政策的确定和变更十一、会计监管与会计伦理会计监管的意义和目的会计监管的主体和方式会计伦理的概念和要求会计伦理的核心价值和规范结论以上是关于会计学原理的知识点提纲的汇总。
通过学习会计学原理，我们能够了解会计学的定义、发展历程以及研究对象。
同时，我们还能了解会计信息的特征与要求，会计等式与账户的概念和作用，会计账簿与记录方法的种类和特点等重要内容。
进一步学习会计核算的基本过程、会计要素和会计科目的概念与表现方式，以及会计凭证和会计账的使用方法和编制要求。
此外，还需了解会计分录与会计报表的编制方法和处理规则，以及会计确认和会计估计的意义、方法和条件。
《会计学原理》复习提纲
《会计学原理》复习提纲《会计学原理》复习提纲第一章总论1.会计是怎样产生和发展的？在会计的发展史上，有哪几座里程碑？其标志性事件是什么？2.※会计的基本职能有哪两个？它们分别有哪些特点？二者的关系是什么？3. ※什么是会计？会计的本质、特点是什么？※4.会计的一般对象是什么？社会总资金及其运动方式是什么？5.什么是会计的具体对象？※工业企业的具体会计对象是什么？※以图文并茂的方式描述工业企业的资金运动。
6. ※会计核算的基本前提有哪四个？理解其含义和作用。
7.什么是会计确认基础？※什么是权责发生制、收付实现制？※它们的适用范围分别是什么？8. ※会计的计量属性有哪些？理解它们的含义？9. ※会计信息的质量要求有哪些？理解它们的含义？※10.会计核算方法有哪七种？为什么说它们是一个完整的方法体系？11.什么是会计学？会计学包括那些学科？各学科的主要内容是什么？第二章会计科目与账户12.什么是会计要素？※我国的会计要素有哪六个？掌握各会计25. ※什么是会计分录？什么是简单分录、复合分录？会计分录的书写格式是什么？※26.什么是总账、明细账？总账和明细账有什么联系和区别？※27.什么是平行登记？详述平行登记的要点。
第四章账户与复式记账法的应用（上）28.工业企业的主要经济业务包括哪些内容？29.资金筹集主要有哪些业务？涉及哪些账户？如何进行账务处理？30.生产准备业务主要有哪些内容？涉及哪些账户？如何进行账务处理？31.什么是固定资产？如何确定固定资产的原始价值？32.什么是无形资产？如何确定无形资产的入账价值？无形资产的研发支出应该分别计入哪些账户？33.什么是商业汇票？※商业汇票按照承兑人不同可以分为哪两类？第五章账户与复式记账法的应用（下）34.产品生产业务包括哪些内容？涉及哪些账户？如何进行账务处理？35.产品销售业务主要有哪些内容？涉及哪些账户？如何进行账务处理？36.什么是利润？利润的计算公式有哪几个？37.利润形成的核算涉及哪些账户？如何进行账务处理？※38.什么是利润分配？利润分配的基本程序是什么？39.利润分配的核算涉及哪些账户？如何进行账务处理？第六章账户分类40.什么是账户的经济内容？账户按经济内容可以分为哪几类？分别包括那些账户？※41.什么是账户的用途和结构？账户按用途和结构可以分为哪几类？各包括那些主要账户？※42.简述盘存账户的概念、特点、结构以及包括的具体账户。
会计学原理-复习大纲
《会计学原理》期末复习提纲第一章1 .会计的含义：（1）会计是一种经济活动的管理工具。
（2）会计是一种提供经济活动信息的技艺。
（3）会计是一个服务于会计信息使用者据以作出决策的信息系统。
（4）会计是一种经济管理活动。
2 .会计的特点：（1）以货币为主要计量尺度。
（2）以凭证为基本依据。
（3）以一套完整的专门技术方法为手段。
【其中，会计核算方法由设置账户、复式记账、填制和审核会计凭证、登记账簿、成本计算、编制会计报表等构成】（4）对经济活动的管理具有全面性，连续性和系统性。
3 .会计的观念：（1）会计的用户观念。
从一定意义上说，会计信息具有公共产品的特征，上市公司通过财务会计报告所提供的会计信息需经注册会计师的审计鉴证后才能向社会披露，以保证会计信息的真实，公允。
（2）会计的经济后果观念。
该观念表明，会计信息提供者对提供的会计信息负有法律责任，提供会计信息的行为应该受到道德的约束。
（3）会计的系统功能观念。
4 .会计的职能：（1）会计的基本职能：核算与控制。
会计的核算职能是指会计对所发生的客观经济活动的表述和价值数量上的确定。
控制是指对实际活动的结果脱离规定目标的偏差进行干预和校正的过程。
●会计控制与会计核算是同时进行的。
会计控制包括事前控制，事中控制与事后控制。
●会计核算是会计的首要职能，也是会计管理工作的基础（2）会计的其他职能：会计预测，会计决策，会计预算，会计分析和会计考核。
5 会计的目标：（1）会计信息的使用者（可分为外部使用者和内部使用者）。
与向会计信息的外部使用者提供的会计信息相比较，企业向会计信息的内部使用者提供的会计信息可以不受法定的或公认的会计规范约束，具有较多的个性。
（2）会计的目标。
受托责任观认为，会计的目标是以有效的方式反映资源受托者的受托责任及其履行情况。
决策有用观认为，会计的目标是向会计信息的使用者提供有助于其作出正确决策的信息。
受托责任观是决策有用观的基础，而决策有用观是受托责任观的发展。
19版会计学原理怀尔德答案Chapter 1
Chaper 1 Accounting in BusinessMultiple Choice Quiz1-c; 2-b; 3-d; 4-a; 5-aQuick StudyQS 1-1a-E; b-E; c-I; d-E; e-E; f-I; g-E; h-E; i-E; j-E; k-I; l-EQS 1-2GAAP: Generally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesImportance: GAAP are the rules that specify acceptable accounting practices.SEC: Securities and Exchange CommissionImportance: The SEC is charged by Congress to set accounting and reporting rules for organizations that sell ownership shares to the public. The SEC delegates part of this responsibility to the FASB.FASB: Financial Accounting Standards BoardImportance: FASB is an independent group of full-time members who are responsible for setting accounting and reporting rules.IASB: International Accounting Standards BoardImportance: Its purpose is to issue standards that identify preferred practices in the desire of harmonizing accounting practices across different countries. The vast majority of countries and financial exchanges support its activities and objectives.QS 1-3Accounting professionals practice in at least four main areas. These four areas, along with a listing of some work opportunities in each, are:1. Financial accountingPreparation; Analysis; Auditing (external); Consulting; Investigation2. Managerial accountingCost accounting; Budgeting; Auditing (internal); Consulting3. Tax accountingPreparation; Planning; Regulatory; Consulting; Investigation4. Accounting-relatedLending; Consulting; Analyst; Investigator; AppraiserQS 1-4Internal controls serve several purposes:They involve monitoring an organization’s activities to promote efficiency and to prevent wrongful use of its resources.They help ensure the validity and credibility of accounting reports.They are crucial for effective operations and reliable reporting.More generally, the absence of internal controls can adversely affect the effectiveness of domestic and global financial markets.QS 1-5a. Revenue recognition principleb. Cost principle (also called historical cost)c. Business entity principleQS 1-6The choice of an accounting method when more than one alternative method is acceptable often has ethical implications. This is because accounting information can have major impacts on individuals’ (and firms’) well-being.To illustrate, many companies base compensation of managers on the amount of reported income. When the choice of an accounting method affects the amount of reported income, the amount of compensation is also affected. Similarly, if workers in a division receive bonuses based on the d ivision’s income, its computation has direct financial implications for these individuals.QS 1-7a=125,000b=250,000c=125,000QS 1-8QS 1-9(a) Examples of business transactions that are measurable include:Selling products and services.Collecting funds from dues, taxes, contributions, or investments.Borrowing money.Purchasing products and services.(b) E xamples of business events that are measurable include:Decreases in the value of securities (assets).Bankruptcy of a customer owing money.Technological advances rendering patents (or other assets) worthless.An “act of God” (casualty) that destroys assets.QS 1-10a-B; b-I; c-B; d-CF; e-I; f-B; g-B; h-CF; i-OEExcisesExcise 1-1External users and some questions they seek to answer with accounting information include:1. Shareholders (investors), who seek answers to questions such as:a. Are resources owned by a business adequate to carry out plans?b. Are the debts owed excessive in amount?c. What is the current level of income (and its components)?2. Creditors, who seek answers for questions such as:a. Does the business have the ability to repay its debts?b. Can the business take on additional debt?c. Are resources sufficient to cover current amounts owed?3. Employees, who seek answers to questions such as:a. Is the business financially stable?b. Can the business afford to pay higher salaries?c. What are growth prospects for the organization?Excise 1-21. C 5. B2. C 6. A3. A 7. B4. A 8. BExcise 1-3a. Auditing professionals with competing audit clients are likely to learn valuable information about each client that the other clients would benefit from knowing. In this situation the auditor must take care to maintain the confidential nature of information about each client.b. Accounting professionals who prepare tax returns can face situations where clients wish to claim deductions they cannot substantiate. Also, clients sometimes exert pressure to use methods not allowed or questionable under the law. Issues of confidentiality also arise when these professionals have access to clients’ personal records.c. Managers face several situations demanding ethical decision making in their dealings with employees. Examples include fairness in performance evaluations, salary adjustments, and promotion recommendations. They can also include avoiding any perceived or real harassment of employees by the manager or any other employees. It can also include issues of confidentiality regarding personal information known to managers.d. Situations involving ethical decision making in coursework include performing independentwork on examinations and individually completing assignments/projects. It can also extend to promptly returning reference materials so others can enjoy them, and to properly preparing for class to efficiently use the time and question period to not detract from others’ instructional benefits.Excise 1-41-E; 2-G; 3-A; 4-C; 5-D; 6-B; 7-F; 8-HExcise 1-5a-S; b-C; c-S; d-C; e-C; f-P; g-SExcise 1-6a=180,000b=51,000c=139,000Excise 1-71-D; 2-G; 3-B; 4-F; 5-AExcise 1-8a-27,000b-221,607c. beginning balance is 73,000; ending balance is 149,000Excise 1-9a. Business purchases equipment (or some other asset) on credit.b. Business signs a note payable to extend the due date on an account payable.c. Business pays an account payable (or some other liability) with cash (or some other asset).d. Business purchases office supplies (or some other asset) for cash (or some other asset).e. Business incurs an expense that is not yet paid (for example, when employees earn wages that are not yet paid).f. Owner invests cash (or some other asset) in the business; OR, the business earns revenue and accepts cash (or another asset).g. Cash withdrawals (or some other asset) paid to the owner of the business; OR, the business incurs an expense paid in cash.Exercise 1-10Real AnswersIncome StatementFor Month Ended October 31Exercise 1-11Real AnswersStatement of Owner ’s Equity Exercise 1-12Real Answers Balance Sheet October 31AssetsCash $ 11 500 Account receivable 12 000 Office supplies 24 437 Land 46 000 Office equipment 18 000 Total assets $ 111 937LiabilitiesAccount payables $ 25 037 Total liabilities 25 037Owner ’s EquityKeisha King, Capital 86 900 Total liabilities and equity $ 111 937Exercise 1-13Real Answers Cash Flow Statement For Month Ended October 31Excise 1-141-O; 2-O; 3-F; 4-O; 5-O; 6-O; 7-F; 8-IProblem 1-1AProblem 1-2Aa. Cash 67,000Equipment 11,000I. Lopez, Capital 78,000Owner’s investmentb. Building 144,000Cash 15,000Notes Payable 129,000 Purchased building on cash and note payable c. Equipment 12,000Cash 12,000Purchased equipment on cashd. Supplies 1,000Equipment 1,700Account Payable 2,700Purchased supplies and equipment on credite. Advertising Expense 460Cash 460Paid announcement of opening on newspaper f. Account Receivable 2,400Revenue 2,400To record revenue for service provided on account g. Cash 4,000Revenue 4,000Received revenue on cashh. I. Lopez, Withdrawals 3,025Cash 3,025Cash withdrawal by owneri. Cash 1,800Account Receivables 1,800Partially received account receivablej. Account Payables 500Cash 500Partially paid account payablesk. Wages Expense 1,800Cash 1,800Paid wages of secretary’s。
会计学原理知识点提纲
会计学原理知识点提纲引言：会计学原理是财务领域的基础知识，它涵盖了核算与报告、财务分析以及预测等众多领域。
本文将探讨会计学原理的核心概念及其应用，并通过实例解释这些概念的重要性。
一、会计信息的本质1. 定义：会计信息是指组织内、外部用户为了管理和决策而获取的数据。
2. 特征：可靠性、准确性、一致性和可比性。
3. 财务报表：资产负债表、利润表、现金流量表。
二、会计等式1. 定义：会计等式是基础会计原理的核心，即资产=负债+所有者权益。
2. 各个元素的含义及相互关系。
三、会计核算方法1. 权责发生制：收入与费用应按发生时间核算。
2. 现金基础制：收入与费用应按实际收付时间核算。
3. 选择核算方法的依据。
四、会计估计与错报1. 定义：会计估计是在不完全信息下对未来发生事件的处理。
2. 估计的方法及应用场景。
3. 错误的原因及对企业的影响。
五、会计准则与法规1. 国际会计准则、中国会计准则以及国际财务报告准则。
2. 规范会计信息披露的目的及重要性。
3. 企业应如何遵守准则与法规。
六、财务报表分析1. 比率分析：盈利能力、偿债能力、运营能力等指标的计算与分析。
2. 垂直与水平分析方法的应用。
3. 财务报表分析的局限性及注意事项。
七、会计原则中的特殊问题1. 结构计算：长期资产摊销、无形资产摊销等。
2. 提前收入与递延收入。
3. 不确定债务的计量。
结语：会计学原理是进行财务管理与决策的基础知识。
通过理解会计信息的本质、会计等式与核算方法、会计估计与错报、会计准则与法规、财务报表分析以及会计原则中的特殊问题，企业可以更好地运用会计原理从而提高企业的财务管理能力与决策能力。
因此，深入掌握会计学原理的概念和应用显得尤为重要。
会计学原理-2019
2019普通专升本《会计学原理》考试大纲考试采用闭卷笔试形式，试卷满分为100分，考试时间为100分钟一、考试目的《会计学原理》是报考我校会计学、国际经济与贸易等经济管理类专业（专升本）的一门专业基础课，旨在考察考生的会计基础知识、基本技能以及应用能力。
二、考核知识点第一章总论1. 会计的产生与发展2. 会计的含义3. 会计的职能与目标4. 会计的任务与作用5. 会计的方法第二章会计要素与会计等式1. 会计对象2. 会计要素3. 会计等式第三章会计核算基础1. 会计假设2. 会计信息质量特征3. 会计要素确认、计量及其要求4. 收付实现制与权责发生制第四章账户与复式记账1. 账户与会计科目2. 复式记账原理3. 借贷记账法4. 总分类账户和明细分类账户第五章企业主要经济业务的核算1. 企业主要经济业务概述2. 资金筹集业务的核算3. 供应过程业务的核算4. 生产过程业务的核算5. 销售过程业务的核算6. 财务成果形成与分配业务的核算第六章账户的分类1. 账户分类的意义2. 账户按经济内容分类3. 账户按用途和结构分类第七章成本计算1. 成本计算的意义、原理与要求2. 成本计算的一般程序3. 企业经营过程中的成本计算第八章会计凭证1. 会计凭证的作用和种类2. 原始凭证3. 记账凭证4. 会计凭证的传递与保管第九章会计账簿1. 账簿的意义与种类2. 账簿的设置与登记3. 账簿的启用与错账更正4. 结账与对账5. 账簿的更换与保管第十章财产清查1. 财产清查概述2. 存货的盘存制度3. 财产清查的内容和方法4. 财产清查结果的处理第十一章财务报告1. 财务报告概述2. 资产负债表3. 利润表4. 现金流量表5. 所有者权益（或股东权益）变动表6. 会计报表附注第十二章会计核算组织程序1. 会计核算组织程序概述2. 记账凭证核算组织程序3. 科目汇总表核算组织程序4. 汇总记账凭证核算组织程序5. 日记总账核算组织程序三、参考书目陈国辉，迟旭升主编，《基础会计》，东北财经大学出版社，2018年7月第六版四、考试题型考试题型有：名词解释、选择题、判断题、简答题、计算题、会计分录题等。
怀尔德会计学原理答案chapter1
怀尔德会计学原理答案chapter1● 1. The purpose of accounting is to provide decisionmakers with relevant and reliable information to help them make better decisions. Examples include information for people making investments, loans, and business plans.● 2. Technology reduces the time, effort, and cost ofrecordkeeping. There is still a demand for people who can design accounting systems, supervise their operation, analyze complex transactions, and interpret reports. Demand also exists for people who can effectively use computers to prepare and analyze accounting reports. Technology will never substitute for qualified people with abilities to prepare, use, analyze, and interpret accounting information.● 3.External users and their uses of accountinginformation include:(a) lenders, to measure the risk and return of loans;(b) shareholders, to assess whether to buy, sell, or holdtheir shares;(c) directors, to oversee their interests in theorganization;(d) employees and labor unions, to judge the fairnessof wages and assess future employment opportunities; and(e) regulators, to determine whether the organizationis complying with regulations. Other users are voters, legislators, government officials, contributors to nonprofits, suppliers and customers.● 4.Business owners and managers use accountinginformation to help answer questions such as: What resources does an organization own? What debts are owed?How much income is earned? Are expenses reasonable for the l evel of sales? Are customers‘ accounts being promptly collected?● 5. Service businesses include: Standard and Poor‘s, Dun& Bradstreet, Merrill Lynch, Southwest Airlines, CitiCorp, Humana, Charles Schwab, and Prudential.Businesses offering products include Nike, Reebok, Gap, Apple Computer, Ford Motor Co., Philip Morris, Coca-Cola, Best Buy, and Circuit City.● 6. The internal role of accounting is to serve theorganization‘s internal operating functions. It does this by providing useful information for internal users in completing their tasks more effectively and efficiently. By providing this information, accountinghelps the organization reach its overall goals.●7.Accounting professionals offer many servicesincluding auditing, management advice, tax planning, business valuation, and money management.●8.Marketing managers are likely interested ininformation such as sales volume, advertising costs, promotion costs, salaries of sales personnel, and sales commissions.●9. Accounting is described as a service activity because it serves decision makers by providing information to help them make better business decisions.●10. Some accounting-related professions include consultant,financial analyst, underwriter, financial planner, apprai ser, FBI investigator, market researcher, and system desig ner.●11. Ethics rules require that auditors avoid auditing clientsin which they have a direct investment, or if the audit or‘s fee is dependent on the figures in the client‘s rep orts. This will prevent others from doubting the quality of the auditor‘s report.●12. In addition to preparing tax returns, tax accountantshelp companies and individuals plan future transactions to minimize the amount of tax to be paid. They are also acti vely involved in estate planning and in helping set up org anizations. Some tax accountants work for regulatory agenc ies such as theIRS or the various state departments of rev enue. These tax accountants help to enforce tax laws.●13.The objectivity concept means t hat financial statementinformation is supported by independent, unbiased evidence other than someone‘s opinion or imagination. This concept increases the reliability and verifiability of financia l statement information.●14. This treatment is justified by both the cost principleand the going-concernassumption.●15. The revenue recognition principle provides guidance for managers and auditors so they know when to recognize rev enue. If revenue is recognized too early, the business loo ks more profitable than it is. On the other hand, if reven ue is recognized too late the business looks less profitab le than it is. This principle demands that revenue be reco gnized when it is both earned and can be measured reliably.The amount of revenue should equal the value of the asset s received or expe cted to be received from the business‘s operating activities covering a specific time period.●16. Business organizations can be organized in one of three basic forms: sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation. These forms have implications for legal liability, taxation, continuity, number of owners, and legal status a s follows:见课本第8页那张表（即exhibit 1.8）●17. (a) Assets are resources owned or controlled by a company that are expected toyield future benefits.(b) Li abilities are creditors‘ claims on assets that reflect obligations to provide assets, products or services to others.(c) Equity is the owner‘s claim on assets and is equalto assets minus liabilities.(d) Net assets refer to equity.●18. Equity is increased by investments from the owner andby net income. It is decreased by withdrawals by the owner and by a net loss (which is the excess of expenses over re venues).●19. Accounting principles consist of (a) general and (b) specific principles. General principles are the basic assum ptions,concepts, and guidelines for preparing financial st atements. They stem from long-used accounting practices. S pecific principles are detailed rules used in reporting on business transactions and events. They usually arise from the rulings of authoritative and regulatory groups such a s the Financial Accounting Standards Board or the Securiti es and Exchange Commission.●20. Revenue (or sales) is the amount received from sellingproducts and services.●21. Net income (also called income, profit or earnings) equals revenues minus expenses (if revenues exceed expenses).Net income increases equity. If expenses exceed revenues, the company has a Net Loss. Net loss decreases equity.●22. The four basic financia l statements are: income statement,statement of owner‘s equity, balance sheet, and state ment of cash flows.●23.An income statement reports a company‘s revenues andexpenses along with the resulting net income or loss overa period of time.●24. Rent expense, utilities expense, administrative expenses,advertising and promotion expenses, maintenance expense, andsalaries and wages expenses are some examples of busin ess expenses.●25.The statement of owner‘s equity explains the changesin equity from net income or loss, and from any owner cont ributions and withdrawals over a period of time.●26.The balance sheet describes a company‘s financial position (types and amounts of assets, liabilities, and equit y) at apoint in time.●27. The statement of cash flows reports on the cash inflows and outflows from a company‘s operating, investing, and financing activities.。
会计学原理讲义第一至四章
《会计学原理》讲义第一章会计概说第一节会计概说正如我们所能观察到的，无论是营利性质的企业，还是非营利性质的事业、行政机关、非盈利性质的社会团体等单位，均设有“会计”工作岗位，配有会计人员。
只要有经济活动的地方，不论是组织还是个人经营，都在开展着从简单到复杂的会计核算活动。
与此相适应，不管是高等教育，还是中等专业教育，甚至是职业教育，都设有会计专业，共同为社会培训和输送着不同层次的会计专业人才。
“会计”作为一种工作，在现代经济管理中正发挥着举足轻重的作用；在现有的学科群体中，“会计”作为一门科学，也正备受关注；而作为一项职业，毋庸说，“会计”职业显然是经济社会活动中不可缺少的一个行当，会计的职业道德以“诚信”为准则，会计信息以真实、及时为基本要求，会计人员及其所开展的会计活动因此得到社会的信赖和尊重。
这一切都说明：社会非常需要会计，社会非常重视会计。
一、会计行为探源会计是人类为追求经济效益而进行的一种管理经济的活动。
人类要生存，离不开物质资料的生产和消费。
生产物质资料的目的，在于向人类社会提供所需要的生产资料和生活资料，生产过程同时也是消费过程，所以，生产活动是最基本的实践活动，是人类赖以生存和发展的基础。
在生产过程中，人们通过使用劳动工具，耗用劳动资料，投入劳动量，花费劳动时问，生产出劳动产品，必然十分关心自己的劳动成果，会自觉地将生产过程的内容记录下来，盘算、比较其生产耗费(所费)和生产成果(所得)的数量损益。
如果生产所得不足以抵补生产所费(称为亏损)，这种生产纯粹在消耗社会财富，或者说是对社会财富的浪费，毫无经济效益可言，应立即停止；如果生产所得在抵补生产所费后还有结余(称为盈利)，则生产有了经济效益。
结余部分如仅够供给生活消费，则只能按原有规模重复进行简单再生产，社会不能发展；结余部分如在满足生活消费后还有多余作为追加生产投资，则可按更大的规模进行扩大再生产，社会由此向前发展。
可见，社会发展的程度取决于所能扩大的规模即生产过程经济效益的好坏。
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Accounting Equation
Assets = Liabilities + Equity Be proficient in 11 transactions from P11~13 Be proficient in 3 statements Income statement, Statement of Owner’s Equity & Balance Sheet
Accounting Байду номын сангаасrocess
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Source documents Journal Ledger Adjusting Adjusted trial balance Statements Closing
Adjusting
*Depreciation
Dr. Depreciation Expenses; Cr. Accumulated Depreciation Accumulated Depreciation is a contra account
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Principles of Accounting 19 Edition
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Sam.J @ NJAudit
Chapter 2 Analyzing and Recording Transactions Chapter 3 Adjusting Accounts and Preparing Financial Statements Chatper 4 Completing the Accounting Cycle
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Four assumptions
Going concern Monetary unit Time period Business entity
Four principles
Cost Matching Revenue recognition Full disclosure
Business entity
Principles of Accounting 19 Edition
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Sam.J @ NJAudit
Chapter 1 Accounting in Business
Users of Acc. Information
External users: creditors & investors Internal users Know the difference between FINICIAL ACCOUNTING & MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
Closing
Close Temporary account: Revenue, Expenses, Owner Withdrawals & Income Sumary Step1: Dr. Revenue ; Cr. Income Summary Step2: Dr. Income Summary ; Cr. Expenses Step3: Dr. Income Summary ; Cr. Owner’s Capital Step4: Dr. Owner’s Capital ; Cr. Owner’s Withdrawls
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Know what is:
GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) FASB (Financial Accounting Standards Board) SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) IASB (International Accounting Standards Board) IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)