《Antonymy总结》PPT课件

“How old are you?” “What is your age?” We ask someone "How old are you?" and the person asked may not be old in any sense. He may be as young as twenty or thirty. The word old is used here to cover both old and young. The sentence means the same as "What is your age?"
2) mutually exclusive and no possibility between them The assertion of one is the denial of the other or vice versa. In other words, if one of the pair is true, then the other cannot be. present/absent, male/female, boy/girl, true/false, same/different perfect/imperfect If something is imperfect, no matter how slight the imperfection, the fact remains that the thing cannot be perfect.
Caracy represent oppositeness of meaning. 2) They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them.
Sense Relations
—— Antonymy
Definition
Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
One formation of such contradictory synonyms is add un-, im-, in-…
A B A B
Caracteristic 2 :
The adjectives in this type cannot be modified by very. e.g. There is no → very dead or very alive
Caracteristic 4 :
The norm in this type is absolute. The same norm is used for all the things it is applicable to. It not vary with the thing a word is applied to. of a man the death of an elephant of a tree … The death of … is a matter of kind, not of degree.
Types of Antonyms
Ⅰ、Gradable antonyms
分级反义词
Ⅱ、Complementary antonyms
互补反义词
Ⅲ、 Converses / Relative terms
换位反义词
Ⅳ、 Semantic incompatible
Ⅰ 、Gradable Antonymy
Caracteristic 5 :
No cover term for the two members of a pair e.g. “Is it a boy or a girl?” not “How male is it?” ⊕The word male can only be used for boys, it cannot cover the meaning of girls No adjective in this type can be modified by how and very. But there is a cover term ---- “true” ⊕We can say “How true is the story?” 这故事有多少准确性？ Truth related to this cover term. ⊕We can use very to modify true. ⊕It also has comparative and superlative degrees. → truer , truest But false cannot be used in this way.
Gradable
Complementary
Ⅲ、 Converses / Relative terms
换位反义词
Known as relational opposites.
Three characteristics:
⑴ Relational相关性
⑵ Spatial空间性
⑶ Reciprocal交互性
Difference between the gradable and the complementary
A B A B
e.g. Gradable → The coffee is hot. The coffee is cold. You cannot distinguish how hot/cold the coffee is.. e.g. Complementary → This is a male cat. This is a female cat. You can easily distinguish without any confusion.
(分级反义词)
The commonest type of antonymy
Three characteristics:
⑴ Gradable ⑵ Being graded against different norms标准 ⑶ Serves as the cover term
1、Gradable That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree.
2、Being graded against different norms标准
no absolute norm by which we may say something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. The norm varies with the object described: 1) A big car is in fact much smaller than a small plane. 2) A microcomputer is giant by the standard of microorganism微生物 .
Ⅱ、Complementary antonyms
互补反义词
Means the members of a pair in this type are complemtary to each other. They divide up the whole of a semantic field语义场 completely.
1) truly represent oppositeness of meaning e.g. Alive—dead He is alive. = He is not dead. He is dead. = He is not alive. No intermediate ground between the two If he is really not alive, then he is dead completely, not just half-dead. Chinese expression 半死不活 can only be used for somebody who is still alive .
Caracteristic 3 :
Do not have comparative or superlative degrees.
1. He is more dead than alive. ← not a true comparative. “It is more correct to say that he is dead than to say he is alive”. ⊕Do not say “John is more dead than Peter”. 2. John is more mad than stupid麻木 . “It is more correct to say that John is mad than to say John is stupid”.
excellent good bad terrible
The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.
We often say cold—hot
but there are also chilly, cool, lukewarm微温 的,warm young—old mature ,middle-aged, elderly beautiful—ugly good-looking好看的, plain rich—poor well-to-do小康的 ,moderately wealthy,comfortably off相当富
有的
big—small open—close