托福00年1月TOEFL语法笔记分析解析

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TOEFL语法笔记

TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。

填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。

句法：{①简单句： S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。

并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。

③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉 p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。

捷径：可直接套用句型和结构 p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。

句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。

100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。

2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。

3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。

4 做题 ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。

填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构 1-2※句子，句子。

为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。

※任何从句都是正常语序。

二谓语专一结构 3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。

※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。

错三平行结构 5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致 to do ，do and do 。

be done ，done and done。

※——，——，and——。

四 what 结构 7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分 what =the thing that（3）n+what 错 n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错 what →which√（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。

TOEFL 语法考点分析与思路

TOEFL 语法考点分析与思路对于每个考点，我做了简要的讲解。

如果想了解关于考点更多的知识，请大家查阅相关的语法资料。

注意：有的朋友基础扎实，思路清晰，也许不喜欢那么多考点，那么多套路，对他们来说，简单思维，快速解答是首选。

那么，这样的朋友可以参考一下所谓的“黄金规则”，这在解答填空题时非常管用。

在附录里面附有由弓定天下归纳的“填选之黄金规则”TOEFL 语法考点分析与思路一．选择填空部分填空部分做题要点（一）句子结构考点1：主语单一原则考点2：谓语单一原则考点3：主谓结构（句子基本结构）考点4：宾语成份考点5：定语成份考点6：表语成份考点7：状语成份考点8：同位语（二）名词性从句考点9：主语从句考点10：宾语从句考点11：表语从句（三）词的用法考点12：关系词用法考点13：连词用法（四）特殊结构考点14：省略结构1. 定语从句省略结构2. 状语从句省略结构3. 形容词最高级省略结构考点15：平行结构考点16：比较结构考点17：倒装结构考点18：独立主格结构（较少考到）（四）特定句型考点19：强调句型考点20：虚字句型考点21：应变句型考点22：make句型二．改错部分改错部分做题要点考点21：冠词用法考点22：名词单复数考点23：代词用法考点26：介词用法考点27：动词不定式考点28：动名词用法考点29：分词结构考点30：动词的语态考点31：动词的时态考点32：主谓一致考点33：平行结构考点34：成分多余考点35：词的误用三. 下面是两部分都有的考点考点36：语序考点37: 固定搭配四. 附录：填选之“黄金规则”一．选择填空部分语法部分前15题是选择句子残缺成份填空，以组成完整句子的题型。

这一部分侧重的是句子成份的划分和句子结构的分析，要求考生能从整个句子的角度来把握，分离出主干成分和修饰成分并判断相应的符合语态和时态的选项。

因此简单来说，第一部分考的是应试者对句法的掌握程度，包括主、谓、宾、定、状、补各个部分在句子中的分布和顺序。

新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）1（5）

k）定语从句的省略结构：(讲义 26 27)1．如果that / which在定从中作obj，可以省略.sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt→s+vt+n+s+v　s+vt+n1+n2+vt*当做题时，若发现两个名词在⼀起，但是似乎连不上，则⼀定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。

2．定从的特殊省略（新题 P92 13）the way (in which) + 句⼦the reason (why that)+句⼦均为完整句the time (that / when)+句⼦I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweatest voicein the world.By the time省that+句⼦，句⼦。

3．定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省）即：which be , who be , that be可同时省（讲义P7 17）*在新题中难题常与which be的省略有关（新题 P196 15）l）状语从句的省略结构：（讲义 P8 28 29）Although (it is)native to Europe, svo.Although (she was) affluted by…svo.Even though (it is) costly,svo.省略条件：1）特定的状语从句引导词：although　though　even though　when　while　if　as2）从句为主系表结构3）从句主语与主句主语⼀致。

Alought (主+系)+表，主谓宾。

省略⽅式：a）可以同时省略主+系→连词+表语（a. 分词 svo）b）主系必须同时省c） Alough / Thouth / While / If / As / When +（系表）+a./分词，svo√ ⼀定是答案m）doing结构：（讲义 30 31）doing现在分词→ a./ad.作定于/状语动名词→ n. 作主语/宾语eg：1）Stranving troop have to surrender.现在分词修饰n.，翻译为“…的”2）Transforming faw materials into useful products is called maufacturing.　（Transforming：动名词）具有动词特征的n做主语或者宾语，但同时⼜可接宾语，动名词与n为动宾关系，中⼼词为v-ing，翻译为“…的⾏为”。

托福考试语法结构知识点

托福考试语法结构知识点托福考试是一个评估非英语母语者英语能力的标准化测试，其中语法结构是考试的一个重要部分。

掌握语法结构的知识点对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。

本文将介绍托福考试中常见的语法结构知识点，帮助考生更好地备考。

一、动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时：用于陈述普遍事实、经常重复的动作或客观真理。

例如：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时：用于过去发生的动作或状态。

例如：I watched a movie yesterday.3. 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。

例如：She is reading a book now.4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

例如：They were studying when I called them.5. 将来时态的使用：用于表示将来的动作或状态。

例如：I will go to the party tomorrow.6. 被动语态：用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。

例如：The book was written by Mark Twain.二、主谓一致1. 单复数主谓一致：主语是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式。

例如：She walks to school every day. They walk to school every day.2. 近距离主谓一致：当主语和谓语之间有介词短语或从句时，要根据主语而不是介词短语或从句来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。

例如：The book, along with its companion, is on the shelf.三、条件句1. 第一型条件句：表示真实条件和其可能的结果。

例如：If it rains,I will stay at home.2. 第二型条件句：表示对现在或未来假设的不太可能或不可能的条件及其可能的结果。

托福语法笔记(1)

托福语法笔记(1)填空题的作题方法：(1)先看句子的分界点(即连词，介词，分词和标点符号)选择要看的句子内容，即只关注空格所在句子(2)简化句子：简化原则：a-副词adv. b-介词短语(句首除外)c-作定语的形容词 d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语e-与空格无关的句子(3)分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分捷径：可套用固定结构或句型(4)区分选项，结合句意和语感--------->确定答案填空分类：简单句，主从句(状语从句，定语从句)，倒装句，平行结构，同位语结构填空的固定结构一、主句专一结构任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接*句子，句子永远错二、谓语专一结构任何句子只有一个谓语，应受谴责之间必须有连词连接*主谓，谓错三、平行结构A，B，or/and CA, B，C三个元素必须对应四、宾语从句结构宾从：S+Vt+(that + SVO)*看到这些Vt后，第一反应找thatindicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate,show,hold,insist,say,tell,believe,think,learn宾语从句中，that在下列词后可省：believe,think,suppose,presume,say,see,hniw,hear,propose,understand,be told五、what结构(A) what=the thing that=all that,thing由句意决定(B) what必须在前后句中都作成分(C) noun.+what 永远错(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以用作介词或者动词的宾语what+V=the thing that +Vprep. + what + VVt + what + V(E) what的出题方法(1) prep___________V(2) Vt ___________V(F)*what is now 永远对where + V 永远错，因为where是adv. 【。

历年托福考试语法题汇编

2000年01月语法题16. The outer layer of the heart, called the pericardium, forms a sac in what the heart lies.17. Wood from the ash tree becomes extremely flexibly when it is exposed to steam.18. The ability to talk is one of the skill that make humans different from the rest of the animalworld.19. In plane geometry, the sum of the internal angles of any triangle has always equal to 180degrees.20. Polar bears are bowlegged and pigeon-toed, adaptations that enable this massive animalsto maintain their balance as they walk.21. Caves are formed by the chemical or action mechanical of water on soluble rock, byvolcanic activity, and by earthquakes.22. Celery, an edible plant is having long stalks topped with feathery leaves, grows best in coolweather.23. The first fiction writer in the United States to achieve international fame was WashingtonIrving, who wrote many stories, included “ Rip Van Winkle〞and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow〞.24. Three fundamental aspects of forest conversation are the protection of immature trees, theuse of proper harvesting methods, and provide for an environment that supportsreproduction.25. For each enzyme reaction there is an optimum temperature which maximum efficiency isachieved.26. Adolescence is a transitional stage in human development from the beginning of puberty tothe attainment of the emotion, social, and physical maturity of adulthood.27. The people native to the northwest coast of North American have long be known for woodcarvings of stunning beauty and extraordinary quality.28. Colonial efforts to manufacture glass at Jamestown---- and later attempts nearPhiladelphia and Boston---failed despite the abundant of fuel and good raw materials.29. The orbit of a celestial body is usually in the shape of ellipse.30. Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeding only by NewYork City and San Francisco.31. North American bison differ from domestic cattle in have 14 rather than 13 pairs of ribs.32. Female sea turtles, before laying her eggs, swim as much as 2,000 kilometers to return tothe beaches where they themselves were hatched.33. Water is the only substance that occur at ordinary temperatures in all three states of matter:solid, liquid and gas.34. Despite the growth of manufacturing and other industries, the economy of the state ofTexas has remained heavily dependence on oil and gas.35. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only United States President who oath of office wasadministered by a woman Judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes.36. It took more than fourteen years to carve the faces of four United States Presidents into thegranite cliffs to Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.37.Charles Bullfinch was the architect who design the original red brick core of the StateHouse in Boston.38.Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on as much aspects ofsocial, economic, and cultural development as the growth of electronics.39. Lowell, Massachusetts, known as the “Spindle City〞since 1822 when its first textile millswere built, attracted worldwide attention as textile center.40.Strange Victory, Sara Teas dale’s smallest and most perfect collection of poems, appear inprint in 1933.2000年05月语法题16.More and 90 percent of the calcium in the human body is in the skeleton.17. Perhaps the most popular film in movie history, Star Wars was written and direction byGeorge Lucas.18. Some animal activities, such as mating, migration, and hibernate, have a yearly cycle.19. Geographers were once concerned largely with exploring areas unknown to them and fromdescribing distinctive features of individual places.20. In his animated films, Walt Disney created animals that talk and act like people whileretaining its animal traits.21. The first city in the United States that put into effect major plan for the clustering ofgovernment buildings was Washington, D.C.22. In a microwave oven, radiation penetrates food and is then absorbed primarily by watermolecules, caused heat to spread through the food.23.The cultures early of the genus Homo were generally distinguished by regular use of stonetools and by a hunting and gathering economy.24. Dolphins are sleek and powerful swimmers that found in all seas and unlike porpoiseshave well defined, beaklike snouts and conical teeth.25. The velocity of a river is controlled by the slope, the depth, and the tough of the riverbed.26. The phonograph record was the first successful medium for capturing, preservation andreproducing sound.27. Generally, the pattern of open space in urban areas has shaped by commercial systems,governmental actions, and cultural traditions.28. A liquid that might be a poor conductor when pure is often used to make solutions thatreadily transmits electricity.29.The initial discovery by humans almost 10,000 years ago that they could exploit metallicmineral deposits was an important milestone in the development civilization.30. In 1989 Tillie Fowler a Republican, became the first member of her party to serving aspresident of the city council of Jacksonville, Florida.31. General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves a complete loss ofconsciousness and a relaxed of the muscles.32. After first establishment subsistence farms along the Atlantic seaboard, European settlersin North America developed a maritime and shipbuilding industry.33.The legs of a roadrunner are enough strong that it can run up to 24 kilometers per hour tocatch lizards and small rodents.34. For the immune system of a newborn mammal to develop properly, the presence of thethymus gland is essentially.35. Physicians working in the field of public health are mainly concerned with theenvironmental causes of ill and how to eliminate them.36.By 1850, immigration from distance shores, as well as migration from the countryside, hadcaused New York City’s population to swell.37.By identifying similar words or structures in different languages, we find evidence that thoselanguages are related and may be derived from same ancestor.38. Astronomers use photography and sighting telescopes to study the motions of all of thebright stars and many of the faint one.39.In the nineteenth century a number of Native American tribe, such as the Comanche, liveda nomadic existence hunting buffalo.40. The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sea level.2000年08月语法题16. Painters of the early twentieth century who were known primarily for they colorfullandscapes, the Group of Seven changed is name to the Canadian Group of Painters in 1933.17. Most animals have nervous systems, sense organs, and specialized modes of locomotion,and are capable of securing, ingesting, and to digest food.18. The cork oak tree has a layer of cork several inches thickness that can be stripped everyten years.19. Inflation, interest rates, and overall economic active can be governed by the United StatesFederal Reserve’s decision to adjust the supply of money to the economy.20. Free radicals of oxygen, which common by-products of metabolic processes in the body,are capable of causing tissue damage.21. By 1830 the glass industry in the United States had become too well established that thecountry no longer needed to depend on imported glass.22. Free land, cheaply transportation, and powerfully persuasive railroad advertising all helpedflood the western part of the United States with farmers in the nineteenth century.23. Coral formations have known as fringing reefs are located close to shore, separated fromland only by shallow water.24. For a seagoing, cargo-carrying sailing vessels, the clipper ship was remarkably fast.25. Visibly only through large telescopes, Pluto has a yellowish color, which indicates thatthere is very little atmosphere.26. Diamond is the hardest known substance, so diamonds can be cut only by anotherdiamonds.27. The International Monetary Fund was created in a effort to stabilize exchange rates withoutinterfering with the healthy growth of trade.28. Butterflies and moths undergo complete metamorphosis, them changing from caterpillar toadult via one intermediate stage, the pupa.29. Thousands of meteorite hit Earth each year, but most fall into the sea or in remote areasand are never recovered.30. Alaska become the forty-ninth state in 1959,and Hawaii became the fiftieth state lately thatyear.31. A sponge feeds itself by drawing water through tiny pores on its surface, filtering out foodparticles, and then expel the water through larger vents.32. Toward the end of his life, John Singer Sargent returned to the painting of landscapes andthe use of watercolors, of which he excelled.33. Pythons differ than most other snakes by having two well developed lungs rather than amuch smaller left lung or no left lung at all.34. Weighing among two to five kilograms in adults, the skin is the largest organ of the humanbody.35. Rodents dwell in various habitat, some species being aquatic, some terrestrial.36. The nectar of flowers are ingested by worker bees and converted to honey in special sacsin their digestive systems.37. Lucid dreaming, the ability dreamers to become aware of and to control their dreams whiledreaming, is the focus of some current psychological research.38. The sensation of sound is produced how vibrations transmitted through the air strike theeardrum.39. The musical tone of an electric guitar is created not by the resonance of the body of theguitar but by electronically amplification.40. Considered one of the most beautiful of the fine art, ballet is a combination of dance andmime performed to music.2000年10月语法题16．The pear tree has simple, oval leaves that are smoother and shinier than them of the apple.17．In the orbit of a planet around the Sun, the point closest to the Sun is called it the perihelion.18．In the early 1900’s, Roy Harris created and promoted a distinctly American style of classical music and greatly influenced a number of composer in the United States. 19．The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of North American ports, particular Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, as major commercial centers within the Britishempire.20．Guitarlike instruments have exist since ancient times, but the first written mention of the guitar itself is from the fourteenth century.21．The law of biogenesis is the principle what all living organisms are derived from a parent or parents.22．Onyx is a mineral that can be recognized its regular and straight parallel bands of white, black, or brown.23．There are as many as 200 million insects for every human beings, and in fact their total number exceeds that of all other animals taken together.24．Native to South America and cultivated there for thousands of years, the peanut is said to have introduced to North America by early explorers.25．Originally canoes were made by the hollowing out of logs and used were for combat as well as transport.26．Among the symptoms of measles, which takes about twelve days to incubate, are a high fever, swelling of glands in the neck, a cough, and sensitive to light.27．Ice crystals in a glacier tends to melt and recrystallize within a brief moment of travel on a downhill glide.28．Photograph was revolutionized in 1851 by the introduction of the collodion process for making glass negatives.29．The piano is a stringed musical instrument in which the strings are strike by felt-covered hammers controlled by a board.30．The sounds used in human languages to create meaning consist of small variation in air pressure can be sensed by the ear.31．The mountains, especially the Rocky Mountains, formerly constituted a seriously barrier to east-west trade in British Columbia.32．Telescope are frequently used in astronomy to collect light from a celestial object, bring the light into focus, and producing a magnified image.33．Diamond is the hardest known substance, so diamond can be cut only by another diamonds.34．There are about 350 species and subspecies of birds in danger of become extinct, with a large number of them, 117 in all, found on oceanic islands.35．The nineteenth-century romantic movement in art was partially a reaction to what was perceived as overemphasis on reasonable and order in neoclassicism.36．Like triglycerides, cholesterol is a type of fat that is both consumed in the diet but manufactured by the body.37．Both the United States silver dollar and half-dollar, first minted in 1794, had a figure of Liberty on one side and a eagle on the reverse side.38．For an advertisement to be effective, its production and placement must to be based on a knowledge of human nature and a skilled use of the media.39．While photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.40．The Democratic Party, the most oldest existing political party in the United States, has played a vital role in the nation’s history.2001年01月语法题16. A variation of collodion photography was the tintype, which captured images on a black ordark brown metal plate instead from on glass.17. In cases of minor injury to the brain. Amnesia is likely to be a temporarily condition.18. The system of chemical symbols, first devised about 1800. gives a concise and instantlyrecognizable description of a element or compound.19. The fact that white light is light composed of various wavelengths may be demonstrating bydispersing a beam of such light through a prism.20. Over the course of history, much civilizations developed their own Number systems.21. In the United States during the Second World War, each trade unions and employersavoided federal limits on wages by offering employees Nontaxable medical benefits. 22. Philosophy is the study of the nature of reality, knowledge, existent, and ethics by meansof rational inquiry.23. Poems vary in length from brief lyric poems to narrative or epic poems, which can be asbroad in scope than a novel.24. The population of California more than doubled during the period 1940-1960, creatingproblems in road-building and provide water for its arid southern section.25. Although based it on feudal models, the colony of Pennsylvania developed a reputation fora progressive political and social outlook.26. Hard and resistant to corrosion, bronze is traditionally used in bell casting and is thematerial used widely most for metal sculpture.27. The Appalachian Mountains formation a natural barrier between the eastern seaboard andthe vast lowlands of the continental interior of North America.28. The United States census for 1970 showed that the French-speaking residents ofLouisiana were one of the country’s most compact regional linguistic minority.29. When used as food additives, antioxidants prevent fats and oils from become rancid whenexposed to air, and thus extend their shelf life.30.liquid will flow and take the shape of their container.31. Copper was the first metallic used by humans and is second only to iron in its utility throughthe ages.32. Despite the fact that lemurs are general nocturnal, the ring-tailed lemur travels by day inbands of four to twelve individuals.33. The Western world is beset with the range of problem that characterize mature,postindustrial societies.34. Acrylic paints are either applied using a knife or diluted and spreading with a paintbrush.35. Some marine invertebrates, such as the sea urchin and the starfish, migrates from deepwater to shallow during spring and early summer to spawn.36. Marshes, wetland areas characterized by plant grassy growth, are distinguished fromswamps, wetlands where trees grow.37. Wampum, beads used as a form of exchange by some Native Americans, was made ofbits of seashells cut, drill, and strung into belts.38. Kangaroos use their long and powerful tails for balance themselves when sitting upright orjumping.39. Proper city planning provides for the distribution of public utilities, public buildings, parks,and recreation centers, and for adequate and the inexpensive housing.40. Most traditional dances are made up of a prearranged series of steps and movements, butmodern dancers are generally free to move as they choice.2001年05月语法题16. A gene is a biological unit of information who directs the activity of a cell or organism duringits lifetime.17. The flowering of African American talent in literature, music, and art in the 1920’s in NewYork City became to know as the Harlem Renaissance.18. The symptoms of neumonia, a lung infection, include high fever, chest pain, breathingdifficult, and coughing.19. The rapid grow of Boston during the mid-nineteenth century coincided with a large influx ofEuropean immigrants.20. In 1908 Olive Campbell started writing down folk songs by rural people in the southernAppalachian mountains near hers home.21. The thirteen stripes of the United States flag represent the original thirteen states of theUnion, which they all were once colonies of Britain.22.In 1860, more as 90 percent of the people of Indiana lived rural areas, with only a few citieshaving a population exceeding 10,000.23.Gravitation keeps the Moon in orbit around Earth and the planets other of the solar systemin orbit around the Sun.24.Photograph was revolutionized in 1831 by the introduction of the collodion process formaking glass negatives.25. After flax is washed, dry, beaten, and combed, fibers are obtained for use in making fabric.26. A fever is caused which blood cells release proteins called pyrogens, raising the body’stemperature.27. Because of various gift-giving holidays, most stores clothing in the United Sates do almostas much business in November and December as they do in the other ten monthscombined.28. The United States National Labor Relations Board is authorized to investigation allegationsof unfair labor practices on the part of either employers or employees.29. The Great Potato Famine in Ireland in the 1840’s caused an unprecedented numbers ofpeople from Ireland to immigrate to the United States.30.The particles comprising a given cloud are continually changing, as new ones are addedwhile others are taking away by moving air.31. Political parties in the United States help to coordinate the campaigns of their membersand organizes the statewide and nationa conventions that mark election years.32. The lemur is an unusual animal belonging to the same order than mon’s and apes.33. Cheese may be hard or soft, depending on the amount of water left into it and thecharacter of the cuting.34. The carbon-are lamp, a very bright electric lamp used for spotlights, consists of two carbonelectrodes with a high-current arc passing between it.35. At first the poems of E.E. Cummings gained notoriety to their idiosyncratic punctuation andtypography, but they have gradually been recognized for their lyric power as well.36. The mechanism of human thought and recall, a subject only partly understood by scientists,is extraordinary complicated.37. While the process of photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used toconvert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds.38.The globe artichoke was known as a delicacy at least 2,500 years ago, and records of itscultivation date from fifteenth century.39. Humans do not constitute the only species endowed with intelligence: the higher animalsalso have considerably problem-solving abilities.40. Many of species of milkweed are among the most dangerous of poisonous plants, whileothers have little, if any, toxicity.2001年08月语法题16. Modern societies are such complex that they could not exist without a well-developedsystem of law.17. Altitude, climate, temperature, and the length of the growing season both determine whereplants will grow.18. The bathyscaphe, a free-moving vessel designed for underwater exploration, consists of aFlotation compartment with a observation capsule attached underneath it.19. Water constitutes almost 96 percent of the body weight of a jellyfish, so if a jellyfish were todry out in the sun, it would virtually disappeared.20. The most important parameters affecting a rocket’s maximum flight velocity is therelationship between the vehicle’s mass and the amount of propellant it can carry.21.There were once only eight major lakes or reservoirs in Texas, but today there are over 180,many built to storing water against periodic droughts.22. All harmonized music that is not contrapuntal depends from the relationship of chords,which are either consonant or dissonant.23. Expressionist drama often shows the influence of modern psychology by reflecting thefrustrations inner of the dramatist.24. It is the number, kind, and arrange of teeth that determine whether a mammal is classifiedas a carnivore not the food that the animal actually eats.25. The sea otter is well adapted at its marine existence, with ears and nostrils that can beclosed under water.26. Petroleum, which currently makes up about four-tenths of the world’s energy production,supplies more commercial energy than any another source.27. Someone may refuse to recognize the seriousness of an emotionally threatening situationand perceive as less threatening.28. Through experiments with marine organisms, marine biologists can increase ourknowledge of human reproductive and development as well as our understanding of the nervous system.29. When swollen by melting snow or heavy rain, some rivers routinely overflow its banks.30. In 1884 Belva Lockwood, a lawyer who had appeared before the Supreme Court, becamethe first woman was nominated for President of the United States.31. The taller of all animals, a full-grown giraffe may be eighteen feet or more high.32. Physicists have known since the early nineteenth century that all matter is made up of tinyextremely particles called atoms.33. Rain is slight acidic even in unpolluted air, because carbon dioxide in the atmosphere andother natural acid-forming gases dissolve in the water.34. In a stock company, a troupe of actors performs in a particular theater, presenting playsfrom its repertory of prepare productions.35. Established in 1860, the Government Printing Office prints and binds documents for alldepartment of the United States government.36. Ethnology, usually considered a branch of cultural anthropology, is often defined as thescientifically study of the origin and functioning of humans and their culture.37. The one-fluid theory of electricity was proposing by Benjamin Franklin, a man famous forhis wide interests and great attainments.38. Probably not speech of so few words has ever been as celebrated as Lincoln’s GettysburgAddress.39. Generally, Abstract Expressionist art is without recognizable images and does not adherethe Limits of conventional form.40. Although complete paralysis is rare with neuritis, some degree of muscle weaknesscommon.2001年10月语法题16．By the end of the nineteenth century, organic chemistry had develop new methods for the synthesis of dyes, perfumes, explosives, and medicines.17．The Dinee, a Native American people of the southwestern United States, were once seminomadic hunters who practiced a few agriculture.18．The earliest successful sewing machines were powered by turn a hand crank.19．Early signs characteristic of the acute phase of viral hepatitis in adults are abdominal pain, nausea, and feverish often accompanied by chills.20．The Guggenheim Museum in New York City is one of the major center for the collection and display of works of abstract art in the United State.21．With the discovery of gold in the Klondike in Canada’s Yukon Territory in 1896, people flocked soon there from all parts of the world.22．The right side of the brain is mostly concerned with pictorial, intuitive, musically and spatial ablilities.23．A uniform mingling of molecules, which it occurs in homogeneous chemical compounds, results from the chemical constituents melting, dissolving, or diffusing into one another.24．Many dinosaurs were so much heavy that they spent most of their lives in swamps and shallow lakes where water could support them.25．With little nor no mass and no electric charge, neutrinos can penetrate a solid object such as the Earth as if it were not there.26．Georgia O’Keeffe is known for hers use of organic, abstract forms painted in clear, strong colors.27．Until the George Washington Bridge was built, modern suspension bridges were stiffened with steel trusses and beams to limited their motion in traffic and wind.28．First reported by Spanish explorers in 1796, the asphalt in California’s La Brea Tar Pit was mined commercial for many years.29．Independence political of newspapers became a common feature of journalism in the United States of the 1840’s and 1850’s.30．Transistors exhibit a high amplification factor, operate without distorted over a wide frequency range, and can be made extremely small.31．In most cases of epilepsy, cerebral electrical activity, also known as brain waves, demonstrates a characteristically abnormal rhythms.32．New York City’s theatrical district was concentrated the Bowery from 1860 to 1875, and around 1900 the avenue became a center for the Yiddish theater.33．Most female lizards lay eggs, but the females of a number of lizard species bear her young alive.34．Recently archaeologists have strived to develop theories, based on archaeological evident, that explain societal changes such as the development of farming..35．One of the most impressive cultural achievements of the United State during the 1920’s was a vastly outpouring of serious literature.36．The chemical element chlorine is a corrosive, greenish-yellow gas that has sharp odor and has 21/2 times heavier than air.37．Hair grows more quickly in summer than in winter and more slowly at the night than during the day.38．Different fourteen crops were being grown 8,600 years ago by some of the wo rld’s earliest farmers.39．Between 1905 and 1907, floodwaters from the Colorado River poured into a salt-covered depression and creating the Salton Sea.40．Saturn takes almost 30 Earth years to make one trip around the Sun, during Jupiter takes about twelve Earth years to complete one solar revolution.2002年01月语法题16.Fog and mist, like clouds, can formed only in the presence of dust particles.17.The Spanish claiming title to all of North America and established the oldest city in theUnited States, St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565.18.The federal system of government in Canada is similar to it of the United States.19.It may be argued that genetics, the study of heredity and variation, underwent the mostrapid development of any science biological in the twentieth century.20.Music involves the interaction of three elements: rhythm, melodic, and harmony.21.The Medicare program was established in 1965 to helping elderly United States citizenspay the increasing cost of health care.22.Researchers have found subtle neurological differences between the brains of men andwomen either in physical structure and in the way they function.23.Scientists have traditionally classified plants by grouping them according to similarities intheir overall appear, their internal structure, and the form of their reproductive organs. 24.Geometric figures first appeared more than 15,000 years ago in both practically anddecorative forms, such as shapes of buildings,cave paintings, and decorations on pottery.25.In the early nineteenth century, the Cherokee nation of American Indians was adopted awritten constitution based on that of the United States.26.The able of writers to precisely record observations made about others enables them toinclude in their work a great deal of material outside their own experience.27.In Connecticut, hundreds of houses dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuriesare preserved by more as 100 local or national historical societies.28.In 1899 Mary Elizabeth Brown donated hers collection of over 200 musical instruments tothe Metropolitan Museum of art.29. Four different types of remembering are ordinarily distinguished by psychologists:recollection, recall, recognize, and relearning.30.Harbors are protected areas of water that can be used the transfer of passengers andcargo between ships shore.。

托福阅读常见语法现象解读

托福阅读常见语法现象解读托福阅读常见语法现象解读不定式用法详细分析1. 动词不定式的否定式not toShe decided not to be late again.2. 动词不定式的完成式完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。

I am sorry to have kept you waiting.3. 在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应为of。

常用形容词有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong 等。

It is very kind of you to help me.区别It is important for us to learn English well.4. 在某些动词后，可用it做形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。

常见的动词有find, think consider, feel, make等。

They find it difficult to repay the money.5. 动词+不定式作宾补ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。

6. 在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。

托福00年1月TOEFL语法笔记

2000年1月TOEFL语法笔记编委：Maya审委：Xaosduck1. Amanda Way’s career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislaverymeeting in Indiana, she called for a state woman’s rights convention.(A) begin(B) began(C) have begun(D) to have begunKey：B分析：考点是动词时态。

根据句中的时间状语in 1851可知,空格中的动词应用过去式,所以选B，began。

参考译文：作为一个社会改革者Amanda Way事业开始于1851年,在印第安拉州的一个反奴隶制的会议上,她为这个州妇女的权力的条约而呐喊.2. The celesta, on orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___(A) a small upright piano(B) how a small upright piano(C) a small upright piano is(D) as a small upright pianokey：A分析：考点是宾语成份。

句中的谓语是resemble, resemble是及物动词,其后应直接加名词做宾语.e.g.: He strongly resembles his father.参考译文：钟琴(发出如钟的声音的一种有键小乐器)是一种管弦乐打击乐器,酷似一个体型小巧的竖直钢琴.3. Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the Americancolonies with the cause of liberty.(A) writer of eloquent(B) whose eloquent writing(C) an eloquent writing(D) writing eloquentkey：C分析：考点是同位语。

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根据句中的时间状语in 1851可知,空格中的动词应用过去式,所以选B，began。

（A）错在两处。

一是writer是可数名词，前面要加冠词a；二是eloquent是形容词，没有of＋形容词的用法。

A可改为a writer of eloquence，但是没有（C）的简洁。

（B）类似定语从句的形式，但结构不对，可改为whose writing is eloquent（D）类似动名词的形式，但结构不对，可改为writing eloquent books但总的说来，（A）（B）改后都没有（C）好！参考译文：Thomas Paine，一个善于生动表达的作家，写了一本认为美国殖民地与自由事业是一致的小册子《常识》4. Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can stayunderwater ___fifteen minutes before having to surface for air.(A) as long(B) as long as(C) so long(D) so long thatkey：B分析：考点是固定搭配。

短语的用法as long as+时间表示“长达多久”注意as long as的另外两个用法：a． since（既然）e.g. As long as you are offered, I accept. (既然你已给我，我就接受) b． on the condition that(以。

为条件) e.g. I will cooperate as long as I am notified on time.(只要及时告诉我，我就会合作)参考译文：尽管海狸保持浅水状态极少能超过两分钟，但是它们却能在回到水面前呆在水下长到二十分钟。

5. Protein digestion begins in the stomach ____ends in the small intestine.(A) while(B) and(C) how(D) becausekey：B分析：考点是连词的用法。

句中出现两个谓语begins和ends，显然两个谓语之前要么用and连接，要么加其它转折连接词。

答案中只有and并列连接词正确。

注意（A）while的用法，要么是在其后加完整的句子，要么是加doing的形式。

参考译文：蛋白质的消化开始于胃中，结束于肠内。

6. When natural gas burns, its___ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules2版权所有水妖的岛key：C分析：考点是主谓结构。

由句子分析可知，空格处缺句子的主语和谓语，所以C。

参考译文：当天然气燃烧的时候，它的碳氢分子分解为碳原子和氢原子。

7. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.(A) All of(B) Of every(C) All(D) Everykey：C分析：考点是不定代词＋of +限定词＋名词的用法。

这套题有n多的争议！主要是在A还是C的分歧。

我的答案是C，有题为证。

2000－5 Section Two 38题：Astronomers (use) photography and sighting telescopes (to study) the motions (of all of) the bright stars and many of the faint (one)此题正确答案是D，而C是对的。

（2000-5里之所以认为all of 正确是因为前面有the motion,后面连接了the.特指。

）参考译文：所有的芭蕾舞演员都学手臂和脚的五个基本位置。

//有关all,all of ,请大家看一些词组体会一下all ballet dancers.泛指一切芭蕾舞演员（对）all of ballet dancers无此结构（错）all of such ballet dancers同上（错）all of these/those ballet dancers对，美式英语all these/those ballet dancers对，英式英语Meigui根据Tom 老师的语法笔记补充：1、不定代词＋of +限定词＋名词其中，不定代词是指：much, many, little, a little, few,a few ,both, all ,none, some, any ,either, neither.限定词是指：冠词，代词，所有格。

这种形式中，of +限定词必须同时省略或是同时存在，如：most books；most of my books这是对的。

2、特殊形式：all/both+(of)+限定词＋名词all of my books or all my books 是对的，也就是说，这里of 是可以省略的。

而这种形式：不定代词＋of+名词，永远都是错的！！！！8. Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form ___with trailing stems.(A) creeping colonies3版权所有水妖的岛(B) which colonies creep(C) creeping colonies are(D) colonies creepkey：A分析：考点是宾语成分。

句中的主语是some colonies,谓语是form。

Form是及物动词，其后要加宾语。

参考译文：苔藓虫的一些后代是很小的海生生物，它们是具有拖尾的茎须的爬行后代。

9. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six women’s rights cases before the United StatesSupre me Court in the 1970’s,____(A) of five winning them(B) five winning of them(C) of them five winning(D) winning five of themkey：D分析：考点是状语成份。

句中的主语是Ruth Bader Ginsburg,谓语是argued，宾语是six women’s rights，空格前是一个完整的句子，所以空格处应填一个能修饰补充这个句子的状语。

参考译文：RBG在二十世纪七十年代在美国高等法院为六个涉及妇女人权的案件进行辩护，他赢得了其中五个官司。

10. Natural selection is defined as the process ___the course of evolution by preservingthose traits best adapted for an organism’s survival.(A) to which directs(B) of which directs it(C) directs it(D) that directskey：D分析：考点是定语从句。

空格前是一个完整的句子，主语是natural selection，谓语是is defined as,宾语是the process,所以紧跟process的空格应修饰process。

所以D对，是定语从句。

A若改为to direct则对参考译文：自然选择被定义为一个过程,这个过程通过保存那些最适合一个生物生存的特性来指导进化的过程11. ____ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.(A) The extension(B) The extension(C) Extending(D) Extends4版权所有水妖的岛key：C分析：考点是状语成份残缺。