BS EN 1978-1998 Copper and copper alloys. Copper cathodes
冶金词汇英语翻译
冶金词汇英语翻译(A-G)1 2 3 4 mill 二十辊轧机1 2 3 mill 十二辊轧机1 2 mill 六辊式轧机abichite 砷铜矿abnormal steel 反常钢abnormal structure 反常结构abnormality of steel 钢的反常性abradability 磨损性abradant 研磨剂abrading 研磨修整abraser 研磨剂abrasion 磨耗abrasion marks 研磨斑痕abrasion test 磨耗试验abrasion tester 磨耗试验机abrasion testing machine 磨耗试验机abrasive 研磨剂abrasive belt 磨光砂带abrasive cloth 砂布abrasive cutting off machine 砂轮切断机abrasive dust 磨屑abrasive grain 磨粒abrasive hardness 耐磨硬度abrasive paste 研磨膏abrasive powder 研磨粉abrasive wear 磨蚀abscess 气孔absolute error 绝对误差absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute zero 绝对零度absorbability 吸收性absorbed energy 吸收能量absorbent 吸收剂absorber 吸收体absorbing column 吸收塔absorbing medium 吸收介质absorbite 活性碳absorption 吸收absorption capacity 吸收能力absorption chromatography 吸收色谱法absorption edge 吸收端absorption extraction 吸收萃取absorption limit 吸收端absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorption tower 吸收塔absorptive power 吸收能力absorptivity 吸收性ac arc welder 交羚弧焊机ac arc welding 交羚弧焊ac electrode 交粮条acanthite 硫银矿accelerated cooling 加速冷却accelerated creep 加速蠕变accelerated diffusion 加速扩散accelerated leaching 加速浸出accelerated rolling 加速轧制acceptance inspection 接收检查acceptance test 验收试验accidental error 偶然误差accompanying element 伴生元素accretion 炉结accumulator 蓄电池;贮料塔accumulator metal 极板用合金accuracy 准确度accuracy of reproduction 再现精度acetate 醋酸盐acetic acid 醋酸acetylene 乙炔acetylene burner 乙炔燃烧器acetylene cutting 氧乙炔焰切割acetylene cutting torch 乙炔截割吹管acetylene cylinder 乙炔瓶acetylene generator 乙炔发生器acetylene welding 氧乙炔焊acheson furnace 艾奇逊电炉acicular cast iron 针状结构铸铁acicular crystal 针状结晶acicular ferrite 针状铁素体acicular iron ore 针铁矿acicular martensite 针状马氏体acicular powder 针状粉末acicular structure 针状结构acid 酸acid bath 酸浴acid bessemer converter 酸性转炉acid bessemer process 酸性转炉炼钢法acid bessemer steel 酸性转炉钢acid bottom 酸性炉底acid brick 酸性砖acid brittleness 酸洗脆性acid bronze 耐酸青铜acid corrosion 酸腐蚀acid electric furnace 酸性电炉acid electrolyte 酸性电解液acid embrittlement 酸洗脆性acid extraction 酸性萃取acid furnace 酸性炉acid hearth 酸性炉底acid leaching 酸性浸出acid lined furnace 酸性炉acid lining 酸性内衬acid medium 酸性介质acid open hearth furnace 酸性平炉acid open hearth process 酸性平炉法acid open hearth steel 酸性平炉钢acid oxide 酸性氧化物acid process 酸性法acid pump 酸泵acid refractory 酸性耐火材料acid resistance 耐酸性acid resistant steel 耐酸钢acid resisting cast iron 耐酸铸铁acid resisting casting 耐酸铸件acid resisting steel 耐酸钢acid slag 酸性渣acid solution 酸性溶液acid steel 酸性钢acid tank 酸性槽acidity 酸度acidproof alloy 耐酸合金acidproof brick 耐酸砖acidproof cast iron 耐酸铸铁acidproof casting 耐酸铸件acidulated bath 酸性化槽acierage 表面钢化acoustic absorbing material 吸音材料acoustic diagnosis 音响诊断acoustic emission 声发射acoustic fatigue 声波振动疲劳acoustic inspection 音响检查actinium 锕actinouranium 锕铀activated alumina 活性氧化铝activated carbon 活性碳activated chlorine 活性氯activated sintering 活化烧结activation 活化activation analysis 活化分析activation energy 活化能activation volume 活化容积activator 活化剂active material 放射性物质active mixer 预炼混铁炉active power 有效功率active solvent 活性溶剂active surface 活性表面activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数activity factor 活度系数activity probe 活度探示器actual load 有效负载actual solution 实际溶液actual stress 实际应力actual throat 实际角焊缝厚度adamite 水砷锌矿adamite roll 阿达迈特高碳铬镍耐磨铸铁轧辊adaptive mill control 轧机自适应控制addition 添加addition agent 添加剂addition compound 加成化合物addition element 加合金元素addition reaction 加成反应additive 添加剂additive deformation 附加变形additive efficient deformation rate 有效附加变形率additive property 加和性additivity rule 加成定则adherence 附着adherent slag 附着渣adhesion 附着adhesion force 附着力adhesion heat 粘附热adhesion test 附着力试验adhesive capacity 粘着能力adhesive force 附着力adiabatic calorimeter 绝热量热器adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adiabatic demagnetization 断热去磁adiabatic equilibrium 绝热平衡adiabatic exponent 绝热指数adiabatic process 绝热过程adjustable end stop 升降挡板adjustable mold 可担adjusting 蝶adjusting screw 第螺钉adjustment 蝶admiralty brass 海军黄铜admiralty gun metal 海军炮铜admissible concentration 容许浓度admissible error 容许误差admissible stress 容许应力admixture heat 混合热adobe 风干砖adsorbability 可吸附性adsorbate 吸附物adsorbent 吸附剂adsorbing power 吸附能力adsorption 吸附adsorption chromatography 吸附色层法adsorption isotherm 吸附等温线adsorption overvoltage 吸附过电压adsorption surface area 吸附表面积adular 冰长石advance 艾德万斯康铜aeration 充气aeration corrosion 充气腐蚀aeration tank 充气槽aerosol 气溶胶aerospace material 宇航材料aerospace structural metal 宇航结构金属affinage 精炼affinity 亲和力afterblow 后吹aftercontraction 附加收缩aftercooler 后冷却器aftereffect 后效afterflow 残余塑性变形aftertreatment 后处理agate 玛瑙agc 自动厚度控制age hardening 时效硬化age hardening alloy 时效硬化合金aged steel 时效钢agent 试剂agglomerant 粘结剂agglomerate 烧结矿agglomerated cake 烧结块agglomerated charge 烧结料agglomerating machine 烧结机agglomerating plant 烧结装置agglomeration 烧结agglomeration roasting 烧结焙烧agglutination 凝集aggregate 集合体aggregation 聚集aggression 侵蚀aggressiveness 侵蚀性aging 时效aging crack 时效裂纹aging oven 时效炉aging resistance 抗时效性aging stability 时效稳定性aging steel 时效钢agitating vane 搅拌叶片agitation 搅拌agitation leach 搅拌浸出agitator 搅拌机agitator tank 搅拌槽air acetylene welding 空气乙炔焊接air arc cutting 电弧气割air bath 空气浴air blast quenching 气零火air blast temperature 鼓风温度air box 风箱air brick 不烧砖air bubble 空气泡air chamber 空气室air classification 风选air cleaner 空气净化器air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioning 空气第air conduit 空气导管air conveying 气龄送air cooled condenser 空气冷凝器air cooler 空气冷却器air cooling 空气冷却air damper 风挡air distillation 常压蒸馏air exhauster 排气机air filter 空气过滤器air fuel mixture 空气燃料混合物air furnace 反射炉air gate 出气口air hammer 空气锤air hardening 空气淬火air hardening steel 空气硬化钢air hose 通风软管air inlet 进气口air jacket 空气套air manometer 空气压力计air mortar 气硬砂浆air oxidation 空气氧化air patenting 空气铅淬火air permeability 透气性air pipe 风管air port 空气喷口air preheater 空气预热器air pressure 空气压力air pump 空气泵;活塞泵air purification 空气净化air quenching 空气淬火air rammer 风动掉棒air regenerator 空气蓄热室air reservoir 储气罐air separation 气力分离air separator 气力分离器air test 气密试验air uptake 空气上升道air valve 空气阀airbond 自硬粘结剂airing 空气干燥;通风airtight joint 气密接头aisle 工段ajax northrup furnace 阿杰克斯诺斯拉普炉albion metal 阿尔比饵锡铅箔albite 钠长石albronze 铝青铜alchemy 炼金术alclad 阿尔克拉德包铝硬铝板;高强度铝合金alcohol 醇aldrey 阿尔德雷导线用铝合金alfenide 阿里费尼德锌白铜aligned composite material 取向复合材料aligned eutectic 取向共晶aligned structure 取向结构alignment 定心aliquation 偏析;层化alitizing 渗铝alkali 碱alkali battery 碱性蓄电池alkali metal 碱金属alkali reaction 碱性反应alkali resistance 耐碱性alkali salt 碱金属盐alkali solution 碱性液alkaline bath 碱浴alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline electrolyte 碱性电解液alkaline fusion 碱熔alkaline leaching 碱性浸出alkalinity 碱度allemontite 砷锑矿alligator effect 鳄皮效应alligator shears 杠杆式剪断机alligatoring 鳄嘴裂口allomerism 异质同晶allomorphism 同质异晶allomorphy 同质异晶allopalladium 硒钯矿allotropic modification 同素变态allotropic transformation 同素异形变态allotropy 同素异形体allowable error 容许误差allowable load 容许负荷allowable pressure 容许压力allowable stress 容许应力allowable variation 容许偏差alloy 合金alloy addition 合金添加alloy hardening 合金硬化alloy pig iron 合金生铁alloy plating 合金镀覆alloy steel 合金钢alloy steel castings 合金钢铸件alloy system 合金系alloy tool steel 合金工具钢alloyage 合金化alloyed iron 合金铸铁alloyed scrap 合金废料alloying 合金化alloying constituent 合金成分alloying element 合金元素alloying metal 合金金属alloying power 合金化能力alluvial gold 砂金alni 阿尔尼alnico 阿尔尼科合金alpaca 阿尔帕克锌白铜alpakka 阿尔帕克锌白铜alpax 阿尔帕克斯铝硅合金alpha brass 黄铜alpha bronze 青铜alpha decay 衰变alpha disintegration 衰变alpha iron 铁alpha particle 粒子alpha rays 射线alpha region 相区域alpha solid solution 固溶体alphatizing 气化渗铬法alsifer 阿尔违尔硅铝铁合金altaite 碲铅矿alternate lay wire rope 混合捻钢丝绳alternate steel 代用钢alternate stress 交变应力alternating bending test 反复弯曲试验alternating current arc welder 交羚弧焊机alternating current arc welding 交羚弧焊alternating current arc welding machine 交羚弧焊机alternating load 应变载荷alternating stress amplitude 交变应力振幅aludel 梨坛aludur 阿鲁杜合金alum 茂alumel 阿卢梅镍铝合金alumina 氧化铝alumina brick 高铝砖aluminate 铝酸盐aluminate inclusion 铝酸盐夹杂物aluminic acid 铝酸aluminium castings 铝铸件aluminized coat 铝镀覆层aluminized screen 铝化荧光屏aluminizing 渗铝aluminosilicate 铝硅酸盐aluminosilicate refractory 硅酸铝耐火材料aluminothermic process 铝热法aluminothermic reduction 铝热还原aluminothermic welding 铝热焊aluminothermics 铝热法aluminothermy 铝热法aluminum 铝aluminum alloy 铝合金aluminum base alloy 铝基合金aluminum brass 铝黄铜aluminum bronze 铝青铜aluminum chloride 氯化铝aluminum copper alloy 铝铜合金aluminum fluoride 氟化铝aluminum foil 铝箔aluminum hydroxide 氢氧化铝aluminum iron alloy 铝铁合金aluminum leaf 铝箔aluminum magnesium alloy 铝镁合金aluminum nickel alloy 铝镍合金aluminum nitrate 硝酸铝aluminum nitride 氮化铝aluminum ore 铝矿aluminum oxide 氧化铝aluminum plating 镀铝aluminum powder 铝粉aluminum silicate 硅酸铝aluminum silicon alloy 铝硅合金aluminum solder 铝焊料aluminum wire 铝线alundum 人造刚玉alunite 茂石alunogen 毛矾石amalgam 汞齐amalgam process 混汞法amalgam test 汞齐试验amalgamated metal 混汞金属amalgamating bath 混汞化槽amalgamation 混汞amalgamator 混汞器ambient air 周围空气ambient temperature 周围温度amblygonite 磷铝石americium 镅amianthus 白丝状石棉ammonia 氨ammonia alum 铵铝矾ammonia leaching 氨浸出ammonia nitriding 氨氮化ammonia water 氨水ammonium 铵ammonium alum 铵铝矾ammonium chloride 氯化铵ammonium fluoride 氟化铵ammonium molybdate 钼酸铵ammonium nitrate 硝酸铵ammonium oxalate 草酸铵ammonium phosphate 磷酸铵ammonium sulfate 硫酸铵amorphism 非晶性amorphous alloy 非晶质合金amorphous body 非晶体amorphous carbon 无定形碳amorphous film 非晶体膜amorphous metal 非晶体金属amorphous phase 非晶形相amorphous state 非晶质状态amorphous substance 无定形物质amount of contraction 收缩量amount of shrinkage 收缩量ampangabeite 铌钛铁铀矿amperometric titration 电廖定amperometry 电廖定amphion 两性离子ampholyte 两性电解质amphoteric compound 两性化合物amphoteric electrolyte 两性电解质amphoteric element 两性元素amphoteric ion 两性离子amphoteric oxide 两性氧化物amphoterism 两性amplitude 振幅amplitude of oscillation 振荡振幅anaconda process 安那康达法analog computer 模拟计算机analysis 分析analytical balance 分析天平analytical chemistry 分析化学analytical sample 分析试样analyzer 分析器anatase 锐钛矿anatomical alloy 骨科用易熔合金anelastic behavior 滞弹行为anelasticity 滞弹性angle 角钢angle butt weld 斜口对接焊缝angle of bite 轧入角angle of lag 滞后角angle of lead 超前角angle of neutral plane 中性角angle of nip 咬入角angle of nonslip point 中性角angle of repose 休止角angle of rest 休止角angle pass 角钢孔型angle section 角钢angle steel 角钢anglesite 硫酸铅矿angular carbide 角形碳化物angular powder 角状粉angular velocity 角速度anhydride 酐anhydrite 硬石膏animal charcoal 动物煤anion 阴离子anion catalyst 阴离子催化剂anion exchange 阴离子交换anion exchange resin 阴离子交换尸anion exchanger 阴离子交换剂anionite 阴离子交换剂anionite membrane 阴离子交换膜anisotropic material 蛤异性材料anisotropy 蛤异性annabergite 镍华annealed powder 退火粉annealed steel 退火钢annealing 退火annealing box 退火箱annealing cycle 退火周期annealing furnace 退火炉annealing of defects 缺陷退火annealing oven 退火炉annealing pot 退火箱annealing temperature 退火温度annealing twin 退火孪晶annerodite 铌钇铀矿annular furnace 环式窑annular kiln 环式窑anode 阳极anode alloy 阳极合金anode casting 阳极铸造anode chamber 阳极室anode compartment 阳极室anode copper 阳极铜anode drop 阳极降anode effect 阳极效应anode efficiency 阳极电璃率anode fall 阳极降anode furnace 阳极炉anode mud 阳极泥anode nickel 阳极镍anode pickling 阳极酸洗anode process 阳极法anode rays 阳极射线anode remnants 残阳极anode scrap 残阳极anode slime 阳极泥anode sludge 阳极泥anode voltage 阳极电压anodic brightening 阳极抛光anodic coating 阳极镀层anodic corrosion 阳极腐蚀anodic current 阳极电流anodic current density 阳极电淋度anodic current efficiency 阳极电璃率anodic dissolution 阳极溶解anodic overvoltage 阳极过电压anodic oxidation 阳极氧化anodic polarization 阳极极化anodic process 阳极法anodic protection 阳极保护anodic reaction 阳极反应anodic treatment 阳极处理anodizing 阳极处理anolyte 阳极电解液anomalous slip 反常滑移anorthic system 三斜晶系anorthite 钙长石anorthoclase 钠斜微长石anthracite 无烟煤anthracitic coal 无烟煤anticarburizer 渗碳防止剂anticathode 反阴极anticorodal 耐蚀铝合金anticorrodant 防腐剂anticorrosive agent 防腐剂anticorrosive paint 防腐涂料antiferromagnetism 反铁磁性antifoaming agent 防沫剂antifriction alloy 减磨合金antifriction bearing 抗摩轴承antifriction material 减摩材料antifriction metal 减磨合金antimonate 锑酸盐antimonial lead 锑铅antimonic acid 锑酸antimonic anhydride 锑酸酐antimonide 锑化物antimonite 辉锑矿antimonous acid 亚锑酸antimony 锑antimony bronze 锑青铜antimony glance 辉锑矿antimony sulfide 硫化锑antimony white 锑白antioxidant 反氧化剂antiphase domain 反相畴antiphase domain boundary 反相畴界antipiping compound 冒口保温剂anvil 铁砧anvil block 砧座aod 氩氧脱碳aod converter aod转炉aod process 氩氧脱碳法apatite 磷灰石aperture 口径apochromat 复消色差透镜apochromatic lens 复消色差透镜apparatus 仪器装置apparent density 表观密度apparent modulus of elasticity 表观弹性系数apparent particle density 颗粒表观密度apparent power 表观功率apparent specific gravity 表观比重apparent viscosity 表观粘度apparent volume 表观体积approach angle 拉模变形锥approach table 输入辊道approximate analysis 近似分析apron conveyor 板式运输机apron feeder 裙板加料机aqua regia 王水aquadag 胶体石墨润滑剂aqueous electrolysis 水溶液电解aqueous leach 水溶液浸出aqueous medium 水介质aqueous solution 水溶液aqueous vapour 水蒸汽ar transformation ar 转变arbitrary analysis 仲裁分析arbor 轴arborescent powder 师状粉arborescent structure 枝晶组织arc 弧arc air gouging 电弧空气气削arc blow 电弧磁偏吹arc blowout 熄弧arc brazing 电弧钎焊arc cutting 电弧切割arc discharge 电弧放电arc drop 电弧压降arc force 电弧力arc furnace 电弧炉arc furnace electrode 电弧炉电极arc gouging 电弧刨削arc heating 电弧加热arc image furnace 反射电弧炉arc length 弧长arc spraying 电弧喷镀arc stabilizer 电弧稳定装置arc start 起弧arc strike 起弧arc welding 电弧焊接arc welding alternator 电弧焊用交立电机arc welding electrode 电弧焊条arc welding generator 弧焊发电机arc welding machine 电弧焊接机arc welding set 电弧焊机组arc welding transformer 电焊变压器arch 拱arch brick 拱砖arcogen 气电焊arcos arc process 阿考斯二氧化碳保护弧焊法ardometer 光测高温计area reduction 断面收缩areometer 比重计argental mercury 银汞argentan 锌白铜argentiferous lead 含银铅argentite 辉银矿argentum 银argon 氩argon arc 氩气保护电弧argon arc welding 氩弧焊argon blowing in ladle 桶吹氩argon oxygen decarburization 氩氧脱碳argon oxygen decarburization converter aod转炉argon oxygen decarburization process 氩氧脱碳法argon rinsing treatment 氩清洗处理argon stirring 吹氩搅拌argyrodite 硫银锗矿arizonite 红钛铁矿arm mixer 桨叶式搅拌机armature wire 钢筋线材armco iron 阿姆克铁armor 装甲钢板armor plate 装甲板armor plate mill 装甲板轧机armor steel 装甲钢armored cast iron 钢筋铸铁arrangement 装置;配置array of dislocations 位错排列arrest point 临界点arsenate 砷酸盐arsenic 砷arsenic acid 砷酸arsenic anhydride 砷酸酐arsenic poisoning 砷中毒arsenical copper 砷铜arsenical nickel 红砷镍arsenical pyrite 砷黄铁矿arsenide 砷化物arsenite 亚砷酸盐arsenolite 砷华arsenopyrite 砷黄铁矿arsenous acid 亚砷酸arsenous anhydride 亚砷酸酐art bronze 艺术青铜art castings 艺术铸件artificial aging 人工时效artificial draught 人工通风artificial gas 人造气体as cast condition 铸态as cast metal 铸态金属as cast structure 铸造组织as rolled state 轧制状态asbestos 石棉asbestos packing 石棉垫料asbestos paper 石棉纸asbestos plate 石棉板asbestos wool 石棉绒asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascending tube 上升管ascension pipe 上升管asea skf process asea skf 法ash cellar 灰坑ash content 含灰量ash cooling 灰中冷却ash pan 灰盘asparagolite 黄绿磷灰石asparagus stone 黄绿磷灰石asperity 不平度aspirator 吸气器assay 试金;试料assay balance 试金天平assay furnace 试金炉assel elongator 阿塞尔三辊式轧管机assel mill 阿塞尔三辊式轧管机assemblage 装配assembling 装配astatine 砹asterism 星芒atacamite 氯铜矿athermal growth 绝热生长athermal nucleation 非热成核athermal solution 非热溶液athermal transformation 非热转变atmophile element 亲气元素atmosphere 大气atmospheric corrosion 大气腐蚀atmospheric pressure 大气压力atmospheric rusting 大气锈蚀atom 原子atom fraction 原子分数atom magnetic moment 原子磁矩atomic absorption spectrometry 原子吸收光谱学atomic arrangement 原子排列atomic binding 原子键atomic bond 原子键atomic crystal 原子结晶atomic diameter 原子直径atomic displacement 原子位移atomic energy 原子能atomic group 原子团atomic heat 原子热atomic heat capacity 原子热容量atomic hydrogen 原子氢atomic lattice 原子晶格atomic mass 原子质量atomic model 原子模型atomic nucleus 原子核atomic number 原子序数atomic oxygen 原子氧atomic percent 原子百分比atomic pile 原子反应堆atomic plane 原子面atomic power 原子力atomic radius 原子半径atomic ratio 原子比atomic reactor 原子反应堆atomic size 原子大小atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atomic volume 原子体积atomic weight 原子量atomic welding 氢原子焊atomization 喷雾atomized powder 喷雾粉atomizer 喷雾器atomizing 喷雾attached test coupon 附铸试棒attack 侵蚀attenuation 衰减attraction 吸引attractive force 引力attrition 磨损attritor grinding 磨碎机粉碎auric chloride 氯化金auric compound 正金化合物auric cyanide 氰化金aurous chloride 氯化亚金aurous compound 亚金化合物aurous cyanide 氰化亚金ausaging 沉淀硬化ausannealing 等温退火ausforming 过冷奥氏体形变热处理ausrolling 过冷奥氏体轧制形变热处理austempering 奥氏体等温淬火austenite 奥氏体austenite former 奥氏体形成元素austenite region 奥氏体区域austenite stabilization 奥氏体稳定化处理austenite structure 奥氏体组织austenitic electrode 奥氏体钢焊条austenitic grain size 奥氏体粒度austenitic iron 奥氏体铸铁austenitic stainless steel 奥氏体不锈钢austenitic steel 奥氏体钢austenitic transformation 奥氏体转变austenitization 奥氏体化austenitizing 奥氏体化austenitizing temperature 奥氏体化温度austenoferritic steel 奥氏体铁素体钢austenomartensitic steel 奥氏体马氏体钢austrian test 焊缝抗弯试验autocatalysis 自动催化酌autoclave 高压釜autoclave leaching 加压浸出autocrucible melting 自成坩埚熔炼autodiffusion 自扩散autodiffusion coefficient 自扩散系数autogenous ignition 自发着火autoignition 自发着火automatic arc welding 自动电弧焊automatic arc welding machine 自动电焊机automatic control 自动控制automatic gage control 自动厚度控制automatic mill 自动轧机automatic size control 自动尺寸控制automatic spot welding 自动点焊automatic steel 易切钢automatic welding 自动焊接automatic welding machine 自动电焊机automobile body sheet 汽车车身钢板automobile steel 汽车钢automolite 铁锌尖晶石autoradiography 自射线照相法autunite 钙铀云毋auxiliaries 辅助设备auxiliary air 二次空气auxiliary anode 辅助阳极auxiliary electrode 辅助电极auxiliary pump 辅助泵average roll pressure 平均轧制压力average sample 平均试样avional 阿维奥纳尔铝合金avogadrite 氟硼砷石avogadro's number 阿弗加德罗数axial force 轴向力axial porosity 轴芯气孔率axial pressure 轴向压力axial ratio 轴比axial slip 轴向滑移axial stress 轴向应力axial vector 轴矢量axis 轴azeotrope 共沸混合物azeotropic distillation 共沸蒸馏azeotropic mixture 共沸混合物azeotropic solution 共沸溶液azeotropy 共沸azimuthal quantum number 方位量子数azotization 氮化azotizing 氮化azurite 蓝铜矿b h curve 磁化曲线babbit 巴比合金back electromotive force 反电动势back extraction 反萃取back lining 安全衬砖层back pressure 反压力back pull 后拉力back pull drawing 后张力拉伸back pull stress 逆应力back reaction 逆反应back reflection method 背反射法back tension 后拉力back tension drawing 后张力拉伸back titration 回滴定back wall 后壁backfin 压折backfire 回火backflash 回火backhand welding 右焊backing 垫板;轴衬backing sand 填充砂backing strip 衬背带材backpad 挤压垫backstep welding 逐步退焊法backstepping 逐步退焊法backup roll 支承辊backup roll bending 支承辊弯曲backup strip 衬背带材backward extrusion 反挤压backward pass 偶数道次backward slip 后滑backward slip zone 后滑区backward welding 右焊bacterial leaching 细菌浸出bacteriosmelt 细菌冶金baddeleyite 斜锆石baffle plate 挡板bag filter 袋滤器bag filtration 袋过滤baghouse 袋滤室bahnmetal 巴鼎基轴承合金bainite 贝氏体bainite quenching 贝氏体淬火bainite range 贝氏体区域bainite structure 贝氏体组织bainite transformation 贝氏体转变bainitic hardening 贝氏体淬火bainitic steel 贝氏体钢baked anode 焙烧阳极baked core 干燥型心baked permeability 干透气性baked strength 干强度baking 烘干;烧成baking coal 炼焦煤balance 天平balanced housing 平衡装置的机架balanced steel 半脱氧钢balancer 平衡装置balancing device 平衡装置balbach thum process 巴尔巴赫卧式电极银电解精炼法bale 打包baled scrap 打包废金属baling press 打包机baling strip 打包带钢baling wire 打包钢丝ball burnishing 钢球抛光ball clay 黏土ball hardness testing machine 布氏硬度计ball mill 球磨机ball milled powder 球磨粉ball rolling mill 钢球轧机baller 切边卷取机balling machine 切边卷取机ballistic galvanometer 冲混疗band 带band arc welding 带极电弧焊band conveyor 带式运输机band electrode 板状电极band filter 带式过滤器band saw 带锯band spectrum 带光谱band theory 能带理论bandage 带banded structure 条状组织bander 打包机banding 铁条打捆banding machine 打包机bank 堤;冷床banking 封炉bar 棒bar brass 黄铜棒bar drawbench 拔棒机bar drawing 长芯棒拔制bar graph 直方图bar mill 小型轧机bar pointer 压尖机bar section 形材bar steel 条钢bar straightener 型钢矫直机bar strip 薄板坯板料barbed wire 刺钢丝barbotage 起泡barbotage leach 鼓泡浸出bare electrode 裸焊条bare wire welding 裸线弧焊barff process 蒸气发蓝处理barffing 蒸气发蓝处理barite 重晶石barium 钡barium carbonate 碳酸钡barium chloride 氯化钡barium chromate 铬酸钡barium hydroxide 氢氧化钡barium oxide 氧化钡barium sulfate 硫酸钡bark 薄脱碳层barkhausen effect 巴克豪生效应barometric pressure 大气压barrel 辊身barrel converter 卧式吹炉barrel diameter 辊身直径barrel mixer 圆筒混合机barrel plating 转筒滚镀barrel roll 桶形辊barrel type roll piercing mill 带桶形轧辊的穿孔机barren solution 贫液barrier 势垒barrier height 势垒高度baryte 重晶石basal plane 基面basal slip 基面滑移basal tuyere 炉底风嘴base 基;碱;基础;炉底;贫矿base metal 基底金属;贱金属base plate 底板basic bessemer conveter 托马斯转炉basic bessemer process 碱性转炉炼钢法basic bessemer slag 碱性转炉炉渣basic bessemer steel 碱性转炉钢basic bottom 碱性炉底basic brick 碱性砖basic carbonate 碱式碳酸盐basic coating 碱性药皮basic covering 碱性药皮basic electrode 碱性被覆焊条basic flux 碱性熔剂basic furnace 碱性炉basic hearth 碱性炉床basic lead carbonate 碱式碳酸铅basic lining 碱性内补basic open hearth furnace 碱性平炉basic open hearth process 碱性平炉炼钢法basic open hearth steel 碱性平炉钢basic oxide 碱性氧化物basic oxygen furnace 碱性氧气转炉basic oxygen furnace slag 氧气转炉渣basic oxygen process 顶吹氧转炉法basic oxygen steel 氧气吹炼钢basic pig iron 托马斯生铁basic process 碱性法basic refractory 碱性耐火材料basic salt 碱式盐basic slag 碱性渣basic steel 碱性钢basicity 碱度basicity of slag 炉渣碱度basket charging 吊篮装料batch 批batch annealing 分批退火batch distillation 分批蒸馏batch furnace 分批装料炉batch method 分批法batch patenting 分批铅处理batch process 分批法batch sintering 间歇烧结batcher 称量配料器bath 浴bath carburizing 液体渗碳bath cooling 浴冷bath furnace 浴炉bath level 熔池水平bath nitriding 液体氮化bath patenting 铅浴淬火bath sample 浴池试样bath voltage 槽电压baumann printing 包曼试验baumann test 包曼试验bauschinger effect 巴斯青格效应bauxite 铝土矿bauxite brick 铝矾土砖bay 跨间bayer process 拜耳法bayleyite 菱镁铀矿beach marks 贝壳状纹理bead 焊蚕bead bend test 焊缝抗弯试验bead forming 卷边bead trimmer 焊瘤除器beading 成球beaker 烧杯beam 梁beam blank 轧制工字梁用的异形坯beam flange 梁的凸缘beam mill 钢梁轧机beam pass 梁孔型bean ore 豆状铁矿bear punch 手动穿孔机bearing 轴承bearing alloy 轴承合金bearing brass 轴承黄铜bearing bronze 轴承青铜bearing bush 轴承瓦bearing cast iron 减摩轴承铸铁bearing metal 轴承合金bearing modulus 轴承模数bearing steel 轴承钢bearing tube 轴承管becking bar 扩孔锻造用心轴beckmann thermometer 贝克曼温度计bed charge 底料bed coke 底焦bed plate 地脚板beehive oven 蜂房式炼焦炉behavior 行为beilby layer 贝尔倍层bell 料钟;罩bell and hopper arrangement 钟斗装料装置bell bronze 钟用青铜bell furnace 罩式炉bell less top 无种炉顶bell less top charger 无钟装料机bell less type system 无钟装料机bell metal 钟用青铜bell type annealing furnace 钟形退火炉bell type top charger 钟罩式装料机bellows 风箱belly 炉腰belly pipe 直吹管belt conveyor 带式运输机belt drive 皮带传动belt drop hammer 皮带式落锤belt feeder 带式给料机belt furnace 带式炉belt transmission 皮带传动bementite 蜡硅锰矿benardos system 贝纳尔德斯法bench 拉伸机;工专bend 弯曲bend over test 弯曲试验bend test 弯曲试验bending 弯曲bending and unbending test 反复弯曲试验bending jaw 弯曲钳口bending load 弯曲负荷bending machine 弯曲机bending moment 弯曲力矩bending press 压弯机bending radius 弯曲半径bending rigidity 抗弯刚度bending roll 弯曲辊bending rolls 弯板机bending strain 弯曲应变bending strength 抗弯强度bending stress 弯曲应力bending test 弯曲试验beneficiated ore 精矿beneficiation 选矿benitoite 蓝锥矿bentonite 膨润土berthierite 辉铁锑矿beryl 绿柱石beryllate 铍酸盐beryllia 氧化铍beryllite 水硅铍石beryllium 铍beryllium bronze 铍青铜beryllium chloride 氯化铍beryllium copper 铍铜合金beryllium oxide 氧化铍beryllonite 磷钠铍石berzelianite 硒铜矿bessemer copper 转炉铜bessemer pig iron 酸性转炉生铁bessemer process 酸性转炉炼钢法bessemer steel 酸性转炉钢bessemerizing 贝氏炼钢法best process 锭头电渣补注法beta decay 衰变beta disintegration 衰变beta iron 铁beta region 相区域betafite 钛铌铀矿bethanizing 钢丝电镀锌betts process 贝茨粗铅电解精炼法bevel 斜面bevel angle 边缘斜截角bevel cutting 开坡口beveled edge 斜切的边缘beveling 开坡口bewel 浇包柄biaxial crystal 双轴晶体bichromate 重铬酸盐bichromate treatment 重铬酸盐表面处理bichromic acid 重铬酸bicrystal 双晶体bifurcated runner 分叉鳞big end down mold 上小下大锭模big end up mold 上大下小锭模big mill 开毗机billet 薄板坯板料billet centering press 定心压力机billet mill 钩毗机billet scalping unit 畔剥皮装置billet shears 畔剪断机billet storage 畔仓库billet yard 畔仓库billon 毕隆铸币金合金bimetal 双金属bimetal blank 双金属坯bimetal sheet 双金属板bimetal tube 双金属管bimetal wire 双金属线bimetallic fuse 双金属保险丝bimetallic strip 双金属片bimetallic temperature regulator 双金属温度第器bimetallic thermostat 双金属温度第器bin 料箱bin feeder 漏斗给料机binary alloy 二元合金binary compound 二元化合物binary constitutional diagram 二元系状态图binary electrolyte 二元电解质binary eutectic 二元共晶binary system 二元系binder 粘结剂binder metal 粘结金属binder pool 粘结金属池binding agent 粘结剂binding band 捆轧用钢带binding energy 结合能binding enthalpy 键焓binding machine 打包机binding wire 扎线bingham's etching solution 宾厄姆电解腐蚀液binnite 淡铜矿binocular microscope 双目显微镜biological metal 生物金属bipolar system 双极式bisilicate 二硅酸盐bismite 铋华bismuth 铋bismuth chloride 氯化铋bismuth glance 辉铋矿bismuth ocher 铋华bismuthate 铋酸盐bismuthine 辉铋矿bismuthinite 辉铋矿bismutosmaltite 钴砷铋矿石biting 轧辊咬入轧件bitumen 沥青bituminous coal 沥青煤bivariant system 双变系black annealing 黑退火black ash 黑灰black cinder 黑炉渣black copper 黑色铜black fracture 黑色断口black heart malleable iron 黑心可锻铸铁black iron ore 磁铁矿black nickel 黑色镍black oxide finish 氧化发黑处理black plate 黑钢板black sand 旧砂black thermit 黑色铝热剂blackband 菱铁矿blackbody 黑体blackbody radiation 黑体辐射blackbody temperature 黑体温度blacking scab 涂料起皮blacklead 石墨blacksmith 锻工blacksmith tongs 锻工钳blacksmith's anvil 锻砧blackwash 铸模涂料blank 毛坯半制品blank carburizing 假渗碳blank holder 支架blank nitriding 空氮化blank test 空白试验blanking 切料blast 鼓风blast cleaning plant 喷丸清理装置blast connection 鼓风支管blast dehumidification 鼓风减湿blast dehydration 鼓风减湿blast furnace 高炉blast furnace armor 高炉护板blast furnace blast 高炉鼓风blast furnace blower 高炉鼓风机blast furnace blowing engine 高炉鼓风机blast furnace bosh 高炉炉腰blast furnace bottom 高炉炉底blast furnace burden 高炉炉料blast furnace coke 高炉焦炭blast furnace dust 高炉灰blast furnace ferroalloys 高炉铁合金blast furnace gas 高炉煤气blast furnace gun 高炉泥炮blast furnace hearth 高炉炉缸blast furnace ironmaking 高炉炼铁blast furnace lines 高炉内型blast furnace man 高炉工blast furnace mantle 高炉炉身托圈blast furnace plant 高炉车间blast furnace platform 装料台blast furnace process 高炉法blast furnace shaft 高炉炉身blast furnace slag 高炉渣blast furnace slag cement 高炉炉渣水泥blast furnace smelting 鼓凤炉熔炼blast furnace stack 高炉炉身blast furnace top 高炉顶blast humidity 鼓风湿度blast inlet 进风口。
BS B 23
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00, T0l92 xvd zc:rr gll,f,
BSB23r1991
Specification
l Scope
This British Standard specifres (.treinspection irnd lesling lrrucedures, chcmical composition, heat tr€atrnent and rnech+nitzl properties for a coppenaluminium-nickel-iron alby supplied in the form of rods (bars), section:s, folging stoclt irnd .forgingF,
BRITISH STANDABD AEITOSPACE SERIES
BSB23:1991
Specification
for
P',
Copper-aluminiumnickel-iron alloy rods, sectiors, forging stock and forgings
v..--,1
r'f *f,
Sections one snd trro oi BS B 100
BS28?4(t)
As msnqfactured nt thc optlon of re Inanufscliuaer
6
6, I Dellvcry co|rdition chd ftctri trcrtment t,Z Dcllvcly cordldott code Uec contlitiorr lnd ItcrL tteltnrent
4-2品种介绍
合约交割月份
1-12月
交易时间
上午9:00—11:30下午1:30—3:00
最后交易日
合约交割月份的15日（遇法定假日顺延）
交割日期
最后交易日后连续五个工作日
交割品级
金含量不小于99.95%的国产金锭及经交易所认可的伦敦金银市场协会（LBMA）认定的合格供货商或精炼厂生产的标准金锭
亿吨以上的国家有几内亚、澳大利亚、巴西、中国、牙买加及印度等，约占全球铝土矿的73％左右。其中，澳大利亚、南美、非洲等地区铝土矿品质较好，储量大，开采成本低。
影响铝价格变动的主要因素：
铝供求关系变化库存、氧化铝的供应
相关政策影响进出口政策的影响（关税政策）、汇率、利率的变动、各国产业政策的变化
相关商品、行业价格的影响电价、金属价格的波动、国际石油价格的波动
影响黄金价格变动因素：
黄金供求关系变化产量、首饰消费、银行储备、银行抛售黄金储备情况
相关政策影响国际金融组织干预、本国和地区的中央金融机构的政策法规
相关商品价格的影响石油供求关系、美元指数等
其他影响宏观经济形势、国际政治动荡、战争、世界主要货币汇率变化
黄金相关外盘合约
芝加哥期货交易所黄金
交易品种黄金
（具体质量规定见附件）。
交割地点
交易所指定交割金库
最低交易保证金
合约价值的7%
交易手续费
不高于成交金额的万分之二（含风险准备金）
交割方式
实物交割
交易代码
AU
上市交易所
上海期货交易所
黄金期货
黄金，又称金，化学符号Au，金旧有良好的柔软性，易锻造和延展，同时具有良好的导电性和导热性，是一种具有稳定性的化学性质和物理特性的贵金属。黄金不同于一般商品，不仅具备货币、金融属性，同时具有商品属性，而且在国际储备、货币和珠宝装饰加工、工业及高新技术产业等领域占有重要地位。世界上有80多个国家生产金，其中南非、美国、俄罗斯等资源量居世界前列。在黄金生产国中，美洲、非洲、亚太居世界前列。黄金的工业消费主要集中在首饰业、电子业、牙科、官方金币、金章和仿金币等。
包装的英文缩写
各种包装的英语表达2010-04-27 10:52 包装量Packi ng Un it 箱Case纸箱Cart on瓦椤纸箱Corrugated Carton旧瓦椤纸箱Old Corrugated Carton (O . C. C.)木箱Wooden Case板条箱Crate木条箱Wooden Crate竹条箱Bamboo Crate胶合板箱Plywood Case三层夹板箱3--Ply Plywood Case镀锡铁皮胎木箱Tin Lined Wooden Case盒Box木盒Wooden Box铁盒Iron Box塑料透明盒Plastic Tran spare ncy Box苯乙烯盒Styrol Box袋Bag(Sack)布袋Cloth Bag草袋Straw Bag麻袋Gunny Bag /Jute Bag旧麻袋Used Gunny Bag /Old Gunny Bag新麻袋New Gu nny Bag尼龙袋Nylon Bag聚丙烯袋Polypropylene Bag聚乙烯袋Polythene Bag塑料袋Poly Bag塑料编织袋Polywoven Bag纤维袋Fibre Bag玻璃纤维袋Glass Fibre Bag玻璃纸袋Callophane Bag防潮纸袋Moisture Proof Pager Bag乳胶袋子Emulsion Bag三层牛皮纸袋3 ? ply Kraft Paper Bag锡箔袋Fresco Bag特大袋Jumbo Bag单层完整袋子Si ngle Sou nd Bag桶Drum木桶Wooden Cask大木桶Hogshead小木桶Keg粗腰桶(琵琶桶)Barrel胶木桶Bakelite Drum塑料桶Plastic Drum铁桶Iron Drum镀锌铁桶Galvanized Iron Drum镀锌闭口钢桶Galvanized Mouth Closed Steel Drum 镀锌开口钢桶Galvanized Mouth Opened Steel Drum 铝桶Alumi num Drum麻布包Gunny Bale （Hessian Cloth Bag）蒲包Mat Bale草包Straw Bale紧压包Press Packed Bale铝箔包Aluminium Foil Package铁机包Hard-pressed Bale木机包Half-pressed Bale覃（缸）Jar陶缸Earthen Jar瓷缸Porcelain Jar壶Pot铅壶Lead Pot铜壶Copper Pot施Bottle铝瓶Alumi num Bottle陶瓶Earthen Bottle瓷瓶Porcelain bottle罐Can听Tin绕线筒Bobbin笼（篓、篮、筐）Basket竹笼（篓、篮、筐）Bamboo Basket柳条筐（笼、篮、筐）Wicker Basket集装箱Container集装包/集装袋Flexible Co ntai ner托盘Pallet件（支、把、个）Piece架（台、套）Set（Kit）安瓿Amp（o）ule（药针支）双Pair打Dozen令Ream匹Bolt（Piece）码Yard卷（Roll（reel）块Block捆Bun dle瓣Braid度Degree辆Un it（Cart）套（罩）Cas ing包装形状Shapes of Packing圆形Rou nd方形Square三角形Triangular（Delta Type）长方形（矩形）Rectangular 菱形（斜方形）Rhombus （Diamond）椭圆形Oval圆锥形Con ical圆柱形Cylindrical蛋形Egg-Shaped葫芦形Pear-Shaped五边形Pen tag on六边形Hexagon七边形Heptagon八边形Octagon长Long宽Wide高High深Deep厚Thick长度Len gth宽度Width高度Height深度Depth厚度Thickness 包装外表标志Marks On Packing下端，底部Bottom 顶部（上部）Top（Upper）小心Care 勿掷Don' t Cast易碎Fragile 小心轻放,小心装运Handle With Care起吊点（此处起吊）Heave Here 易燃物，避火In flammable 保持干燥，防泾Keep Dry 防潮keep Away from Moisture 储存阴冷处Keep ina Cool Place 储存干燥处Keep in a Dry Place请勿倒置Keep Upright 请勿倾倒Not to Be Tipped避冷To be Protected from Cold 避热To be Protected from Heat 在滚子上移动Use Rollers 此方向上This Side Up由此开启Open from This Side 爆炸品Explosive易燃品In flammable 遇水燃烧品Dan gerous When Wet有毒品Poison 无毒品No Poison不可触摩Ha nd off 适合海运包装Seaworthy Pack ing 毛重Gross Weight (Gr.Wt.) 净重Net Weight (Nt.Wt) 皮重Tare Weight 包装唛头Packing Mark包装容积Packing Capacity 包袋件数Packing Number小心玻璃Glass 易碎物品Fragile 易腐货物Perishable 液体货物Liquid切勿受潮Keep Dry / Caution Against Wet 怕冷To Be Protected from Cold 怕热To Be Protected from Heat 怕火In flammable 上部，向上Top此端向上This Side Up 勿用手钩Use No Hooks 切勿投掷No Dumping 切勿倒置Keep Upright 切勿倾倒No Turning Over 切勿坠落Do Not Drop / No Dropping 切勿平放Not to Be Laid Flat 切勿压挤Do Not Crush 勿放顶上Do Not Stake on Top放于凉处Keep Cool /Stow Cool 干处保管Keep in Dry Place 勿放湿处Do Not Stow in Damp Place 甲板装运Keep on Deck装于舱内Keep in Hold 勿近锅炉Stow Away from Boiler必须平放Keep Flat/Stow Level 怕光Keep in Dark Place 怕压Not to Be Stow Below Other Cargo 由此吊起Lift Here挂绳位置Sli ng Here 重心Centre of Bala nee 着力点Point of Strength 用滚子搬运Use Rollers此处打开Opon Here 暗室开启Open in Dark Room 先开顶部Romove Top First 怕火，易燃物In flammable 氧化物Oxidizing Material 腐蚀品Corrosive压缩气体Compressed Gas 易燃压缩气体In flammable Compressed Gas 毒品Pois on 爆炸物Explosive 危险品Hazardous Article 放射性物质Material Radioactive 立菱形Upright Diam ond 菱形Diam ond Phombus 双菱形Double Diamond 内十字菱形Gross in Diamond 四等分菱形Divided Diamond 突角菱形Diamond with Projecting Ends斜井形Projecting Diamond 内直线菱形Line in Diamond内三线突角菱形Three Line in Projecting Diamond 三菱形Three Diamond 附耳菱形Diamond with Looped Ends 正方形Square Box长方形Recta ngle 梯形Echel on Formati on 平行四边形Parallelogram 井筒形In tersect ing Parallels 五边形Pen tag on六边形Hexagon长六边形Long Hexagon 圆形Circle/Round二等分圆Bisected Circle 双环形Crossed Circle双圆形Double Circle 双带圆形Zoned Circle长圆形Long Circle 椭圆形Oval双缺圆形Double In de nted Circle 圆内三角形Tria ngle in Circle 三角形Triangle 六角星形Hexangular Star 二重三角形Double Triangle 对顶三角形Hourgrass Touching Triangle内外三角形Three Triangle 十字形Cross圆内十字形Cross in Circle 山角形Angle 义架形Crotch 直线Line 月牙形Crescent 心形Heart星形Star 包装情况Packing Condition散装In Bulk 块装In Block条装In Spear 片装In Slice捆（扎）装In Bun dle 裸装In Nude裸散装Bare in Loose 木托架立装Straightly Stand on Wooden Shelf传统包装Traditional Packing 中性包装Neutral Packing水密Water Tight 气密Air Tight不透水包Water Proof Packing 不透气包Air Proof Packing薄膜Film Membra ne 透明纸Tran spare nt Paper牛皮纸Kraft Paper 地沥青牛皮纸Bituminous Kraft Paper腊纸Waxpaper 厚板纸Cardboard Paper 蒲、苇Bulrush mat 防水纸Water Proof Paper保丽龙（泡沫塑料）Poly Foam（SnowBox）竹条Bamboo Batten 竹蔑Bamboo Skin 狭木条Batten 铜丝Brass Wire 铁丝Iron Wire铁条Iron Rod 扣箍Buckle外捆麻绳Bound with Rope Externally外裹蒲包,加捆铁皮Bale ？matted Iron-band-strapped Outside块装外加塑料袋Block Covered with Poly Bag每件外套一塑料袋Each Piece Wrapped in a Poly Bag机器榨包不带包皮Press Packed Bale without Wrapper机器榨包以铁皮捆扎Press Packed in Iron Hooped Bale用牢固的纸箱装运Packed in Stro ng Carto n适合于长途海洋运输Suitable for Long Dista nee Ocea n Tran sportati on 适合岀口海运包装Packed in Seaworthy Carton for Export 全幅卷筒Full with Rolled on Tube每卷用素包聚乙烯袋装Each Roll in Plain Poly Bag混色混码With Assorted Colours Sizes每隔--码烫有边印With Selvedge Stamped Internally at Every--Yards 用…隔开Portioned with纸屑Paper Scrap纸条Paper Slip纸带Paper Tape纸层Paper Wool泡沫塑料Foamed Plastics泡沫橡胶Foamed Rubber帆布袋内充水Canvas Bag Filled with Water 包内衬薄纸Lined with Thin Paper 内衬锡箔袋Lined with Frescobag内置充气氧塑料袋Inner Poly Bag Filled with Oxyge n内衬牛皮纸Lined with Kraft Paper内衬防潮纸、牛皮纸Li ned with Moist Proof Paper & Kraft Paper铝箔包装In Aluminium Foil Packing木箱内衬铝箔纸Lined with Aluminium Foil in the Wooden Case双层布袋外层上浆Double Cloth Bag with Outer Bag Starched外置木箱Covered with Wooded Case外绕铁皮Bou nd with Iron Ba nds Externally胶木盖Bakelite Cover外绕铁丝二道Bound with Two Bands Of Metal Wires Outside标签上标有：Labels Were Marked with纸箱上标有Cartons Were Marked with包装合格Proper Packing包装完整Packi ng In tact包装完好Pack ing Sou nd正规岀口包装Regular Packing for Export表面状况良好Apparently in Good Order& Condition包装不妥Improper Packing包装不固Insufficiently Packed包装不良Neglige nt Packi ng包装残旧玷污Packing Stained &Old箱遭水渍Cartons Wet &Stained外包装受水湿With Outer Packing Wet包装形状改变Shape of Packing Distorted散包Bales Off铁皮失落Iron Straps Off钉上Nailed on尺寸不符Off Size袋子撕破Bags Torn箱板破Case Pla nk Broke n单层牛皮纸袋内衬塑编布包装，25公斤/包Packed in Single Kraft Paper Bag Lami nated with PE Wove nbag 25Kgs Net Eash三层牛皮纸袋内加一层塑料袋装，25公斤/包Packed in 3-ply Kraft Paper Bags with PE Lin er,25Kgs/bag牛皮纸袋内压聚乙烯膜包装，25公斤/包Packed in Kraft Paper Iaminated with Polyethylene Film of 25Kgs Net Each装入印刷塑料袋Packed in Printed Poly Bag玻璃纸包装Wrapped in Cellophane两端加纸条With a Paper Band at Both Ends木箱装，***以螺栓固定于箱底，箱装完整Packed inWoode ncase,the***was(were)Mou nted with Bolts on the Bottom of the Case.Pack ing In tact.木箱装，箱装箱装运，箱装完好Packed in Woode ncases with Con tai nerShipme nt.Pack ing Sou nd.塑料编织集装袋装，内衬塑料薄膜袋，集装箱装运，每箱20袋Packed in Plastic Woven Flexible Container,Lined with Plastic FilmBags,Shipped in Contain er,20Bags for Each.铁桶装，每桶净重190 公斤。
Recovery of Copper from Spent Solid Printed
Journal of Environmental Science and Management 15(1): 17-27 (June 2012)ISSN 0119-1144 Recovery of Copper from Spent Solid Printed-Circuit-Board (PCB) Wastes of a PCB Manufacturing Facility by Two-Step Sequential Acid Extraction and Electrochemical DepositionMonet Concepcion C. Maguyon1, Catalino G. Alfafara2, Veronica P. Migo3, Jovita L. Movillon4 and Carmelita M. Rebancos5ABSTRACTThe recovery of copper from solid printed circuit board (P CB) waste, by sequential acid dissolution and electrochemical deposition, was investigated as a resource recovery strategy for a local PCB-manufacturing facility.The ¿ rst stage acid dissolution process extracts the embedded copper metal from the solid PCB matrix in the form ofcopper ions, and the second-step electrolysis converts the copper ions back to its purer metal form. The copper metalcan then be processed for possible reuse, or sold for income generation. For the acid treatment, the best extractantwas found to be concentrated nitric acid added at a waste loading ratio of 120 mg PCB waste per mL of acid, and4 hr contact time. Six-hour electrochemical deposition experiments (of the acid extracts from the best dissolutionconditions) showed that a copper removal ef¿ ciency of 98% (from the acid extract) could be achieved. The chargedose of the electrochemical deposition process was computed to be 11.987 coulombs mg-1 of copper removed fromthe acid extract. From preliminary cost estimates, the reuse of the spent nitric acid from the acid treatment step isrecommended to minimize the total copper recovery cost.Key words: electrodeposition, printed circuit board, copper, semiconductor, electronicsINTRODUCTIONModern human productivity has become increasingly reliant on electronic equipment for enhancing productivity and for satisfying the hunger for information. The use of computers, mobile phones, e-book readers, and electronic analytical instruments has become an indispensable part of modern human society. The demand for electronic devices has driven technology to produce more of these devices. The pace of innovation has also gone so fast, that within a span of just a few short years, the devices become obsolete. This has lead to a signi¿ cant increase in the generation of electronic wastes coming from the manufacture and use of electronic products (Huang et al 2009; He et al 2006; Lee et al 2007; Bereketli et al 2011).One essential component in the production of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is the printed circuit board (PCB) (Zhou and Qiu 2010; Guo et al 2010). The printed circuit board (PC B) serves as a platform where electrical components (i.e. semiconductor chips and capacitors) are structured and electrically connected (LaDuo 2006). About $1 T sales from electronic products per year depends on PC B manufacture (LaDuo 2006). According to Guo et al (2010), the average rate of PC B manufacture increased to about 8.7% worldwide, 10.8% in Southeast Asia and 14.4% in China. In 2003, Japan manufactured about 29% of PCB worldwide followed by China (17%) and the United States (15%) (LaDuo 2006).The selection of materials for the manufacture of PCBs depends on the application (Hall and Williams 2007). Typically produced PCBs are made up of polymer ¿ lms (Hall and Williams 2007), glass, or ceramic substrates (LaDuo 2006). Fiberglass mat impregnated with a À ame-resistant epoxy resin is also used for selected commercial applications (Hall and Williams 2007; LaDuo 2006). PCBs also contain signi¿ cant amounts of metals (i.e. copper, iron, nickel, silver, gold, palladium). Copper, which is used to form the electrical circuit on the PCB, is the dominant metal species (Hall and Williams 2007; Zhou and Qiu 2010). Hence, wastes generated from PCB manufacture cannot be simply land¿ lled due to its hazardous nature and the valuable materials present in PCB waste. Toxic substances in PCB wastes (i.e. cadmium, mercury, lead, etc) should be treated prior to disposal. On the other hand, the valuable metals such as gold and copper should be recovered in order to prevent resource depletion.Traditional methods of recycling waste PCBs includes mechanical (i.e. multi-crushing, grinding, electrostatic separation, gravity-, density-based and magnetic separation) and hydrometallurgical methods (Duan et al, 2009;1 Assistant Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT), University of the Philippines Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines E-mail: mcmaguyon0182@ (corresponding author)2 Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, CEAT, UPLB3 Research Associate Professor, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UPLB4 Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, CEAT, UPLB5 Professor, School of Environmental Science and Management, UPLBLi et al 2009; Eswaraiah et al 2008; Yoo et al 2009; Veit et al 2005). Hall and Williams(2007) determined the applicability of pyrolysis to convert the organic portion of PCB waste into liquid fuel. In their process, a wide variety of metals from the PCB remained in the char (residue) and further processing is required to recover each metal. Oishi et al (2007), on the other hand, employed a three-step process (leaching, solvent extraction and electrodeposition) to recover copper from scrap PCB from electronic equipments. These methods, however, are employed for PCBs from scrap electronics discarded by end-users. No or little information is available for treatment of wastes from the manufacture of PCBs particularly from the etching and lamination steps. Hence, this study was conceptualized.In this study, the technical feasibility of recovering copper from solid PCB waste sheets from the lamination step in the manufacturing process (Figure 1) was explored. The technical solution perceived to be useful in recovering copper from PC B waste was a combination of acid treatment followed by electrodeposition. Electrodeposition has an advantage over other conventional metal removal and recovery methods since in this process copper can be recovered in its metal form (Cu0). Some studies have proven the electrochemical method to be effective in removing metals from industrial wastewaters such as semiconductor wastewater (Aquino 2005) and gold smelting efÀ uent (Vivas 2007). However, since the PCB waste is in solid form, the copper and other metals present in the waste must be dissolved ¿ rst by acid treatment prior to electrodeposition. Initially, a screening experiment for the acid treatment of solid PCB waste was done by testing different combinations of acid types, waste loadi ng (expressed as mg PCB waste mL-1 acid) and soaking times using a 23 full factorial design. The concentration (in mg l-1) of copper in the acid extract after acid treatment was evaluated to determine the suitable acid for extraction as well as the effects of varying the operating conditions (i.e. waste loading and soaking time). Subsequently, a general factorial design with two factors (i.e. waste loading and soaking time) was done using the suitable acid for extraction to determine the optimum waste loading and soaking time combination. The electrodeposition process, on the other hand, was evaluated with respect to residual copper concentration of the electrolyte. The charge dose of the electrodeposition process was also calculated to determine operational and scale-up factors.MATERIALS AND METHODSPreparation and Elemental Analysis of Printed Circuit Board (PCB) WasteThe solid printed circuit board (PCB) waste used in the experiment was obtained from a local PCB manufacturing ¿rm. Solid PC B waste sheets were shredded into smaller chips, approximately 5 mm x 3 mm in size, before acid treatment to maximize the PCB-acid contact area. A sample of the PC B waste sheet is shown in Figure 1. Elemental analysis of the shredded solid PC B waste was done using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The residue obtained from the acid treatment step was analyzed for gold content using Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analysis.Preparation of Different Oxidizing Agents (Acids) for the Acid Treatment StepC oncentrated (65% wt) nitric acid and aqua regia (a 1:3 volume mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated (36% wt) hydrochloric acid) were compared to determine the suitable acid for oxidation and dissolution of the copper metal embedded in the solid PCB waste.Acid TreatmentInitially, a screening experiment (23 full factorial design) was employed to select the suitable acid for copper extraction from PCB waste. Batch experiments were carried out in 1-L erlenmeyer Àasks using two different types of acids (HNO3and aqua regia). Fifteen and 75 g of shredded PCB waste were soaked in a constant volume of acid (500 mL) corresponding to waste load values of 30 and 150 mg PC B waste mL-1 acid, respectively. Samples of acid extracts were obtained after 1 hr and 24 hours contact time and subjected to copper analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis and cube plot were generated using Design Expert ® Version 8.0.6 to determine the suitable acid for copper extraction.Subsequently, a general factorial design with two (2) factors (i.e. waste load and contact time) was conducted using the best acid for extraction based on the screening experiment. Varying amounts (15, 30, 60 and 75 g) of PCB waste were18Recovery of Copper from Spent Solid PCB wastesFigure 1. Printed circuit board waste.Journal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 15. No. 1 (June 2012)19soaked in a constant volume of acid (500 mL) corresponding to waste loads of 30, 60, 120 and 150 mg PCB waste mL-1 acid. Samples were taken at regular intervals during the acid treatment step for copper analysis. The copper concentration of the acid extract at different waste load values was plotted against time to determine the practical operating conditions for acid treatment.Copper ElectrodepositionBatch electrolysis set-up. The experimental set-up for the electrodeposition is presented in Figure 2. Electrolysis was conducted in a 500-mL beaker reactor with magnetic stirrer. Working volume was 400 mL. The operating current was supplied by a DC power source with a variable voltage ranging from 0 volt to 30 volts (Wheeler WSPS-817, Taiwan).In the electrolysis experiment, a stainless steel cathode and a sintered platinum anode were used as the electrode system. The dimensions of the electrodes were about 5 cm x 15 cm. A rubber spacer, approximately 5 mm thick, was placed in between the electrodes to prevent short circuiting. Copper electrodeposition experiments at different dilutions of acid extracts. The acid extract obtained from acid treatment of solid PCB waste using the best operating conditions was used as the electrolyte in the electrodeposition experiments at different dilutions. Electrodeposition of copper using the raw concentrated solution could not be done due to problems associated with severe acidic conditions which could potentially dissolve the metal electrodes and generation of large amounts of oxidants during electrolysis as a consequence of high concentration of chloride (Cl-) ions in the acid extracts. Thus, several dilution factors were tried to determine a practical dilution that would favor copper electrodeposition. Distilled water was used to dilute the raw concentrated acid extracts using dilution factors of 2, 3.5, 5 and 10. The resulting diluted solution served as the electrolyte or “plating bath” in the electrodeposition process operated at 3A for 6 hours. Samples were taken at regular intervals during electrolysis and tested for copper concentration using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The result of the experiment was used to assess the practical dilution factor for copper electrodeposition.Copper electrodeposition experiments at different operating currents. The diluted acid extracts prepared using the optimized acid treatment conditions and dilution factor was electrolyzed at different operating currents (1A, 2A and 3A). Samples were taken at regular time intervals and analyzed for copper content using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results of the experiment were used to obtain useful engineering relationships for a scaled up process (i.e. charge dose).Data Analysis. Residual copper concentration during electrodeposition of acid extracts were plotted against time for dilution of 2, 3.5, 5 and 10. The trends from the time pro¿les were observed and evaluated. Also, the time for copper concentration to level off during electrodeposition was determined for each dilution. The maximum copper removal was also determined.Residual copper concentration time course for electrodeposition of diluted acid extract (using the optimum dilution factor) at different operating currents 1A, 2A and 3A were constructed to evaluate the effect of operating current on copper removal . Using the time course plot for currents 1A, 2A, and 3A, the time required for copper recovery to level-off was determined for each current. Secondary effects of electrolysis, which includes pH and temperature of the electrolyte were also monitored.Using the experimental data, the copper charge dose for electrodeposition of acid extracts (under optimum acid treatment conditions and dilution factor) was determined. The charge dose has been de¿ ned as the amount of electricity required to remove a target pollutant. It has been used as an empirically derived factor for scale-up and operation of electrolytic reactors (Alfafara et al 2003). C harge dose is de¿ ned as the amount of charge required to remove unit mass of pollutant with unit of coulombs (Alfafara et al 2002). It can be calculated using Equation (1).Figure 2. Copper electrodeposition experimental set-up.(1)where: Q = charge dose , C/mg pollutant removed I = electrical current, A t = time, sCo = initial concentration of pollutant, mg L -1 C = ¿ nal concentration of pollutant, mg L -1 V = volume of beaker, LThe copper charge dose was then used to calculate the energy requirement of the process using Equation (2):nickel (1.39% wt), and a non-metallic element, sulfur (0.74% wt). Aside from copper, there were some valuable metals in the waste including silver (Ag), nickel (Ni) and titanium (Ti). Metallic gold may possibly be also present in the waste since gold is used in the manufacturing process (Zhou and Qiu 2010). However, since the actual concentration of gold in the waste may not be within the XRF limits of detection, metallic gold may not have been detected. To con¿ rm the presence of gold in the waste, the scanning electron microscopy was used. The presence of metallic gold (Au) in the PCB waste was qualitatively con¿ rmed. The differences in the composition of PCB manufacturing waste and PCB from scrap electronic equipments were also revealed (Table 1). PC B manufacturing waste mainly consists of copper (96.62% wt) while the PCB from scrap electronics contains copper at a relatively lower percentage (26% wt and 47.68% wt). This may be attributed to the presence of other electronic components (i.e. resistors, capacitors) and solder (tin, lead) present in PCB from scrap electronics which may contain different metallic compositions. Also, electronic scraps consist largely of non-metallic components (65% wt) and consequently, relatively lower metallic components (35% wt) (Park and Fray 2009).From T able 1, several potentially hazardous components were also present in the PC B manufacturing20E is the voltage in volts and Q is the charge dose in Coulombs mg -1 copper.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAnalysis of Potential Pollutants in Solid Printed Circuit Board (PCB) WasteThe shredded solid printed circuit board (PC B) manufacturing waste was analyzed for elemental components using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy. There were 21 elements embedded in the waste (T able 1). Based on masspercentage, copper was found as the dominant metalspecies(96.62% wt), followed by another metallic element,(2)ElementPCB manufacturing waste aPCB from scrap electronicsOishi et al (2007)Hall and Williams (2007)Copper (Cu)96.622647.68Nickel (Ni) 1.39 1.5 2.09Sulfur (S)0.74------Cobalt (Co)0.610.0580.00Rubidium (Rb)0.38------Thorium (Th)0.06------Calcium (Ca)0.06--- 4.94Mercury (Hg)0.04---0.00Selenium (Se)0.02------Barium (Ba)0.02---0.12Tellurium (Te)0.01------Molybdenum (Mo)0.010.012---Antimony (Sb)0.010.160.00Cesium (Cs)0.01------Chromium (Cr)0.01---0.01Tin (Sn)4.34x10-3 4.9---Titanium (Ti) 3.79x10-3---0.00Palladium (Pd) 3.75x10-3---0.00Silver (Ag) 2.31x10-30.063 1.27Vanadium (V) 1.83x10-3------Scandium (Sc)8.67x10-4------Table 1. Elemental composition (%w/w) of PCB manufacturing waste and PCB from scrap electronics.Recovery of Copper from Spent Solid PCB wastesaExperimental datawaste. Although copper (the dominant species) is considered valuable due to its widespread applications in coinage, water pipes, roof coverings, pigments and dyes and cooking utensils, it can cause adverse health effects such as damage in a variety of organ systems and even death at high concentrations (Corradi 2011). Vapor or water-soluble salts of mercury is considered as an acutely hazardous element since it corrodes membranes of the body. Acute mercury poisoning can cause bleeding of gums, vomiting and stomach pain. It also causes irreversible damages to the brain, liver and kidney (Microsoft Encarta P remium 2006). Low-exposure to mercury can also negatively affect reproductive health (Wirth 2010). Chromium, on the other hand, is a carcinogenic metal in its hexavalent form.Copper was the most dominant metal (96.62% wt of total metals in PCB waste) among the 21 metals embedded in the printed circuit board waste and this paper focused on the extraction and recovery of copper from the solid PCB manufacturing waste.Copper Extraction by Acid TreatmentSelection of Acid Extractant and Extraction Conditions. Demir et al (2004) and Park and Fray (2009) suggest that nitric acid (HNO 3) and aqua regia, respectively, can be used to extract copper from PCB wastes. The use of aqua regia in the acid treatment step was also deemed advantageous for the extraction of gold from the waste. According to Park and Fray (2009), gold can be selectively extracted from the diluted acid (aqua regia) extracts using toluene. However, the extraction of gold from PCB waste was not covered in this paper.The reaction between HNO 3 and copper from PC B waste during acid treatment was characterized by the evolution of brown gas and green color of the resulting solution. Based on the known reaction between copper metal and nitric acid shown in Equation 3 (Park and Fray 2004), the brownish gas was most likely, nitrogen dioxide (NO 2).Initially, metallic copper could be oxidized by NO 3- ions from nitric acid to Cu 2+ ions accompanied with the evolution of brownish nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) gas. The copper ions produced may have subsequently reacted with chloride ions (Cl -) from hydrochloric acid to produce a greenish copper chloride (CuCl 2) liquid. An excess amount of chloride ions could then possibly react with CuCl 2 to produce a yellowish complex ion (CuCl 42-).A 23 full factorial screening experiment were used to compare HNO 3 and aqua regia based on the concentration of copper in the acid extracts. Higher concentration of copper in the acid extracts is more desirable since it means that more copper was stripped from the PCB waste. Consequently, more copper can be recovered from the PCB waste by electrodeposition of the acid extract. The cube plot for the screening experiment done to compare the two acids is illustrated in Figure 3. The cube plot shows that HNO 3 is more effective in extracting copper from the solid PCB matrix since higher copper concentrations were observed in the HNO 3 side (right face). One-hour acid treatment at 150 mg PCB waste mL -1 acid, for example, resulted to copper concentration of 65,078 mg l -1 for HNO 3 which is much higher than that obtained for aqua regia (19,868 mg l -1). An increase in waste loading (bottom to top face) increases the amount of copper extracted. For instance, copper concentration increased from 10,938 mg l -1 (30 mg PC B waste mL -1 acid) to 62,078 mg l -1 (150 mg PCB waste mL -1 acid) after 1 hour contact time using HNO 3. On the other hand, increasing the soaking time from 1 hour to 24 hours (front to back face) increases the amount of copper extracted from the waste. For example, the copper concentration increased from 19,868 mg l -1 (1 hour) to 48,460 mg l -1 (24 hours) for acid treatment at 150 mg PCB waste mL -1 acid using aqua regia, At Į=0.05, the ANOV A result indicates that the model is signi¿ cant at p-value of <0.0001. It alsoJournal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 15. No. 1 (June 2012)21(3)The resulting greenish solution could be due to oxidation and dissolution of copper ions in nitric acid. It also indicates that copper ions in the acid extract were in its Cu 2+ form. On the other hand, the reaction between copper and aqua regia was characterized by the formation of a yellowish-green solution and evolution of brownish gas. Equations 4 to 6 show the mechanism for oxidation of copper (Cu 0) from solid PCB waste to Cu 2+ions using aqua regia.(6)(5)(4)Figure 3. Cube plot for the acid treatment of solid PCB wasteusing HNO 3 a nd a qua regia a t different wa ste loa dings (30 a nd 150 mg PCB wa ste mL -1 acid)and soaking times (1 and 24 hours).indicates that the three factors (i.e. acid type, waste loading and soaking time) as well as the 2-factor interactions signi¿ cantly affect the amount of copper extracted from the PCB waste.HNO3 was used in the acid treatment for the extractionof copper from the solid PC B waste since higher copper concentrations were obtained using HNO3.Effect of Acid Treatment Time and Waste Loading. The time pro¿ le for concentration of copper extracted from PCB waste in nitric acid (HNO3) at different waste loadings between 30 mg PCB mL-1 nitric acid to 150 mg PCB mL-1 nitric acid is plotted in Figure 4.At waste loadings of 30 and 60 mg PC B wastemL-1 HNO3, an initial increase in copper concentrationwas observed followed by a level-off at a certain copper concentration, after approximately 1-hr operation. A similar trend was observed for the waste loading of 120 mg PCBwaste mL-1 HNO3. However, the level-off period startedafter 4 hours treatment.Operating at 150 mg PC B waste mL-1 HNO3 wasteload, on the other hand, resulted to an initial rise in copper concentration until a peak copper concentration was reached after approximately 2-hr treatment. This was followed by an abrupt À uctuation until the copper concentration leveled off after approximately 8-hr operation. This À uctuation was observed only at the highest loading (150 mg PC Bwaste mL-1 HNO3). Repeat experimental runs also showedthe same À uctuation only at the highest loading. Complex interactions (which may be related to equilibrium shifts due to Cu2+ accumulation and reduction in the reaction system) were indicated by the observation at higher loadings; these may need further investigation.For practical purposes, the waste loading at 120 mgPC B waste mL-1 HNO3 at a soaking time of4 hours waschosen as a practical acid extraction condition, because the À uctuations in copper concentration at 150 mg PCB wastemL-1 HNO3 loading stabilized only after 8 hours. Operatingat lower waste load values of 30 and 60 mg PCB waste mL-1HNO3 would entail shorter treatment time (approximately 1hour). However, it would require large volumes of nitric acid to extract copper from PCB waste. Although the treatment time required for copper concentration to level-off at 120 mgPCB waste mL-1 HNO3 is longer (approximately4 hours) ascompared to lower waste load values (30 and 60 mg PCBwaste mL-1 HNO3), operating at a waste load of 120 mg PCBwaste mL-1 HNO3 would require lesser amount of acid toextract copper from the waste. Hence, waste loading of 120 mg mL-1 was chosen as the practical working waste loading (despite a higher copper extracted at 150 mg mL-1), and a reasonably high amount of copper was leached from the PCB wastes.Electrodeposition of CopperThe electrolytes used in the electrodeposition step were the acid extracts obtained using nitric acid added at 120 mg PCB waste mL-1 acid waste loading and 4 hours soaking time. The copper concentration of the raw concentrated acid extracts was found to be approximately equal to 51, 950 mg l-1. The acid extract was also found to be highly acidic having a pH value of 0.0. Based on Equation 3, copper is in its ionic form (C u2+) in the acid extracts obtained from the acid treatment step using HNO3as oxidizing agent. To recover copper from the electrolyte, ionic copper (C u2+) should therefore be reduced to metallic copper (Cu0) using the electrodeposition process.Effect of Dilution of Electrolyte. Electrodeposition using raw concentrated acid extracts from nitric acid treatment step as electrolyte was not tried since the solution was found to be still reactive (as evidenced by emission of brownish gas from the electrolyte container) and highly acidic (pH 0.0). A highly acidic solution could react with the metal electrodes used in electrodeposition. Hence, the electrodeposition process was tested for acid extracts diluted at dilution factors of 2, 3.5, 5 and 10, operated at a constant current of 3A for 6 hours. The result of the electrolysis time course is drawn in Figure 5. Dilution factors of 2, 3.5, 5 and 10 were referred in the graph (and this section) as DF 2, DF 3.5, DF 5 and DF 10, respectively.The horizontal plot for residual copper concentration at DF 2 indicates that there was no signi¿ cant copper deposition at the cathode. At DF 3.5, on the other hand, there was some decrease in residual copper concentration. However, the “level-off” concentration of copper in the acid extract is still relatively high (~13,000 mg l-1) after 6 hours of electrolysis. At comparatively low dilution values (DF 2 and DF 3.5), there was little or no deposition of copper at the cathode. This could be due to formation of chlorine-based oxidants during electrolysis (Alfafara et al 2003) and extremely acidic pH of the acid extract. C hlorine-based oxidants may have been formed from the naturally-occurring chloride ions in the acid solution. Both conditions promote a highly oxidative environment which could cause dissolution of the deposited metals back to Cu2+ ions. Further dilution at higher DF values (DF 5 and DF 10), could have possibly reduced the concentration of the chloride ions and the acidity of the electrolyte which made copper removal by electrodeposition feasible.Residual copper concentration decreased over time for DF 5 and DF 10 and leveled off at a certain copper concentration (Figure 5). The residual C u2+ concentration pro¿ les for DF 5 and DF 10 during the ¿ rst 135 minutes of22Recovery of Copper from Spent Solid PCB wastes23electrolysis were also observed to be parallel. The initial rates of copper removal (-dCu/dt, from 0 minutes to 135 minutes), for DF 5 and DF 10 were then calculated using linear regression, and these were found to be the same (about 32 mg Cu liter-minute -1). This could be further explained using Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis, as given by the following equation:The derivative shows that the rate of copper removal is a constant [dm/dt=(1/nF)]. Since the operating current for DF 5 and DF 10 were the same, then based on Faraday’s Law, the rate of copper removal (as indicated by the slope of the plots in Figure 5) should be the same. This similarity of slope was observed for the ¿ rst 135 minutes of electrolysis. However, beyond 135 minutes deviation from Faraday’sLaw was observed. The graphs tended to level off and were not anymore parallel. Furthermore, the level off time for DF 10 (270 minutes) was earlier than DF 5 (315 minutes)as shown in Figure 5. This can be attributed to dilutioneffects which include lower C u 2+concentration and lowerCl - ions concentration in the electrolyte. Shorter electrolysis time would be required to remove smaller amount of copper ions from the electrolyte. Whereas, the concentration of chlorine-based oxidants during electrolysis would be lowerFigure 4. Copper concentration time courses for acid treatment of solid PCB waste using nitric acid (HNO3) as copper-dissolving and oxidizing agent at different waste loadingsJournal of Environmental Science and Management Vol. 15. No. 1 (June 2012)(7)where m is moles of metal deposited on the cathode, I is current, t is time, n is the number of electrons in the redox equation and F is the Faraday’s constant.The derivative of Equation (7) gives the rate of copperremoved from the solution, and deposited at the cathode. Figure 4. Residual copper concentration time courses at different dilution factors and operating current of 3A.。
LME会员制度和合约细则
London Metal Exchange - Membership Categories The LME has 7 categories of membership。
Categories 6 and 7 are reserved for individual and honorary members。
1、Ring Dealing（圈内交易会员12家）Amalgamated Metal Trading Limited Barclays Bank PlcED ＆ F Man Commodity Advisers LimitedJ。
P.Morgan Securities LtdMAREX Financial LimitedMetdist Trading LtdMF Global UK LimitedNatixis Commodity Markets LimitedNewedge Group (UK Branch）Société GénéraleSucden Financial LimitedTriland Metals Ltd2. Associate Broker Clearing(准经纪清算会员26家）Associate broker clearing members have all the privileges of ring dealing members except that they may not trade in the ring。
They operate through the 24 hour inter—office market。
They are members of both the London Clearing House and the FSA，authorised under the 2000 Financial Services and Markets Act。
涂料检测国标
HG/T 3855-2006
绝缘漆漆膜制备法
114
HG/T 3856-2006
绝缘漆漆膜吸水率测定法
115
HG/T 3857-2006
绝缘漆漆膜耐油性测定法
116
HG/T 3858-2006
稀释剂、防潮剂水分测定法
117
HG/T 3859-2006
稀释剂、防潮剂白化性测定法
118
HG/T 3860-2006
色漆和清漆? 杯突试验
73
GB/T 9760-1988
色漆和清漆? 液体或粉末状色漆中酸萃取物的制备
74
GB/T 9761-2008
色漆和清漆 色漆的目视比色
75
GB/T 9780-2005
建筑涂料涂层耐沾污性试验方法
76
GB/T 10125-1997
人造气氛腐蚀试验
77
GB/T 10834-2008
颜料-漆料体系的分散细度
133
ASTM D 1308-2002(2007)
日用化学品对清漆和着色有机面漆的影响
134
ASTM D 1400-2000
在非磁性金属底材上的色漆、清漆、喷漆及有关产品的非金属涂层干膜厚度的测定
135
ASTM D1475-1998(2008)
液态涂料、墨水和相关产品密度的试验方法
128
ASTM D 714-2002el
评价涂料起泡程序的试验方法
129
ASTM D 1005-1995(2007)
有机涂层干膜厚度的测定
130
ASTM D 1186-2001
于磁性底材上的非磁性有机涂层干膜厚度的测定
131
ASTM D 1209-2005
标准序号标准中文名标准英文名
ASTMA2762006 ASTMA278/A27 8M2001(2006) ASTMA283/A28 3M2003(2007) ASTMA3072007b
StandardSpecificationforStainlessSteelBarsandS hapes 最高温度为650°F（350 StandardSpecificationforGrayIronCastingsforPre ℃）下承压部件用灰口 ssure-ContainingPartsforTemperaturesUpto650° 铸铁件规格 F(350°C) 不锈钢棒材和型材规格 低和中等抗张强度碳素 StandardSpecificationforLowandIntermediateTens 钢中厚板规格 ileStrengthCarbonSteelPlates StandardSpecificationforCarbonSteelBoltsandStu ds,60000PSITensileStrength StandardSpecificationforSteelSheet,Terne(LeadTinAlloy)CoatedbytheHot-DipProcess StandardTestMethodforWeightandCompositionofCoa tingonTerneSheetbytheTriple-SpotTest
StandardSpecificationforForgedorRolledAlloyand StainlessSteelPipeFlanges,ForgedFittings,andVa lvesandPartsforHigh-TemperatureService StandardSpecificationforCarbonSteelTrackBoltsa ndNuts StandardSpecificationforFabricatedDeformedStee lBarMatsforConcreteReinforcement StandardSpecificationforSteelWeldedWireReinfor cement,Plain,forConcrete StandardSpecificationforAlloySteelandStainlessSteelBoltingMaterialsforHighT emperatureorHighPressureServiceandOtherSpecial PurposeApplications StandardSpecificationforCarbonandAlloySteelNut sforBoltsforHighPressureorHighTemperatureServi ce,orBoth StandardSpecificationforCupolaMalleableIron
[精品]汽车行业铝合金材料对照表
Remainder
ALLO Y7 3 .5-4.3 0 .25max 0 .005-0.02 0 .075 0 .003 0 .002 0 .001 0 .005-0.02
Remainde r
ZA8 8 .0-8.8 0 .8-1.3 0 .015-0.03 0 .075 0 .006 0 .006 0 .003
B390 4.0-5.0 1.3 0.45-0.65 0.5max 0.01min 16.0-18.0 1.5 0.1 0.1max 0 .2 to ta l Remainde r
The optimum material choice. Dynacast produces precision diecasting components in a broad range of zinc ,aliminium and magnesium alloys .Each of these alloys has unique mechanical and physical characteristics to match your specific application .For more details on materials , refer to the “design help “ section of our Website , including information on country specific standards .
Silicon (max) 硅
0.1
Coppe r (max) 铜
0.03
Nicke l (max) 镍
0.002
Iron (max) 铁
0.005
CORROSION-RESISTANT AND SOIL-RESISTANT COPPER ALLO
专利名称：CORROSION-RESISTANT AND SOIL-RESISTANT COPPER ALLOY IN SEA WATER 发明人：KUROKAWA TAKASHI,KANEHARANAOYUKI,SUGAWARA AKIRA申请号：JP29381387申请日：19871120公开号：JPH01136945A公开日：19890530专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：PURPOSE:To obtain the present copper alloy having excellent corrosion resistance, copper ion elusion resistance and the prevention of sticking of organisms, etc., at low cost by specifying the compsn. consisting of Ni, Fe, Mn, Al and Cu. CONSTITUTION:Said corrosion-resistant and soil-resistant copper alloy in sea water has the compsn. contg., by weight, 7.0-11.0% Ni, 0.1-1.5% Fe, 1.0-4.0% Mn, 0.01-1.0% Al and the balance Cu with inevitable impurities. The alloy is obtd. by adding suitable amounts of Al to cupronickel alloy having optimum compsn. Said copper alloy combines corrosion resistance, copper ion elusion resistance and soil resistance; it can be obtd. in great qualities at low cost and is effective as the material for the place to be brought into contact with sea water or for the objects to be used for a long period of time in sea water.申请人：DOWA MINING CO LTD更多信息请下载全文后查看。
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EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPEÂ ENNE EUROPAÈ ISCHE NORM
EN 1978
March 1998
ICS Descriptors: Copper, copper alloys, cathodes, designation, chemical composition, dimensions, electrical properties, sampling, tests,
CEN
European Committee for Standardization Comite EuropeÂen de Normalisation EuropaÈisches Komitee fuÈ r Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
marking
English version
Copper and copper alloys Ð Copper cathodes
Cuivre et alliages de cuivre Ð Cathodes en cuivre Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen Ð Kupfer-Kathoden
© 1998 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref. No. EN 1978:1998 E
Page 2 EN 1978:1998
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 28 February 1998. CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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BS EN 1978:1998
Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Oct 17 08:43:11 BST 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date
Text affected
© BSI 1998
ISBN 0 580 29726 8
Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Oct 17 08:43:11 BST 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
This is one of a series of European Standards for products manufactured from refined copper grades. Other products are specified as follows:
EN 1976, Copper and copper alloys Ð Cast unwrought copper products.
EN 1977, Copper and copper alloys Ð Copper drawing stock (wire rod).
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 1998, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 1998.
Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Oct 17 08:43:11 BST 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Foreword
Contents
This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 133, Copper and copper alloys, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
BS EN 1978:1998
National foreword
This British Standard is the English language version of EN 1978:1998. Together with BS EN 1976:1998 it supersedes BS 6017:1981 which is withdrawn. preparation was entrusted by Technical Committee NFE/34, Copper and copper alloys, to Subcommittee NFE/34/1, Wrought and unwrought copper and copper alloys, which has the responsibility to:
Licensed Copy: sheffieldun sheffieldun, na, Tue Oct 17 08:43:11 BST 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BRITISH STANDARD
Copper and copper alloys Ð Copper cathodes
The European Standard EN 1978:1998 has the status of a British Standard
ICS 77.150.30 NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
Ð aid enquirers to understand the text;
Ð present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page, pages 2 to 9 and a back cover.
This British Standard, having been prepared under the direction of the Engineering Sector Board, was published under the authority of the Standards Board and comes into effect on 15 August 1998
Within its programme of work, Technical Committee CEN/TC 133 requested CEN/TC 133/WG 1, Unwrought copper products to prepare the following standard: